IMMIGRATION AND CUISINE IN
CANADA
FNU 100 F 23 – Week 9
MENU
• Course Issues
• 1 – Cultural Diversity in Canada –
Highlights from Li & Activity
• Break ( 5 minutes)
• 2 – The Canadian Creole – Highlights from
Newman & Activity
• Game
https://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/canada/remembrance-day
PAPER IS DUE NEXT TUESDAY
NOV. 14
• Concerns:
• From Seed to Table
• Peer-reviewed research
• Citation in APA format
• Many extension requests:
IN CLASS EXERCISE
In groups:
1 – Choose a topic
II – Search for a peer-reviewed article at the TMU library
website
III – Post this article on the google drive doc
IV – Does it offer a critical perspective on the topic?
LINK: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1CZSiQ3CR6QhruQ4sqolt_cHG-
OgqEWBFMIMTGec77Zs/edit?usp=sharing
FINAL EXAM
• Is scheduled for Wednesday,
December 6 at 9 am at KHE
125.
• In case of conflict or overload,
students should notify their
department asap.
• Students with Academic
Accommodations should schedule
their exam asap.
Final Exam Policy 135. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC
FORCED MIGRATION _
SLAVERY IN C ANADA
Colony of New France (1600’s)
- By 1559 account of 3,600 enslaved people
(Indigenous “panis” & African)
Transatlantic Slave Trade
- Enslaved people as “property”
British North America (1763)
- Black people replacing Indigenous peoples
https://humanrights.ca/story/the-story-of-slavery-in-canadian-history
1807 – Slave trade abolished by the
British Empire
1834 – Slavery abolished British
Empire
Mid 1800s - Underground Railroad
(slavery only abolished in the US
+_1865)
Indenture servitude – unpaid labour
in exchange of transportation, food
and shelter
Dominium of Canada in 1867
Guest who were reimbursed
when slavery ended?
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC
https://humanrights.ca/story/the-story-of-slavery-in-canadian-history
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-ND
1 - CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN
CANADA: THE SOCIAL
CONSTRUCTION OF RACIAL
DIFFERENCES
▪ Professor of Sociology at the University of Saskatchewan.
▪ His research areas are race and ethnicity, immigration, Chinese
Canadians, the Chinese diaspora, and multiculturalism.
▪ He has published over 80 academic papers and 11 books.
Racism to justify colonization and slavery
• Growth of non-white
population other than
Aboriginal People
• Differences in people imagined
or real, based on superficial
distinctions
CULTURAL DIVERSITY
• Immigration since the 1960’s
changed the cultural mix of
Canadians
• How racial differences have
been constructed and produced in
Canadian society
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
KEY
CONCEPTS
• Third Force
• Visible Minorities
• Multiculturalism policy
• Social mobility
• Social cohesion
Census 1871 Census 1941
Census 1901
British = 60% British = 50%
British = 57%
French = 30% French = 30%
French = 30%
Eu.nE/nF = 7% Eu.nE/nF = 17.8%
Eu.nE/nF = 8.5%
Can pop = 3.5M Can pop = 11.5 M
Can pop = 5 M
July 1st,
1867
Canada founded
1896-1914
+ 3M immigrants:
Eastern & Southern 1915-1945
Europe, Poles, + 2M immigrants:
Ukrainians, Mostly Europeans
Hutterites,
Doukhobor s
+ 15,000 Chinese men brought to Canada to build the 1939: Ship with 930 Jewish refugees refused by
railway in 1880’s Canada was forced to return to Europe
Increase in diversity but mostly European origin = 98% of pop
INCREASE IN CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN
C ANADA EXAMPLES
Hutterites (affinities with Amish & Mennonites) Doukhobour women, 1887
(Pacifists - originally from Germany, but coming from USA) (originally from Russia – radical pacifists)
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vrouwen_der_Doukhobortzis.jpg
By Kleinsasser, I - Own work, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3169365
(2018) 34,000 Hutterites in 350 colonies in Canada
IMMIGRATION POLICY =
FOOD POLICY
• 1900-1914 – 3 million immigrants came
• Agricultural economy
• Sought immigrants from “desirable” areas > Britain,
USA, Europe
• 160 acres free to anyone over 21 who built a
home, cultivated 30 acres & stayed 3 years
• Whites only – process ensured that applications
from people of colour were rejected
DURING WW1
• Canadian policy, and much of the
public, turned against Central and
Eastern European immigrants
during wartime.
• Certain groups were characterized
as “enemy aliens” and faced
internment during the Great War.
• Pacifist colonies in the West and
elsewhere in Canada were
increasingly confronted by public
opinion and governments that reneged
on earlier assurances of tolerance.
THE THIRD
FORCE
• 1941-1961 Increase in proportion
of Canadians of European (non-
English non-French) and decrease
proportion of British origin.
• Diversity but mostly
European origin = 97% (1961); 96%
(1971)
• “Third Force” term created by
Royal Commission on Bilingualism &
Biculturalism (60s)
Who was the third force
between 1921 and 1971?
C H A N G IN G I M M I G RATIO N PATTE RN S
A N D TH E E M E RG ENC E O F “ VI SI B L E
M I N ORI TIES” 1967 – Adoption of
Universal (Merit)
Point System for
assessing prospective
immigrants,
irrespective of
country of origin or
racial background
Why?
Lester Pearson – PM (1963 – 1968)
• To compete for
• Universal health care, the Canada Student Loan Program, and skilled workers
the Canada Pension Plan.
• Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism & points- • + other factors
based immigration system.
• Maple Leaf flag . His government unified Canada's armed forces
• Kept Canada out of the Vietnam War.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Lester_Pearson_1957.jpg
MERIT SYSTEM
▪ WHY?
1954-1967 – Canada lost 60, 230
in professional, technical,
managerial and entrepreneurial
occupations for the US
▪ RESULTS
1968-1986 - Net gain of 16,349
immigrants in professional,
technical, managerial and
entrepreneurial occupations
from the US
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
1 9 7 6 I MMI GR ATION AC T:
Defined the goals and
principles of immigration;
required gov’t to plan
immigration; created 4
categories of immigrants
• Refugees
• Families
• Independent professionals
• Assisted relatives
COUNTRY OF ORIGIN
% of immigrants to Canada from these areas
1 2
Europe Asia Africa C, C/S A
Pre 61 91 3 0.5 1
61-70 70 12 3 8
71-80 36 39 6 17
81-90 26 51 6 17
91-01 20 59 8 11
01-06 16 58 11 11
1 Almost exclusively Western and Northern Europe
2 Caribbean, Central & South America What does this mean?
“Persons who are, because of
their race or colour, in a visible
minority in Canada” (1986)
Ten origins (Census 1986):
• Blacks,
• Indo-Pakistani,
• Chinese,
VISIBLE MINORITIES • Korean,
• Japanese,
• Southeast Asian,
• Filipino,
• Other Pacific Islanders,
• West Asian and Arab,
• Latin American, excluding
Argentinian and Chilean
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY
VISIBLE MINORITIES
Most members of the visible minority are first-generation,
while most European-Canadians are native born (Li,2000)
What about now?
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
CHANGES IN ETHNIC AND RACIAL
DIVERSITY
Between 1971-1991 changes in the ethnic and racial differentiation in the third force
included a growing segment made up of non-European origin.
TIMELINE EXERCISE ( EXAMPLE)
1867 1967 2021
1962 2003
Canada founded Andrea was born Andrea moved to Canada
Please mark in the timeline
• Year of your birth
• Year when your family migrated to Canada
• Insights?
VISIBLE MINORITIES IN
C ANADA
• “It is not so much the increase in the
proportion of the ‘third force’ in the total
population, as the growth of racial
minorities within the ‘third force’ which
made ethnic diversity more noticeable
in Canada in the 1980s” (Li, 200:8).
https://www.immigration.ca/how-many-immigrants-
come-to-canada-each-year
MU LTIC ULTURALISM
POL IC Y
• Multiculturalism Policy of 1971 – Enlighted policy to
allow individuals to pursue a cultural life of their free choice
(Li, 2000: 10)
• Criticism of policy: Too much cultural preservation – not
enough promotion of social equality
• 1980’s – Visible minorities more concerned with job and
other opportunities as they faced racism and discrimination
• Evidence: census 1986 – visible minority women earned
49% of what a white men made in the labour market
• Canadian Multiculturalism Act, 1988 – Sought to
protect the cultural heritage of all Canadians, reduce
discrimination and encourage the implementation of
multicultural programs and initiatives within institutions and
organizations.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY
RECENT
I M M I G R AT I O N
S TAT I S T I C S
• https://www.quesnelobserver.com/news/2021-census-responses-due-may-11/
P E R C E N TAGE O F
I M M I G R AN T S
https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/221026/dq221026a-eng.htm
AG E P YRA M I D
https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/221026/dq221026a-eng.htm
I M M I G R AN T S B Y
REGION
https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/221026/dq221026a-eng.htm
WHERE DO
I M M I G R AN T S
CO M E FRO M ?
https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/221026/dq221026a-eng.htm
P ROVI N C I AL
D I STRI B U TIO N
https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/221026/dq221026a-eng.htm
WHERE DO
I M M I G R AN T S G O ?
https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/221026/dq221026a-eng.htm
CURRENT & FUTURE C ANADIAN
IMMIGRATION
Immigration Plan
2022 2023 2024
431,645 447,055 451,000
Challenges:
• Housing
• Cost of living
• Integration: including food
https://canadianimmigrant.ca/immigrate/the-canadian-immigration-landscape-post-covid-19
• …
I N G RO U P S O F 2
• Prepare one multiple choice
question for the exam (include
4 options of answer and mark
the right one)
• Question should be
anonymous.
• Question starts where the
balloon lands…
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
THE END
