READINGS IN

PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Module 2
KATIPUNAN AND THE REVOLUTION:
Memoirs of a General
By: Santiago Alvarez
 Memoir
● Latin: memoria

● A narrative, written from the

perspective of the author, about
an important part of his/her life.

PRIMARY SOURCE
 Who is Santiago V. Alvarez?

● born July 25, 1872 and died October 30, 1930

● he was the only child of revolutionary general Mariano Alvarez
and Nicolasa Virata, he was born in Imus but was raised in
Noveleta, Cavite

● Kidlat ng Apoy (Lightning of Fire) because of his inflamed

bravery and participation in the Battle of Dalahican

● He was among the first in Cavite to take up arms against Spain

● When the American civil government was established in the
Philippines in 1901, he assisted in the organization of the
Nacionalista Party, where he later became president of its
directorate
Who is Santiago V. Alvarez?

● The memoirs was published in the year 1902 in

Sampaguita, a Tagalog weekly, in 36
installments (from July 24, 1927 to April 15,
1928)

Paula Carolina S. Malay

● She reproduced the memoir in
book form and translated it in
English
 Summary of the Memoirs of a General
The events I have related in this account of the Katipunan and the Revolution reverberate with
shouts of “Long live our patriots!” and “Death to the enemy!” These were in answer to the enemy’s
assaults with mausers and cannons, the latter fired from both land and sea.
The Magdiwang government honored me with an appointment as captain general, or head of its
army. Gen. Artemio Ricarte was lieutenant general.
I will now attempt to write down what I saw and what I know about the Katipunan and the
Revolution. First, I shall narrate the events relating to the Revolution beginning from March 14, 1896;
then I shall deal with the organization and the activities of the Most Venerable Supreme Society of
the Sons of the People (Kamahalmahalan at Kataastaasang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan). The
Katipunan account is based on records which were entrusted to me by the original founder of the
Katipunan. In the interest of honorable truth, I shall now attempt to write a history of the Katipunan
and the Revolution which I hope will be acceptable to all. However, I realize that it is inevitable that,
in the narration of actual happenings, I shall run the risk of hurting the feeling of contemporaries and
comrades- in- arms. I would like to make it clear that I shall try to be as possible and that it is far
from my intention of depreciate anyone’s patriotism and greatness.
I shall be honored if these memoirs become a worthy addiction to what Gen. Artemio Ricarte as
already published in this weekly.
Propaganda Movement Katipunan
The Founding of Katipunan

House of Deodato Arellano at

No. 72 Azcarraga Street
 Recruitment Process

Triangle method

Two-tier sanggunian structure

The Initiation Process

● What was the condition

of the Philippines in the
early times?

● What is the condition

today?

● What will be the

condition in the future?
The Initiation Process
 Organizational Structure
Katipon (member)
 Organizational Structure
Kawal (soldier)
 Organizational Structure
Bayani (patriot)
 The Katipunan Factions
MAGDALO MAGDIWANG

Baldomero Aguinaldo Mariano Alvarez

THE TABON CAVE
By: Robert B. Fox
Who is Robert Bradford Fox?

● an anthropologist and leading historian

on the pre-hispanic Philippines

● he actively served the National Museum

of the Philippines from 1948 to 1975

● he led a six- year archaeological

research project in Palawan, focused
mainly on the caves and rockshelters of
Lipuun Point in the southern part of the
island
 THE TABON CAVE

● Scattered fossil bones of at least three

individuals were excavated, including a large
fragment of a frontal bone with the brows
and portions of the nasal bone.

● The available data would suggest that

Tabon Man may be dated from 22,000 to
24,000 years ago

● The fossil bones are those of Homo

sapiens.

Manunggul Jar
 Homo Sapiens

Niah Skull
Sarawak (38,000 BC) Keilor Cranium
Melbourne (16,000 BC)
Tabon Man
Palawan (22,000-24000 BC)
 CALLAO MAN
By: Armand Salvador B. Mijares
Who is Armand Salvador B. Mijares?

● a University of the Philippines

Associate Professor who led an
international multidisciplinary team in
discovering the newest human species
here in Cagayan Valley

● The project that led to the discovery

of Homo luzonensis
 THE CALLAO CAVE
● His group started excavating in the year
2003 but later stopped for they did not
find anything

● In the year 2004 when a discovery in Indonesian

island was found it prompted Prof. Armand to dig
deeper. Little by little they are unveiling another
account of history from the fossils that they have
discovered.
END OF LESSON 1
The Prehispanic Source Materials for
the Study of Philippine History
By: William Henry Scott
Who is William Henry Scott?

● born July 10, 1921 died October 4, 1993

● a historian of the Gran Cordillera Central

and Prehispanic Philippines

● first well known academic work is The

Discovery of the Igorots
 MARAGTAS
By: Pedro Alcantara Monteclaro
 Pedro Monteclaro

● born in Miag-ao, Iloilo, on 15 October 1850

● He served as Teniente Mayor in 1891, and

Gobernadorcillo in 1892-1894

● He served as Liaison Officer during the

American occupation of the area, and was the
first President of Miag-ao (1901-1903)

● He was also known as a poet in both the

vernacular and Spanish, and a few of his Visayan
songs have survived
 Maragtas

● or History of Panay Written by

Pedro Monteclaro

● It is written in mixed Hiligaynon and Kin-iraya,

the author having been a native of the border
region between these two Visayan dialects
 Alamat ng Maragtas

● equivalent of the Spanish historia

The full title of the book is:

“Maragtas or (history) of Panay Island from the

first inhabitants, until the arrival of the Borneans
from which the Bisayans are descended, to the
arrival of the Spaniards”.
 Maragtas

Summary of Maragtas

● The stories known as the Maragtas are

legends that may or may not be based on
actual events in the remote past.
Alamat ng Maragtas

● Provenance

The place of origin or earliest

known history of something
 Alamat ng Maragtas

● It consists of a publisher's introduction by

Salvador Laguda, the author's "Foreword to
the Readers," six chapters and an epilogue

● A large part of Maragtas appears to be based

on a work written in 1858 by Fr. Tomás
Santarén, and published in 1902 under the title
Historia de los primeros datos.
● The Maragtas Code only first appeared in an
article entitled El Código de Maragtás written
by Guillermo Santiago-Cuino in 1938.
 Maragtas

The Verdict on Maragtas

● William H. Scott made a painstaking investigation
into all the sources of information about the
Philippines before the coming of the Spaniards for
his doctoral dissertation at the UST
● He proved in his dissertation that Maragtas is not an actual
ancient document from long ago but only legends

● Scott's meticulous research was published in 1968 in his book

Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History
and since then no historian has contested his conclusion
BOXER CODEX
 Boxer Codex

● sometimes known as the Manila Manuscript

● contains illustrations of ethnic groups in the

Philippines, ethnic groups across Southeast Asia,
East Asia, and Micronesia at the time of their
initial contact with the Spaniards
● It depicts the Tagalogs, Visayans, Zambals,
Cagayanes or possibly Ibanags, and Negritos of
the Philippines in vivid color
● The technique of the paintings suggests that the
unknown artist may have been Chinese. I
 Boxer Codex

Luis Perez Dasmariñas

● son of Governor General Gómez Pérez
Dasmariñas, who was killed in 1593 by Sangleys
or Chinese living in the Philippines

● believed to be the original owner of the

manuscript

● Since Spanish colonial governors were required to

submit written reports on the territories they
governed, it is likely that the manuscript was
written under the orders of the governor
 Boxer Codex

Why Boxer Codex?

● The original manuscript was found in the home of

the historian Charles Ralph Boxer before it was
sent to the Lilly Library in the University of
Indiana in Bloomington.

● He recounted how he placed a nominal bid at an

auction for an anonymous, undated manuscript
(its title page was missing)