In Memory Of

My Dearest Wife Maria

1.0.
A POCKETBOOK GUIDE
TO

UKRAINE
&
UKRAINIANS
Second Edition
REVISED

OR. IWAN OWECHKO

P.O. BOX 811
GREELEY, COLORADO 80632
U.S.A.

Questions and Answers

 -4-
First Edition, 1984
Second Edition, 1985
© Copyright by UKRAPRESS® All rights reserved.

Translation and re-issue of the published text into other

languages, as well as the reproduction of this book in whole
or in part, with the possible exception of brief quotations for
the purpose of review or academic citation, without the
express written consent of UKRAPRESS, is forbidden.

lwan Owechko
Editor/ Publisher

Roman V. Kuchar
Co-editor

Roman 0. Tatchyn
English translator/ Co-editor

Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 84-51849

The contents of this Guidebook are based on a com-
pilation of recurring questions asked by the students of
two professors at two North American universities:
lwan Owechko, Ph.D.
- University of Northern Colorado -
and
Roman V. Kuchar, Ph.D.
- Fort Hays Kansas State University -

Printed in the U.S.A.

 -5-

PUBLISHER'S NOTE

This modest publication is in no way meant to be a

comprehensive or exhaustive treatment of the included
subjects. This is merely a cursory, condensed GUIDE-
BOOK for those interested parties who have had neither
the time nor opportunity to acquaint themselves with
even the minimal body of facts which are included
here; facts that have been carefully researched and
prepared on the basis of the most authoritative and
objective sources, both Ukrainian and non-Ukrainian.
In this second edition of the "Pocketbook
Guide," all errors noted in the first edition have been
removed and some of the original sections extended
with appropriate data or information. The appended
bibliography on Ukrainian themes and topics has been
significantly expanded for those interested in extending
their knowledge of these subjects, and a list of some of
today's more important Ukrainian English-language
periodicals, prepared by Dr. 0. Sokolyshyn, has been
appended.
It is our sincere hope that this guidebook, being
neither a textbook as such, nor an encyclopedic com-
pilation of facts, will nevertheless prove to be useful and
interesting to a large number of English-speaking readers
to whom the development of an accurate and objective
world view is important.
I. 0.
Currently in preparation, and scheduled for publication by
UKRAPRESS in the near future, is the expanded (to more than
300 entries) edition of Dr. Oleksander Sokalyshyn 'S UKRAl-
NICA IN ENGLISH, which will be issued in separate book form.
 -6-

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

It is now my pleasant duty to express my most sincere

thanks to all those Ukrainians who, through their advice
and practical assistance in the preparation of the
answers to the selected students' questions, tremen-
dously eased my compiling and arranging tasks as editor-
publisher of this volume. In particular, I would like to
thank: Dr. Roman V. Kuchar, co-editor from Fort Hays
State University, Kansas; Dr. A. Sokolyshyn of the
Brooklyn Public Library; Mr. W. Renner, researcher
of ancient Ukrainian history; Mr. Ivan R. Kosiiuk and
Mr. 0. Pytliar - journalists; Dr. Y. Lisovyi, historian;
Dr. H. Piniuta, Mr. Yur Semenko and Mr. M. Kalba -
authors; and others.
The publisher also extends his sincere thanks to
Dr. Roman 0. Tatchyn - translator of Franko's Ivan
Vyshensky and the Master's Jests. and Rudenko's The
Cross - for his careful translation of the Ukrainian
text of this guidebook into English.
Although my sources of help have obviously been
manifold, the responsibility for any possible errors or
faults in the text is mine alone, and I apologize to all my
readers and contributors for any inadvertent omissions
this book may contain.

The Publisher
 -7-

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. UKRAINE AND UKRAINIANS

- GENERAL INFORMATION
l. In what part of Russia is Ukraine located? . . ]1
2. What is the territorial area of Ukraine and
how large is its population? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3. What is Ukraine's climate like and what are
its natural resources? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4. What are Ukraine's major cities and what are
their distinguishing characteristics? . . . . . . . . 14
5. What are the National Emblem, Flag, and
Anthem of Ukraine? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6. Does Ukrainian literature have its classical
writers, and who are they? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
II. ORIGINS: "HUS'" AND "RUSSIA" -
WHAT, WHEN, AND FROM WHERE?
7. What is the difference between the origins
and formations of the Ukrainian and
Russian peoples and nations? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
8. Is Ukrainian a Russian dialect? . . . . . . . . . . . . 2')
9. Which is correct: "in THE Ukraine," or
"In Ukraine?" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
10. How old is Kyiv, and is Kyiv really the
"Mother of Russian Cities?" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
11. What are the principal national, traditional,
and cultural differences between Ukrainians
:md Russians? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Ill. THE ACHIEVEMENTS AND
ATTAINMENTS OF
ANCIENT UKRAINE
12. What were the most prominent periJds
in the history of ancient Ukraine? . . . . . . . . . . 42
 -8-
13. With which countries did ancient Ukraine
maintain ties and relations? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
14. When did writing first appear in Ukraine? 48
IV. UKRAINE THEN AND NOW -
FREE VS. ENSLAVED
15. Under which foreign empires did Ukraine
formerly suffer? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
16. What role did Ukrainians play in the 51
Revolution of 1917? ..................... .
17. Was Ukraine ever an independent country? . 52
18. What is the attitude of Ukrainians toward
the national minorities in Ukraine? . . . . . . . . . 60
19. To what extent is present-day Ukraine
a free or autonomous republic of the USSR? 64
20. What are the rights of Ukrainians under
the Constitution of the USSR? ........... . 65
21. When were the Ukrainians better off -
under the Tsars or under present-day
imperial Moscow? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
22. What were the most tragic periods in
Ukraine's life under Red Moscow? . . . . . . . . . 73
23. What kind of resistance did the Ukrainians
offer to Muscovite policies in Ukraine,
and when? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
24. How many of the present-day Soviet
dissidents are Ukrainians? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
V. WHAT THE WEST DOESN'T KNO"
OR DOESN'T WANT TO KNOW
25. What outstanding Ukrainians are
known in the West as Russians? . . . . . . . . . . . 83
26. Were there ever, and are there now,
any Ukrainian stars in Hollywood? . . . . . . . . . 86
27. Were there ever any Ukrainian champions
in any of the Olympic Games? . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
 -9-
VI. UKRAINE AND WORLD WAR II
28. What were Ukrainian expectations at the
onset of World War II? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
29. What were the consequences of
World War II for Ukraine? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
30. What was the fate of those Ukrainians
who returned home from Germany
after the war? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
31. During the war, did the Ukrainians
demonstrate their desire and willingness
to create an independent Ukrainian country? 96
VII. UKRAINIANS OUTSIDE OF UKRAINE
32. Where, why, and how many Ukrainians
live outside of Ukraine? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
33. Do Ukrainians living in the West ever
visit their native homeland, and what are
their subsequent impressions? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
34. How do Ukrainians view the membership
of the Ukr.SSR in the United Nations?...... 103
35. How are Ukrainians in the free world
organized? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 06
36. Are there any outstanding Ukrainian
athletes in Canada and the United States? 111
37. To what extent does Ukrainian youth,
both in Ukraine and in the free world,
aspire to the idea of future Ukrainian
independence? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
VIII. THE FREE WORLD - THROUGH
THE EYES OF UKRAINIANS
38. What are the greatest mistakes - past and
present - of the Free World with respect
to Ukraine and Ukrainians? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I I 7
39. How do Ukrainians rate the West's
English-language press in the area of
Ukrainian-related topics and problematics? 120
40. What should the citizens of the free world do
to help the Ukrainian cause, and why"? . . . . . 123
 -10-

Research Society for Ukrainian TermlnolOSY,lnc.

 -11-
1.
UKRAINE AND UKRAINIANS
GENERAL INFORMATION
1. In what part of Russia is Ukraine located?
The very phrasing of this question not only betrays
a fundamental lack of knowledge, but more importantly,
perpetrates a serious distortion of truth, a distortion
typically echoed not only by average Americans and
citizens of other Western countries, but also by prom-
inent politicians, journalists, school teachers, university
professors, newscasters, and other highly visible figures
of the news media in general. For Ukraine isn't located
either in Russia,or in any other country, whatever; just
as, for example, France isn't located in Germany, or
Brazil in Argentina. It would perhaps be possible to,
more or less, understand the following question: '1n what
part of Russia was Ukraine located?" - long ago, when
Ukraine was impressed into the "prison of nations" of the
tsarist Russian Empire against its will; and today, the
following form of the same question would also be intel-
ligible: "In what part of the USSR, the so called 'Soviet
Union,' is Ukraine located?" - for indeed, Ukraine has
been a member-part of the USSR since 1923 - although,
once more against its will; it was forcibly incorporated
into the Soviet Union by an imperialistic, communist
government based in Moscow. That is why every indi-
vidual who "habitually" employs phrases suggesting that
"Ukraine is located in Russia" betrays his fundamE!ntal
ignorance both of elementary geography and of the cur-
rent state of political affairs in Eastern Europe.
Ukraine is, in fact, located in the southern part of
Eastern Europe, bordered on the south by Romania
(Moldavia) and the Black Sea, on the north by Byelo-
russia, on the west by Poland, Czechoslovakia (Slovaks)
and Hungary, and on the east by Russia (the Rus.·
sian Federated Socialist Republic). Ever since 1923,
Ukraine has been incorporated into the USSR under the
 -12-
name "Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR)," but
in fact enjoys no republican rights whatsoever, being
ae facto an ordinary colony of the Muscovite empire,
which is today called the USSR. The entire government,
press, legislature, court system, education, and agricul-
ture of Ukraine are totally subject to the arbitrary whims
and dictates of Moscow. Ukraine doesn't possess even
one particle of those rights which the American states
enjoy vis-a-vis Washington, D.C., or that the Canadian
provinces have with respect to Ottawa.
2. What is the territorial area of Ukraine and
how large is its population?
The territorial area of Ukraine encompasses 362,200
square miles, although not all of this territory is consider-
ed to be a part of Ukraine under Moscow's current
Bolshevik occupation. This vast land area makes Uk-
raine geographically the second largest country in
Europe. In comparative terms,.. Ukraine is significantly
larger than France, has approximately as many square
miles as British Columbia, and is comfortably larger than
Texas.
The population of Ukraine, as of January 1984,
numbered approximately 50. 7 million people, of whom
46% were male and 54% female. This disparity of genders
is a still-grim vestige of the Second World War, during
which untold m11l1ons of Ukrainians lost their lives, either
on the far-flung battle fronts, in German prisons and
concentration camps, or as a result of mass genocides
and arrests prior to the war, and ongoing deportations
of able-bodied men for slave labor outside of Ukraine.
The composition of Ukraine's population by nationality
is: Ukrainians - 74%; Russians - 21 %; Jews - 1.3%; Poles -
0.5%; and others - 3.2%. As may be inferred from the
given statistics, Ukraine's population is approximately
twice that of Canada's.
The large proportion of Russians in Ukraine's pop-.
ulation stems directly from the Russificatory policies
of Moscow's government, which are aimed at het-
erogenizing Ukraine's indigenous population
 -13-
with imported Russian elements for the purpose of
eradicating the national identity, traditions, and langua~e
of the Ukrainian people, and establishing a new hegem-
ony of Russian language, culture, and mentality in their
place. It should be noted here that whenever a census is
taken in Ukraine, the Russian government uses all the
means at its disposal to "encourage" Ukrainians to
register as "Russians" and to list their native language
as "Russian." By these and similar methods, the Russian
language is being slowly and deviously introduced as the
"official" language of the government bureaucracy, and
even official documents of the so-called "Ukrainian
Soviet Socialist Republic" are issued today, for the most
part, in Russian.

3. What is Ukraine's climate like and what are

its natural resources?
Perhaps no other country in the world can boast of
mines as diverse and valuable as those found in Ukraine.
Iron ore, anthracite, manganese, copper, mercury, and
petroleum feature prominently among the great number
of minerals and natural resources mined in Ukraine. Just
recently, for example, Ukrainian geologists discovered
large deposits of gold in the vicinities of Dnipropetrovsk
and Zaporizhia, along the banks of the Dnipro River.
This gold is believed to have been deposited more than
2. 7 million years ago, which ostensibly makes it the
"oldest" gold in the world. Prior to this discovery, the
geologically oldest known gold was mined in Australia
and Canada.
By far the greatest natural resource of Ukraine is the
Ukrainian earth itself - the world famous black topsoil;
its richness and fertility had once made Ukraine the
principal supplier of bread to all of Europe, a role for
which it has come to be known as The Breadbasket of
Europe.
Ukraine's climate is exceptionally favorable. In the
 - 14 -

eastern part, the climate tends to be Continental; in the

west, the influence of the Atlantic's Gulf Stream is some-
what more pronounced than in the south. In general,
the average temperature differences between the hottest
and coldest seasons are smaller in Ukraine than in
Russia. Although Ukraine's winters are colder than
Central Europe's, they also tend to be more constant,
lacking the wild extremes that are typical of the more
westerly region. In general, there are also fewer geologi·
cal rifts than in Central Europe, especialls,i in the south.
The rather diminutive Crimean hills in the south (the
Y'aily"), the Carpathian Mountains in the west, the flat-
lands of the southern and central regions, the mild ele-
vations toward the east (the Donetsky Basin) all conspire
to makeUkraine'sclimate constant and uniform.For this
reason, more than seventY. years ago, the French geo-
grapher de Martonne selected it as the natural
standard to which climates from all parts of the world
could be compared.
The Black and Azov Seas in the south, the Dnipro
River - which divides Ukraine naturally. into Right
Bank Ukraine and Left Bank Ukraine - , the Dniester,
Boh (Buh), Dinets: and many others together create an
extremely pleasant alluvial terrain and atmosphere
throughout, keeping the occurrence of destruc-
tive or catastrophic natural phenomena to an absolute
minimum.
4. What are Ukraine's major cities and what
are their distinguishing characteristics?
According to the latest statistics, as of the first
months of 1983, Kyiv, the capital of Ukraine, had a
population of 2.35 million inhabitants; Kharkiv, a major
industrial and trade center, had 1.51 million; OdeHa,a
port city on the Black Sea, 1.09 million; Donets'k, the
center of the coal industry, 1.05 million; L'viv, historical
 - 15 -
center of the cultural and political life of western Ukraine,
0.71 million. More than forty Ukrainian cities have
populations of over 100,000.
Due to the degrading and insufferable work con-
ditions in the collectivized rural areas, young people
from the villages constantly keep fleeing to the cities,
thus contributing to the rapidly escalating urban popula-
tion growth. Inspite of this, 22% of Ukraine's population
still labors at agriculture, as opposed to only 4% in the
United States, and 6% in Belgium.

5. Wlaat are tlae National Emblem, Flag, and

Antlaem o/ Ukraine?
The national emblem of Ukraine is the TRIDENT
(TRYZUB). There is at present some disagreement
among historians and other researchers as to its exact
date of origin and to the precise evolution of its symbolic
significance. There is, on the other hand, indisputable
evidence. based on various archaeological findings,
that Ukraine was once a composite part of a pre-
historical empire, ca. 17 ,000 B.C~and excavated Trident,
bearing artifacts from that era testify both to its
genuine authenticity and to the antiquity of the Ukrainian
Trypillian culture in particular. Trident symbols have
also been discovered in ancient Scvthian barrows and
excavations, and the Scvthians are known to have
been among the direct ancestors of the present-day
Ukrainian people. More remote ancestors of the Uk-
rainians, prior tc; 3,000 B.C., also employed national/
cultural symbols and emblems to repre~ent their own
endemic ethnicity, and to them the Ukrainian Trident
was one such symbol. There ~re presently over thirty
scholarly theories regarding the origins and significan-
ce of the Trident. Until the reign of Ukraine's Supreme
Ruler, ("Grand Duke") Volodymyr the Great, the Tri.-
dent was fashioned without the cross on its central
spar; after Ukraine's conversion to Christianity (988),
 -16-

TRIDENT
adopted in 1918
by the
Het'man of Ukraine,
Pavlo Skoropads'ky

TRIDENT
adopted March 22, 1918
by the Central Council of the
Ukrainian National Republic
 - 17 -

under Volodymyr the Great, the cross was added to

the Trident and imprinted on the coinage of his realm
(N.B .. in view of the fact that the titles
"Grand Duke." "Grand Duchess," etc., have been ap-
pended to Ukraine's ancient royal sovereigns by Rus-
sian historiographers in a way that improperly connotes
their actual status and power, but also because orth-
odox Western historiography has accepted these titles
as real. we interpose them in quotes following the more
proper titles of Ukraine's ancient dynastic rulers. This
should help the reader to identify the personages in
question when reading orthodox historical literature.).
The Trident with the cross was also used as the Na-
tional Emblem and Seal during the Kozak-
Het'manate era (1550-1800), and, more recently, the
same design - with the cross - was again used as
the official emblem and seal of the Het'manate govern-
ment of Het'man Pavlo Skoropads'ky (1918). Ever
since the onset of the more recent revolutionary pe·
riods,which encompass the formation of the Ukrainian
National republic (1918), the Trident has been officially
incorporated as the National Emblem in its original
form - without the cross on its middle spar.
In the Ukrainian Diaspora throughout the free world,
advocates of a Monarchist government in a future
independent Ukraine still employ the Trident with a
cross- arguing for historical continuity with the original
National Seal of St. Volodymyr and the Trident imprint-
ed coinage of his son, Yaroelav the Wiee.The Trident
with the cross is also used by various Christian-Ukrainian
church organizations outside of Ukraine. Still others
employ the Trident, without a cross, as the National
Emblem of Ukraine, basing their preference on historical
continuity with, and on the still binding legal authority
of, the last legitimate government of the Ukrainian
National Republic (established following the Revolution
of 1917).
 -18-

Today, in Soviet-enslaved Ukraine, any use or display

of the Trident - with or without the cross - is immedi-
ately punished as an act of "treason against the home-
land," and invariably results in lengthy imprisonment
of the perpetrators who are considered "enemies of the
people."
The National Republican flag of independent Ukraine
consists of a single field composed of iwo congruent,
horizontal bands of blue and yellow. The topmost
blue (azure) color symbolizes the blue skies of Ukraine;
the underlying yellow stripe represents the wheat fields
of Ukraine. During the revolutionary periods of 1917-
1920, as well as in later uprisings by Ukrainians against
Muscovite-Russian enslavement, these colors were
sometimes seen transposed. In general, though, the
majority of Ukrainians in the free world who are com-
mitted to an independent Ukraine have adopted the
blue/yellow (blue on top; yellow on the bottom) form of
Ukraine's national flag. (Soviet-enslaved Ukraine is for-
ced to use a different flag.)
The music of the National Anthem "Shche ne
vmeria Ukrayina," was composed by Mychaylo Ver-
byt•'ky, to lyrics written by Pavlo Chubyn•'ky.
6. Does Ukrainian literature have its classical
writers and who are they?
The acknowledged father of modern Ukrainian liter-
ature is Ivan Kotliarev•'ky (1764-1838). In 1798, his
classical literary work, Aeneida - which he wrote
entirely in the Ukrainian vernacular - contributed
significantly to the national revival of the Ukrainian
people. It was published at the very time when Russia
was trying its hardest to eradicate any and all manifes-
tations of national consciousness, traditional originality,
and cultural distinctiveness in Ukraine, with the geno-
cidal aim of eliminating all linguistic differences between
the completely disparate Ukrainian and Russian na-
 - 19-

Taras Shevchenko

tions. The poem Aeneida is a crafted travesty of Virgil's

Aeneid, which transposes and distorts the events, places
and characters of the Latin original to reflect Kotliarev-
s'ky' s contemporary Ukrainian reality, history, and
customs.

Due to the limited space in this Guidebook. we can

offer only the following brief descriptions of Ukraine's
three greatest writers - Taras Shevchenko, Ivan
Franko, and Lesia Ukrainka:

Taras Shevchenko (1814-1861) is the greatest

Ukrainian poet of global importance. He is the pro-
genitor and spiritual leader of modern Ukrainian national
self awareness, and he is indelible proof as well.
In Ukrainian history and literature, he is regarded as a
national prophet; his masterpieces have lost none of
their literary value or socio-historical significance up
to the present time. In 1964, a monument was dedicated
 -20-
to Taras Shevchenko in Washington, D.C., with former
President Eisenhower delivering the keynote speech
at its unveiling. Shevchenko's immortal Kobzar (The
Minstrel) - his entire collection of poetry - has become
the national Bible of the Ukrainian nation.

Ivan Franko

Ivan Franko(l856-1916) was a great poet and out-

standing universalist of Arts, Sciences, and Letters. His
Goethean, even Faustian, spirituality, as well as the
occasionally prophetic tenor of some of his nationally
motivated literary masterpieces, have had a significant
influence on the subsequent development of Ukrainian
literature.
 -21-

Lesia
Ukralnka

Leeia Ukrainka (1871-1913) was a gifted poetess

and playwright. She elevated the genre of Ukrainian
dramaturgy to the accomplished heights of European
dramatic art.

All of these writers/classics, in fact, have monu-

ments erected to them by Soviet Russia as well; the
Kremlin is still powerless to refute or suppress their
genius. On the other hand, their works are always
re-issued in extremely limited quantities, and they are
invariably censored, or even altered (re-written) in
those numerous places where these authors describe
and protest Russia's brutal enslavement and Russifica·
tion of Ukraine - regardless of the fact that such
passages ref er only to the tsarist Russia of the 19th
century.
 -22-

II.
ORIGINS: "HUS"' AND "RUSSIA"
WHAT, WHEN, AND FROM WHERE?

7. What are the differences between the

origins and formations of the Ukrainian
and Russian nations?
On the cover of the Harvard University monograph,
Kievan Rus' Is Not Identical With Russia, the following
words appear, " .... one is prompted to ask if it is not
time that American historians of Eastern Europe
abandon the terminology used by Russians (for
reasons of their own) and employ one that is strictly
objecti\le. For example, the term 'Kie\lan Russia'
connotes a nonexistent relationship of Kie\/ with
Russia which emerged &e\leral centuries later;
ob\liously the accurate term is 'Kie\lan Rua',' since
RUS' is not identical with RuHia."
Unfortunately, however, all too many professors of
history in American universities still continue to prop-
agate this historical nonsense - referring to Kyivan Rus'
as "Kiev an" Russia, although at the time when the mighty
Kyivan Rus' was in existence, there was no Russia,
whatsoever. An additional absurdity is that the very
word Kie\/, in its popularized English pronunciation,
repeats the RUSSIAN pronunciation of this Ukrainian,
and not Russian, city's name; it is, therefore, also high
time to replace this transliteration with "Kyiv," in order
to reflect its correct, Ukrainian pronunciation (N.B.,
"Kyiv" is pronounced ['Kih-yeev], where "Kih" is pron-
ounced as the first two letters of "kit," and "yeev"
rhymes UJith "reeve").

What is the actual difference between the origins and

formations of the Ukrainian and Russian peoples and
 -23-

nations? The Russians claim that both nations have

evolved from a common root; that they are "brotherly"
nations, and proclaim that Ukrainians must acknowledge
Russians as "older brothers." And this they do not in
any anecdotal sense or spirit, but seriously, officiously,
and ... ubiquitously, in works of literature, in text-
books, and in all their historical publications. But even
in spite of this, the Russian nation is in no sense a
"brother" of the Ukrainian nation, and even less so an
"older" one. The Ukrainian nation evolved completely
independently on the territories of pre-historic Ukraine,
while the Russian (originally "Muscovite") nation is the
product of intermixtures of small numbers of Slav-
ic colonists with various groupings of the non-
lndo-European autochtons (inhabitants) of the vast,
forested, and sparsely populated territories north and
northeast of Ukraine - groupings predominantly com-
posed of Finno-Ugric and Altaic elements. Mongolian
influences on the formation of the Russian nation have
also been copiously documented by many Russian
historians and authors. Thus, the principal racial sub-
stratum of the Muscovite-Russian nationality evolved
through interbreeding among a number of vanquished
Finnish tribes (the Mordvians, Mer'ians, and Mur-
om'ians), who resided during the assimilatory proces-
ses on the territories of present-day Russia, and their
Muscovite-Suzdal'ian conquerors, who drove the unas-
similable bulk of the Finnish population permanently to
the north. Since the XIII century - and for several
centuries thereafter - an additional process of infu-
sion of dominant Mongolian blood into this Muscovite-
Russian substratum was also prevalent. These specific
ethnic/racial assimilatory process underlie the
predominant Finno-Mongolian anthropological type of
the representative Russian person.
The Ukrainian nation, by contrast, has no Finno-
Mongolian components within it, but constitutes a rather
 -24 -
typical subgrouping of the Caucasian-Dinarian race, with
some independent Slavic-Nordic strains.
The forementioned Harvard monograph also crit-
icizes modern historians' reliance on anachronistic
references to the fable of the so-called Old-RuHian
Nationality - one component of which was suppo-
sedly the Russian nation. However, prior to the XII
century no such nation existed, thus the qualifiers
"Old" (sometimes "Common" is used here) and "Rus-
sian," in this instance, are totally absurd.
Muscovy started calling itself Rus' only after its con-
quest and enslavement of the true Rus'-Ukraine in the
XVII century - taking arrogantly to itself Ukraine's
name and subsequently altering it from Rus' to Russia.
Concerning the origins of the Ukrainian nation and
the name "Rus'," there are a great many
investigative-historical studies which differ in many
respects. For example, according to the "Norman"
(or "Viking") theory espoused by some German
scholars of the XVIII century (N.B., most of whom were
paid by Russia's Academy of Sciences). the name "Rus'" was
brought in from Scandinavia by Norman lords, or Vikings,
who first captured Novhorod in the middle of the IX century,
then Kyiv, and then allegedly established the "Old-Russian"
state. By contrast, modern historians have arrived at a differ-
ent conclusion: namely, that the word "Rus"' is of local
Eastern Slavic origin, being a variant either of "Ros"'
(the name of a river. which today is called the "Oskol,"
and to which references are made in an ancient Kyiuan
manuscript dating back to 1187), or of "Rus-los"' (the
Ukrainian word for "elk"). This modern theory is
upheld by the fact that the Ukrainians formed their first
state centuries before the Russians established theirs
- indeed, by the X century the democratically
evolved system in Ukraine had already reached its
peak in the establishment of the state of Kyivan Rus'.
 - 25-
All of the more prominent theories, however, in-
cluding the two cited above, are distinguished by hav-
ing one singular thesis in common - one which even
today's Russian scholars are incapable of subverting -
namely, that Rus'-Ukraine was the original cradle of
western civilization. For example - on the basis of the
latest work of the prominent scholar of pre-historic
times, Sir Leonard Wooley, who in 1963, under a
commission from UNESCO, published The Origins of
Human Civilization - it appears that all the major
substrains of the Inda-European race emerged at var-
ious times in the pre-historic past out of that precise
geographical area which is today called Ukraine, and it
is from this region that the learned author dates the
development of Inda-European civilization.
Analyzing the migration movements of various
subgroups of the Inda-European race out of Ukraine -
in part to India, but predominantly to the Near and
Middle East - which took place some 6000 years
ago, many scholars have concluded that Wooley's
work has definitively established the
Sumerian-Trypillian origins of the Ukrainian nation,
and that pre-historic Rus' (today's Ukraine) was in-
deed the original cradle of Inda-European culture. The
Sumerians were, in fact, Inda-Europeans, and a people
of high morals and ethics. Sumer was a country with
systematized laws which antedated the Code of
Hammurabi by more than 1300 years, having been set
down by the jurist-emperor of Sumer, Ur-Namma, ca.
2065-2046 B.C.
From the earliest times up until the II century B. C.,
the territories of present-day Ukraine were settled by
various peoples of Cimmerian-Scythian stock. Accord-
ing to some scholars, they became the immediate
predecessors, and, most likely, the direct progenitors,
of the Ukrainian nation. The Ukrainians' first formal
emergence into nationhood (within the empire of the
 -26-
Antes) was in the IV century A.O. Up until that time -
starting with the II century B.C. - struggles of the
autochtonous inhabitants of Ukraine to attain their own
sovereignty persisted during the following periods (all
well documented by European historians): the SARMA-
TIAN, up to 200 A.O.; the GOTHIC, to 300 A.O.; and
the HUN, to 400 A.O.
Concerning the relationship of the Ukrainian nation
to the Scythians as its ancestors, even the Soviet schol-
ars, on the irrefutable basis of excavated Scythian
barrows, are forced to acknowledge that the Scythians
were once the prevalent autochtons of Ukraine; how-
ever, they limit the duration of Scythian life in Ukraine
to between the VIII and III centuries B.C., although the
fact that some Scythian barrows in Ukraine are more
than 5000 years old proves incontrovertibly that the
Scythians inhabited Ukraine since time immemorial.
Indeed, in the opinion of many researchers, the
Scythians once ran a gigantic empire extending from
China to the Atlantic Ocean, and its center was, osten-
sibly, the territory of present-day Ukraine.
Throughout the period of the great tribal/racial mi-
grations which started with the V century A.O., Greek
and Roman historians and geographers of that time
recognized several distinct groups among the Slavs -
the Vanadians in the western, the Slovenes in the
northern and northwestern, and the Antes in the
eastern regions of Europe.
The Antes, settling between the Carpathian mount·
ains and the regions along the Dnipro River, emerge,
therefore, as close relatives of the Southeastern Slavs
of Ukrainian ethnographic composition. During that
period, the Antes developed a mighty empire north of
the Black Sea - between the Dniester and the Dnipro
rivers - which lasted for approximately 300 years be-
tween the IV and VII century A.O.
 -27-
There is no unanimity concerning the origin of the
name "Rus'-Ukraine." Russophile historians try to derive
"U-krayina" from the anachronistic word "0-krayina,"
which in Russian connotes "borderland" or "outskirts,"
turning it linguistically into a Russo-centric word imply-
ing that Ukraine was never more than an "outer" part of
"great" Russia. What is amusing about this particular
theory is that many Polish historians (who also need to
justify Poland's imperialistic arrogations of Western
Ukraine throughout history) allege the identical deriva-
tion based on their similar Polish word that. also con-
notes "borderland." Since neither Muscovy nor Poland
has ever referred to any other countries contiguous
with them by the name "borderland," the improbability
and tendentiousness of these identical, pseudo-linguistic
"derivations" underscores their absurdity. The most
likely origin of "U-krayina" must, of course, be based
on native Ukrainians' own usage of the word "kray," or
"krayina," which means" country." Even today, Ukrainian
people in foreign countries use the word "kray" when
referring to their homdand - as did their predecessors
many centuries ago.
One plausible linguistic derivation of "Ukraine" pre-
supposes the compound construction (Rus'-krayina),
which means "Rus'-country" or "Rus'-land," and is one
type of a linguistic construction in which Ukrainian is
especially rich (e.g., T. Shevchenko's poetry teems with
such constructions). Given the above linguistic form,
two additional universal phonological operations of
vowel epenthesis (i.e., insertion) and vowel harmony,
which are particularly prevalent in Ukrainian (T. Shev-
chenko' s poetry, e.g., is based largely on vowel har-
mony), would very naturally explain the emergence of
the vowel "u" in "Rus'-u-krayina," where it is sounded
the same way as in the word "Rus'." This explanation
is additionally legitimized by the fact that the earliest
known records of the name "Ukraine" always have it
 -28-

occurring in conjunction with the word "Rus'." Many

other plausible and linguistically legitimate Ukrainian-
based derivations may be proposed as well.
Regardless of the actual origin of the name "Ukraine,"
however, there is still an indusputable disparity
between the origins and formations of the Ukrainian
and Russian nations. Does this disparity then provide a
legitimate basis for Ukrainians today to demand uncon-
ditional independence for Ukraine? A number of Amer-
ican (and other) intellectuals say "No," .... that Ukraine
must remain an "integral part" of the USSR, or, as
they sometimes put it, "of Russia," just as, for exam-
ple, Texas and Kansas must be considered integral
parts of the U.S.
It is precisely in this kind of treatment of Ukraine by
such intellectuals that their greatest error is committed.
They can't seem to understand (or more likely, don't
want to) that there never was nor is a "Texas" or
"Kansas" nation; that the historical process of the form-
ation of the U.S. is cardinally different from the processes
that formed the Russian empire or the USSR; that there
never was nor is a "Texas" or "Kansas" independent
culture, literary language, disparate mentality, or cen-
turies-long isolation from the world bv insatiable neigh-
bors-conquerors; and that, finally, the history of each
American state is also the history of the U.S., while the
history of Rus'-Ukraine is solely and exclusivelv the
history of the Ukrainian nation, and not of Russia or
the USSR.
That is why every freedom-loving American, when
asked the above question concerning Ukraine's inde-
pendence, should always reply, "YES! - Ukraine must
become a free and independent country and take its
legitimate place in the circle of free nations of the
world."
 - 29-

S. Is Ukrainian a Russian dialect?

No. Modern Ukrainian is the culmination of thou-
sands of years of evolution of the proto-Ukrainian
language spoken by the ancient Trypillian ancestors
of present-day Ukrainians, with whom the predominant
ancestors of the Russians have never had anything in
common. Ukrainian, therefore, could never have been,
and isn't now, any sort of dialect of Russian. This is
obvious even from the simple fact that Ukraine, with its
language, high level of culture, and ties with other
countries, was known throughout the world as Rus' at a
time when neither Russia nor the Russian nation, as
such, existed.
This whole question of dialect, undoubtedly, stems
from the fact that the average non-Ukrainian, knowing
neither Russian nor Ukrainian, notices the great similar-
ity in the alphabets of both languages, while forgetting
that even dialects can never have alphabets distinct from
the root language. If Ukrainian was indeed a dialect of
Russian, then there could never have been any need for
the Russian Tsar's minister, Valuyev (during the reign
of Alexander III), to issue the universal 1863 ukaze,
forbidding the use of the Ukrainian language through-
out the Russian empire, with the express aim of Russify-
ing the Ukrainian people, and, incidentally, extirpating
all the effects of T. Shevchenko's writings on the Ukrai-
nian populace. Today's rulers in Moscow are forced to
accept the fact that they can never destroy the Ukrainian
language with mere ukazes-decrees, thus they employ
other, more totalitarian, means - editions of Ukrainian
books are strictly limited to paltry numbers; instruction
in Ukrainian is prohibited in even those Russian cities
where there are large numbers of Ukrainians; in Ukraine
itself, Ukrainian is forcibly suppressed as a "second-rate"
language in constrast to "first-rate" Russian. And all this
 -30-

goes on in spite of the fact that - in the words of an

eminent professor of Russian literature, A.S. Archang-
elekiy,"Up until the end of the XV century, Muecovy
didn't have any exponent• of literature at all; it
lived off the labor• of foreign writere. Ae far a•
literary development ie concerned, Muecovy, at the
end of the XV century, etood conaiderably lower
than Kyiv (i.e., Ukraine) of the XII century."

Today, in Kyiv, the capital of Ukraine itself, there is

a large, imported population of Russians. who, however,
don't speak Ukrainian at all - largely due to their im-
perialistic/chauvinistic contempt for the Moscow-
enslaved Ukrainian people, and even more to their
Nazistic, Hitler-like self - advocation as Russian
ilbermenschen.
Some Ukrainian linguists have postulated that, as
contrasted to other languages, Ukrainian has no
dialects as such, only local linguistic variations, which
offer little hindrance, if any, to mutual understanding
between speakers from different parts of Ukraine. But
it is true, nonetheless, that the centuries-long occupa-
tions of major parts of Ukraine by both Russians and
Poles have each left their mark on the language of
some Ukrainians in the form of Polonisms and Russian-
isms, although most Ukrainians invariably revert to the
unpolluted form of their language once the coercive
source of impurities is removed.
As far as Russian is concerned, according - again -
to Professor A. S. Archangelskiy, the orthographic
system of Russian was developed by the Ukrainian
scholar, Meletiy Smotryts'ky, in the 1600's - an
accomplishment that couldn't even be supplanted by
the first true Russian scholar, Lomonosov. In 1649,
the Russian Tsar Aleks'ey petitioned the most promi-
nent Ukrainian linguists to come to Moscow and
 - 31 -

prepare the standard Russian edition of the Holy Bible._, '

In that same century, Ukrainian scholars from Kyiv,
which already had its own Academy, helped found the
Slavico-Graeco-Latin Academy in Moscow. And that
school's faculty remained predominantly Ukrainian
through the end of the XVIII century.
So - how can there be talk of Ukrainian as a dialect
of Russian, when the former langua~e is far older and
is derived from a nation with such an outstanding level
of ancient cultural and literary achievements?

9. Which is correct: ..In THE Ukraine," or ..In

Ukraine?"
Ukraine should aiways be written without the article
the, just as "France," "England," "Canada," "Germany,"
"Brazil," etc. are always written without it. The word the
preceding "Ukraine" is yet another example of an un-
justifiable anachronism, or even analphabetism (indica-
tion of illiteracy) of those who employ it. Ukraine is not
simply some geographical area, but a people, a country.
a nation - a nation several hundred years older than the
Russian, although, in no English language publications
do we ever see the comparable construction, "the
Russia." Why?
The reason is that English-language authors and
publicists in the West ignorantly mimic Russian historio-
graphy which, in the interests of its past and present
imperialistic arrogation, aspires to the treatment of
Ukraine as a mere geographical locality of "Russia" -
such as, for example, "the" North, "the" steppes, "the"
lowlands, etc. - without needing to associate the par-
ticular locality with its inhabiting nation. And on top of
this, even the American states and Canadian provinces
are written without "the" in front of them, although none
of these states or provinces connote individual nation-
 -32-

alities or nations but serve principally as structural

entities for their separate administrations or govern-
ments.
The same criticism may be levelled at German
publications, with their perpetual die Ukraine, in der
Ukraine, etc., although they never put down das Russ-
/and, or in dem Russ/and when the subject concerns
Russia.
Contemporary Soviet English-language publications_
also use the "the" with the aim of degrading and rele-
gating the once mighty and independent Kyivan Rus'
to the status of a regional area. Yet, at the same time,
they've convinced the political leaders of the West to
accept Ukraine into the United Nations - nations, not
geographical regions! - as a "self-governing" country-
republic within the orbit of the USSR. This is yet another
example of the perfidious hypocrisy of Moscow's imperi-
alistic policies regarding Ukraine and of the intellectual
and moral weakness of the Western world before
Moscow's duplicious manipulativeness and political
mendacity.
THE set before the name UKRAINE is, therefore,
deeply insulting to all Ukrainians everywhere, and
is, in fact, manifestly nonsensical, both from the
historical and linguistic points of view.

IO. How old is Kyiv, and is Kyiv really tlae

"Motlaer of Russian Cities"?
Russian historiography repeatedly trumpets the
following phrase: "Kiev - mother of Russian cities."
Is this true? Does it correspond, in any way, to historical
facts?
The answers to these questions depend on what is
meant by the phrase Russian cities - does it mean
 - 33 -

Ukrainian cities, i.e., the cities of ancient Kyivan Rus',

or the cities of present-day Russia - the erstwhile
Muscovy?
The answer is yes, Kyiv is indeed the mother of the
cities of Rus' - which is today called Ukraine - not
merely from the period of inception of Kyivan Rus' but,
indeed, from many centuries earlier ... and, no, it isn't,
if one has in mind the cities of former Muscovy, i.e., of
present-day Russia. For there were never any cultural
ties or bonds between the Ukrainian and Russian
peoples prior to the beginning of the XII century. The
ancestors of the Ukrainian and Russian nations were
still living separately in their own countries when Kyiv
was already a very ancient city in Ukraine. So why then
does contemporary Russian historiography try so
furiously to "tie" Kyiv to Russia?
The reason is clear and unambiguous: to "legalize"
Russia's occupation of Ukraine - which began 300 years
ago and continues to the present under Red Moscow's
guidance. This is totally appropriate to the typical men-
tality of all imperialistic politicians and historians. To
wit, "What's mine is mine, and what's yours is ours, so
let's live together in peace under my dictatorship."
This attitude is manifest in all aspects of Russia's deal-
ings with Ukraine. For example, it is well known that
Red Moscow, with its communist government, carries
on a perpetual war against the faithful of all religions. It
would seem that such a government could never pre-
scribe any of its calendar days for the celebration of
church or religious commemorations, anniversaries, or
jubilees. Indeed, it has always been so. But now, just
around the corner, is the upcoming millenial of Chris-
tianity in Ukraine - which was instituted there by the
Supreme Ruler of Kyivan Rus', ("Grand Duke")
Volodymyr the Great, grandson of Ukraine's Supreme
Ruler, ("Grand Duchess") Ol'ha, in 988. At that time
 - 34 -
there wasn't even any rumor of a Russia in the world
arena, yet Moscow, true to form, is now planning
major activities to commemorate this millenial as a
1000 year old event in "Russian" history.
Regardless of the historico-political positives or
negatives of Ukraine's acceptance of Christianity (N.B.,
there were many positives, such as ties with the outer
world, access to European culture, development of
Ukrainian architecture and high art, etc.; there were also
many negatives, such as Byzantium's interference in
Ukraine's internal affairs, creation of political intrigues,
internecine turmoil, etc.), this historical act of christen-
ing Rus'-Ukraine is a part of Ukrainian history in which
Muscovy/Russia had no involvement or relationship
whatsoever - especially since Christianity wasn't
brought into Russia until several centuries thereafter.
Yet, in spite of this, Russia,now Red and officially athe-
istic, keeps referring more and more to the christening
of Ukraine as a major event in its own history - covering
up any appearances of inconsistency before the rest of
the world with the loudly trumpeted and constantly
repeated slogan, "Kiev - mother of Russian cities."
More generally, Moscow keeps constantly trying to
ascribe all the other aspects and phases of Ukrainian
history to itself in order to accord itself a mandate for
its initial and continuing occupation of Ukraine - while
the West regards all this in silence ....
No, to present-day Russians (i.e., to Mus-
covy /Russia), Kyiv never was, isn't, and couldn't possi-
bly have been a mother - or even a distant aunt. And
if one must use "familial" terminology, it would be
historically correct to say this: "Kyiv, the mother of all
Ukrainian cities, was first brutally raped and plundered
by the ancestors of present-day Russians in the XII
century - then with respect to its name in 1 713 -
and it is still being raped and plundered today by the
present-day vandals and enslavers of Moscow.
 - 3,5 -

Concerning Kyiv's actual age, there are no existing

reliable sources. Russia keeps constantly trying to
convince the world that Kyiv is only 1500 years old; this
makes it easier for the Muscovite historians to twine
together the histories of Kyiv and Russia. In fact, how-
ever, Kyiv is considerably more ancient. Some historians
have deduced that Kyiv is 2000 years old; others believe
3000, and the very latest studies have convinced many
that Kyiv is at least 4000 years old.
On the basis of a segment of proto-Ukrainian
speech, discovered by a German archaeologist in Turkey
in 1947, the name Rus' and the capital of Kyiv existed at
least 3000 years ago. According to researchers, the town
of the excavation site (located in Karotep, Turkey) was
first built many centuries B.C. Still another Phoenician
inscription was discovered on a stone in Brazil, apparent-
ly left by Phoenician survivors of a shipwreck more than
2000 years earlier. The inscription mentions a god of Rus'
named Or and his seat in the city of Kyiv. Thus, Kyiv was
already an important city even then.
Analyzing certain other archaeological finds of re-
cent years that relate to the domestication of animals in
ancient times, it has been proved that the Bactrian camel
was first domesticated in the vicinities surrounding Kyiv,
ca. 2000 B.C., and that the Ukrainians' more remote
ancestors had domesticated horses more than 2300
years earlier. All these data have led many researchers
to conclude that Kyiv must be at least 4000 years old.
In accordance with these and numerous other
archaeological discoveries, many scholars of ancient
Ukraine support the thesis of ProfeHorScherbakivs'ky
who, in his book, Tiie Formation of the Ukrainian
Nation, establishes, on the basis of archaeological
sources, the unbroken evolution of the Ukrainian
nation from its pre-historic Trypillian ancestors,
through the Antes of the early centuries A.O., up to
 -36-
the historically recorded eras of early Kyivan Rua'.
The Trypillian culture of pre-historic Ukraine is known
to have extended more than 7000 years into the remote
past.
Regrettably, Moscow doesn't permit archaeological
excavations within Kyiv or the surrounding vicinity,
obviously fearing the discovery of inconvenient evidence
which might aid objective researchers in establishing
Kyiv's actual age.

J J. What are the principal national,

traditional, and cultural difference•
between Ukrainian• and RuHians?

Thanks to the distinctiveness, and the ancient, deeply-

traditional roots of Ukrainian culture, the Ukrainians
have endured through all past periods of Russification
by their Muscovite oppressors without losing any of
their cultural individuality. Even in pre-historic times,
there flourished a culture of extraordinary sophistication
in the territories of present-day Ukraine - a fact attested
to, with amazement, even by most non-Ukrainian
researchers who relv on evidence extracted bv the most
reliable methods of modern paleology. And although,
at certain times throughout history, Ukrainian culture
was influenced to some extent by the Greek, Roman,
and Byzantine cultures, the predominant elements of
Ukrainian culture were never affected and have re-
mained generally and specifically Ukrainian - in marked
contrast to the Russians who lack, and have always
lacked, elements of comparable depth. The Ukrainian
nation's entire philosophy of life - its world view -
has its origins in the remote pre-Christian traditions
of ancient Ukraine. Even foreign travelers in XI cen-
tury Ukraine remarked, with astonishment, on the
remarkably advanced nature of the inhabitants' culture.
 -37-

For example, the French bishop, Gautie'Sa\leira -who

visited Kyiv on behalf of his king, Henri I, to ask for the
hand of Anna, the daughter of Ukraine's Supreme
Ruler, ("Grand Duke") Yaroslav the Wise - wrote
the following: "This realm is more united, more con-
tent, mightier, more prominent and more cultured
than France."
The eminent Russian historian, Kluchevsky,
drawing comparisons between Ukrainians from the
"Princely" era of Kyivan Rus' and typical Muscovites
of that time, isolated the following fundamental dif-
ferences: Rus'-Ukrainians were distinguished by a
knightly spirit, bravery, and a desire for honor and glory,
while the Suzdal'ians and Muscovites - ancestors of
modern-day Russians - were distinguished as clever
merchants and occupiers of other peoples' lands. Rather
than dying in battle against a stronger opponent,
they preferred to stay subdued, remaining for a long
time under the yokes of their Tarter masters. If ever
fought their conquerors at all, it was with duplicity
and subversion, and not with overt resistance. The
Rus'-Ukrainians, on the other hand, honored their
dignity and preferred to die in open battle against the
Mongol invaders.
The differences of character must have been over-
ridingly evident if even this historian, himself a Russian,
couldn't refrain from describing them.
The greatest Russian writer, Le" Tolstoy, also
wrote about the "two Rus'ias," having in mind the
original Rus'-Ukraine on one hand and, on the other,
that "Rus'ia" whose name was stolen by the more recent
Muscovites from Rus'-Ukraine three centuries ago.
He wrote that the first "Rus'ia" had its roots in European,
or even an "all-world," culture. In this Rus'ia, the ideals
of goodness, honor, and freedom were self-evident and
 -38-
universally accepted - as in the West. But. there was,
he wrote, another Rus'ia - a Rus'ia of mysterious forests
and taigas, a bestial and fanatical Rus'ia, a Rus'ia of
Mongols and Tartars. This Rus'ia carved out its ideals
on the foundations of despotism and fanaticism. Kyivan
Rue' wae a part of Europe; Muecovy wae, for agee,
the negation of Europe.
The outstanding Arab scholar, Paul of Aleppo,
son of Patriarch Makarios of Antioch, after visiting
Ukraine and Russia, in 1653, wrote, "Howsoever
strange it may seem, but in Ukraine I felt myself
constantly at home, while in Muscovy my heart was
always heavy, for wherever I went, noone anywhere
was in the least bit free. Whoever desires to shorten
his life span by 15 years should relocate to the land
of the Muscovites. In Ukraine, however, I found joy
in life, freedom, and civilization ... "

This is how non-Ukrainians, including many prom-

inent Russians, have perceived and contrasted the
differences between Ukraine-Hus' and Muscovy-Russia
(or Rassiya, as Muscovy started calling itself during
the reign of Tsar Peter I).
Cultural and traditional differences between the
Ukrainians and Russians are readily apparent to almost
every observer - settlements, buildings, customs,
traditional foods, and, in short, almost the entire mode
of life of the Ukrainian rural dweller is readily
distinquishable from that of the Russian. When, during
World War II, the Germans were occupying Ukraine
and some parts of Russia, many German soldiers later
remarked on how easy it was for them to determine -
without topographical maps - where Ukraine ended
and where Russia began; the Ukrainian houses were
usually whitewashed, tidiness prevailed outdoors,
most had small cherry trees or apple orchards, and
the yards were usually fenced. The Russian habitations,
 -39-
by contrast, were invariably neglected, drab, fore-
boding, and dirty.
Even today, almost every American or Canadian
tourist immediately notices the glaring disparity be-
tween the lifestyles of Ukrainians and Russians. Such
tourists are invariably impressed by the artistic pre-
occupations of Ukrainians - embroidery, which
profusely adorns the walls, garments,and beds of
Ukrainian homes; woodcarvings, ceramics, and the
world-famous Ukrainian Easter Eggs, whose origin
dates back to pre-Christian antiquity. Both happy and
sentimentally-tender folk songs, tidiness in day-to-day
life, incredible variety in the preparation of food, beauty
in the manner of dress, yes, even conversational
propriety (i.e., absence of sc3tological language in
arguments, which is, by contrast, profuse in Russian),
all shine brightly against the drab and forebodingly-
oppressive backdrop of day-to-day Russian €Xistence.
A great difference also exists in the intrafamilial
relationships between husbands and wives and parents
and children. The Ukrainian woman, in a Ukrainian
marriage, becomes the traditional stewardess of the
house, including its income - which the husband hands
over to her willingly and reliantly, having full confidence
in its wise and optimal utilization. On the other hand,
in a Russian marriage, the wife is never entrusted with
any such important aspects in the stewardship of the
home. Even linguistically, there is an interesting dif-
ference between Russians and Ukrainians with regard
to marriage: the Ukrainian wife is called druzhyna,
which means friend - a term absent in Russian matri-
mony. In Ukraine, when a girl marries, she is said to
have been "be-friend-ed" (o-druzh-y-/asha) with her
husband; the same is said of the husband with respect
to his wife. The with here stresses the equality and in
terdependence of their relationship.In Russian, on the
 -40-
other hand, the girl is said to marry za, or behind her
husband, while the man is said to marry na or on her.
These relational prepositions underscore, very bluntly,
the woman's dependent role "beneath" her husband,
as well as her second-class status.
As far as the relationship between the individual
Ukrainian and his society is concerned, here again,
we find a great disparity between Russians and Ukrai·-
nians. Ukrainians regard individuality as basic and stress
individual autonomy, regarding the community only
as a spontaneous, or voluntary, body created by people
of mutual good will for the purposes of mutual pro-
tection or assistance. In Russia, on the other hand,
even from the earliest times, the obschyna, or "together-
ness-in-everything" (e.g., collective farming, settlement,
life-style, etc.) was predominant, exemplifying the arch-
etypical Russian group mentality. The Russian mir,
or "community," has always been totally different under
the Tsars; it had the nature of a dictatorial-totalitarian
society, in which the average peasant (mouzhik) had
to unquestioningly submit himself to the autocrat
ruling his mir. even to the extent of self-abnegating his
life and freedom. It is no wonder, therefore, that
even in the XX century the Russian peasantry didn't
offer even one tenth of the resistance to Soviet col-
lectivization of rural agriculture or to the formation
of the ko/hosps (following the Bolshevik Revolution)
that the Ukrainians did. For such collectivism a11d
meek obedience in the face of totalitarianism have
been ingrained into the national spirit of the Russians
from the earliest days of their existence. And if, in
exchange for such submissiveness, they are now of-
fered the dogma of their own "superiority" over other
nations, then no further points concerning modern
Russian chauvinism need be made.
Regarding attitudes toward religion, Ukrainians
 - 41 -

also differ from Russians in the fact that dogmas and

rituals aren't as important as the primary fact of faith
itself (i.e., its ethical essence); thus, religious tolerance
among Ukrainians is far more prevalent than among
Russians.
Yet another one of the many differences between
Russian and Ukrainian cultures is the fact that the
development of Ukrainian culture is inextricably inter-
woven with its nation as a creator of that culture; Rus-
sian culture, by contrast, is basically dissevered from
its nation - educated Russians have never found it
easy to associate with their mouzhiks-peasants, while
the creativity of all the cultural exponents-activists of
Ukraine has always been the reflection of Ukrainian
national consciousness, aesthetics, and the national
soul of the Ukrainian people. Completely lacking in
Ukrainian folk art are songs which recreate and glorify
such brutality and sadism as is found, for example, in the
Russian song St'enka Raz'in, where a kidnapped and
imprisoned princess is repeatedly raped and then tossed
into the Volga to the joyful outcries of the drunken
chieftain and his companions.
And how many traditional rituals and ceremonies,
with their unprecedented and incomparable richnes"
and colorfuln~ss - dating back to pre-Christian times -
are manifested in Ukrainian national art? Hauntingly
beautiful songs, that have lasted up through the millenia;
Christmas carols with words adopted to the new era;
Epiphany carols; nuptial and harvesting songs. Nothing
even remotely as prolific or beautiful exists, or has ever
existed, in Russian national art.
Such, then, are the vast national, traditional, and
cultural differences between the Ukrainian and Russian
nations.
 -42-

III.
THE ACHIEVEMENTS AND
ATTAINMENTS OF
ANCIENT UKRAINE
12. What were the most prominent periods in
the history of ancient Ukraine?
1. The major victory of Oleh, Supreme Ruler
("Grand Duke") of Rus', over Byzantium in 907 A.O.
At that time, Byzantium had been aggressively continu-
ing the imperial traditions of the 1st ("Holy") Roman
Empire. After Oleh's victory (due to Byzantium's
breaking of the treaties it signed with Kyivan Rus')
later campaigns were undertaken by the Supreme
Sovereigns lhor and S'viatoslav. These (less success-
ful) campaigns continued until Ihor's wife, Ol'ha, and
his grandson, Volodymyr the Great, took diplomatic
steps to bring about peace and friendship between the
two realms and institute Christianity in Ukraine (N.B.,
this faith was officially brought in from Constantinople
in 988 A.O.). This event, on the one hand, led to the
invigoration of ties with Western Europe and the
culturo-political maturation of Kyivan Rus'. On the
other hand, it lent itself to an increase in Byzantium's
meddling in the internal affairs of Ukraine, and the
spread of political intrigues for weakening its power.
2. The prestige of Kyivan Rus' throughout Europe
reached its apex during the reign of Yaroslav the
Wise, Volodymyr the Great's son (+ 1054
AD.), who distinguished himself by his juridical prowess
and architectural development in the expansion of Kyiv.
It was evidently in the dynastic interest of Europe's other
rulers to enter into matrimonial ties with Yaroslav's
family; as a consequence, he came to be known as the
father-in-law of Europe.
 - 43-

Sviatoslav
the Conqueror
(reign 960-972)
The most courageous
Ukrainian ruler.

Yaroslav the Wise

(reign 1019-1054)
Approved the Charter
of Law for Kyivan
Rus'-Ukraine
("Kus' Truth")
in 1054, a half century
before the famous
English Magna Charta
Libertatum of 1112.
 -44-

Ukraine's Supreme Sovereign, Volodymyr the Great,

who brought Christianity into Kyivan Rus' from Byzan-
tium in 988. This took place at a time when neither
Russia, nor the Russian nation, as such, were in exis-
tence, an incontrovertible fact that precludes any possi-
ble historical ties between the mil/enio/ of Christianity
in Ukraine and the one presently claimed by Russia. In
point of fact, Russia didn't become "Christianized"
until centuries later.

3. After the decline of Kyivan Rus' as one of the

mightiest realms in Europe, the greatness and glory of
the Ukrainian-Rus' nation were periodically revived by
the following rulers: Varoelav the Eight-Sensed of
Halych (+ 1187 AD.); Roman Matyelavych of Volyn',
creator of the Halych-Volyn' State (+ 1205 AD.); and
especially his son, King Danylo, who was coron~ted by
 - 45-
the Roman Pope for his leadership on the Mongolian
battle fronts, and who nurtured his ties with Europe
while building up the strength and culture of his
country (+ 1264 A.D.).
4. During the Kozak Era: Het'man Petro
Sahaidachny led a victorious campaign through the
territories of barbarian Muscovy (1618), and in 1621 he
crushed the Turkish army in a major battle near Khotyn;
Het''man Bohdan Khmel'nyts'ky demolished Poland's
"invincible" imperial armies in numerous and recurring
battles, initiating the process of liberating Ukraine from
Polish occupation and domination ( 1648); Het'man l\lan
Vyho\ls'ky shattered the armies of a Muscovite invasion
of Ukraine near Konotop in 1659.
5. The Ukrainian Kozak armies contributed
decisively to the victory of the confederated Austrian
army over Ottoman Turkey during the rescue of Vien-
na from the Turkish siege of 1683, saving Western
European Christendom from the threat of permanent
Moslem domination. Historically, however, all the
honor and glory for this Kozak accomplishment went
to the supreme commander of the Ukrainian-Polish
Allied Armies, the King of Poland, Jan Sobiesky.

13. With which countries did ancient Ukraine

maintain ties and relations?
As far back as the IV century, the Antes, predeces-
sors of today's Ukrainians, entered into an anti-Goth
alliance with the Hun king Attila. At the same time,
the Antes also maintained alliances with Byzantium.
Ol'ha, Supreme Sovereign ("Grand Duchess") of
Rus', consistently tried to establish cordial ties with
Germany's King Otto Ill.
Ukraine's Supreme Ruler, Volodymyr the Great,
established friendly relations with both the Hungarian
 -46-

Het'man
Bohdan
Khmel'nyts'ky
(reign 1648-1657)

Het'man
Ivan
Mazeppa
(reign 1687-1709)
 - 47 -
king, Stefan, and the Czech king, Andrykh, with the
intent of safeguarding the western borders of his realm
from Poland, as a state of hostility had been developing
between the two countries since 992.
Volodymyr's son, Yaroslav the Wise, signed
a treaty with Germany's King Heinrich Ill to establish
mutual support against Poland, which was then gazing
covetously on Ukraine's western lands. Yaroslav also
maintained friendly relations with Scandinavia (wedding
his daughter to King Harald) and France (his daughter
Anna married France's King Henri in 1049, and their
son Phillipe later became the king of France).
Yaroslav's son, lzyaslav, sought to establish ties
with Rome's Pope Gregory VII. At the same time,
peaceful relations with Byzantium, especially under
Ukraine's Supreme Sovereign, ("Grand Duke")
Volodymyr Monomakh (+ 1125), continued uninter-
rupted.
The ruler of the Halych-Volyn' state, King Danylo,
concluded a treaty with the Austrian herzog Friedrich.
The Halych-Volyn' State also established strong ties
with Lithuania - in the second half of the XIV
century, the historical Lithuanian-Ukrainian kingdom
was founded.
During the renaissance of Ukraine in the Kozak
Era, Het'man Bohdan Khmel'nyts'ky concluded a
treaty with Moldavia in 1652; Het'man Petro Doro·
shenko entered into an alliance with Turkey in 1672,
hoping to free Ukraine from Polish domination; Het'man
Ivan Mazeppa fl1rmed an alliance with Sweden's
King Charles XII, trying to free Ukraine from the
clutches of Muscovy's Tsar Peter I.
 - 48-
14. When did writing first appear in Ukraine?
The ancestors of the Ukrainian people utilized
writing even in ancient times. This is proven by various
archaeological records such as merchants' logs and
other inventories and agreements between the Ukrain-
ians and the Greek colonists who established settle-
ments on the northern littorals of the Black Sea more
than 800 years B.C. The latest studies, by some of the
world's most eminent archaeologists, have established
the continuous evolution of the Ukrainian nation from
pre-historic times, viz., from the period of the migra-
tion of the great Sumerian nation out of Ukraine's
western and central territories, on which !~ere was
already a highly developed culture (the Trypillian) with
more than 7000 years of history behind it. The Sumer-
ians, according to these studies, were the first people
in history to utilize heiroglyphics, which they invented
more than 5000 years ago.
Regarding later writing, it is known that when St.
Cyril, inventor of the Cyrillic alphabet, came to Kher-
sones (in Ukraine), he already found a written Bible
and Psalter - written by Rus'ian authors (derived from
the Rus' in Rus'-Ukraine,and not from Russia). This
was in 861. Later, beginning with the acceptance of
Christianity in Ukraine in 988, the Cyrillic alphabet was
perfected and systematized, which lead to the genesis
of the Old Church Slavonic language, which prevailed
for centuries throughout Eastern Europe.
The first handwritten tomes in Ukraine were the
Ostromyrov Gospel, 1056, and the lzborn'ilc Svia-
toslava, 1073. The first Slavic printings in Cyrillic were
authored by the Ukrainian Lemko Sviatopolk Fiola,
and date back to 1491, the year before Columbus
discovered America. The first books printed in Ukraine
(in L'viv) were The Apostle by Ivan Fedorovych,
which appeared in 1574, and The Primer, which was
 - -19 -
issued that same year - its sole original edition now
belongs to Harvard University.
But the pearl of early Ukrainian printing is the
1581 edition of the Ostroll Bible by Ivan Fedorovych.
It is interesting to note that Fedorovych worked
initially in Moscow, but his work there was viewed with
great hostility by the authorities who concluded that
it was "evil." and he was forced to flee for his life. Failing
to find freedom in his own homeland, he found it and
an abundant scope for his work in Ukraine.

"There is no doubt in my mind that Neanderthal man used

ge0metry in 40,000 B.C. to build a hunting camp at Molodove in
Ukraine," declared Dr. Lyle Borst. The profess01 of physics
and astronomy at the State University of New York at Buffalo
described the camp as "an astoundingly perfect egg-shaped
oval that could have only been built with the use of geometry.
"It is unbelievable - but undisputable."
 -50-

IV.
UKRAINE THEN AND NOW -
FREE VS. ENSLAVED

15. Vnder wlaicla /oreign empires did Vkraine

formerly suffer?
After the decline and collapse of Kyivan Rus' due
to a whole series of Suzdal'ian-Muscovite attacks on
Kyiv, followed by the great Tartar invasion (1223-1240),
Ukrainian sovereignty survived for an additional hun-
dred years within the borders of the Halych-Volyn'
demesne. In the XIV century, the King of Poland led
a number of campaigns against Halychyna (the western
regions of Ukraine), and, after the Polish-Lithuanian
accord, both countries divided Ukraine's lands between
themselves. Poland acquired the central territories of
Halychyna, and Lithuania claimed the remainder of
Ukraine. In later years, this led to the formation of the
Ukrainian-Lithuanian kingdom, which was governed
by a Ukrainianized Lithuanian dynasty presiding over a
predominantly Ukrainian nobility. Afterwards, from
the latter halt of the XV century through the end of the
XVIII century, most of the Lithuanian-governed Ukrai-
nian lands were gradually taken over by Poland, largely
as a result of an opportune dynastic marriage between
the Queen of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania.
Apart from a period of independence in central Ukraine
during the Kozak Era (in the second half of the XVII
century), both Halychyna and Volyn' (i.e., "Right-bank
Ukraine" - west of the Dnipro River) ended up under
Polish totalitarian domination.
During the Het'manate of Petro Doroshenko,
Ukraine went through a period of union with Turkey
(in the 1660's), which later took Ukraine's Podil'ian
 -51 -

territories under its domination on the basis of the

Polish-Turkish accord of Buchach (1672).
After the collapse of Poland and starting in 1772,
Western Ukraine ended up under the rule of Habsburg
Austria, remaining a component part of the Austrian
Empire until the Russian Revolution of 1917. At that
time, Ukrainians from all foreign-dominated parts of
Ukraine rose up spontaneously to fight for their own
free and independent country.
It should be noted that all throughout these critical
periods in Ukraine's history, when it was surrounded
on all sides and mercilessly hounded by the Poles,
Russians, and Turks, not one of these plundering powers
ever honored or kept a single treaty between itself
and Ukraine, using such situations to invariably advance
its own aims of arrogating Ukraine's bountiful lands
to itself.
Following World War I, Ukraine's western lands
were once again split among various foreign powers -
Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, and, later on,
Hungary. After World War II, Russia, having occupied
over 90% of Ukraine's territory for the past three
centuries, incorporated the remaining Ukrainian
ethnographical territories (with the exception of Lem-
kivshchyna (next to the Carpathian mountains) and
Bessarabia (or Moldavia, bordering on Romania)
into the pretentiously titled "Ukr.SS R" _ Ukrainian
partisan uprisings for independence in all parts of
foreign-occupied Ukraine, during World War II, were
ruthlessly and relentlessly suppressed by Moscow's
communist regime with the "approval" of the Western
world.
16. What role did Ukrainians play in the
Revolution of 1917?
In view of the Russificatory policies of Tsarist Russia
 - 52 -
toward Ukraine and Ukraine's brutal exploitation by
Moscow for imperialistic expansion, and, more generally
due to the totalitarian nature of Russia's dictatorial-
monarchic system, many Ukrainians were captivated by
the ideals of democracy and freedom which revolution
was supposed to bring with it to the Empire. Ukrainian
politicians of that time perceived the Revolution as an
opportunity for winning back Ukraine's former indepen-
dence. Some were for a mutual Russian and Ukrainian
struggle against the Tsar's regime, and, after his down-
fall, for a continued mutual building of a new society
consisting of a federation of both nations based on social-
ist principles. Others distrusted Moscow completely and
thirsted for a completely independent Ukraine.regard-
less of its ultimate societal or administrative structuring.
There were, also, those who simply feared the revolution
and took no part in any political activities whatsoever.
This was particularly true of the peasantry, which still
remembered the frightening upheavals caused by the
military actions of World War I.
Ultimately, the realization of the necessity for
change won over, and it was, in fact, the Ukrainians -
the Volyn' regiment in Petrograd and the Ukrainian
eailors in Kronetadt - that started the Revolution
of 1917.
Tragically, the Russian Bolsheviks perverted this
liberating revolution into an even deeper enslavement
of all the nations of the former Tsarist Empire, with
Ukraine as, perhaps, its most tragic victim. ·

17. Was Ukraine ever an independent

country?
The Gothic historian, Jordanes, writes that the An
tes- the bravest of all the Slavs -inhabited the littorals
of the Black Sea between the Dniester and Dnipro
rivers, and that they created the first powerful Slavic
 - 53 -
state in the beginning of the IV century (A.O.), which
lasted through the beginning of the VII century. It was
at that time that the Ukrainian nation first demonstrat-
ed its organizational skills, vitality, and sound socio-
economic structure. The Antean Empire finally col-
lapsed under repeated blows from a ferocious nomadic
force from the East - the Avar hordes - and also
due to various intrigues and covetous meddlings in its
internal affairs bv Bvzantium.
After the downfall of the Antean Empire, the
Ukrainians regained their former strength and indepen-
dence within the newly-created state of Kus'. At that
time (X to XII cent.), there was no conceivable Russia
at all, only Kyivan Rus', on the territory of present-day
Ukraine. Travelers from Novhorod (Slovenes), Polots'k
(Byelorussians), or Suzdal' (the first Muscovite settle-
ments), when setting out for Kyiv, would invariably
say that they were going "na Kus"', i.e., "to Kus'."
In the western regions of Ukraine also, within the
Halych-Volyn' demesne, "Rus'ian" war lords and
noblemen were always reterred to as "Kyivan." Under
the Kyivan Rulers Oleh, lhor. Sviatoslav, Volo-
dymyr, and Varoslav, Rus' - Ukraine reached the
dazzling heights of its development, becoming the
mightiest country in Eastern Europe. Chronic invasions
and destructive intrigues perpetrated by the Suzdal'ian-
Muscovite dukedom on the principal population centers
of Kyivan Rus', followed by the great Mongol invasion
of the XIII century, led to the eventual and tragic down-
fall of Rus' as the sovereign state presided over by Kyiv.
Lack of unity among the Ukrainian rulers themselves
also contributed to it.
One remaining and mighty branch of Kyivan Rus',
the Halych-Volyn' Ukrainian Demesne, lasted for an
additional century - from the XIII to the XIV - under
the dynastic rules of Roman, Danylo, Lev, and Vuriy,
until it too lost its independence under the collusive
 - 54 -

onslaught of Jagellonian Poland and the kingdom of

Hungary.
It wasn't until the XVII century that Kievan Rus'
was resurrected again, in the form of the Ukrainian
Kozak State, under the leadership of Het'man
Bohdan Khmel'nyts'ky. This transpired during the
1640's, immediately after the Kozaks demolished
Poland, which had over the centuries been arrogating
and plundering western Ukraine in an increasingly feral
and brutal fashion. But this brilliant period in Ukraine's
history didn't last for long. Assaults and intrigues by
Muscovy, Turkey, and Poland, in their perpetual ex-
pansionist designs on Ukraine, culminated in the forced
and tragic union formed by Het'man Ivan Mazeppa
with Sweden's King Charles XII to free Ukraine
from Muscovite occupation. This happened after
Moscow broke all the terms of the Pereyaslav military
accords which it had entered into with Het'man Bohdan
Khmel'nyts'ky in 1654. Unfortunately, Mazeppa lost
his bid against Tsar Peter I at the Battle of Poltava in
1709 (N .B., knowledgeable historians class this as one
of the ten most important battles in the history of
Europe), and it was from this "beginning" that Tsar
Peter I rose to create the Russian Empire, which was
to immediately encompass the territories of Ukraine
and many other enslaved nations. It was also from this
time that the Muscovite Imperial Government arrogated
to itself Ukraine's ancient name of "Rus'," perverting
it to "Rassiya," i.e., "Russia." From this time onward,
the Russian Empire also began referring to all Kus'·
Ukrainians as "malorossy" ("minor Russians") and to
itself as "vel'ikorossy" ("maior" or "great" Russians),
endeavoring, in this fashion, to enlarge and validate
its own historical continuity at the expense of the
history of Rus'-Ukraine.
Following the outbreak of the Revolution of 1917,
 - 55 -
an independent republican government was formed
in Ukraine under the name Ukrayins'ka Tsentra/'na
Rada (Ukrainian Central Council) under the presidency
of world-renowned historian, Prof. M. Hrushevsky. V.
Vynnychenko (prominent writer and politician) was
also one of the leading figures in the creation of the
Ukrainian Republican government (N.B., at present,
though, he is a somewhat controversial figure, primari-
ly due to the apparently questionable expediency of
some of his expressed beliefs and political maneuver-
ings).
In April of 1918, the Het'manate was created as
an alternative government under the jurisdiction of
Het'man Pavlo Skoropade'ky, but it was dissolved
after only eight months in power. Finally, the Directorate
of the Ukrainian National Republic assumed power
under the leadership of Otaman Symon Petl'ura.
During the short periods of Ukrainian independence,
Ukraine established diplomatic missions in many for-
eign countries, issued its own money banknotes, post-
age stamps, and passports, and displayed many other
visual manifestations of a sovereign and independent
state.
All the above intervals of Ukrainian sovereignti
in revolutionary times ended in tragic defeat under th'
onslaught of Russian -in this instance, Communist in
vading forces in 1921. Prior to this, the Ukrainiar
Sovereign State was diplomatically recognized bi
the following countries: Romania (1917); Great Britain
United States, Soviet Russia, Germany, Austria
Hungary, Bulgaria, Turkey, Japan, China, Portugal
ldel-Ural, Kubanschyna, Byelorussia, Denmar.k
Greece, Norway, Persia, Spain, Armenia, Georgia
Don-Cossackia, Siberia, Finnland, Lithuania, Adzer
baizhan, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, and Bavari<
(1918); Hungary, North Caucasia, Czechoslovakia
 - 56 -
the Vatican, Holland, and Italy (1919); Belgium and
Latvia (1920); Argentina and the Free City of Danzig
(1921).
As may be seen from the above list of names, it
contains countries that would probably not be familiar
to everyone. These are the names of countries whose
nations once belonged to the "Prison of Nations" of
Tsarist Russia, and which, with the outbreak of rev-
olution, also proclaimed their own independence,
striving to rid themselves of Russia forever, whether
Tsarist or Communist. All were later re-occupied by
Moscow's hordes and re-enslaved even more thoroughly
than before. Only Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia
retained their independence up to World War II, during
which time, they too were forcibly incorporated into
the so-called USSR.
It is worthwhile to note here that when the Ukrai-
nian Sovereign State was being formed, V. Lenin
proclaimed (November 2, 1917) the right of all the
former nations of the Tsarist Empire to "full freedom
and independence." However, after the Ukrainian
Central Council issued its IV Declaration (January
22, 1918) claiming Ukrainian Independence and,
one year later, the re-unification of the Territories
of Western Ukraine (November 1, 1918 the Ukrain·
ian National Council proclaimed the sovereignty of
the Western Ukrainian Republic) into One, United,
and Sovereign Ukrainian State, this very same
Lenin launched several divisions of the Soviet Army
into Ukraine, crushing its independence and forcibly
re-annexing it to the Russian (Red) Empire, break-
ing all his former promises, treaties, and guarantees.
This includes his peace pacts with the Central Nations
at Brest-Litovsk, signed by Soviet Russia in 1918.

Throughout all these brief periods of Ukrainian

 - 57 -
independence - the Ukrainian National Republic,
and especially during the Het'manate - the Ukrainian
nation started vigorously rebuilding its domestic
economy,reinstituting progress in scientific and cultural
act1v1t1es and consolidating the political structure
of its independent homeland. Unfortunatelv. in none
of these brief renaissances did this consolidation
reach the level of being able to withstand either the
armed might of the Muscovite-Bolshevik hordes or
the pernicious manipulations of Ukraine by various
external forces.
The same fate was also shared by still another
part of Ukraine, Karpata'ka Ukrayina (Carpathian
Ukraine), which proclaimed its full independence in
1939, under the leadership of its president, Fr.
Augustyn Voloshyn, in the capital city of Khust. Car-
pathian Ukraine is also known in history as either
"Hungarian" or "Sub-Carpathian" Rus', and its inhabi-
tants are referred to variously as Carpatho-Rusyns,
Carpatho-Ukrainians, or Carpatho-Ruthenians.
Throughout several centuries - up through the XX
- the kingdom of Hungary persistently strove to
"Hungarianize" these Ukrainians, e.g., forcing them to
abandon the Cyrillic alphabet in favor of the Latin in
church services, and, in general, persecuting all dis-
plays of their national self-awareness. Following the
annexation of Carpathian Ukraine by Czechoslovakia,
Fr. Voloshyn was elected as a delegate to its
parliament, where he fought for the interests of his
nation, defending it from numerous Russophile in-
fluences that were. at that time, being promoted by the
Prague government. Following its Declaration of In-
dependence, Carpathian Rus' also offered strong resis-
tance to the subsequent wave of Hitler-supported
Hungarian expansionism, but was unable to withstand
it. Independent Carpathian Ukraine, however, ultimate-
ly proved to be just as unassimilable to the Hitlerian
 - 58 -

First Ukrainian postage stamps issued

by the Ukrainian National Republic in
1918.

The bank note of the independent and sovereign country

of Ukraine, 1918. The inscription is no t o nly in Ukrainia n ,
but also in the Russia n, Hebre w, and Polish language s .
 -59 -
Nazis as to the subsequent Communist imperialists of
Russian extraction. And so, when the Soviet armies
swept in and occupied Prague, Fr. Voloshyn was ar-
rested there and transported to Moscow, where he was
murdered, by the Kremlin's orders, on May 21, 1945.
Following World War II, Moscow re-annexed this
Carpathian segment of the Ukrainian nation back to
Russian-occupied Ukraine, although many isolated set-
tlements of Carpatho-Ukrainians or Ruthenians still
remain on the present-day territory of Eastern Slova-
kia. It is of interest to point out that of all the Slavic
languages, these two - Slovak and Ukrainian - are
probably the most similar to each other.
The most recent attempt at the Restoration of
Ukrainian Statehood was the Proclamation-Act of
June 30, 1941, shortly after the outbreak of war between
Hitler's Nazi Germany and Stalin's Soviet Russia. This
event was organized in L'viv under the direction of
the Head of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
(OUN), Stepan Bandera, and at the behest of Yaroslav
Stets'ko, premier of Ukraine's Interim Government.
But Hitler's Nazi overlords of Ukraine became alarmed
at this prospect of re-awakening Ukrainian national
consciousness and took quick steps to abort it. They
immediately arrested all the initiators of the above
Proclamation for the Restoration of Ukrainian State-
hood and transported them to various concentration
camps throughout the Third Reich, thereby aborting the
process of attainment of Ukraine's universal goals of free-
dom and independence. This they did not because they
intended to liberate Ukraine themselves from Russian
Communist occupation, but in order to prepare it for
future enslavement by Germany in the name of th<;!
Third Reich. Followinq the liquidation of the Ukrainian
Interim Government of June 30, 1941, Ukrainian patriots
fought on for many more years in the ranks of the
 - 60 -
Ukrainian Insurgent Army against both invaders -
the Nazi Germans and the Communist Russians -
under the leadership of General Roman Shukhevych.
The Ukrain 's 'ka Holovna Vyzvo/'na Rada (the Ukrain-
ian Chief Liberation Council), formed in 1944, was, at
that time, the acting underground government of the
Ukrainian freedom fighters, and directed their strug-
gles against foreign occupation. This underground, and
often overt, partisan war continued until the General's
heroic death in 1950, a full five years after the cessa-
tion of World War II.

18. Wlaat is tlae attitude o/ Ukrainians toward

tlae national minorities in Ukraine?
Ukrainians, now and throughout history, have
always been fa mo us for their unsurpassed hospitality
toward foreign visitors, and, at times, perhaps even
overly indulgent trust towards them. As a result, Ukrain-
ian history has recorded more than one unpleasant
consequence of such trust.
In their day-to-day life, Ukrainians have coexisted
for centuries with settlers of various nationalities. In
the south of Ukraine, for example, there are very many
non-Ukrainian settlements side-by-side with Ukrainian
ones - Bulgarian, Russian, Greek, German, and others;
yet, there have never been any instances of discrim-
ination or prejudice towards them. Foreign settlers in
Ukraine have always felt themselves safe and uninhibited
among the Ukrainian populace, never experiencing
any prejudice or hostility from the Ukrainian majority.
In that same part of Ukraine, there have always been
very many Gypsies as well, who, as usual, moved about
from place to place during the summer months. With
the winters, however, these Gypsies invariably
sought warmth and fixed shelter among the Ukrainians,
and usually found it, along with provender and warm
clothing.
Travelers, as a rule, have always been hosted by
Ukrainians without regard to their nationality. And
typically, when any Ukrainian family receives guests,
whether strangers, relatives, or acquaintances,in accord-
ance with custom, the guest is always offered the best
lodgings in the house, even to the detriment of the hosts
themselves. Ukrainian hospitality and board are also
well known to all visitors in Ukraine, even in times of
the severest economic difficulty. This tradition is still
maintained by all Ukrainians throughout the world
today. For example, a Ukrainian housewife, spotting
a guest in her house, never asks if he's hungry, but
immediately sets something on the table for him to
eat. And one must refuse what is proffered at least
three times before she can be convinced that the guest
isn't thirsty or hungry.
Also, in all periods of national inception and/or
legislative/juridical structuring, the Ukrainians have
always treated the entire population of Ukraine as a
homogeneous and monolithic unit - something which
was never true of Russia, whether "white" in the past,
or "red "today. An apt example that might be adduced
here is the treatment of Jews.
The Ukrainian nation, by nature, has always been
well-disposed toward all the peoples of the world, in-
cluding the Jews. But it is true, nonetheless, that
throughout Ukraine's long history of struggle against
foreign invaders and occupiers, there were, also,
occasional hostilities between Ukrainians and Jews
who resided in Ukraine. In particular, hostilities flourish-
ed during Het'man Bohdan Khmel'nyts'ky's war of
liberation against Polish imperialistic occupation, when
there were numerous instances of Jewish merchants
in Ukrainian towns dealing in weapons - to the det-
riment of Ukraine and to the military benefit of Poland.
 - 62-
These treasonous and profiteering adventures by Jews
led to occasional pogroms on their settlements as
overly desperate attempts of a war-torn society to
thwart all threats to its freedom and survival. These
tragedies were later utilized by T saris ts - and still
later by Soviet Russia - to attempt to brand Ukrainians
as "born anti-Semites."
Meanwhile, in Tsarist Russia, Jews alway~ suffered
from severely restricted rights - which is what
caused so many of them to take part in the Russian
Revolution of 1917 on the side of the Muscovite Com-
munists, and thereby, against Ukrainian independence,
which was, at that time, being desperately fought for
by the entire Ukrainian nation.
In 1918, when Ukraine became a sovereign and
independent state, several Jews became members
of its government as ministers. By the Ukrainian govern-
ment's decree, any harassment of Jews was forbidden,
and full riqhts were explicitly guaranteed to all the
principal national minorities of Ukraine - Jews, Poles,
Germans, and Russians. Printed on Ukraine's currency,
as nowhere else in the world, were inscriptions also
in Hebrew. In particular, pogroms - which were typic-
ally incited by extremist right-wing Russian groups
and carried out by their "white" armies, were
severely prohibited.
For almost thirty years following the Revolution,
Moscow's Communist regime actively employed
Jews for its imperialistic policies vis-a-vis Ukraine,
appointing many of them to high government posts
overseeing its spies and secret police, monitoring
the economy in times of greatest terror, and orches-
trating the torture, persecution, and genocide of Ukrain-
ians (e.g., collectivization, the deliberately orchestrated
famine of 1933, arrests during the Yezhovschyna,
 -63-
(named after Yezhov, NKVD [KGB] chief), etc.). None
of these atrocities, however, kept the Ukrainian pop-
ulation from hiding and saving great numbers of Jews
from Hitler's extermination camps during World War
II (N .B., the percentage of Jews in Ukraine who survived
their own tragic holocaust was considerably greater
than in any other aligned country in Europe - a fact
never mentioned in present-day scurrilous anti-Ukrain-
ian propaganda), often at the risk of their own lives,
for which many have, today, been proclaimed in Israel
as "Righteous of the World."
Following World War II, true to its distinguishing
slogan, "Kill the Jews - Save Russia!", Moscow, having
fully exploited the Jews in the building of its new, "red"
Russian Empire, the USSR, started actively persecuting
the Jews themselves, thereby forcing them into the
same camp as the Ukrainians vis-a-vis Muscovite-
Communist imperialism and Russian chauvinism -
which, in fact, differs not one iota from Hitler's
ubermensch Nazism. Today, both Jewish and Ukrainian
dissidents in Ukraine are sharing the same fate in
Jails, psychiatric wards, concentration camps, and
interrogation centers; while out in the free world,
both nations are seeking paths to mutual understanding
and cooperation in their struggle against the world's
Common Enemy - Moscow.Because of this, Moscow
today, keeps relentlessly trying to lay all the blame
for all occurrences of anti-Semitism in Ukraine on the
Ukrainians, in spite of the fact that such
incidents are usually provoked by Moscow itself.
Taking advantage of the fact that, during the
Second World War, Ukraine was occupied by the
German armies, Moscow deliberately seeks out isolated
instances of Ukrainians terrorized into cooperating
with the Nazis (N.B., over three million Ukrainians
were outrightly murdered in the German occupation;
 -64-
non-compliance with German orders, or coersion,
was instantly punishable by death), and, on the basis of
falsified documents, accuses them of "voluntary" par-
ticipation in the annihilation of Jews in Ukraine.
But such events in the free world as the recent
opening of the "Babyn Yar" Memorial Park, which was
organized and founded mutually by Jews and Ukrai-
nians to commemorate not only Jews, but also great
numbers of Ukrainians who were murdered by the
Nazis in a little ravine near Kyiv, strongly support the
expectation that past mistakes in Ukrainian-Jewish
relations will never be repeated again - for the good
of both nations. It is for this reason, one hopes, that
the Ukrainian-Jewish Exchange Society has been
founded in Israel.

19. To wlaat extent is present-day Ukraine a

free or autonomous republic: of the USSR?
Not in the slightest.
Strictly for show and to help make it easy to run
Ukraine from Moscow, the Ukrainian "Soviet Socialist
Republic" has been allotted all the outward privileges
of a free republic: a republican government, a constitu-h-
on, a republican press, and even a tokenistic republican
flag. And, according to the USSR's Constitution,
Ukraine, as well as every other republic in the USSR,
also has the right to secede from the USSR any time it
wants to. But in actuality, even the slightest whisper
by anyone suggesting such an action results in their
being instantly proclaimed as "enemies of the Soviet
people," and all such "enemies" always end up in the
same way - in jails, concentration camps, or before
KGB firing squads. And this always transpires without
the due judicial processes taken for granted in the
West - such as assignment of legal counsel, trial by
impartial jury, uncoerced witnesses and sworn test i -
 - 65-
mony. There are even instances when the Soviet press
announces both verdict and sentence for such "enemies
of the people" hours before the "judge" does, proving
conclusively that such trials aren't run by the courts
but rather by the government itself (although it's
probably true that such "hastiness" sometimes gets
even the responsible editors of the government press
into trouble).
All internal economic production quotas in Ukraine,
as well as the specific distribution of production, are
planned and allocated by Moscow. The entire system
of education and upbringing, all Ukrainian literary and
publishing activities, all rules and regulations concern-
ing agriculture - in short, the entire life and activity
of the so-called "republic" are under the centralized
control of Moscow's government. Under such circum-
stances, today's Ukraine is absolutely no more than
an ordinary colony of the Muscovite Communist
Empire, just as it was a colony of the Muscovite Tsarist
Empire prior to the Revolution of 1917. Although there
are no longer any Valuyev-type ukazes forbidding the
usage of Ukrainian, the Russification of Ukraine keeps
proceeding thoroughly and ruthlessly at a rapid pi".ce,
inflicting linguistic and cultural genocide on a nation
of SO million people by diluting and eradicating the
styles and customs of their traditional, Ukrainian
way of life.

20. What are the rights of Ukrainians under

the Constitution o/ the VSSR?
Listed below are several Articles of the Soviet
Constitution which have a direct bearing on Ukraine
and Ukrainians. Following each one, we list some brief
comments and clarifications.
Article 13. The Union of the Soviet Socialist
 -66-
Republics is a federative country based on a voluntary
union of all the Soviet Socialist Republics, each with
identical rights: the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist
Republic, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, ..... ,
etc. (N.B., altogether there are 15 member republics
in the USSR).
In fact: No one, anywhere, ever asked the Ukrain-
ians whether they were willing to join the USSR or not.
The incorporation of Ukraine into the USSR was done
at gunpoint by Moscow, just as it was done by Tsarist
Russia over 300 years ago, or, just as Hitler forcibly
annexed Austria to Germany during World War II.
Article 17. Each Soviet Republic has the right
to freely secede from the USSR.
In fact: For even the slightest hint, the tiniest poem
or rhyme expressing the need for Ukraine to leave the
USSR, or even for the least possible suggestion of such
an action, people get rapidly sentenced to the longest
possible terms in concentration camps, or locked up
in psychiatric prison wards and given forced injections
of various "medicines" (in fact, toxic and malefic chem-
icals and drugs), an atrocity unparalleled in the history
of mankind. Needless to say, rapid deterioration and
death usually follow such "treatments':
Article 18-a. Each Soviet Republic has the right to
enter into direct negotiations with foreign powers and
to conclude treaties and exchange diplomatic or
consular representatives with them.
In fact: Thanks to this mendacious article in the
USSR Constitution, Stalin was able to convince Pres-
ident F. D. Roosevelt and other western leaders, after
World War II, to grant Ukraine separate membership
in the United Nations. As a result, the USSR now has
three votes in the U.N. (counting Byelorussia) instead
of the one allotted every other country, including the
 -67-
United States. Yet, throughout the entire history of
the USSR, there has never been a single instance where
the Ukrainian Soviet Republic's representative ever
cast a vote or voiced an opinion different from that
of Russia. There has also never been a single instance
of Soviet Ukraine entering into a treaty or even the
most minor accord with any foreign nation without
the prior knowledge and consent of Moscow. And it's
not just diplomatic relations with other countries that
Kyiv is forbidden to make, but even the most ordinary
sorts of intercourse- for example, tourists who desire
to visit the capital of Ukraine must always first land
in Moscow for passport control. Even official papers,
with blanks titled in Ukrainian, are invariably filled out
in Russian in Soviet Ukraine today.
Artlicle 18-b. Each Soviet Republic shall retain
its own separate republican military formation.
In Fact: No Soviet Republic - inlcuding Ukraine -
has a separate military force; the entire armed might of
the USSR is directed strictly and solely by Moscow.
All military exercises and commands are directed ex-
clusively in Russian, and the entire military-administra-
tive apparatus is centralized to such an extent in
Moscow that even the ordinary police stations of
the USSR form cogs in one vast, unbroken machine
whose countless buttons and levers are operated solely
and exclusively from the Kremlin.
Article 123. Equality of rights for all citizens of the
USSR, irrespective of their nationalities or races, in
economic, national, cultural, political, and other under-
takings, is the (mandatory) law.
In fact: Why then, even in Kyiv - the capital of
Ukraine - do Ukrainian schools account for only 26.9%
of all students, and Russian-language schools for 73. l %?
Why are 35% of all youth journals in Ukraine issued in
 -68-
Russian? Why is it that Ukrainian schoolchildren have
so fewer chances of attending the Pioneer summer
camps than the Russian children - i.e., Ukraine has
only 15.91% of all the Pioneer camps in the USSR, while
Russia has 68%. Why does almost 61% of the entire
special education budget get allocated by Moscow
to Russia and only a paltry 17% goes to Ukraine? Why
does the percentage of full professors. in schools of
higher learning in Ukraine amount to only 8. 7%, while
in similar Russian schools the percentage is 79%?
Why do only 10.4% of teachers in Ukraine, have Ph.D.'s
while 76% have Ph.D.'s in Russia? Why are almost 60%
of all USSR scholarships awarded to students in Russia,
and only 18%, or less, to Ukrainian students? (N.B.,
all cited percentages are with respect to the particular
populations referred to). Why are almost all factory
supervisors in Western Ukraine transferred in from
Russia? Why are libraries throughout Ukraine period-
ically "re-shelved" by destroying countless numbers
of Ukrainian books?
Such "why's" may be cited ad infinitum not only
in the areas of upbringing and education, but in all other
areas of day-to-day life and work as well; Ukraine and
Ukrainians are in no way accorded any equality of
rights with respect to Russians, but are cynically,
maliciously, and overtly discriminated against.
Article 124. . .. .Freedom for religious cults and
anti-religious propaganda is guaranteed to all citizens.
In fact: The Ukrainian Orthodox Church, reborn
after the 1917 Revolution, was brutally annihilated by
Moscow along with its proto-hierarch, Metropolitan
Va.yl' Lypki\1s'ky. Thousands upon thousands of
priests and bishops were murdered outright, and
hundreds of thousands of lay faithful were driven off
to concentration camps in Siberia where most perished
from forced physical labor and chronic beatings. The
 -69 -
future cardinal of the Vatican, Yoayf S'l'ipyi, who was
later released from Siberia, spent 13 years of incar-
ceration there as head of the Ukrainian Catholic Church
of Western Ukraine (which was occupied by Poland
until World War II). The lay faithful of this church were,
meanwhile, forcibly impressed into the Russian Ortho-
dox Church, which was, and still is, fully and totally
under the jurisdiction and control of Moscow. USSR
jails and concentration camps are, even today, filled
to overcrowding with Ukrainians of various religious
beliefs and denominations. Today, the KGB exclusively
dispenses the so-called "freedom for religious cults,"
and, consequently, the faithful followers of such "cults"
are ferociously persecuted. The freedom of "anti-
religious propaganda," however, is not only stoutly
promulgated, but is financially upheld, promoted, and
even openly directed by Moscow's government.
Article 125. In keeping with the interests of the
working class people, and with the aim of strengthening
the socialist system, the citizens of the USSR are
guaranteed the following rights by law: 1. Freedom
of speech; 2. Freedom of the press; 3. Freedom of
assembly; 4. Freedom for public processions and
demonstrations ....
In fact: Due to the wording that all these "free-
doms" must be "in keeping with the interests of the
working class," and have "the aim of strengthening the
socialist system," and, also, to the fact that the above
"interests" and "aims" are defined and interpreted solely
by Moscow and the KGB, the least public assertion,
news publication, gathering, or demonstration has to
be in accord with the official government positions and
policies of Moscow. This reality underlying "freedom"
in the USSR is evident in the humor of the following,
well-known, and popular joke:
An American tourist says to a USSR citizen, "In the
 -70-
U.S.A. our freedom of speech is so complete that I can
stand before the White House and scream at the top
of my voice, The American president is the stupidest
and worst president in the history of the world!', and
no one will dare arrest me for it; in fact, the police will
protect me while I'm doing it.. .. "
To which the Soviet citizen replies, "We've got just
as much freedom here! I can go stand before the Kremlin
and yell at the top of my voice, The American president
is the stupidest and worst president in the history of
the world!', and no one will arrest me here, either."
And this is true. On the other hand, people can
- and do - get arrested immediately even for
something as simple as placing a bouquet of flowers on
the grave of some Ukrainian soldier-hero who died
fighting the Muscovite-Communist invaders of Uk-
raine .... There are numerous other articles of the
Soviet Constitution which, on paper, sometimes even
sound better than the corresponding articles of the
U.S. Constitution, but in reality - especially for Uk-
raine and Ukrainians - they have absolutely no validi-
ty in the present-day totalitarian empire known as the
USSR.

21. Wiien were the Ukrainans better off -

under the Tsars or under present-day
communist Moscow?
Both under the old Tsarist Russia and under
present-day Russian Communism, Ukrainian life was,
and still is, the tortured hell of a colonial, exploited
nation. The one difference is that under the tsars
Ukrainians were individually far better off (at least in
an economic sense) than after the Bolshevik upheaval.
That isn't to say that there was no economic exploitation
of Ukraine under the tsars, for there was. But in view
of the absence of such an absolute and draconian terror
 - 71 -

as existed under the Bolsheviks, the Ukrainian peasant

class was, relatively speaking, much better off under
Tsarist Russia by being able to conserve and nurture
its forefathers' customs, traditions, and language -
especially in the last few decades prior to the overthrow
of the tsar. On the other hand, even under the tsars,
the periodically re-invigorated Russification policies
of the Russian government prevented the full growth
and maturation of Ukrainian national culture on more
advanced levels - Ukrainian schools were forbidden,
ukazes such as the one issued by Valuyev at Ems
forbidding books printed in Ukrainian were enforced;
Ukrainian itself was treated as a "dialect" of Russian,
unfit for official discourse; even Ukrainian theatrical
presentations were forbidden in Ukrainian, while Uk-
raine itself was referred to, in Muscovite circles, as
Malorossiya, i.e., "Russia Minor." Yet, in spite of this,
Ukraine under the tsars stood out as by far the richest
and most developed colony of the Russian-Muscovite
Empire.
Under the Russian Bolsheviks, the Ukrainian
landworking class (which constituted almost 90% of
Ukraine's population) was rapidly transformed into
a society of ordinary slaves grouped around the ko/hosps
(N.B., a word derived from huabandry collectives); all
nationally conscious Ukrainians were immediately
arrested and murdered, and of the remaining bulk,
over 7,000,000 were starved to death in a deliberately-
created Famine-Holocaust, a genocide still unsurpassed
in the history of mankind. Along with total economic
enslavement, Moscow is still continuing the Russi
ficatory policies initiated by the tsars, but with more
sophisticated, devious methods, which arrogate and
exploit Ukraine's cultural and artistic attainments for
the glorification of the USSR's so-called "Soviet" achieve-
ments. An actively propagated concept in the USSR
 -72-
today is the creation of the so-called Soviet person, or
HHomo sovieticus,''which expects all Soviet citizens -but
most of all Ukrainians -to soak in the Russian mentality
and adopt a Russian way of life, while renouncing their
own heritage, culture, language, and national identity.
The greatest difference between Ukraine's past
life under the tsars and its present existence under
Bolshevik Moscow is the totally unprecedented,
absolute terror instituted by Moscow's present regime;
a terror unparalleled in world history, whose ferocious
bestiality and count of tortured, murdered, and mutilated
corpses far surpass even those of Hitler's Germany.
There were, to be sure, tortures, persecutions, assas-
sinations, and banishments undf'r the tsars as well, but
a genocide of such proportions - the elimination of over
a full third of a nation in a period of fifty years - would
be difficult to find elsewhere in the history of the world.
Under the tsars, the great Ukrainian poet-prophet,
Taras Shevchenko, spent ten years of his life in exile
for his nationalistic-liberational writings protesting
Russia's domination of Ukraine in the XIX century;
under present-day Moscow, however, hundreds of
thousands of Ukrainians are perishing in Siberian Con-
centration camps - not just tor literary writings, but
sometimes even for the mere act of reading a single
poem which only hints at protesting Russia's en-
slavement of Ukraine.
Also V. Lenin himself, who later helped create
the Russian Communist State, spent years in exile
under the tsars for his anti-tsarist activities, but, as
is well known, even he was permitted to live with his
wife, Krupskaya, in a "free Siberian settlement" - with
household servants, to boot. And Lenin could easily
escaped from such an "exile," but in the USSR today,
where political prisoners number in the millions, it is
unheard of for anyone to escape and live.
 - 73 -
Lacking the physical resources today to forcibly
prohibit the Ukrainian language, as was attempted
under the tsars, Moscow employs other, more insid-
ious directives - from kindergarten onward, to teach
only in Russian; all educational books for adults, as
well as all textbooks, to be printed only in Russian;
all editions of classical or modern Ukrainian writers
to be issued only in drastically reduced quantities;
etc.
In view of all the above facts, we see that the Ukrain-
ian nation, under present-day Moscow, is clearly
suffering an economic and national oppression even
more terrible than it had experienced under the tsars.

22. What were the most tragic periods in

Ukraine's history under reef Moscow?

1. The 1921-22 Ukrainian famine, caused not

only by the upheavals of World War I (i.e., the Revolution
and subsequent civil wars on the territory of the former
Tsarist Russian Empire), but also by Moscow's policy
of massively exporting goods and products out of
Ukraine into Russia. This famine took a toll of almost
3,000,000 Ukrainian lives.
2. The collectivization of Ukrainian farming
and agriculture (1928-31), i.e., the arrogation of all
private properties and holdings (e.g., lands, farm inven-
tories, livestock, etc.) of Ukraine's peasant class, and
the introduction of collective state farms, the ko/hosps.
on which the former land-owning peasants were forced
into slave labor under the knouts of state-appointed
Communist overseers. For their work, the peasants
were paid, after harvesting, with measured quantities
of food and produce, according to the number of days
they spent in the fields. In this fashion, the formerly
autonomous and productive Ukrainian peasants were
 - 74-
converted, en masse, into a brutally terrorized nation
of slave laborers. Ukraine, which was formerly known
as the "Breadbasket of Europe," and which could easily
feed half the world's population, was economically
devastated. Well-to-do landowners were not only
deprived of their lands, but were literally thrown out
of their houses along with their wives, parents, and
children. Countless of these were herded into trains
and railed to Siberia or northern Russia, where they
perished horribly from exposure and starvation.
3. The Great 1932-33 Ukrainian Famine-
Holocauet, the most horrible and atrocious genocide
in the history of mankind, deliberately planned by the
Kremlin, and carried out, with relish, by Moscow.
The famine was launched by "paying" the collectivized
peasants with such minimal quantities of food (although
the harvest that year was bountiful) that they were
left with nothing to eat by the beginning of winter,
and by the spring of that same year, more than
7 ,000,000 of them had died of starvation. While all
this was happening, trains, stacked to overflowing
with Ukrainian wheat and other produce, ran incessantly
between Ukraine and Moscow. When news of this
genocide started leaking out into the world (N.B.,
no thanks to the New York Times, which did its best to
suppress this Holocaust, and whose principal "on
the scene" reporter, Walter Duranty, later received
the Pulitzer Prize for his mendacious glorification of
Communist Russia), and several countries offered
assistance to Moscow, Stalin denied that there was
a famine in Ukraine and categorically refused all
proffered aid. Several years afterward, even the un-
principled Khrushchev acknowledged this most terrible
atrocity in Ukraine's history, in which he himself played
a part. Even Stalin himself, during the summit con-
ference with Churchill and Roosevelt, when asked how
 -75-
much all his "reforms" had cost, cynically replied,
'Ten million people!"
It must also be stressed here that during the
Holocaust, there was no famine of any kind in Russia
(i.e., Muscovy) proper - Moscow's genocidal blows
were aimed primarily at the principal bread-producing
regions of the USSR - Ukraine, Kuban', and others.
The motive? To bring the most-threatening-to-Moscow
Ukrainian nation, with its incessant struggles for
national independence, permanently to its knees
through genocide, and to use the money from selling
Ukraine's stolen wheat to finance the industrialization
of the USSR and the spreading of Communist revolution
and propaganda throughout the rest of the world.
4. Simultaneouely with the abo\le deetruction
of Ukrainian eociety a• a land-owning claee, the
newly-aprung proce•• of Ukrainization wae, aleo,
liquidated in Ukraine. This process, which sprang
into being after the Revolution in all areas of Ukrainian
life, i.e., science, art, music, culture, religion, etc.,
was aborted by Moscow in those terrible years by mass
arrests and executions of the majority of Ukraine's
intellectuals and culturo-educational activists.
5. The YezlloL1•cllyna of 1937-38. These were
years of massive arrests, murders, and deportations
of Ukrainians, when Yezhov was the chief of the KGB
(at that time, the "NKVD"). There are no available
statistics as to the exact number of victims of the
Yezhovschyna, however, there isn't a single Ukrainian
in the world today without at least one close or distant
relative who hasn't been a victim of either the 1933
Famine-Holocaust or the subsequent Yezhovschyna
of 1937-38. Although it is true that the Yezhovschyna
gnashed its teeth throughout the entire USSR (and
that later, even Yezhov himself became its victim).
 -76-
once again, Ukraine wound up suffering the most. The
reason? To finish off all nationally-conscious elements
in Ukraine, as a prophylactic measure for maintaining
the status of Moscow as permanent overlord of the
USSR. Arrests and executions were conducted by the
NKVD, during those years, not for any specific activities
or crimes, but to eliminate even all potentially
anti-government activities in the future ... In Vynnits'ia
(a Ukrainian city of medium size) alone, mass graves,
containing over 10,000 corpses of people shot and
buried in 1937-38, were found during World War II.
And above these graves, each crammed with several
hundred corpses, the Russians had built a park for
dancing and recreation .... and such graves proliferated
throughout Ukraine.
In addition to all the above genocidal atrocities
implemented by Communist Moscow during the
1920's and 30's, Russification in all walks of Ukrainian
life was also stepped up by Moscow to unprecedented
levels during that same period.
6. The po•t-World War II Ukrainian famine
of 1946-47, which claimed an additional 2,000,000
victim•. This genocide was a deliberate retribution
by Moscow for Ukraine's "behavior" during the war -
for renewed struggles for Ukrainian independence; for
only passive participation in defending the Soviet
regime at the start of the war between the USSR and
Hitler's Germany; for the massive escapes of Ukrainians
to the West and their refusal to return back to Stalin's
terror after the war; for the hundreds of thousands
of Ukrainian soldiers in the Red Army who, voluntarily
or not, got captured by the Germans, since - in
keeping with Stalin's Muscovite-Communist philos-
ophy - any soldier who became a POW instead of
being killed by the enemy was considered to be a
traitor to "Mother Russia," and therefore guilty of
 -77-
treason, regardless of the situation.
23. What kind of resistance and when did the
Ukrainians o//er to Muscovite policies
in Ukraine?
The first overt opposition against Russian-Com-
munist occupation was the defensive-liberational
war that raged from 1918 to the 1920's, i.e., during the
period following the 1917 Revolution and the proclama-
tion of the freedom and independence of Ukraine. In
various localities in Ukraine, spontaneous armed revolts
erupted for the first time ever as late as 1920.
When it became clear that Ukraine couldn't with-
stand the superior military might of Russia, which,
tragically, was receiving assistance from certain Western
financial sources as well, the energy of the resistance
was later diverted to the Ukrainization of schooling,
literature, and overall cultural life under the entrenched
Soviet regime, even with the assistance of some Ukrain-
ian intellectuals who had converted to Communism.
When even this form of resistance was annihilated
by the terror launched from Moscow, and Ukraine
started to be subjected to the collectivization of rural
agriculture, i.e., when the private property of the
peasants started to be taken away from them and
allocated to the Communist-operated kolhosps. local
revolts flared up again in many parts ot Ukraine. The
peasants offered both passive and active resistance,
including waged battles with shovels and pitchforks
against armed detachments of police and authorized
agents from Moscow. But, even here, the brutal armed
superiority of the Muscovite occupiers prevailed, and
the Ukrainian peasantry was turned into a nation of
slaves under an oppression even worse than that which
prevailed under serfdom prior to 1861. And this was in
the 1930's, i.e., during the middle of the XX century.
 -78-
In the 1940's, throughout World War II, and for
several years thereafter, the divisions of the Ukrainian
Insurgent Army led a heroic war against the return of
the Russian Bolshevik occupiers back into Ukraine,
fighting simultaneously against the occupying forces
of both Hitlerian Germany and Bolshevik Russia.
Again, the Western world, with America in the lead,
gave extraordinary assistance and support to Moscow's
armed forces, although admittedly for the noble
cause of smashing Hitler's Third Reich. The irony and
tragedy is that this support of Russia led directly to
the relinquishment of half of Europe into Moscow's
blood-stained hands, not to mention the total and cynical
betrayal of Ukraine's previously acknowledged rights
to freedom and independence by the Western world.
Strong resistance, by Ukrainians, to Moscow's
occupation of Ukraine was offered in still another
form - by the cultural, religious, and creative activism
of those intellectuals and activists who stood firmly
on the principle of independence for Ukraine. Outstand-
ing among these were the literary neoclassicists who
were later wiped out, almost to a man, by arrests and
NKVD firing squads, and those religious activists who
labored to resurrect the Ukrainian Church as a body
completely independent of Moscow. Today, Ukrainian
underground publications, authored by numerous
Ukrainian patriots, who in the West are referred to
as mere dissidents, are educating and preparing the
younger Ukrainian generation for the attainment of
the dreams of their predecessors by taking advantage
of the appropriate moment in the not too distant future.
A significant role in the organized resistance
against Russian occupation has also been played
by Ukrainian women-heroines such as Katrya Zaryts'-
ka, activist in the Ukrainian Insurgent Army; Olena
Tel'iha, editor of a Kyiv newspaper, who was shot by
 -79-
the Nazis in Babyn Yar; Ol'ha Basarab, mediator
for the Ukrainian Armed Forces Organization with
the outside world, back during the Polish occupation
of Western Ukraine in 1924; and many others.
24. How many o/ the present-day Soviet
dissidents are Ukrainians?
Even former Soviet dissidents who've escaped
into the free world testify that there are far more Ukrain-
ians among the Soviet dissident population than
members of any other nationality, although exact
numbers are admittedly hard to verify, given the
present-day Soviet reality. Educated estimates place
the percentage of Ukrainians among political prisoners
in the USSR at between 70-80%.
The individual dissident activities of the overall
disident population of the Soviet Union may be classed
into a few well-defined categories:
l. Those individuals who believe in the USSR and
support its overall socialist system, but step out in
protest of individual unjust acts or policies of the Soviet
government. Such dissidents usually struggle for civil
rights within their own respective countries, believing
that once the evident flaws and injustices are removed,
a better life for all will result under that very same
system. Such dissidents have absolutely no concern
for the rights of the individual republics of the USSR
to freedom and independence, and their writings and
discussions never mention these subjects at all.
2. Those individuals who, in their dissident activities
never overtly speak out against the system as such,
but, in fact, stick to che letter of the law in citing the
Soviet government with legal violations of the USSR
Constitution, and nothing else. But, given the fact
that the USSR Constitution is crammed so full of sheer
 -80-
propaganda for display before the Western world, and
articles of such nakedly duplicious mendacity, this
makes the act of trying to force Moscow's government
to uphold its constitution fully equivalent to trying to
change the Soviet system by other, less "legal" means.
That is why it is clear to all parties involved - the
dissidents themselves, the nations they represent,
and the Soviet government most of all - that such
legalistic activities are, in fact, violently anti-Soviet,
and are merely ploys used by the dissidents to keep
themselves from being accused of "subversive, anti-
State activities" by their albeit cynical invocation of
the USSR Constitution.
3. Those individuals whose activities would not
be classified as strictly "dissident," but rather as "free-
dom fighter" activities. Such "freedom fighters" are
regarded, by Moscow, as the most dangerous type
of dissident, and their punishment upon capture is by
far the most severe_ Ukrainians, again, constitute
by far the greatest percentage of such dissidents. Of
course, every other "republic" of the USSR has many
such activists as well. Individuals of this group aren't
concerned with the fighting only for the civil rights of
individual citizens, but for the rights of entire nations
as well - the God-given right of each nation to live
freely and independently on its own sovereign, historical
territory. And since this right is also proclaimed in
the Soviet Constitution, even this group sometimes
relies on citing the articles of this two-faced Russian
"document" when voicing its demands_ The struggle of
such dissidents is usually focussed against the
Russification and persecution of those nations that
try to nurture their own cultures, languages, and
traditions. They struggle to expose every attempt by
Moscow to destroy everything in the USSR that doesn't
reflect its own endemic Russian mentality. They make
 -81-
public, through underground publications, each and
every transgression of the Helsinki Accords by the
Soviet government. Oftentimes, even publicly, they
manifest the will and right of the Ukrainian people to
determine the course of their own future without
interference from Moscow.
The above coarse division of Soviet dissidents
into only a few groups does not, of course, capture
the entire depth and multidimensionality of the over-
all dissident movement in the USSR. For example,
there are dissidents who fight exclusively for their
own, or denominational, religious rights; still others,
for the right to emigrate from the USSR; etc. But,
among Ukrainian dissidents, the overwhelming majority
belong to the third - "freedom fighter" category, listed
above - which struggles for both the individual and
collective rights of its nation.
In the West, for example, the Polish movement,
Solidarity, received great publicity in the news media
for its struggle to establish free trade unions in Poland.
But few people in the West knew, or wanted to know,
that in Odessa, and other cities in Ukraine, there were
also organized attempts to form free trade unions -
long before even those in Poland.
The severest sentences in the USSR are, as a rule,
meted out to prisoners of the second and third cat-
egories mentioned above, although it often happens
that Ukrainian dissidents of even the first category
get sentenced far more severely than Russians of the
same group.
In the contemporary police state of the USSR,
there are at present over 5,000,000 political prisoners.
 -82 -

.... ~r."' ... ~!rJ~ 3

l If f Ii I i II ~
J I I I ~
E-- 11 •1 I 1· ,t;' t- ~
!f I! IJf JI I 1 lilf ~
 -83-

v.
WHAT THE WEST DOESN'T KNOW
OR DOESN'T WANT TO KNOW

25. What outstanding Ukrainians are known

in the West as Russians?
A great many Ukrainians in the areas of literature,
science, and art - sculptors, inventors, composers,
singers, actors, etc. - are mistakenly referred to
in the West as Russians.
This arrogation of the names of outstanding
Ukrainians to itself was started by Russia a long time
ago, and having been gullibly accepted by the West
as truth from the outset, continues to the present day.
For example, the Ukrainian philosopher, Hryhoriy
Skovoroda, (1722-1794) is regarded in the West as
a Russian. Not many people in the West are aware
that such well-known composers and contemporaries
of Mozart as Dmytro Bortn'iana'kyi, Makaym
Berezova'kyi, Artym Vedel', and others were
also Ukrainians and not Russians. Indeed, even the
greatest Russian composer, Petro Tchaikovs'kyi,
was of Ukrainian descent. Still fewer people in the
West are aware of the fact that the popular Ukrainian
Epiphany carol, Schedryk, - known and adored in
America as The Carol of the Bells - was composed by
the Ukrainian Mykola Leontovych.
The world-famo'..ls sculptor, Olekaander Ar-
khypenkp(Alexander Archipenko), (1887-1964), was
not only a Ukrainian by birth but also extremely
active in Ukrainian socio-artistic life. He always regarded
himself, first and foremost, as a Ukrainian artist, yet
even to the present day he is treated in the West as
a Russian. For the same unknown reasons, the USSR
 -84-

sculptor, Volodymyr Skolozdra, is also regarded

as a Russian by the West, and in France, the talented
painter, Mariya Bashkirtseva, who was of Ukrainian
descent, is still remembered today as a"Russian genius:'
The same holds true in the areas of science and
invention. The nuclear physicist and Nobel Laureate,
Petro Kapyts'ia, (1894-1984) was a Ukrainian. In
1921, he fled the USSR to England, where he lived and
conducted his research at Cambridge University until
1934. Upon returning to Moscow to visit his family, he
was seized by the Soviet authorities and confined there
until his death in 1984. He, too, is always referred to
in the West as a Russian.
The world-renowned Ahatanhel Kryms'kyi,
(1871-1942) - scholar, writer, philologist, historian
of languages and literatures, polyglot and anthropologist,
Sinologist and authority on the Near East - was a
Ukrainian, although this is never mentioned in the
West where he is invariably cited as a Russian.
The scientific achievements of the Ukrainian
physicist and chemist, Volodymyr Kist'iakivs'kyi; the
biologist, Trochym Lysenko; the Ukrainian inventor,
Mykola Kybal'chych; and the Kyivan engineer, lhor
Sikors'ky, pioneer in the construction of the first
helicopter, are all regarded in the West as Russian
accomplishments.
Not everyone in the Western world is aware of the
following fact: X-rays (or Roentgen rays) were actually
first discovered by the Ukrainian scientist Ivan Pul'uy,
and due to various formalistic reasons, not he, but
another researcher working in the same field, claimed
credit for the discovery.
From the first decades of the XX century, on the
stages of Italy, Germany, America, England, Sweden,
Austria, and Russia, world acclaim was bestowed on
the opera singers Oleksander Myshuha, SolomiaKru-
shel'nyts'ka, and Modest Mentchins'kyi, who
 -85-
weren't even citizens of the Russian Empire but native-
born citizens of Halychyna, which was at that time
under the rule of the Habsburgs of Austria. Yet, all
references to them - even in the major world encyclo-
pedias - list them as Russians. Also many famous opera
singers of Ukrainian, Russian, and Soviet theatres and
stages, such as Ivan Alcheve'kyi, Mariya Lytvynenko·
Vol'hemut, and Ivan Kozlove'kyi, are known in the
West as Russians, although they are, in fact, all Ukrain-
ians.
Among many of the names listed and among
numerous others that weren't - due to limited space in
this Guidebook - there were those who were nationally-
conscious Ukrainians, yet, due to financial or other
circumstances, wrote their works in Russian. All these
are, also, accounted as Russians - both by Muscovite
and Western "scholars" and "historians." For instance,
Mykola Hohol' (Nikolai Gogol), scion of an old Ukrain-
ian Kozak . family, who wrote many of his works on
Ukrainian historical themes (e.g., Taras Bu/'ba), wrote
almost exclusively in Russian, whereby he, too, has come
to be regarded by scholars in the West as a Russian.
Regarded as yet another Russian by the West is Anton
Chekhov, who enriched Russian literature by writing
exclusively in that language, yet always in all his
correspondences with others he stressed his Ukrainian
roots. Volodymyr Korolenko, Zoechenko, Akh-
matova, Pauetove'kyi - all of these prominent
exponents of Russian literature were, if not outright
Ukrainians, at least of Ukrainian descent. Even the great
Fedir Dostoyevs'ky (Fyodor Dostoevsky) was half
Ukrainian.
Indeed, beginning with XII century Ukraine, all the
cultural heritage of the first Ukrainian state of Kyivan
Rus' - especially the literary gem of that period, Slovo
o po/ku Ihorevim (The Saga of lhor's Campaign) - is
 -86-

being gradually appropriated and stolen by Russia,

while the historians and literary scholars of the West,
instead of pointing out and rectifying these atrocious
injustices, keep repeating and aping their mendacity
from generation to generation. In our "objective and
scholarly" world today, it suffices for any Tadzhyk,
Khirghizian, Armenian, Uzbekian, or any other non-
Russian Soviet poet to write even one poem in his own
language, and if that poem ends up in the West in a
Russian translation, then he, too, is immediately
registered as a Russian, although he might never have
even set foot in Russia, is descended from millenia of
non-Russian forebears, and probably doesn't even
speak Russian very well. This entire anomaly ia
intimately related to the fact that the Weat per-
sistently and ignorantly regards all the past and pres-
ent inhabitants of the former Tsarist Russian Empire
and of the present-day USSR exclusively as Russians.
In the case of Ukraine, the greatest victims of this
inexcusable ignorance are the original achievements
and attainments of Ukrainian art, culture, and science,
which represent the creative labors of Ukrainians from
as far back as those ancient eras when neither Russia,
nor the Russian nation, as such, existed on the face of
the earth.

26. Were there ever and are there now any

Ukrainian stars in Hollywood?
There always have been, and still are, many movie
stars of Ukrainian descent in Hollywood. However, since
their parents, or grandparents, often emigrated to the
U.S. from those parts of Ukraine which were variously
under Polish or Russian domination, these stars are
often referred to in the Western press as Russians or
Poles although many of them themselves stress their
Ukrainian heritage.
 -87-

Here is a partial list of their names: Jack Palance

(Palahniuk), Mike Mazurki - both of whom still main-
tain active ties with the Ukrainian community in Amer-
ica; John Hodiak; William Powell; Nick Adams
(Adamchuk); Anna Sten (Anna Petrivna Fesak); Don
Borisenko; the Canadian TV singer Julita (Sysak);
Sandra Dee; and many others.
Some prominent Ukrainians among well-known
producers and directors of films include: Edward
Dmytryk, Anatole Litvak, set designer Petro Stetsen-
ko, and the Walt Disney cartoonist William Tytla.
In addition, there are (very likely) many Hollywood
stars. today who have become so assimilated that
they are either no longer aware of their Ukrainian
heritage or deliberately surpress it in an attempt to
further their careers. Such individuals have not been
included in this Guidebook at all, regardless of their
careers or professions.
27. Were there ever any Ukrainians among
the champions o/ the Olympic Games?
There have been a great many Ukrainian champions
and medalists, indeed, in recent Olympic history, but
the West either doesn't know anything about them,
or, if it does, it's under the appellation "Soviets," or
"Russians." This is so because Moscow, despite the
fact that Ukr.Jine is a member of the United Nations,
doesn't allow Ukraine to compete in the Olympics
as a separate entity, even under the tokenistic flag
of Soviet Ukraine. And this is condoned by the world-
even while such diminutive nations and principalities
as the Bahamas, Bermuda, Liechtenstein, Monaco,
and others have all been accorded representation on
the International Olympic Committee without even
having to be members of the U.N.! Why is this so?
The reason is that even in the area of sports, it's
 -88-

Moscow's obvious intention to win the maximum

amount of glory and world records for Russia's athletes
at the expense of the non-Russian peoples and nations
of the USSR. Meanwhile, if the Ukrainian Olympians
were to be classed as a separate group, the following
statistics would emerge: Heleinki (1952) - Gold
medals: U.S.A. - 40, Ukraine - 14, Russia - 6; Silver
medals: U.S.A. - 19, Ukraine - 11, Russia - 7. Tokyo
(1964) - Gold medals: U.S.A. - 36, Ukraine - 13, Russia -
9. Mexico (1968), Ukrainian athletes won 9 Gold,
6 Silver, and 7 Bronze medals; and in Munich (1972),
they ended up with 13 Gold, 6 Silver, and 3 Bronze.
The Western press, parroting Soviet publications,
lists the Ukrainian weightlifter from Kyiv, Leonid
Zhabotyne'ky, the "strongest man in the world," as a
Russian, although Zhabotyns'ky himself has always
stressed his Ukrainian heritage. Some other world-
famous Ukrainian atheletes who are figured as Russians
by the West, are: Olekeander Med\.'id' - wrestling;
Valeriy Borzo\.' - sprinting; Zhanna Vaa'ura-gym-
nastics; Yaki\.' Zhelezn'iak and Viktor Sydoruk -
archery; Nad'ia Tkachenko - pentathlon; and many
others.
Altogether, over the 25 year Olympic period ( 1952-
1976), Ukraine - assuming it had competed as a
separate nation under its Soviet Republican flag -
would have totaled 114 Gold, 65 Silver, and 67 Bronze
medals, yet all these victories were recorded by the
world press as achievements of the Soviet Russians.
In addition to Ukraine, Moscow also forbids
separate Olympic registration to all the other member
republics of the USSR-formerly free and independent
countries such as Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Byelorussia
(also a charter member of the U.N.), Armenia, and
Turkestan, although they each have their own repub-
 -89-

lican flags and constitutions (albeit meaningless ones),

proclaiming that all these formerly sovereign states
are now member parts of a newer, "united country"
the USSR. If this is indeed so, then where is the logic
in calling all the citizens of this "united country" Russians,
as the Western press does, although Moscow never
protests this practice, which obviously. legitimizes
and assists the implementation of its Russificatory
policies throughout the USSR. These policies were
manifested clearly in the following specific instance:
some time ago, when the Kyivan soccer team,
"Dynamo," won the USSR championship, in order to
stifle any possible Ukrainian nationalistic repercus-
sions, Moscow removed the head coach, a Ukrainian,
and replaced him immediately with a Russian ....

There is also a myth prevalent in the West that

the supremacy of Soviet chess is a Russian national
tradition. In fact, chess only started becoming in-
stitutionalized in Russia during the reign of Tsar Peter
I (ca. 1 700). During his travels, he had become very
impressed with the respect accorded to chess through-
out Europe, and, following his return to Russia, start-
ed cultivating an interest in this game, forcing it to
become popular there. And along with this "popular-
ization," just as in all other areas, Moscow started
slowly ascribing to itself all the prior attainments of
chess culture in Ukraine, which, being far older than
Russia, had known this game since ancient times due
to its historical and cultural ties with the Near East and
Europe.
In fact, on the basis of archaeological excavations,
modern scholars affirm that chess enjoyed widespread
popularity in Ukraine even as far back as the IX cen-
tury (A.D.), having been brought there directly from
 -90-
Persia. Some Ukrainian chess champions of world stat-
ure include: L. V. Rudenko, from the city of Lubny
(second to the Czechoslovakian World Women's Chess
Champion, Vera Menchik); Y .D. Boholiubov
(1889-1952), from Kyiv; O.S. Selezn'iv (1888-1965),
champion of Ukraine in 1927; Prof. Dr. F.P. Bohatyr-
chuk, from Kyiv, later a Canadian citizen, winner of
the USSR championship in 193 7; Prof. S. Popel ',
champion of L'viv (1932-1939) and Paris (1951,
1953, 1954); Dr. Orest Popovych, professor at NYU
- first Ukrainian in the United States to attain the
FIDE "Master" rating; Dr. V.Y. Bachyns'ky - repeat
chess champion of Geneva. Several-times champion of
the USSR, and Vice World ChessChampion,Victor
Korchnoi (a USSR emigre' since 1976), stresses in his
publications that his grandfather was a Ukrainian no-
bleman. Regrettably, Moscow's Russificatory policies,
even in the area of chess, repeatedly distort the truth,
deceiving chess-loving Westerners with regard to "Rus-
sian attainments" in world chess.
An example demonstrating Russia's Russificatory
policies in chess competition is the fact that even in
Tsarist Russia the St. Petersburg (i.e., Leningrad)
chess club had a bylaw forbidding membership to non-
Christians (primarily Jews), yet in the present-day
Soviet Union, gifted Jews are encouraged to play
in world competition for the glorification of "Soviet
Chess." For instance, Moscow has recently made the
chess genius, Weinetein, change his last name
to Kaeparov, (allegedly from his mother's Armenian
surname, Gaepariani ). Thus, a Jewish-Armenian
Grandmaster, having been spotted as the most likely
future World Chess Champion, has been converted
into a "Russian" for the glorification of "Mother Russia."
 -91-

VI.
UKRAINE AND WW II

28. What were Ukrainian expectation• at

the on•et o/ World War II?
Those Ukrainians who nev~r read Hitler's Mein
Kampf, and therefore, didn't realize the true intentions
of the German invaders, expected Ukraine's imminent
liberation from Muscovite-Communist tyranny. It
was inconceivable to such Ukrainians that in a civilized
Europe there could exist such a totally fera! brutality
and such manifestly insane ambitions and plans as were
immediately displayed by the German occupiers of
Ukraine. It must also be kept in mind that the average
Soviet citizen at that time was completely cut off
from all sources of world news and information, except
for those published or broadcast by Moscow. In addition,
at the outset of World War II, in 1939, there was a pact
between Moscow and Berlin concerning Hitler's
occupation of Poland. Germany's Minister of Foreign
Affairs, Ribbentrop, and the USSR's Molotov, con-
stantly "graced" the pages of the Soviet press together
as allies, or, at least, not as enemies; thus, even the
Soviet press, itself, at that time, was void of any anti-
Hitlerian propaganda that could serve as a warning
to its readers concerning the true aims of Germany.
For this reason, when Hitler invaded the USSR and
the Soviet press began an immediate and frenetic
anti-Hitler campaign, the average reader accepted all
of it as just another typical, two-faced Kremlin pro-
paganda maneuver. That is why all such less-than-
knowledgeable Ukrainians met the start of hostilities
on June 22, 1941, with the high hope that Soviet
Russia's enslavement of Ukraine would soon be aborted
 -92-

and that Ukraine, with Germany's support, would

regain its status forever as a free and independent
country.
Those Ukrainians who did read Mein Kampf, and
realized Hitler's intention to turn Ukraine into a
slave colony, also viewed the onset of World War II
in a positive way. It was self-evident, to them, that
Germany could never win the war with its insane plans
of world domination, and that the German High Com-
mand, realizing this, would soon change its plans
concerning Ukraine, and would help the Ukrainian
Independence movement to re-establish the sovereignty
and independence of Ukraine.
Unfortunately, this did not happen! The German
High Command proved to have far less common sense
than Hitler had megalomania; thus, the Nazi politicians'
insane drive to conquer the world as German uber-
menschen, with their gas chambers and concentration
camps, in the name of the 'Third Reich," or die neue
Ordnung ("the new order")i prevailed.

29. What were the consequences of WWII

/or Ukraine?
In contrast to most other countries, Ukraine was
doubly brutalized by World War 11; on the one hand,
it was devastated yet again by the Muscovite-Com-
munist hordes in their retreat before the advancing
German armies; on the other hand, by the Germans
themselves. During their retreat in 1941-42, the Soviet
armies were under orders to destroy not only all impor-
tant military objectives - bridges, factories, and
machinery stores that couldn't be transported to the
East - but also anything and everything that could
benefit the Germans, such as granary silos and other
stores of edible produce, leaving the Ukrainian
populace without any bread to consume until the fol-
lowing harvest. And during the harvest, the Germans,
in turn, immediately appropriated most of what was
gathered and railed it back to Germany.
When the Germans, in turn, were forced to retreat
in 1943, they also destroyed everything that had been
more-or-less patched up during their occupation,
leaving nothing that could be used to feed or support
the advancing Soviet armies. Again, the civilian pop-
ulation of Ukraine was devastated, especially the old
people, women, and children.
As a result of the war, millions of Ukrainians
(exact statistics on Ukrainians alone are not available)
perished in the ranks of the Red Army, which was
forcing them to defend the USSR, and other millions
were tortured or starved to death by the Nazis in
German prisoner-of-war camps.
During the war, the Germans massively deported
young Ukrainian men and women to Germany for
agricultural and industrial slave labor, where they
were treated as untermenschen, which meant inces-
sant back-breaking labor, perpetual semi-starvation,
slave compounds, and concentration camps.
In Ukraine itself, after its liberation from German
occupation, the Muscovite-Communist dictatorship
immediately re-instituted an even greater terror than
existed before the war, with the principal difference
being that, prior to the war, only the central region
of Ukraine was brutalized by Moscow; afterwards, the
inhabitants of western Ukraine were added to the
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic - increasing the
total Ukrainian population terrorized by the Kremlin
by another ten percent. These newly-acquired lands,
which had been under Polish and other foreign dom-
ination prior to 1939, now found themselves under a
 -94-

totalitarian terror far worse than they had ever known.

The war also brought other consequences for
Ukraine; for those who survived it, World War II broke
down much of the wall with which Russia had pre-
viously isolated Ukraine from the rest of the world.
Both Ukrainians in the Red Army and all those
others deported by the Germans for slave labor out-
side of Ukraine later experienced many nations oth-
er than those ruled by Moscow. with different
political and economic systems, and most of them
resolved to stay in the West, at any price, after the
dissolution of Hitler's Germany. Many others, however,
especially the younger men and women deported by
the Nazis actually returned to Ukraine voluntarily to
be with their parents. Other Ukrainians returned for
other reasons, also voluntarily; countless others
were forcibly returned by the Western Allies - under
a treaty concluded between them and the USSR -
in the most brutal and heartless repatriation in the
history of mankind. Initially, all former Soviet Ukrainians
were ·herded into camps under the pretense of proces-
sing them for emigration to other countries - especially
America. Once trapped, however, they were physically
forced into trucks and transported to the Soviet zone
of occupied Germany. The results were horrible. Not
only Ukrainians, but Don Cossacks and other freedom-
loving nationalities of the new Russian Empire, the
USSR, not wanting to fight those whom they loved
and respected, and who were now betraying them
out of sheer ignorance, took their own lives in great
numbers, many tearing out their own throats with
knives or sabers, praying to a deaf Heaven for mercy
and enlightenment for their captors. It is to the ever-
lasting credit of the American G.l.'s that many of them
"broke" their orders and turned their backs, letting
many Ukrainians and others escape this officially-
 -95-
sanctioned atrocity.
But it wasn't until the despairing cries of tens of
thousands of innocent victims of this repatriation
reached the ears of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt,
causing her to speak out in defense of these victims,
that this unforgivable, anti-humanitarian act of the
ever-gullible Western democracies was brought to
a halt.

30. What was the fate of those Ukrainians

who returned home from Germany after
the war?

The lightest punishment meted out to those Ukrain-

ians who returned home after World War II, after having
been originally deported by the Germans for slave labor
in Germany, was 10 years at hard labor in locations
that had to be far removed from the places of their
original habitation. The labor typically included work
in factories, mines, clearing forests, etc. During those
years of renewed slave labor (this time in the USSR),
they were treated as a sub-human species, most of
their pay was retrieved by various "deductions,"
and they were mercilessly hounded and beaten at
every step; in some few exceptional cases, however,
the returnee came home without punishment.
If it could be established that some such returnee
had gone to Germany voluntarily (N.B., there were
many such who saw this as the only way to emigrate
to other countries after the war), he or she was clas-
sified as a traitor and deported to a concentration
camp in Siberia, if not murdered outright.
Similar punishments were meted out to many of
those Ukrainians who, as former Red Army soldiers -
after being captured by the Germans during the war -
survived the subsequent starvation, exposure, and
 -96-

prison beatings by their Nazi captors, and, after the

war, still returned back home to Ukraine (N.B., as is
well known, the USSR rejected the Red Cross' offer
of intervention on behalf of all Soviet P.O. W.'s, branding
each and every captured Soviet citizen as a traitor,
which is why all these Soviet - and mostly anti-Soviet! -
prisoners suffered the most in the German sta/ags,
while the Am<?rican or English P.O.W.'s, even in Ger-
many itself, enjoyed at least some measure of
international protection and assistance).
31. During the war, did the Ukrainians
demonstrate their desire and willingness
to create an independent Ukrainian
country?
Undoubtedly the most profound demonstration
of this desire was the Proclamation-Act of June 30,
1941, an event briefly touched on in the answer to the
17th question in this Guidebook. This Ukrainian inde-
pendence movement spread rapidly from L'viv in
Western Ukraine, out through the central regions of
Ukraine, and all the way to Kyiv. The Act of June 30th
evoked widespread and spontaneous rejoicing in the
cities and towns of Ukraine. Ukrainian youths volun-
teered in massive numbers for the Ukrainian Army,
which faced the task of fighting both aggressors - the
Russians and the Germans - simultaneously. Un-
fortunately, this mobilization was rapidly crushed by
the superior weaponry of Communistic Moscow,
which was assisted in this respect by the Western
democracies, who perceived Moscow primarily as
an "ally" in their war against Nazi Germany, and not
as the enslaver and butcher not only of Ukraine,
but of most of the other countries of Eastern Europe,
as well.
Apart from the above martial display of their
 -97-

willingness to establish their own country, Ukrainians,

during the war, displayed this willingness once again
in numerous publications, - including several in
English - proclaiming and defending the legitimate
aspirations of the Ukrainian people to freedom and
independence. These publications were circulated
even in America, where several patriotic Ukrainian
nationalist organizations were active, some of them
even marshaling and training military units for the
eventual, anticipated battle for Ukraine's liberation
from Moscow.
In Europe, the most active liberational-national-
ist organizations were the Organization of Ukrainian
Nationalists (OUN) under Stepan Bandera, the
Ukrainian Insurgent Army led by General Roman
Shukhevych, a similar organization under Colonel
A. Mel'nyk, and various armed detachments of
Ukrainian partisans under the leadership of Otaman
Taras Bul'ba Borovets'. The !st Ukrainian Division,
Halychyna, under the command of General Shandruk,
was a part of the previously organized Ukrainian
National Army. Later, military actions by Ukrainian
freedom-fighters were also directed by the Ukrainian
Chief Liberation Council. All of the above forces
and organizations were directed toward a single,
immutable goal - to win back independence and
freedom for their homeland, Ukraine.
 -98-

Ukrainian girl playing an ancient Ukrainian

instrument, the Kobza-Bandura.
 -99-

VII.
UKRAINIANS OUTSIDE OF UKRAINE

32. Where, why, and how many Ukrainians

live outside of Ukraine?
Considering the USSR alone, there are a great
number of Ukrainians living outside of Ukraine - all
the way from Kuban' to the Far East. The reasons for
this vast dispersion are many, but the major ones
include persecution and exile of Ukrainians under
the Russian Tsars and Communist Moscow, and
Moscow's present policy of intermingling the various
Soviet nations (except the Russian!) to weaken their
national self-awareness by re-settling their autoch-
tons (native inhabitants) throughout various parts
of the Empire.
Long ago, when the Zaporozhian Sietch, the
principal fortress of the military Ukrainian Cossack
Host, which defended Ukraine against all invaders,
still existed, it operated under a strictly democratic
system of selecting its leaders, and the Sietch itself
became the glorious symbol and bastion of Ukrainian
Freedom and Independence. When Tsar Peter I and
Tsaritsia Catherine II plundered and destroyed the
Sietch (N.B., to Ukrainians, the appellations Peter
'The Great" and Catherine 'The Great," which prevail
in Russian historiography and are parroted by Western
scholars, are historical insults to Ukraine's national
honor, for they were the greatest destroyers and
enemies of Ukraine), large numbers of Ukrainian
Cossacks sought new havens beyond Ukraine where
they were able to continue their more-or-less. unin -
hibited mode of existence.
 - 100 -
Beginning with the present Soviet regime, Moscow
has used various pretexts to relocate young Ukrainians
outside of Ukraine. to help intensify their Russification
and Sovietization. For the .same, long term, reason,
Ukraine is presently being massively re-settled with
Muscovites, i.e., Russians.
With regard to Ukrainians outside the USSR, the
largest immigrant populations of Ukrainians reside
in the United States and Canada. Other significantly
large groups make their homes in England, Australia,
and the countries of South America. Relatively smaller
groups of Ukrainians are still scattered throughout
the countries of Eastern, Central, and Western Europe.
Exact statistics on the Ukrainian diaspora in the
free world have not, as yet, been compiled, but on the
North American continent alone, it is estimated that
there are almost 3,000,000 Ukrainians.
The first major groups of Ukrainian immigrants
appeared in the United States and Canada almost
100 years ago - this was the so-called "labor emi-
gration" out of Ukraine's western territories. These
lands were then mostly under Polish domination, with
the consequent severe restrictions of land-owning
rights for native Ukrainians, and a brutal, unrelenting
persecution of all things Ukrainian.
The second major wave of Ukrainian immigration
took place after World War I. And the third, the largest,
was in effect a massive series of escapes from Muscovite-
Communist occupation during World War II, and
prolonged emigration out of Europe to the various
countries of the free world after the war.
 - 101 -

33. Do Ukrainians living in the West ever visit

their native homeland, and what are
their subsequent impressions?
Yes, some Ukrainians do return to visit Ukraine,
even after long years in the West as citizens of their
adopted countries. Most of those who have returned
to visit, or even those who send their children or
grandchildren, take no part in Ukrainian nationalist
or other political activities in the free world. Even for
these, it isn't always safe to visit Ukraine under the
Soviets, for there have been countless instances of
provocation by the KGB with the intent of getting such
visitors arrested and charged with anti-Soviet propa-
ganda, which is a criminal offense in the USSR. One
need only to bring a Bible, or any other book which is
officially forbidden, into the Soviet Union to get
charged with such a crime.
In addition, only rarely are such visitors allowed
to visit the original towns, cities, or villages of their birth.
As a rule, Soviet visas are issued mostly for the major
cities; excursions into the rural areas must be arranged
once inside the USSR. Thus, the typical visitor never
knows, in advance, whether or not he will actually
get to see his relatives or the places where he grew
up. All airplanes entering the USSR must, as a rule,
land first in Moscow, where every passenger is sub-
jected to blunt searches and passport control. In most
cases, the average Ukrainian tourist is permitted to
visit only some major city, such as Kyiv or Kharkiv,
and then all his relatives and former friends who wish
to see him must visit him at his hotel, no matter how
far they have to travel. There are times, now and
again, when one or two people do manage to break
through all the police obstacles (N.B., armed police
units patrol every major and most minor thoroughfare
 - 102 -

intersections within the USSR) and spend a few days

in their native villages with their former friends and
families.
Of those returned visitors who plan future trips
to Ukraine only a very few reveal their true experiences
and impressions. Their responses. concerning joyful
reunions with long-unseen friends and relatives are
very guarded - avoiding any mention of the political,
national, or social realities in Ukraine today. Their
obvious fear is to avoid saying anything that might
bring retaliation down on their relatives or endanger
their own chances of getting permission to visit
again in the future. And if, occasionally, someone does
reveal the harrowing and degrading circumstances
which invariably surround such visits, that person
always demands that his name never be used by the
press, or by any other source.
Those visitors, on the other hand, who never intend
to return to Ukraine, tell of monstrous, unbelievable
hardships, persecutions, and horrors - the brutal
and relentless Russification, the instant and vicious
retaliations by the KGB for even the slightest man ifes-
tations of Ukrainian self-awareness, the absolutely
unbelievable (to Westerners) economic hardships
and misery. But, they also speak of the ever-resurging
spirit of resistance among the new generation of Ukrain-
ian intellectuals and the revolts of Ukrainian youth
against all government decrees forbidding the spread
of Western, especially American, movements and
tendencies - whether in music, art, or other modes
of day-to-day existence, such as manner of dress,
hairstyles, etc.
Summing up the impressions relayed by visitors to
Ukraine, a few major conclusions can be drawn. After
almost 70 years of Moscow's Communist regime,
 - 103 -

and apart from some technical modernization of a

few aspects of Ukrainian life, the following two major
problem areas have stayed unchanged, or in some
respects, have even gotten worse: 1. The continuing
national enslavement of Ukraine via the most refined
and devious methods of Moscow's present-day Russif-
icators; 2. The unchanged material destitution of the
Ukrainian populace and the incessant economic
exploitation of Ukraine by Russia.
Among those who visit Ukraine, there is no short-
age of economically-advantaged Americans and other
foreigners. As a rule, they are routed through special
"facade" sections of USSR's major cities, which are
specially constructed and maintained for foreign
tourists who, during their two-or-three weeks' stay
in the USSR, never get even a remote opportunity
to learn the country's true state of affairs, or, due
to their lack of knowledge of the country's language,
the true feelings of the local populace. And all the
more so because the local population refrains from
conversing openly with strangers, usually due to
threats of immediate retaliation by the KGB. This is
why the West often sees such glowing press or TV
reports on Soviet subjects and themes by such "on the
scene reporters." The infantile parroting of Soviet
propaganda by these fools, however, only reflects their
gullibility before Moscow's propagandists, who are
usually assigned to them as guides from the USSR' s
"lntourist" agency, which is, as the whole world
knows, an arm of the Soviet KGB.
34. How do Ukrainians view the membership
of the Ukr.SSR in the United Nations?
As is known, the Ukrainian Soviet Republic was
made a charter ·member of the United Nations (to-
gether with Byelorussia) at the insistence of Stalin,
and with the consent of the American, English, and
 - 104 -
other governments of the founding nations of the U.N.
Moscow's motive was obviously to obtain three votes
for the Soviet Union. And, this is still the case. This
event may be regarded as Moscow's first major diplo-
matic swindle after the war and is one of the greatest
mistakes, if not outright political analphabetisms (dis-
plays of illiteracy), of the Western democracies with
respect to their own self-interests. Stalin's argument
for incorporating Ukraine into the U.N. was that the
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic - as opposed
to some American state or Canadian province - had
all the same consular and diplomatic prerogatives
as any other country in the U.N. (although, in fact,
all such "prerogatives" belonged to Moscow). Thus,
the following paradox ensued: whenever Ukrainian-
American activists demand, from the U.S. government,
that Ukraine be treated as a country nationally sovereign
in the historical sense (although presently enslaved
by Moscow), the standard response of many high
Washington politicians has been: "Ukraine .... hmmm ...
it's the same thing to the USSR as Texas or Kansas are
to the U.S., isn't it? ... " Yet, when the votes are counted
on questions of international policy in the U.N. General
Assembly, these same politicians fully accept Ukraine's
vote as equal to that of every other nation, and its
status as a Kansas-like "state" of the USSR miraculously
vanishes.
Among Ukrainians, the following opinion prevails
concerning the Ukr.SSR's membership in the U.N.:
on the one hand, it's a good thing; on the other, it's a
harmful travesty of political common sense. Its good
aspect stems from the fact that Ukraine's name will
live forever, even if only symbolically, in the annals
of the United Nations. Its bad aspect is that it gives
many naive and gullible Western politicians a basis for
claiming the Ukraine is some sort of a sovereign USSR
entity, and not, m tact, an ordinary and enslaved colony
 105 -
of Red Moscow.
Some Ukrainians are of the opinion that the
eastablishment of an American consulate in Kyiv
(N.B., negotiations on this matter have been going
on for several years, as of this writing) will constitute
a beacon of hope for all the Ukrainians enslaved by
Moscow, for it will provide opportunities for them
to communicate directly with the world instead of
through the Kremlin. Others argue that such a "by-
passing" of Moscow has never occurred in the entire
history of Ukraine's enslavement by Muscovy and
will never be permitted to occur now. Indeed, they
believe that the proposed Kyiv consulate will only
provide Moscow with yet another propaganda oppor-
tunity to "display" Ukraine's apparent "sovereignty,"
thereby pulling the wool even further over the eyes
of the West's already too-beguiled and gullible politicians.
Such chicanery could do irreparable harm to the
free world's Ukrainian Liberationist activities which
are aimed at restoring genuine independence and
sovereignty for Ukraine.
Concerning Ukraine's true status in the U.N.,
it's well known that the Ukrainian delegate is the same
sort of puppet, installed there by Moscow, as the so-
called "Ukrainian government" in Kyiv, and casts his
U.N. votes exactly as Moscow orders.
With regard to the United Nations in general, the
prevailing opinion among most Ukrainians is that
the U.N., perhaps initially a useful idea, has deterio-
rated into a Babel of counterproductive rhetoric and
pro-Soviet propaganda, all at the expense of American
tax dollars, and that the effectiveness of this organization
in maintaining world peace or promoting progress in
the world today is demonstrably nil. It is clear to most
Ukrainians that these admirable goals will never be
achieved unless all of the member nations of this
 - 106 -

dissipated world organization become genuinely free

and independent sovereign entities, including a future
Ukraine liberated from the brutal clutches of Moscow's
occupation. Most Ukrainians firmly believe that only
the dissolution of the USSR into its historically original
and sovereign countries, beginning with Ukraine, can
bring lasting peace into the world - without the threat
of nuclear holocaust. And Moscow knows this very
well, which is why the Ukrainian and other nationalist-
liberational movements within the USSR constitute a
far greater threat to Moscow than its hysterical, widely-
blethered rantings concerning a nuclear "first strike" by
the U.S.

35. How are Ukrainians in tlae free world

organized?
In each country where Ukrainians have settled,
there is usually one regional organization (e.g., in
Canada, KUK (Komitet Ukrayintsiv Kanady), the Com-
mittee of Ukrainian Canadians; in Great Britain, SUB
(Soyuz Ukrayintsiv Brytan 'iyi}, the Association of Ukrai-
nians of Great Britain; in America, UKKA
(Ukrayin 's 'kyi Kongresovyi Komitet Ameryky), the U-
krainian Congress Committee of America, and the
recently formed UAKR (Ukrayin 's 'ko-Amerykan 's 'ka
Koordinatsyina Rada), the Ukrainian-American Coordi-
nating Council; in Australia, SUOA (Soyuz Uk·
rayin 's 'kykh Organ 'izatsiy Austra/'iyi), the Federation of
Ukrainian Organizations in Australia; etc.J that repre-
sents Ukrainians before the governments of their coun-
tries and coordinat~the activities of its representa-
tive councils in the various cities of those countries. All
of these organizations in the Free World are represent-
ed by the World Congress of Free Ukrainians
ISKVLJ..Svitovvi Konqres Vi/'nykh Ukravintsiv ).
Apart from the above civic organizations, there are
 - 107 -
also. many political parties, organizations, leagues,
associations, and societies which endorse various tra-
ditional, or even singular, approaches to the liberational
struggles and ultimate aspirations of the Ukrainian
. nation. Many of them differ even in the type of political
or governmental system they would prefer to see in a
future, independent Ukraine. All of them, however,
share the same determination regarding Ukraine's future
state - that it must be a free, sovereign, and indepen-
dent country, answerable to no government except its
own. The two largest and most influential Ukrainian
political organizations, which, while bearing the same
name, differ mainly in their leadership and their approach
to the question of the struggle for Ukraine's liberation,
are: OUN, the Organization of Ukrainian National-
ists, formerly headed by Stepan Bandera, (who was
subsequently murdered in Munich by the Soviet agent,
Stashynsky), after whom the organization members
are called banderiv ts i; and OUN, the Organization of
Ukrainian Nationalists, whose former leader was
Andriy Mel'nyk, after whom its members have popular-
ly been named me/'nykiv tsi. There is, also, the Ukrain-
ian Revolutionary-Democratic Party, which for quite
some time has also been split into two groups having the
same name. Some other political organizations are: the
Ukrainian Socialist Party; the Ukrainian Peasant
Party; the Council of the Het'manate Movement,
composed of supporters of the most recent (1918) Het'-
manate government in Ukraine; the Organization For
the Rebirth of Ukraine; the Society for the Libera-
tion of Ukraine; the Ukrainian National State-
Sovereign Union; the Ukrainian Self-Reliance
League, in Canada; the Organization for the Defense
of the Four Freedoms of Ukraine; the Ukrainian
Democratic Movement; the Ukrainian Association of
Victims of Russian-Communist Terror (SUZERO);
 - 108 -
DOBRUS; and others.
From among Ukrainian scientific-educational
research institutions in the free world, the most note-
worthy are: the Shevchenko Scientific Society,
the Ukrainian Free Academy of Sciences, and the
(relatively) recently resurrected Ukrainian Mazeppan-
Mohyllian Academy.
There are two universities: the Ukrainian Free
University in Munich, whicn offers accredited
Master's and Ph.D. programs, and the Ukrainian
Catholic University. in Rome. There are, also, sep-
arate Institutes of Ukrainian Studies at Harvard
University, the University of Toronto, the Univer-
sity of Alberta, and - most recently - one in
Australia. All of these educational research institutions
exist by virtue of the generous funding and support
provided by Ukrainians throughout the free world.
In the financial arena, Ukrainians have founded
a number of insurance organizations, such as the
Ukrainian National Association, the Providence
Association (both of which issue daily newspapers -
Svoboda and America, respectively), the Ukrainian
Fraternal Association, which publishes the weekly
paper Narodna Vo/'ya; and the Ukrainian National
Aid, which issues a quarterly, Narodne Slovo. All these
are based in the U.S., but have branches in Canada
and other countries as well. Their total assets amount
to almost a billion dollars. Significant roles are also
played by such institutions as the "Mutual Aid" of
Canada, and the "Security" bank in the U.S. (total
assets of over one hundred million dollars). There are
also, at present, more than 40 Ukrainian Credit
Unions with more than three hundred million dollars in
total assets. Although all of these organizations are
primarily economic in nature, they also help finance
numerous culturo-educational and socio-political pro-
 109 -

grams tor Ukrainians throughout the tree world.

The United Ukrainian-American Relief Committee,
which gained renown following World War II by provid-
ing food, clothing, and emigration assistance to count-
less Ukrainian refugees who were stranded in Europe,
is also still active today.
Ukrainians are also grouped together in various
church and religious organizations of varying creeds
and denominations: the Ukrainian Orthodox Church,
the Ukrainian (Gree~) Catholic Church,'.he Ukrainian
Protestants, and various other Christian groups.
The Ukrainian Orthodox Churches in America, Canada,
Europe, Australia, and Latin America aren't under the
jurisdiction of any foreign church authority, but some
of them do maintain a canonical relationship with the
Greek Orthodox Church.
Almost 90'1o of the Ukrainian population in Soviet
Ukraine subscribes to the Orthodox religion, but
in the free world, the majority of Ukrainians are Cath-
olics (more exactly, "Greek Catholics," i.e., members
of the Greek Catholic Rite of the Roman Catholic
Church). This is so because the greatest Ukrainian
emigration before, during, and after World War II came
mostly out of Western Ukraine, which, in order to
resist Polish oppression in the XVI century, had accept-
ed the Pope's authority (and protection) at the Union
of Brest in 1596 (N .B., in return for accepting the
Roman Pope's authority, the Ukrainians were allowed
to retain and preserve, according to the terms of the
Union, the Ukrainian language in church services, their
original customs and rites, and a married priesthood,
which had always been permitted by the Ukrainian
Orthodox Church).
Among Ukrainian Protestants, the two largest
groups are the Baptists and.the Evangelicals-Reform-
ists, who also have their own press.
 - 110
But not all Ukrainian immigrants in the West
are Christians. Some are followers of the reformed
faith of their ancient Ukrainian predecessors, whose
principal God was Dazhboh (God the Bestower),
and who call themselves Ridnoviry [Native Believers
(i.e., in Ukrainian)] or Runvisty.
Regardless of the form or content of all these
religions, in the nationalistic arena they all stand
firmlv on liberational and sovereian-state orincioles
with respect to Ukraine's future. These same principles
are also espoused by those Ukrainians who don't
belong to any religous groups whatever, being avowed
atheists.
Some of the previously mentioned foundations and
organizations were established originally in Ukraine
itself and have only been re-instituted in the free world
by the Ukrainian emigration; others have been founded
as entirely nevJ entities outside of Ukraine. One im-
portant governing body which still exists in the free
world, but which was initially estabished in Ukraine
during the 1917 Revolution and, following Moscow's
invasion of the Ukrainian National Republic, transfer-
red beyond the borders of Ukraine, is the Government-
in-Exile of the Ukrainian National Republic,
composed of a president, a premier, and the member-
ministers of its cabinet. This government has never
capitulated before the Muscovite occupiers of Ukraine,
and is therefore still considered to be the sole legi-
timate and representative government of Ukraine.
Among the most active Ukrainian youth organiza-
tions in the free world are the Ukrainian Scout•
Organization (PLAST); the Society of Ukrainian
Youth (SUM); the Organization of Democratic Uk-
rainian Youth (ODUM); the Young Ukrainian Nation-
alists (MUN); and various student organizations and
associations such as TUSM, SUSTA, and others.
 - 111 -
In many countries of the free world there are also
centralized women's organizations which belong to the
Ukrainian Women's World Federation, which also
takes part in the activities of various international
women's organizations. Almost every Ukrainian com-
munity in the diaspora has its own elementary schools.
In addition to the above, there are also very
many professional societies and organizations of
Ukrainian writers, journalists, physicians, engin·
eers, librarians, university professors, historians,
artists, athletes, etc.
Countries with Ukrainian settlements typically have
from one to several weekly Ukrainian newspapers,
and in the United States there are two daily papers.
There are also a number of monthy Ukrainian mag-
azines of international scope published in the free
world,as well as a very large number of non-periodical
publications and reviews. The entire Ukrainian press
in today's free world, regardless of its great politically-
programmatic, religious, and party-affiliated diversity,
also stands monolithically on the principles of state
sovereignty and unconditional independence for
Ukraine. The few exceptions to this are mostly in-
consequential tabloids issued by Communists of
Ukrainian extraction who have never lived under a
Communist government themselves, and whose
publishing activities in the free world are subsidized
covertly by Moscow.
36. Are there any outstanding Ukrainian
athletes in Canada or the United States?
Perhaps in no other endeavor have Ukrainians
in North America made such a pronounced impact as
in the area of sports.
The names of such men as Bronko Nagurski,
Chuck Bednarik, Mike Mazurki, Terry Sawchuk,
 - 112 -
Bill Mosienko, Johnny Busyk, Vic Stasiuk, Mike
Bossy, Wayne Gretzky, Steve Halaiko, Bohdan
Neswiacheny, and Steve Melnyk, just to mention
a few, have become part of America's sports history.
Their achievements are to be found in sports encyclo-
pedias and reference books, and their names are
known to the millions who follow sports.
These men, endowed with brains, athletic ability,
and a fiercely competitive spirit that is characteristic
of the Ukrainian people were raised, by and large, in
impoverished surroundings by determined Ukrainian
immigrant families who had to overcome many major
obstacles during the early years of Ukrainian settlement
in the United States.
In WRESTLING, Frank Gotch became the first
Ukrainian to win a world championship (1912). Other
prominent figures on the wrestling scene were Mike
Mazurki, Bill Panzen, George Zarynoff (Yuriy Zaryniv),
Alexander Harkavenko, and many others, including
the legendary Bronko Nagurski, two-time All-American
fullback on the University of Minnesota football team,
an all-time great with the Chicago Bears, and an
Immortal, enshrined in America's Football Hall of
Fame.
In BOXING, The 1920's and30'ssawsuch Ukrainian
greats as Steve Halaiko, who, representing the U.S.
at the Amsterdam Olympics, won a Silver Medal;
Johnny Jadick, who, in 1931-1932, held both the
Junior Lightweight and Junior Welterweight titles at
the same time; light-heavyweight Bill Ketchell (Vasyl'
Kl'uchka); Lightweight contender Joe Scheppe
(Pol'ans'kyi); Big Ben Moroz; Steve Hamas; Mike
Baron; Tony Balash; John Myhas'uk; and others
who fought in many rings around the country. In the
latter 1970's, Chuck Wepner, of Ukrainian descent
 - 113 -

on his mother's side, rose high in the heavyweight

rankings only to lose to Mohammed Ali and then
virtually disappear from the boxing scene. In more
recent years, Bobby Czyz of New Jersey has become
a fine middleweight contender. In Canada, the Ukrainian
Chuvalo has. also made an impact on the world
boxing scene.
In FOOTBALL, in addition to Nagurski, more than
three dozen Ukrainians were prominent on the national
scene, first as players for major universities and later
in the pro ranks; upon retirement.they became coaches.
In SWIMMING, two Ukrainians contributed to
the success of America's Olympic swimming teams. In
the 1928 Olympics in Amsterdam, Dr. George Kojac
won two gold medals by setting an Olympic record in
the 100 meter backstroke and by being a member of
the winning 4x200 meter free-style relay team.
Peter Fick, another top swimmer, set an Olympic
record of 57. 7 seconds in the 100 meter free-style
competition at the Berlin Olympics in 1936.
In BASEBALi_, the following players were advanced
to pro status: Mike "Gazook" Gazella, who was a
utility infielder with the New York Yankees; Mike
Tresh, an outstanding catcher with the Chicago
White Sox, whose son Tom Tresh had an outstanding
career with the New York Yankees in the 1960's;
Peter Elko, who played · for the Chicago Cubs;
Bill Yarewick, a catcher with the New York Giants;
and Bill Urbansky of the Boston Nationals, not to
mention many, many others who played in the minor
leagues and with semi-pro clubs throughout the country.
In SOCCER, the Tryzub Ukrainian Sports Center
in Philadelphia, whose soccer team won the U.S.
National Soccer Championships in 1960, 1961, 1963,
and 1966, was prominent on the national scene in the
 - 114 -
1950's, 60's, and 70's. The soccer boom of the 1950's
and 60's produced many outstanding Ukrainian soccer
players who represented the United States in Olympic
and World Cup competitions. Leading the field was
Zenon Snylyk, two-time All-American for the Univ-
ersity of Rochester and holds the national record for
having been selected three consecutive times to the
U.S. Olympic soccer team (1950, 1960, and 1964).
Snylyk was also a three-time member of the U.S.
World Cup soccer squad and currently leads Ukrainian
soccer players with over 50 goals for the U.S. Also
representing the U.S. in international competitions
were goalie George Kulishenko; winger Jimmy
Stachrowsky; fullback Myron Krasij; fullback
Myron Worobec; center-halfback Nick Krat;
goalie Orest Banach; fullback George Chapla;
and forward Walter Chyzowych, who later served
as the U.S. national soccer coach.
In BODYBUILDING, the 1984 International
Federation of Body Building (IFBB) World Champion-
ship was recently won by John Hnatyschak.
In HOCKEY, the professional leagues have
never lacked for aggressive Ukrainian-Canadian
players such as Danny Lewicki, of the New York
Rangers; Terry Sawchuk, originally with the Detroit
Red Wings; and Bill Mosienko, of the Chicago Black
Hawks. Pro-hockey has been inundated by such Ukrain-
ian-Canadians as Walter Tkaczuk, Tom Lysiak,
Wayne Gretzky, Mike Bossy, Orest Kindrachuk,
Wayne Babych, Dennis Maruk, M[)rris Lukowich,
Bernie Federko, Dennis Polonich, Bernie Zacharko,
Larry Romanchych, Terry Busniuk, Mike Liut,
Ron Garwasiuk, Mike Krushelnyski, along with
some sixty others, filling the shoes of such all-time
greats as the famed Ukrainian line of Bronco Hor-
vath - Vic Stasiuk - Johnny Bucyk that over-
 - 115 -

powered league competition in the 1950's.

The final hockey statistics of February 20, 1984
reveal 25 Ukrainian players in the National Hockey
League; 6 held either "1st" or "2nd" place rankings on
their respective teams: Wayne Gretzky (Edmonton),
Mike Bossy (New York), Bernie Federko (St.
Louis),John Chrodnyk (Detroit), Dale Ha\lerchuk
(Winnipeg), and Da\le Andreychuk (Buffalo).
37. To what extent does Ukrainian youth,
both in Ukraine ancl in the Free World,
aspire to the idea of future Ukrainian
independence?
Regarding Ukrainian youth in the West, tens of
thousands of avid members of the youth organizations
SUM, ODUM, PLAST, and various student organiza-
tions, not only at their annual congresses and conven-
tions, but in their everyday lives as well, openly
demonstrate and profess their convictions and yearn-
ings, doing everything in their power to convince the
leaders of the West of the necessity for the realization
of a Free and Independent Ukraine. Most of these
young people have never been to Ukraine, but have
learned well the non-Russified, true history of the Uk-
rainian nation and, whether Americans, Canadians,
Brazilians, or Europeans, remain faithful to the ideals
and aspirations of their parents, grandparents, and
forefathers.
Concerning Ukrainian youth in Ukraine itself,
it's difficult to state in numbers or percentages how
many of them have retained the national self-awareness
of their preceding generations. Visitors to Ukraine,
who, legally or illegally, have made contact with the
Ukrainian young people, state unequivocally that
Ukrainian youth abhors and despises the current
regime and constantly seeks ways to alter the status
 - 116 -
quo. In its activities, it often - sometimes only halt-
intentionally - strikes on the one clear solution to its
problems - the unavoidable necessity for a free Uk-
raine.
All the same, however, both the youth outside of
Ukraine and those living in Ukraine are far from
contemplating war - let alone a nuclear one - as
the sole means of winning back Ukraine's independence,
a charge perpetually and falsely levelled by Moscow
against all Ukrainian Liberationists in the free world.
Not war, but a reuolution for not only Ukraine's in-
dependence, but for all the other enslaved nations
of the USSR - in short, the total dissolution of the
Soviet Empire - this, and this alone, is the goal and
desire of all young Ukrainian (and non-Ukrainian) free-
dom fighters in the world today.
In addition to the above, large segments of less
idealistic and more pragmatic youth, in Soviet Ukraine
and the other Soviet Republics, keeps seeking ways
ever more actively of breaking out into the free world
- this was, of course, one of the major reasons for
Moscow's refusal to let Soviet athletes participate in
the Los Angeles Olympics in 1984.
 - 117 -

VIII.
THE FREE WORLD
THROUGH THE EYES OF UKRAINIANS
38. What are the greatest mistakes - past
and present - of the Free World with
respect to Ukraine and Ukrainians?
The greatest and most fundamental error, from
which all others follow, is the indiecriminate confueion
of Ukrainian• with RuHians, and of RuHia with
Ukraine. This error is rerpetually committed, not
only· by the ordinary, average citizen of the West, but
by the most prominent politicians of the past and
present. By ignoring completely the historical origins
of the Ukrainian nation and the glorious past eras of
Ukraine's sovereign existence; by disregarding the
irrefutable sovereignty of the Ukrainians and their
legitimate, historical right to their own country; by
refusing to legitimize the periods of renewed Ukrainian
Independence in recent decades (which they themselves
acknowledged at the time); and, most of all, by covering
up their eyes at the imperialistic policies of Moscow
toward Ukraine and other Captive Nations, these
Western politicians have helped Moscow immeasurably
in suppressing the vast national diversity and brutal
day-to-day tyranny of the USSR. Such "invincible"
ignorance first helped to suppress the inalienable
rights, proclaimed by President Wilson after World
War I, of all nations to self-determination in the 1920's
and 30's, and it is still helping to suppress them even
today, 40 years after World War II.
The official diplomatic recognition of the USSR
in 1933, at the very time that over 7,000,000 Ukrainians
were dying horribly from the Kremlin's genocidally-
motivated Famine-Holocaust, will remain forever as
 - 118 -

the blackest page in American history. And to the

most cardinal errors committed by the Entente Alliance,
even back during the revolutionary period (ca. 1917),
belongs the fact that they gave •upport and aHi•t-
ance not to the Ukrainian Independence Move-
ment, but to the Mu•covite u•urpeH of Ukraine'•
freedom.
During World War II, both America and Great Brit-
ain committed a whole series of unforgivable errors; they
ignored General Patton, who, upon smashing Hitler's
Germany, wanted to continue his drive to the East and
liberate the captive nations of the USSR (N.B., such
an advance on Moscow would have been supported
by the entire population of the USSR; Ukraine would
be a free country today, allied with America and the
world wouldn't be facing the threat of nuclear war);
they forcibly repatriated great numbeH of Ukrain-
ian• who had wound up in Germany during the war,
back to the USSR, where most were subjected immed-
iately to the most horrible persecution, torture, and
death; and they •upported Pre.ident Roo•evelt
when he handed over the whole ea•tern half of
Europe to the totalitarian clutche• of Stalin'•
RuHia at the Yalta summit conference - an insane
and heartless act which will keep wreaking its vengeance
on the West for as long as the USSR remains in
existence.
After World War II, the acceptance of the Ukrainian
Soviet Republic (and the Byelorussian) into the United
Nations, where the future course of the world was
supposed to be defined, while knowing full well that
neither Ukraine nor Byelorussia were in the least bit
independent of Moscow, must be classed as one of
the more serious post-war hallucinations of the Western
democracies. This recognition of two of Russia's
 - 119 -

colonies as independent states in the U.N., while in

all other respects treating them as faceless, integral
parts of the USSR, is not only a cardinal error, but
an irrefutable proof of the pitiful weak-mindedness,
if not outright duplicity, of recent Western diplomacy.
If one wanted to recount some of the errors
committed, not by the Western world's governments,
but by its free intellectuals - in particular, lecturers
and professors who teach political science in many
schools and universities - then the ignorant and
one-sided treatment of Ukraine and Ukrainians as
"Russia" and "Russians" by such pedagogues must
be classed as one of the most serious. Such false
teachings affect the youth of the given country extremely
negatively, not only as far as Ukraine and Ukrainian
aspirations are concerned, but even with respect to
their own homelands, which, through the mindless
discourses of such "intellectuals," are being made to
serve the interests of imperialistic Moscow.
One of the latest and most serious errors of the
U.S. legislative and judicial systems is their legitimization
of false documents and testimony prepared by the
KGB for the harassment and persecution of American
citizens of Ukrainian descent by accusing them of
"voluntarily" participating in the physical destruction
of civilians during World War II over 40 years ago.
This recent, unbelievable exploitation of the U.S. system
of justice by the KGB has been used in more than one
case to deprive innocent Ukrainian-Americans of their
citizenship, while the whole world, fully aware of the
total falseness, duplicity, unreliability, and utter lack
of validity of KGB-supplied evidence, stands by and
cynically says nothing ....
 - 120 -

39. How do Ukrainians rate the West's English-

language press in the area of Ukrainian-
related topics and problematics?

Among the countless newspapers and journals

published in the West, there are only a few that ever
discuss, or touch upon, Ukrainian topic or problematics.
This is particularly true of the so-called "major presses,"
which have huge circulations. If one or two of them
ever do occasionally venture into this problem area,
their specific treatments invariably reflect a strong
Russophile "tendency."
If even a world-traveled and renowned senior
journalist of the American press can say on TV or
in the press that he has just returned from "Kiev,
Russia," then what can be expected of his less cos-
mopolitan brethren of the news media? It's very hard
to explain such blunders away by blaming them on
"habit," "ignorance," or "sake of consistency," for it's
usually the case that when the news is neutral or
positive, Kyiv's inhabitants become "Russians" and
Kyiv becomes "Russian," but when the news is unsavory
or anti-Ukrainian, the reporter's "habit" and "consis-
tency" seem to miraculously vanish, and he stresses
that Kyiv is Ukrainian and that the news is about
Ukrainians .... Is this ignorance, random coincidence,
or deliberate tendentiousness on the part of the re-
sponsible media?
Such instances, in the case of American journalism,
are so numerous that they could fill hundreds, or even
thousands of pages in a large-sized volume.
The readers of the major presses, for example,
were kept very well informed about the tribulations
of such Russian dissidents as Solzhenitsyn or Sakharov
(who has never once demanded freedom for the captive
 - 121 -

nations of the USSR). But, how many readers of the

same presses are informed about the tortures and
murders of Ukrainian dissidents-intellectuals, who
were being persecuted, and still are, at the same time
as the Russians? Among these "unmentioned" Ukrain-
ians are many of high merit: writers, artists, scientists,
some even nominees for the Nobel Prize, and many
more that would be gladly welcomed as researchers
or professors by many Western universities. Little
do the readers of these "major presses" know of
the unbelievable, decades-long suffering of Ukrainian
martvrs; for examole. the son of the former General
of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army who was incarcerated
by the Kremlin when he was only 13, and kept
prison tor most of his life. His crime? Refusing to
publicly renounce his father, who had died trying to
liberate Ukraine from the Muscovite oppressors in 1950.
About these, and countless other Ukrainian heroes
and martyrs, the "major presses" either remain silent
or relegate a paltry one or two sentences about the
more prominent ones to the back pdges of their pub-
lications (N.B., In view of the ever changing circum-
stances in the life of each political prisoner in the USSR,
and to help maintain the contents of this Guidebook
current for as long as possible, the names and circum-
stances of individual political prisoners are not given
here. However, the interested reader may find all such
information in any number of current Ukrainian
periodicals, which are published in either Ukrainian
or English).
In brief, then, the American pre•• specifically,
and the Western pre•• generally, are percei\led
by Ukrainian• as being one-aided and unfair. Even
in instances when it is anti-Communist, it usually
expresses Russophile attitudes concerning Ukraine,
and is extremely prejudiced and non-objective.
 - 122 -
There are, of course, a few exceptions, but, in
general, those publications that approach Ukrainian
news and problematics from a historically objective
point of view are. typically issued in quantities much
too miniscule to exert any appreciable influence on
any large segment of the reading public.
To illustrate this point, we can take the case of
the Captive Nations Week. T:1is week, due to the
active and successful lobbying of the Ukrainian Con-
gress Committee of America (N.B., its former president,
ProfeHor Lev Dobrian•ky, was recently appointed
U.S. ambassador to the Bahamas by the President
of the United States), the recognition of this week
was set aside and written into law a long time ago and
every year - the third week in July -there are massive
demonstrations, conventions, and panels with dis-
tinguished American speakers. held in Washington,
D.C. Many thousands of American citizens, whose
countries of origin are now enslaved by Moscow -
including a majority of Ukrainian-Americans - take
part in these activities every year. However, the U.S.
"major presses" usually give this significant event
only a miniscule amount of coverage. As another
example, January 22 of each year is celebrat-
ed in many American, Canadian, and other cities
throughout the world as Ukrainian Independence
Day (N.B., on that day, in 1918, Ukrainian independence
was proclaimed in Kyiv). In ceremonies presided over
by the mayors of these cities, Ukrainian flags are
flown over the city halls and solemn proclamations
are read and recorded. In Canada and America, there
are often large accompanying manifestations and
gatherings of Canadians and Americans of Ukrainian
descent. Yet, here again, the press responds to these
events either with total silence or with a few, barely
discornible sentences.
 - 123 -

With this kind of "journalism," the "major

presses.. constantly underscore their contempt and
disregard for all the liberational activities of the non-
Russian nations of the USSR, openly contravening
the long-standing American tradition of sympathizing
with the oppressed against the oppressor.

40. What should the citizens o/ the Free World

do to help the Ukrainian cause, and why?

Yes, they should help ... and, for their own sake,
must! For no free nation, in the world today, desires
a third World War, which, given the present nuclear
technology, could lead to the end of human civilization,
as we know it, on our planet. Futhermore, no free
nation wants to live in the perpetual atmosphere of
fear that the presence of vast nuclear arsenals around
the world inspires. Moscow, while keeping the entire
Earth hostage with its nuclear gun, continues to subvert
and conquer country after country throughout the
world; other countries are dragged down through
terrorism or propaganda into its sphere of influence.
The ultimate goal of Moscow has never changed,
and will never change,either now or in the future - the
utter conquest and domination of the world, under the
euphemistic banner of "Communism," which in reality
betokens the totalitarian hegemony of Moscow. There
is, therefore, no other way to the final elimination of
the threat of nuclear war, or the inevitable loss of free-
dom for other countries and peoples, than the complete
dissolution of Earth's last Empire, the USSR. The only
way to do this, without global war, is to uncompro-
misingly liberate all the individual enslaved nations of
the USSR from Moscow's tyrrany, leaving Russia
contained within its own historical - and ethnographic-
ally Muscovite - borders.
 - 124 -
And since Ukraine is the largest and most multitu-
dinous of the countries enslaved by Russia - within
the USSR's orbit - the liberation and independence
of Ukraine should be the first and foremost
political concern of all the citizens - from the average
man-in-the-street to the most prominent statesman in
government - of the Free World.
What, then, can You, theReaderof this Guidebook
do in a practical sense to contribute to these ends?
1. First, recognize and learn the true history
of Hus' -Ukraine, as well as the true, unembellished
history of Muscovy-Russia and the USSR.
2. Recognize the significance of Ukrainian
problematics for the whole world: WITHOUT A
FREE UKRAINE THERE WILL NEVER BE AN END
TO MOSCOW'S EXPANSIONISM.
3. Spread your acquired knowledge about
Ukraine and Ukrainians among your friends and
fellow citizens, even if by the circulation or recom-
mendation of this Guidebook.
4. Demand, at every possible opportunity, from
your representatives and parliamentary leaders,
that they uphold, by legal means and procedures,
the just and all-important demands and protests of
Ukrainian Liberationists on behalf of Ukraine and
its people - especially in international councils
and fora - against the duplicious chicaneries and
covetous policies of Moscow.
5. Maintain close ties with the Ukrainian or-
ganizations of your given country.
This Guidebook has been written for all English-
speaking people, but mostly for the youth of English-
speaking countries, especially the students, who could
do much, if they wanted to, for the causes of Ukrainian
 - 125 -
Independence and the consequent elimination of nuclear
hostilities throughout the world. One way to begin would
be to enroll, at every possible opportunity, in Ukrainian
Studies courses at those universities where such
programs exist, and where they don't exist, to demand
unequivocally, that they be instituted, even if to maintain
that even-handedness and objectivity that most uni ·
versities proclaim as their academic policy.Along with
this; demand the immediate revision and correction of
all textbooks and reference volumes that have been
prepared on the basis of tendentious Russophile
positions, and not on historically or scientifically
accurate facts about Ukraine and Ukrainians.
And, most of all, never mix "Rus"' with "Russia"
or "Ukrainian" with "Russian," or allow anyone else
to twist or distort historical facts wherever Ukraine
is concerned. For it is solely on the youth of a given
nation that its future depends, and, thereby,the future
of the whole world, and an independent and sovereign
Ukraine is certain to play an important and irreplace-
able 10le in that future.
And for those of you young Ukrainians in English-
speakmg countries who are by now more tluent in
English than Ukrainian, may this Guidebook of con-
densed and cursory, yet, nonetheless, historically
objective facts serve as a source of pride in your
ethnic heritage, and an inspiration for the constant
safeguarding and nurturing of your national identi-
ty before your foes and friends in this wide world;
and, at the appropriate time, may it inspire you to
join in the ultimate, final battle for the freedom
and independence of the country of your ancestors.
 - 126 -

RECOMMENDED SOURCES
The most complete Guide to Information Sources
on Ukraine and Ukrainians
UKRAINIANS IN CANADA AND THE
UNITED STA TES: A Guide to Information
Sources. Edited by Aleksander Sokolyszyn,
Senior Librarian, Brooklyn Public Library,
and Vladimir Wertsman, Senior Librarian,
Brooklyn.Public Library. (Volume 7 in the
Ethnic Studies Information Guide Series,
part of the Gale Information Guide Library.)
xv + 236 pages. Annotations. Author, Title,
and Subject Indexes. Published by Gale Re-
search Co., Detroit, 1981. CIP: L.C. No. 81-
6748. ISBN 0-8103-1494-0. $44.00.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part A. General Reference Works on Ukrainian
Topics.
Part B. Ukrainian Immigration, Settlement, and
Contributions in Canada and the United
States.
Part C. Ukrainian Culture and Heritage Preserva-
tion and Development in Canada and the
United States.
Part D. Ukrainian Organized Group Life, Educa-
tion, Social Interaction, and Politics in
Canada and the United States.
Part E. Bibliographic Addendum.
Part F.Guide to Ukrainian Organizations, Church-
es, Periodicals, Publishing Houses, and
Bookstores in Canada and the United
States.
For more information: Dr. OL. SOKOLYSZYN
Diana Apts. 205 Santurce Ave., Warm Mineral Springs, Fla.
33596 - USA
 - 127 -
ALSO:

ETHNIC INFORMATION SOURCES OF THE

UNITED STATES. 2. ed. Edited by Paul Wasserman
and Alice E. Kennington. Detroit, Gale Research Co.
c1983. 2 volumes. (1380 pp.)
Each item has a complete bibliographical descrip-
tion with short descriptions or annotations of the publi-
cation. It includes information about more than 90 eth-
nic groups of American populations. In vol. 2. is sec-
tion about Ukrainians; prepared by Dr. George N.
Krywolap, Archivist, Ukrainian Youth Association.
Articles about UKRAINIANS are on pages
1267-1281.

List of the most recent publl~atlons

on the Famine Holocaust of 1933 In Ukraine.

The Agony of a Nation by Stephen Oleskiw, the

Association of Ukrainians of Great Britain, 1983, 72 pp.
The Ninth Circle by Olexa Woropay, Harvard Univ-
ersity, The Ukrainian Studies Foundation, 1983, 44 pp.
50 Years Ago: The Famine Holocaust in
Vkraine, by Walter Dushnyk, World Congress of Free
Ukrainians, 1983, 56 pp.
The Great Famine in Vkraine: The unknown
Holocaust by the Ukrainian National Association,
1983, 88 pp.
The Other Holocaust by Bohdan Wytwycky, the
Novak Report on The New Ethnicity, 1982, 96 pp.
Execution by Hunger: The Hidden Holocaust by
Miron Dolot. W.W. Norton & Company, 1985. 232 p.
 - 128 -

EXCERPTS FROM DR. A. SOKOLYSHYN'S

UKRAINICA IN ENGLISH

Bibliography of Ukraine. University of Chicago. Human Rela-

tion Area Files, 1956. 20 p.
Ukraine: Selected References in English Language by
Roman Weres. Ukrainian Bibliographical and Reference Center,
Chicago, 1974. 312 p.
Ukrainians in North America: A Biographical Directory by
Dmytro Shtohryn. Association for the Advancement of Ukrainian
Studies, Champaign, lll, 1975. 424 p.
A History Of Ukraine by Michael Hrushevsky. Hamden, Con.
Archon Books, 1970. 629 p.
Ukraine, 1917-1921: A Study In Revolution by Taras Hun-
chak, ed. Harvard University Press, 1977. 424 p.
An Introduction to the Ukrainian History by Nicholas L.
Chirovsky. Philosophical Library, New York (in progress) v.1 -
1981, v.2 - 1984, v.3 -
Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopedia by Volodymyr Kubijovych,
ed. University of Toronto Press for The Ukrainian National As-
sociation, 1963-1971. 2 v.
Encyclopedia of Ukraine by Volodymyr Kubijovych, ed. Pub-
lished for the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, the Shev-
chenko Scientific Society (Sarcelles, France) and the Canadian
Foundation for Ukrainian Studies, 1984 - 2 v. (v.l:A-F; 1984.)
Early Sources of Russian Culture (XVII and XVlll Centuries) by
W. Burianyk, Trident Press, Winnipeg, 1969
Galicia: A Historical and Bibliographic Guide by Paul R.
Magocsi. University of Toronto Press, 1985.
The Shaping of A National Identity: Sub-Carpathian Rus',
1848-1948 by Paul R. Magocsi. Harvard University Press, 1978.
The Black Deeds Of The Kremlin: A White Book by Oleh
Pidhajny. Ukrainian Association of Victims of Russian Communist
Terror, Toronto, 1953-1955. 2 v.
Russian Oppression in Ukraine, Reports and Documents by
Ukrainian Publishers, London, 1963. 567 p.
UPA (Ukrainian Insurgent Army) Warfare in-Ukraine by
Jurij Tys·Krokhmaliuk. Society of Veterans of UPA, Toronto,
1972. 448 p.
Ukrainian Arts comp. by Olya Dmytriw. Ukrainian Youth League
of North America, New York, 1958. 212 p.
Traditional Ukrainian Cookery by Savella Stechishin. Ukrain-
ian Women's Association, Winnipeg, 1977. 497 p.
 -- 129 -

Selected Ukrainian Periodicals

in English
ABN Correspondence. Bimonthly. 800 Munich 80, Zeppelin Str.
67 /0 West Germany.
America. Weekly. English Edition of Ukrainian Catholic Daily.
817 N. Franklin St., Philadelphia, PA 19123, USA.
Annals of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences.
206 W. lOOth Street, New York, N.Y. 10025, USA
Australian Ukrainian Review. Quarterly. 3-11 Russel St. Es-
sendon, VIC, 3040 Australia.
FORUM: A Ukrainian Review. Quarterly. 440 Wyoming Ave.,
Scranton, PA 18501, USA
Harvard Ukrainian Studies. Quarterly. 1583 Massachusetts
Ave, Cambridge, Mass. 02138, USA
Ukrainian Newsletter. Bimonthly by the World Congress of the
Free Ukrainians, 2118 A Bloor St. W., Toronto, Ont. M6S LM8,
Canada.
Ukrainian Quarterly by The Ukrainian Congress Committee of
America, 203 Second Ave., New York, N.Y. 10003, USA.
Ukrainian Review. Quarterly. 49 Linden Garden, London, W2
4HG, Gr. Britain.
Ukrainian Weekly by the Ukrainian National Association, Jersey
City, N.J. 07302, USA.

Selected books on Ukrainian language

Modern Ukrainian by Assya Humessky, Canadian Institute of
Ukrainian Studies, Edmonton, 1980
Ukrainian for Beginners by Y. Slavutych, Slavuta, Edmonton,
1980.
Ukrainian Conversational and Grammatical, Levels 1 and 2,
also LANGUAGE CASSETTES based on Levels 1 and 2, by George
Duravetz, Ukrainian Teacher's Comm., Toronto, 1976.
Ukrainian for Undergraduates by Danylo Husar Struk, Can-
adian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, Toronto, 1978

UKRAINIAN-ENGLISH-UKRAINIAN DICTIONARIES
Ukrainian-English and English-Ukrainian Dictionary (Two
Vol.) by Mariya, Volodymyr and Alla Deiko, Australia, 1979.
English-Ukrainian Dictionary by M.L. Podvesko, N.Y. 1979
Ukrainian-English Dictionary by M.L. Podvesko, N.Y. 1979
 -130-
INDEX OF SELECTED NAMES AND SUBJECTS

Akhmatova, 85 Education, 67, 68

Alchevskyi, Ivan, 85 Emblem, 15, 16, 17
Ancestors, 15, 25, 26, 35, 48, Emigration, 100
52,53
Antes, 26, 35, 45, 52, 53 Famine-Holocaust, 71, 73, 74,
Anthem of Ukraine, 18 75, 76, 117
Archangelskyi, A.S., 30 Farming (see Collectivization)
Arkhypenko, Olexander, 83 Flag of Ukraine, 18
Artists, 83, 84 Franko, Ivan, 20
Athletes, 88, 111, 112, 113, Gogol, Nikolai (see Hohol, My-
114, 115 kola)
Babyn Yar (Babi Var), 64, 79 Gypsies, 60
Bandera, Stepan, 59, 97, 107 Halychyna Division, 97
Bandura, 97 Helsinki Accord, 81
Bashkirtseva, Mariya, 84 Hohol, Mykola, 85
Berezovvskyi, Maksym, 83 Hrushevsky, Michael, 55
Borovets, Bulba Taras, 97
Bortnianskyi, Dmytro, 83 Ihor, 42, 53
Independence, declaration of,
Captive Nations Week, 122 56, 96, 122
Carol of the Bells (Schedryk)
83 • Jews, 61, 62, 63, 64
Carpatho-Rus' (see Carpatho-
Ukraine) Kapytsia, Petro, 84
Carpatho-Ukraine, 57, 59 Khmelnytsky, Bohdan, 45, 46
47, 54 •
Catherine II, 99
Charles XII, 47, 54 Kiev (see Kyiv)
Chekhov, Anton, 85 Kievan Rus' (see Kyivan Rus')
Chess, 89, 90 Kistiakivskyi, Volodymyr, 84
Christianity, 33, 34, 48 Kluchevsky, 37
Churches, 109 Kolhosps, 73, 77
Churchill, Winston, 74 Korolenko, Volodymyr, 85
Cities (major) of Ukraine, 14 Kotliarevskyi, Ivan, 18, 19
Climate of Ukraine, 14 Kozaks, 45, 47, 50, 54
Collectivization, 73 Kozlovskyi, Ivan, 85
Constitution, 65, 66, 6,7, 68,69 Krushelnytska, Solimia, 84
Cossacks (see Kozaks) Khruschev, Nikita, 74
Cultural features, 39, 40, 41 Krymskyi, Ahatanhel, 84
Cyrillic, 48 Kybalchych, Mykola, 84
Czechoslovakia, 11, 5 7, 59 Kyiv, 14, 22, 30, 32, 33, 34
35, 105 •
Danylo, king, 44, 47, 53 Kyivan Rus', 22, 24, 33, 35,
Dobriansky, Lev, 122 38, 53, 85
Dissidents, 78, 79, 80, 81, 120
Doroshenko, Petro, 47 Language (Ukrainian), 29 30, 59
Lenin, Vladimir, 56, 72
Easter Eggs (see Pysanky) Leontovych, Mykola, 83
 -131 -
Location of Ukraine, 11 Shandruk, General, 97
Lypkivskyi, Vasyl, 68 Shevchenko, Taras, 19, 72
Lysenko, Trochym, 84 Shukhevych, Roman, 59, 97
Lytvynenko·Volhemut, Mariya, Sikorskyi, lhor, 84
85 Skolozdra, Volodymyr, 84
Lviv, 14 Skoropadskyi, Pavlo, 55
Marriage customs, 39, 40 Skovoroda, Hryhoriy, 83
Maleppa, Ivan, 46, 47, 54 Slipyi, Yosyf, 69
Mein Kampf, 91, 92 Slovak, 57
Melnyk, Andrij, 97 Slovenes, 26
Mentchinskyi, Modest, 84 Smotrytskyi, Meletiy, 30
Minorities in Ukraine, 60 Solidarity, 81
Movie (stars and producers), 87 Stalin, Joseph, 74
Mstyslavych, Roman, 44 Stetsko, Yaroslav, 59
Musicians, 83, 84, 85 Sumerians, 48
Myshuha, Olexander, 84 Sviatoslav, 42, 43, 53
Oleh, 53 Taras Bulba. 85
Olha, 42 Tchaikovskyi, Petro, 83
Olympic records, 88 Tolstoy, Lev, 37
Organizations: Civic, 106; Trident, 15, 16, 17
Political, 107, 110: Trypillian, 15, 25, 35, 36, 48
Educational, 108; Fraternal, "Ukraine", etymology of, 27
108, 109, Youth, 110, 115; Ukrainka, Lesia, 21
Women, 110 United Nations, 103, 105, 119
Patton, General, 118 Universities, 108
Paustovskyi, 85
Peter I, 99 Valuyev, Ukaz of, 71
Petlura, Symon, 55 Vanadians, 26
Population of Ukraine, 12 Vedel, Artym, 83
Prisoners, 81, 82, 93, 94, 96,121 Vladimir the Great (see Volo·
Puluy, Ivan, 84 dymyr the Great)
Pysanky, 39, 97 Volodymyr the Great, 15, 33,
42, 44
Religion, 68, 69 Voloshyn, Augustyn Fr., 57, 59
Resistance movement, 77 Vyhovskyi, Ivan, 45
Resources, 13 Vynychenko, Volodymyr, 55
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 95
Roosevelt, Franklin, 74 Wooley, Leonard, 25
Rulers of Ukraine, 42, 43, 44, World War II, 92, 94, 95
45, 46, 47, 53, 54 Writers, 18, 19, 20, 21, 84,
Rus', 22, 24, 27, 35, 37, 53, 85
54, 125 Writings, religious, 48, 49
Russia, 22, 24
Ruthenia (see Carpatho· Ukraine Yalta conference, 118
Sahaidachnyi, Petro, 45 Yaroslav the Wise, 42, 43, 44,
47, 53
Scherbakivskyi, 35
Scientists, 84 Yezhovshchyna, 75
Scythians, 15, 26 Zoshchenko, Michael, 85
 -132-

Marla & Dmytro Huley

The appearance of this second edition of the
GUIDEBOOK was made possible largely through the
generosity of a patriotic couple from Canada - Mr.
and Mrs. Dmytro and Maria Huley, whose donation in
support of this publication exceeded those of all the
other contributors taken together. Their outstanding
philanthropic gesture merits the sincere praise and
gratitude of the publisher and all the readers of this
book.

Sincere thanks are also extended to all the other

contributors to the publishing fund for this second
edition of the GUIDEBOOK, of whom the most gener·
ous were: lwan and Pasha Chalawa, M. Poricky, T.
Kunciak, S. Levchenko, M. Chmil, M. Husar, Dr. H.
Piniuta, and G. Repa; as well as to those who sent in
the largest advance orders for this edition, namely: W.
Lahoshniak, M. Dowhenko, W. Fedortjuk, H. Samij-
lenko, W. Renner, A. Kanarejsky, A. Lesiw, S.V.
Bereza, Dr. R. Prokop, and Paulina Riznyk. No
lesser thanks are offered to all those other contributors
who, with their greater or lesser donations, according
to their means, made the realization of this project
possible, and whose names have already been cited in
the journal "Ukrapress."
 -133 -

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38 B-BOM

<Dt984 <01985
DR. IWAN OWECHKO
P.O. 80.1 Bff
GREELEY. COLORADO 80632
U.S.A.
The above and following pages are in Ukrainian -the Title and Table of Contents
 -134-

3M/CT
I. YKPAYHA A YKPAYHU,I - lArAJILHI
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I. B KKiH qacTHHi Pocii po3noJJo)l(eHa YKpaiua?

2. .RKy nnomy JanMac YKpaiua Ta cKiJJbKH Mac
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14. Konn J'KBHJiacK nHCbMCHHiCTb e YKpaiui?
 -- 135 -

IY. YKPAYHA KOJIHCb I TEnEP -BIJILHA

I noHEBOJIEHA
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 -136-
YI. YKPAYHA A ,ll.PYrA CBITOBA BIAHA

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