Western Dominance towards Post-Modernism History of Architecture 2 1

History of Architecture constructed. In the beginning, Christians worshipped along with

The history of architecture is a record of man’s effort to build Jews in synagogues and in private houses.
aesthetically. It traces back the origin, growth, and decline of
architectural styles or periods which have prevailed lands and ages. After the separation of Jews and Christians, the latter continued to
worship in people’s houses, known as houses churches.
Historic Styles of Architecture
These are the particular methos, the characteristics, manner of
design which prevail at a certain place and time.

Some of the KEY HISTORIC Architectural Styles:

● Ancient Egyptian Architecture
● Ancient Greek Architecture
● Ancient Roman Architecture Characteristics Of The Early Christian Church Building
1. HOUSE CHURCH - where a group of Christians who regularly
● Gothic Architecture
gather for worship in private homes.
● Renaissance Architecture
2. ATRIUM - is a large open air or skylight covered space surrounded
● Baroque Architecture
by a building.
● Rococo Architecture
3. BASILICA - large public buildings with multiple functions in
● Neoclassical Architecture
Ancient Roman Architecture
● Victorian Architecture
4. BEMA - is an elevated platform used as an orator's podium in
● Art Noeveau
ancient Athens. In Jewish synagogues, it is also known as a bimah
● Modernism Architecture
and is for Torah reading during services.
● Posemodern Architecture
5. MAUSOLEUM - centrally-planned building, external free-standing
building constructed as a monument enclosing the interment space
Influences of the Development of Architecture
or burial chamber of deceased person or people. A monument
The factors affecting the particular design of a structure starting
without the interment is a cenotaph.
from planning to walling, columns, openings, roofing, mouldings, and
6. CRUCIFORM GROUND PLAN - Latin or Greek cross- means
ornaments such as:
having the shape of a cross or Christian cross.
A. Geographical - the location of a particular country. It
describes whether it is near the sea, an island, or others.
House Church to Church
B. Geological - the materials found in the locality, the
From the first to the early fourth centuries, most CHristian
character and the composition of the land and the contour
communities worshipped in private homes, often secretly.
of the ground.
The Basilica of San Clemente in
C. Climatic - the prevailing weather in the country.
Rome, is built directly ove the
D. Religious - the emotional temparament and the spiritual
houses where early Christians
tendencies of the people in a particular country.
worshipped.
E. Social Political - the lifestyle or way of living of people in
the country and their form of government.
Early Roman churches are built on
F. Historical - the background of people as a whole.
the sites of Christian martyrdom
or at the entrance to catacombs
where Christians were buried

Catacombs are human-made subterranean passageways for

religious practice. Any chamber used as a burial place is a catacomb,
although the word is commonly associated with the Roman Empire.

CHAPTER 1: Church Architecture BASILICA

The term “basilica” originally
referred to a public building in
Church architecture refers to the architecture of buildings of
ancient Rome used for various
Christian churches. It has evolved over the two thousand years of the
purposes, including legal
Christian religion, partly by imitating other architectural styles as
proceedings and public gatherings.
well as responding to changing beliefs, practices, and local traditions.
Early Christians adopted this
From the birth of Christianity to the present, the most significant
architectural form for their places
objects of transformation fro Christian architecture and design were
of worship.
the great churches of Byzantium, the Romanesque abbey churches,
Gothic cathedrals, and Renaissance basilicas with its emphasis on
Architecturally, a basilica is a type of large, rectangular building with
harmony.
a central nave, side aisles, and often a semi-circular apse at one end.

In the first three centuries of the Early Livia Christian Church, the
practice of Christianity was illegal and few churches were

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Christian Significance: Major Basilicas

In Christianity, basilicas hold special ceremonial importance. There - St. Peter’s Basilica - Renaissance Period
are two main types of basilicas: major basilicas and minor basilicas. - St. John Lateran - Romanesque Architecture
1. Major Basilica - St. Mary Major - Renaissance, Baroque, Romanesque
These are located in Rome and are directly linked to historical Architetcure
Christian sites. - St. Paul Outside the Walls - Neoclassical Architecture
2. Minor Basilica
These are churches outside of Rome that have been granted special The floor plan of a basilica typically consists of several parts that
recognition by the Pope due to their historical, architectural, or contribute to its overall design and layout. Here are the key
religious significance. components of a typical basilica floorplan.

MAJOR BASILICA
Many major basilicas in Christianity are indeed built over the burial
places of saints or significant religious figures. The construction of
major basilicas over the burial sites of siants reflects their historical
and spiritual importance.
St. Peter’s Basilica (Basilica di San Pietro) - Vatican CIty
Built over the burial place of Saint Peter, one of the twelve apostles
of Jesus and the first Pope. *12 architects

1. Nave - the central and main area of the basilica.

2. Aisles - are narrower passages that run parallel to the nave
St. John Lateran (Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano) - Rome on either side.
It is dedicated to both John the Baptist and John the Evangelist. 3. Arcade - is a series of arches supported by columns or piers
that separate the nave from the aisles.
4. Transept - is a cross-shapes section that intersects the
nave at a right angle.
5. Crossing - the intersection of the nave and the transept.
6. Apse - is a semicircular or polygonal recess at the end of the
nave, opposite the entrance.
7. Chancel - is the area within the apse where the altar is
St. Mary Major (Basilica si Santa Maria Maggiore) - Rome located.
It houses remarkable artwork and relics, including a relic believed to 8. Ambulatory - in some basilicas, especially those with
be a piece of the crib from the Nativity of Jesus. radiating chapels, an ambulatory is a passageway that
encircles the apse.
9. Chapels - are smaller spaces or rooms along the aisles or
ambulatory that are dedicated to specific saints, events, or
devotional purposes.
10. Clerestory - is the uppermost level of the nave, usually
featuring a row of large windows that allow natural light to
enter the basilica.
St. Paul Outside the Walls (Basilica di San Paolo Fuori le Mura) - Rome 11. Triforium - is a narrow gallery located above the nave
The basilica is traditionally believed to be built over the burial place arcade and below the clerestory. It often features
of Saint Paul the Apostle. decorative arches or openings.
12. Narthex - is an entrance hall or porch at the western end of
the basilica, often serving as a transitional space between
the outside and the interior.

Most of the major basilicas are located in Rome because the city
holds a central place in Christian hostory, with associations to
apostles like Peter and Paul. Rome’s role as the seat of the papacy, its
ancient pilgrimage routes, and its significance as a spiritual and
cultural hub have contributed to the establishment of major basilicas
there.
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DIVERGENCE OF EASTERN AND WESTERN CHURCH

Eastern Orthodoxy And Byzantine Architecture

- Eastern Christianity and Western Christianity began to diverge
from each other from an early date.
- Basilica was the most common form in the west
- compact centralized style became predominant in the east.
These churches were in origin martyria, constructed as
mausoleums housing the tombs of the saints who had died
during the persecutions which only fully ended with the
conversion of Emperor Constantine.

- Deeply influenced by Byzantine heritage, boasting a unique

aesthetic characteristics;
- CENTRALIZED PLANS - symbolizes unity, harmony of heaven
and earth
- PROMINENT DOMES - evoke the celestial realm

Byzantine architecture’s hallmark is

the mesmerizing mosaic art,
depicting religious figures and
narratives to convey spiritual
teachings to both literate and
illiterate congregants.

Medieval West and Gothic Architecture

- Participation in worship,
which gave rise to the porch
church, began to decline as
the church became
increasingly clericalized;
with the rise of the
monasteries church
buildings changed as well.
- The 'two-room' church'
became, in Europe, the
norm. The first 'room', the nave, was used by the
congregation; the second 'room', the sanctuary, was the
preserve of the clergy and was where the Mass was celebrated.
- The first 'room', the nave, was used by the congregation; the
second 'room', the sanctuary, was the preserve of the clergy
and was where the Mass was celebrated.

- Church of the Gesù-first truly baroque façade was built in

Rome between 1568 and 1584. The mother church of the
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CHAPELS, ABBEYS, CHURCHES,
CATHEDRALS, AND BASILICAS Society of Jesus (Jesuits). It introduced the baroque style into
● CHAPEL - smaller place for worship (school, hospital, architecture.
institutions)
● ABBEYS - complexes for religious communities (nun, - In the Medieval West, the emergence of Gothic Architecture
monks) transformed churches into awe-inspiring masterpieces,
● CHURCH - general place for Christianity characterized by;
● CATHEDRAL - principal churches in dioceses, bishop etc. - POINTED ARCHES
● BASILICA - churches with special title and status - FLYING BUTTRESSES
recognized by the Pope - STAINED GLASS WINDOWS
- CRUCIFORM SHAPE LAYOUT
Each term refers to a different type of religious building or
institution with specifc roles and characteristics.

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Wooden Churches
- In Norway, church architecture has been affected by wood as CHAPTER 2: Romanesque Architecture
the preferred material, particularly in sparsely populated areas.
- Churches built until the Second World War are about 90% Romanesque Architecture in Europe
wooden except medieval constructions. 8th - 12th Century
Objectives:
- Heddal Stave Church 1. Identify the influences of Romanesque Architecture
showcases intricate 2. Determine the different architectural examples of
wooden carvings, stave Romanesque Architecture
construction, offering 3. Understand the evolution of style from Classical Period to the
glimpse of rich heritage of Romanesque Period
Scandinavian wooden
churches A. Geographical Influence —
- Romanesque Architecture is the combination of Roman and
Byzantine Architecture but basically Roman in style. The style
grew in the countries under Roman rule. The major divisions of
architectural development were: Italian, French, and German.
American Church Architecture
- The split between Eastern and Western Church Architecture
extended its influence into the churches we see in America - “Romanesque” means “descended from Roman”.
today as well. America's churches are an amalgamation of the Architecturally, the term was applied in French by the
many styles and cultures that collided. Archaeologist Charles de Gerville. At present the term is now
used for the more restricted period from the late 10th-12th
- The Polish Cathedral century. It was used to describe the style which was identifiably
architectural style is a North Medieval and prefigured the Gothic, yet maintained the
American genre of Catholic rounded Roman arch and thus appeared to be the continuation
church architecture found of the Roman tradition of building.
throughout the Great Lakes
and Middle Atlantic regions B. Geological Influence —
- The most common materials used for construction were stone,
as well as in parts of New
brick, marble or terra-cotta, as well as ready-made columns
England.
and other features from the old Roman buildings.

English Church Architecture C. Climatic Influence —

- The history of England's churches is extensive, their style has Northern Portion: Dull climate contributed to the use of:

gone through many changes and has had numerous influences a. Large windows to admit sufficient light

such as geographical, geological, climatic, religious, social and b. High-pitch roof to throw off rain and snow

historical, shape it.

Southern Portion: Sunny climate contributed to use of:

- One of the earliest style a. Small windows to minimize sunlight and use arcades for sun

changes is shown in the shading

Abbey Church of b. Flat roof

Westminster, which was
built in a foreign style and D. Religious Influence —
Christianity resulted into erection of church. Papacy had been of
was a cause for concern for
great power and influence.
many as it heralded change.

THE PRINCIPAL RELIGIOUS ORDERS

Wallachian Church Architecture
- In the early Romanian territory of Wallachia, there were three 1. Benedictine Order – (black monks) – founded by St.
major influences that can be seen. Benedict in South Italy who decreed architecture, painting,
- Western influences: Gothic, Romanesque styles, before falling etc. are to be taught.
to the greater influence of the Byzantine styles. 2. Cluniac Order – founded by Abbot Odo in 910 at Cluny in
Burgundy
- The early western influences 3. Carthusian Order – founded by St. Bruno in 1086.
can be seen in two places, Carthusian Architecture is notably severe and unadorned.
the first is a church in 4. Cistercian Order – (white monks) – founded in 1908 at
Câmpulung, that showcases Citeaux by St.Stephen Harding and at Clairvaux by St.
distinctly Romanesque Bernard.
styles, and the second are 5. Secular Canons – serving principally cathedral and
the remnants of a church in collegiate churches
Drobeta-Turnu Severin,
which has features of the
Gothic style.

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ORDERS OF CANONS REGULARS COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS –

6. Augustinian Canons – (Black Canons Regular) – established 1. Plan - Adopted the Greek Cross Plan with the Latin Cross,
in 1050. They undertook both monastic and pastoral duties Faces East
in houses often sited in towns and planned similarly to
those of the Benedictine Order. Characteristics Of External Features
7. Premonstratensian Canons – (White Canons Regular) – a. Rib and Panel Vaulting
founded around 1100 by St. Norbert at Premontre in - Quadripartite
Ricardy - Sexpartite
8. Gilbertine Canons – an exclusively English order founded in
the twelfth century by St. Gilbert of Sempringham.
MILITARY ORDERS
9. The Knights Templar – founded in 1119 to protect the holy
places in Palestine and to safeguard the pilgrim routes to
Jerusalem.
10. The Knights Hospitallers – organized in 1113 but
developed no architectural characteristic architecture of its
own.
b. Tower - Circular or polygonal
11. The Mendicant Orders of Friars – founded during the 13th
- Locations
century and headed by the Franciscans and Dominicans.
- Transept Nave
Their houses were usually situated in towns, where the
- End or at the corner entrance
friars preached and did charitable works among common
- High altar
people.

2. Walls – Characterized by corbel leza arches at the cornice, one

E. Social and Political Influence —
- Establishment of “Feudal System” series corbelis called “corbel table”

- Landlord builds “castle” to separate and protect them from

the peasants. This castle was made with manmade canals 3. Opening – introduced the wheel window; introduced the

known as“moat”. recessed planes ordoor jambs also called as the order with
quarter shaft.

F. Historical Influence —
- The style emerging in Western Europe based on Roman and 4. Roof – used the dome which is normally found at the
Byzantine elements last until the Advent of Gothic intersection of the nave and transept.
Architecture in the Mid-12th Century.
5. Columns – used the ionic capital with a twisted shaft known as
G. Architectural Character — the scallop.
- Sober and Dignified (opposite of Roman character) Column Shaft Used
a. Fluted
Characteristic Features b. Twisted
- Developed in Italy, France, Germany and England - Principle c. Zigzag
of equilibrium was developed due to the introduction of rib d. Chevron
and panel vaulting e. Wreathed Column
- Used Rib and Panel Vaulting
- Use of massive, articulated wall structures, round arches, 6. Mouldings – usually in vegetable form
and powerful vaults
- In churches, use of Latin Cross Plan 7. Ornaments – sculptures, carvings, and fresco paintings are in
- Use of corbelled arches found vegetable and animal form
underneath the eaves of a church
- Use of rose window or wheel window EVOLUTIONARY PLAN FORMS –
often located over the west door.

1. Basilican
2. Cruciform
3. Greek
4. Latin
5. Runic

Wheel Window, San Zeno Maggiore, Verona

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MONASTIC PLANS – (c) SOUTH ITALY AND SICILY

1. BENEDICTINE 2. CLUNIAC - South Italy, including Calabria, was by position especially
susceptible to influence from the East, and, after passing
under Greek and Roman rule, it formed part of the Byzantine
Empire under Justinian. Sicily, facing Greece on one side, Italy on
Another, and North Africa on the third, was exposed to
influences from all three countries.

B. Geological Influence —
3. CISTERCIAN 4. CARTHUSIAN (a) CENTRAL ITALY
- Tuscany possessed an abundance of stone and great mineral
wealth.
- Rome used bricks, volcanic tufa or peperino, travertine stone
from Tivoli, and marble from Carrara and from Paros and other
Greek islands.
- Much material was also obtained from the ruins of Classic
buildings.
5. MILITARY ORDER
(b) NORTH ITALY
- low-lying plains of Lombardy supplied clay for making bricks,
which, used with marble from the hills, gave a special character
to the architecture.
- Venice on the Adriatic imported marbles in merchant vessels.

(c) SOUTH ITALY AND SICILY

EXAMPLES OF BUILDINGS - mountains of South Italy and Sicily supplied calcareous and
CHURCHES – for every church, there is a monastery at the side. shelly limestone and many kinds of marble
- sulphur mines of Sicily largely contributed to the prosperity
Parts of the church which was conducive to building enterprise.
1. Monastic church situated in a court open to public
2. Cloister Court C. Climatic Influence —
3. Inner Court (a) CENTRAL ITALY
4. Common Court - brilliant sunshine demanded, as in the Roman period, small
windows and thick walls, both in cities of the plain and in cities
Different Shapes of Cross built on the hilltops.
1. Latin cross or Crux Emissa - climate varies not only from north to south, but also from east
2. Cross of Lorraine
to west according to the proximity to the Apennines, which are
3. Papal Cross
often snow-clad, or to the sea-board.
4. Calvary Cross
5. Ankh Cross (Egyptian) now termed “Ansate Cross”
(b) NORTH ITALY
6. Celtic Cross - climate resembles that of Central Europe, and varies between
extremes of heat and cold.
- towns from Milan on the west to Venice on the east lie below the
Romanesque Architecture in Italy Alps, and thus in the winter, are swept by the ice- winds from
the mountains; while in the summer, protect them from the
9th - 12th Century
north winds, when the heat in the plains is excessive.
A. Geographical Influence —
- The long, narrow peninsula of Italy stretches from the Alps on
(c) SOUTH ITALY AND SICILY
the north, right down the waters of the Mediterranean, almost
- climate is almost sub-tropical; on the southern coasts of Italy
to Africa on the south.
buildings have flat roofs and other features of Oriental cities.

These geographical variations were accompanied by other

D. Historical, Social, and Religious Influences —
differences which influenced architecture in such varying
(a) CENTRAL ITALY
degrees that it may be most conveniently considered under:
- Pisa sent merchant fleets to the Holy Land for the Easter fair at
Jerusalem. The Pisans captured and defeated the Moslems in
(a) CENTRAL ITALY
wars and this contact with the Moslems accounts for the
- central region lies between Florence, commanding the passage
characteristic Pisan used of striped marbles.
of the Arno, in the north; Pisa, the maritime power to the west;
and Naples, the naval port on the south.
(b) NORTH ITALY
- Rome, rich in ancient pagan monuments and Early Christian
- Commerce and art were the special care of the Venetians.
churches, here exercised a paramount influence on architecture.
- They raised glorious buildings and brought precious freights
from the East.
(b) NORTH ITALY
- Milan, Pavia, Verona, and Genoa vied with one another in the
- capital of Lombardy, Milan, enjoyed great prosperity on
beauty of their public buildings that in the spirit of rivalry
account of its proximity to several Alpine passes and its
encouraged the most remarkable structural advances in all
situation in the fertile plains of Lombardy.
Italy.
- Venice and Ravenna, which were connecting trade links between
East and West, fell geographically under the influences of
(c) SOUTH ITALY AND SICILY
Byzantine art.
- Moslem landed in 827 in Sicily and gradually overran the island.
Under Moslem rule, every church facades were ornamented with

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geometrical patterns but there is no representation of the

human figure.

ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES CENTRAL ITALY —

- Church plan was obtained from the plan of the Basilica
- Most pronounced feature of arcades were the ornamental
arcades which rose one above another. 7. SAN MARTINO, LUCCA (façade 1204)

1. PISA CATHEDRAL
- With baptistery, campanile and campo santo
- One of the finest Romanesque Cathedral
- Designed by Architect Dioti Salvi
- Oldest and most important building of the Piazza dei Miraco
8. SAN MICHELLE, LUCCA (1143 and later)

9. THE CLOISTERS

2. CAMPANILE, PISA
- Circular tower with eight storey of encircling arcades and 16m in
diameter
- also known as the World’s famous Leaning Tower of Pisa.

10. SAN GIOVANNI IN LATERANO, ROME (1234) & SAN PAOLO

FUORI LE MURA, ROME (1200)
- are of special interest, since they are among the few instances of
Romanesque art in Rome that show any progressive character, owing
to the survival of the Classical tradition.

3. BAPTISTERY, PISA ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES NORTH ITALY

- Circular in plan with a central nave designed by DiotiSalvi - Influence by Muslim Architecture
- Most important development took place in Lombardy

1. SAN ZENO MAGGIORE, VERONA (c. 1123 and later)

- has a façade which is stern in its simplicity
- fine projecting porch has two free-standing columns, which rest on
the backs of crouching beasts and support a semicircular vault, over
which is a gabled roof.
4. CAMPO SANTO, PISA - a cemetery Above is the great wheel window which lights the nave, one of the
earliest in Italy.

5. PISTOIA CATHEDRAL 2. S. ANTONINO, PIACENZA - (1104)

- 13th century - rebuilt on the site of an earlier cathedral, is noted for its later Gothic
- built under the influence of the Pisan Groups, and with its porch and porch, 11 Paradiso (1350)
arcaded façade in black and white marble followed the style of the
other churches in the city.

3. BASILICA OF ST. AMBROGIO, MILAN (c. 1080-1128)

- begun by Ambrose himself around 385 and consecrated in 386. The
church was built on a grand scale over an existing cemetery, next to
the martyrium of St. Victor. Two local martyrs provided the necessary
6. SAN MINIATO AL MONTE, FLORENCE - (1018-62) relics for the altar, and Ambrose was buried next to them after his
- St. Minias on the Mountain death on April 4, 397.
- a basilica in Florence, Central Italy, standing atop one of the highest
points in the city
- described as one of the finest Romanesque structures in Tuscany
and one of the most beautiful churches in Italy.

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4. SAN MICHELE, PAVIA (c. 110-60) 3. CEFALU CATHEDRAL (1131-1240)

- one of the most striking example of Lombard Romanesque style. It - Founded by Count Roger (King Roger II of Sicily) as a Royal
dates from the 11th and 12th centuries. Pantheon.
- current construction was begun in the late 10th century (crypt, choir - famous façade is characterized by the presence of two large
and transept) and was completed in 1155. The vaults of the nave, Norman towers, with mullioned windows, each surmounted by a
originally with two grossly squared groin-vaulted spans, were replaced small spire added in the 15th century
in 1489 by Agostino da Candia by four rectangular spans. - Each spire is different: one has a square plan surrounded by
flame-shaped merlons, the latter symbolizing the Papal authority and
the mitre; the other has an octagonal plan and Ghibelline merlons,
symbolizing the Royal and the temporal power.
- Served by Augustinian Canons

5. THE TORRE ASINELLI, BOLOGNA (1109)

- 69 m (225 ft) high, and the Torre Garisenda, Bologna (1100), 40 m
(130 ft) high, date from the time when the town was prominent in the
struggles of the period, and are the leaning towers referred to by
Dante, while San Gimignano, with its thirteen towers, built for 4. THE SAN NICOLA, BARI (c.1085-1132)
defense and ostentation, has the appearance of a Romanesque city so - a Benedictine church, was the prototype of the Romanesque of the
often pictured by Raphael in later times. late eleventh and twelfth centuries in Apulia.
This holds wide religious significance throughout Europe and the
Christian world.
The basilica is an important pilgrimage destination both for Italians
and Orthodox Christians from Eastern Europe.

6. THE FONDACO DEI TURCHI, VENICE (12th century)

- mercantile palace (since rebuilt) on the Grand Canal, is an example
of the high level which domestic architecture reached in Venice as the 5. THE CAPELLA PLATINA, PALERMO (1129-1143)- the chapel in the
outcome of prosperous trade with the East. Royal Palace, has gilt and coloured mosaics in the interior, and a
dome, 5.5 m (18 ft) in diameter, indicative of Byzantine influence,
while the carved stalactite ceiling, pulpit, candelabra and organ gallery
show Muslim craftsmanship.

7. THE PALAZZO FARSETTI AND THE PALAZZO LOREDAN This three are other churches which, in the arrangement of their
(12th century) are in the same style, with cubiform capitals carrying domes and ornamentation, show the blending Muslim and Byzantine
semicircular arches which are sometimes stilted. art; San Giovanni degli Eremiti, Palermo (1148); San Cataldo,
Palermo (1161) ; La Martorana, Palermo (143-1153)

ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES SOUTH ITALY —

- Influenced by Byzantine Church (Greek Cross Plan)

1. MONREALE CATHEDRAL (1174-1182)

- one of the greatest extant examples of Norman architecture in
the world. Romanesque Architecture in France
- begun in 1174 by William II, and in 1182 the church, dedicated to the 9th - 12th Century
Assumption of the Virgin Mary, was, by a bull of Pope Lucius III, A. Geographical Influence —
elevated to the rank of a metropolitan cathedral. The church is a - France has great natural highway along the valleys of the
national monument of Italy and one of the most important Rhode, Saone, Seine and Garonne which connect the
attractions of Sicily.
Mediterranean with the Atlantic Ocean and the English
- Benedictine Monastery
Channel. Roman civilization had spread through France along
- Combination of Early Christian and Byzantine Style
the historic highway of the fertile Rhone valley.

B. Geological Influence —
- France has an abundance of good stones, easily quarried and
freely used for all types of buildings such as fine-grained Caen
stone, colored pumice, and tufa.
C. Climatic Influence —
2. LA SIZA, PALERMO - (Arabic, El Aziza=Palace of Delights)
- The climatic variations between North and South regulate door
(1154-1156)
- three-storied Norman castle with battlemented parapet, and shows and window openings, which decrease in size towards the
the influence of Muslim art South. North has a steep roof to throw off snow while in the
- vestibule is rich in marble columns and colored tiles, while the sub-tropical South, roof become almost flat.
stalactite vaults over the alcoves recall the glories of the Alhambra,
Granada.

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D. Historical, Social, and Political Influences —

- Ceasar’s conquest of Gaul (58-49 BC) was followed by the
systematic Romanization of the country, which had begun with
the making of a road system centered upon Lyons and the
development of thriving commercial colonies which adopted
the Roman social system in their municipalities. The Pax
Romana was established and by the early 3rd century, social 6. ST. SERNIN, TOULOUSE
conditions became very stable.
7. THE ROMANESQUE ABBEY OF SÉNANQUE, FRANCE
E. Religious Influence —
- Christianity was first established in Rhone Valley, where Lyons
contributed martyrs to cause. The Moslems overran Southern
France but Charles Martel defeated them at Poiters in 732 and
changed the future of Western Europe.

8. NOTRE DAME CATHEDRAL, TOURNAI

- The 11th century was marked by a widespread desire to
withdraw from the world and embrace the monastic life which
resulted in the foundation of many religious houses. However,
religious zeal was not confined in monastic walls, but
adventurously mingled with secular ambitions to produce the
crusades that started in 1096.

9. TOURNAI CATHEDRAL, BELGIUM (12TH CENTURY)

F. Architectural Character —
DIVISION OF FRANCE
10. ABBEY OF SAINT-DENIS
1. Southern France
Characteristic Features:
a. Aisleless nave
b. Pointed arch

2. Northern France
Characteristic Features:
a. Design of Western Passage with two towers
e.g. St. Madeleine, Vezelay – popular for the early pointed cross
B. SECULAR ARCHITECTURE
vault in France
1. Fortified towns
2. Bridges
ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES — 3. Castles
4. Houses
A. ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE

1. NOTRE DAME DU PORT

Romanesque Architecture in Central Europe (Germany)
- light stone vaults; inlaid décor of different colors
9th - 12th Century
A. Geographical Influence —
- Through many centuries, Germany was known as a
conglomeration of independent states, principalities and
powers occupying the great central district of Europe.
- This country North of the Alps was not geographically so
generally accessible to Roman influence as was Gaul, with her
sea ports and great trade routes. Roman civilization spread
2. ANGOULEME CATHEDRAL , FRANCE Northwest along the fertile Rhineland and into Saxony.

B. Geological Influence —
- Stone from the mountains along the Rhine Valley was the
material used for buildings.
- Along the Baltic shores and in Central and Southern Germany
there was anample stone from the mountains along the Rhine
Valley.
- Brick was used in the North, particularly in the district east of
3. ST. MADELEINE, VEZELAY the Elber

– popular for the early pointed cross vault in France

C. Climatic Influence —
4. THE ABBEY CHURCH - The average temperature of Central Germany is much the same
as in Southern England, but in summer is higher and in winter
5. NOTRE-DAME- LA- GRANDE, FRANCE lower.

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D. Historical, Social, Political, and Religious Influence — 7. LUBECK CATHEDRAL

- Charlemagne - the first Frankish king who became Roman
Emperor; crowned in 800 at Rome by the Pope, and ruled over
the land of the Franks
- He also established the Frankish dominion over
Southern France and Northern Italy.
- He restored civilization in a great measure to
Western Europe, and was a patron of 8. GERNROD
architecture.
- He forced the people of Saxony to embrace
Christianity which resulted in the erection of many
circular baptisteries

The social development was much the same as in Europe;

feudal lords were intolerant of kingly authority and
oppressive towards the people. Church and cathedral facades and external decoration
- Romanesque church facades, generally to the west end of the
F. Architectural Character — building, are usually symmetrical, have a large central portal
- Romanesque architecture in Germany exhibits a continuous made significant by its mouldings or porch and an arrangement
combination of Carolingian tradition and Lombard influence. of arched-topped windows.
Towers
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS — - Towers were an important feature of Romanesque churches
– Use the Western and Eastern apses as main entrance and a great number of them are still standing. They take a
– planning survive strongly variety of forms, square, circular, and octagonal, and are
– semicircular cross-vault of the nave positioned differently in relation to the church in different
– Timber roofs countries.
– plain wall surface
– Single windows TYPES OF VAULTS
– nave arcades square piers with attached half-columns 1. Barrel Vault
2. Dome Vault
3. Stilted Vault
4. Intersecting Vault
ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES —

1. AIX-LA-CHAPELE CATHEDRAL (AACHEN)

- built by Emperor Charlemagne as his royal tomb house
- Prototype of similar churches in Germany
- Place of the coronation of the Holy Roman Emperors

2. THE CHURCH OF THE APOSTLES, COLOGNE

– one of the series of trefoil churches in that city
Romanesque Architecture in Spain, Portugal, and the Holy
3. WORMS CATHEDRAL
- with apses at both east and west ends Land
- Typical German Romanesque Church 9th - 12th Century
A. Geographical Influence —
4. TREVES CATHEDRAL - Residence of Roman emperors SPAIN AND PORTUGAL
- remained the seat of the bishops, archbishops, and electors for - On the west, Spain borders Portugal; on the south, it borders
1,500 years Gibraltar and Morocco, through its cities in North Africa. On the
northeast, along the Pyrenees mountain range, it borders France
and the tiny principality of Andorra.

HOLY LAND
- The most influential single geographical characteristic of the
5. SPEYER CATHEDRAL Latin Kingdom of the Crusaders was its shape. From north to
south, it included the country of Edessa, the principality of
Antioch, the country of Tripoli, and the kingdom of Jerusalem.

B. Geological Influence —
SPAIN AND PORTUGAL
1. A siliceous Spain seated on hard and therefore durable
6. ST. GALLEN CATHEDRAL
crystalline rocks forming acid soils and poor in carbonates
-north and west peninsula.
2. A limestone in Spain based on sedimentary rocks – the
heavily weathered Masesta.
3. The peninsula itself is a great rock massif, Including the
Sierras of Castile in the north, the mountains of Toledo in
the center, and the Sierras Morenain south.

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HOLY LAND 2. ST. TIRSO, SAHAGUN

- Here stone materials of eminent suitability for great castles – one of the earliest brick Mudejar Church.
and small churches were abundant, though timber was not as
plentiful as in those parts of Europe from which the Crusader's
builders had come.

C. Climatic Influence —
SPAIN 3. LA LUGAREJA, AREVALO
– Continental Mediterranean Climate (Madrid) – 13th century, finest example of mudejar work in brick
– Oceanic Climate in Galicia (Bilbao)
– Semiarid Climate or Arid Mediterranean (Murcia)
– Mediterranean Climate (Barcelona)
– Subtropical Climate (Las Palmas)

HOLY LAND 4. ST. MARTIN DE FROMISTA

– rainfall in late winter months – the only complete example of the Spanish “Pilgrimage Style, with a
– harsh and semi-desert four bay nave, shallow transept, and three parallel apses.

D. RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE
– Christianity may be seen in their churches and cathedrals that
flourished for two hundred years. Approximately 84% of the
population is nominally Catholic, and about 19% attend mass
5. COMPOSTELA CATHEDRAL
and take the sacraments regularly, while a larger number wish to
be baptized, married in a church, and receive last rites.
B. MILITARY BUILDINGS
E. Historical, Social, and Political Influence —
1. CASTLE AT LOARRE
SPAIN AND PORTUGAL
– finest Romanesque castle in Spain
– The Visogothic invasions across the Pyrenees displaced the
- A complex of circular towers to curtain wall incorporating a church
northern tribes of Vandals and Suevi and took nearly complete
of Augustinian cannons, sited on a spur overlooking the Gallego valley.
possession of the peninsula for three centuries until the time of
- is a fortress in Spain. It consists of two parts; the castle built in the
the Moslem conquest of all but Asturias.
times of King Sancho el Mayor, which has two towers, and the
Romanesque monastery attached to the castle, built by Sancho
– The Moorish incursions in Southwest Europe were brought to an
end by Charles Martel at Poitiers in 732 and subsequent medieval Ramirez in 1071. In the monastery is a beautifully preserved Rom-
Spanish history is dominated by successive extensions of church with a crypt.
Christian influence and the regaining of territory until the very
end of the 15th century. 2. CITY WALLS – the town defenses at Avila, in castle include a curtain
wall 2.50 km.long, with 86 identical circular towers, built in granite
– Spain has a connection with France and also in England through by Raymondof Burgundy
royal marriages.
3. AVILA, CASTILE - a town defense w/ 86 identical circular towers,
HOLY LAND built by Raymondof Burgundy
– The Crusades were a series of religiously- sanctioned military
campaigns waged by much of Latin Christian Europe, particularly
the Franks of France and the Holy Roman Empire.

F. Architectural Character —
– Church planning, as shown in the few authenticated examples of
this time, was varied, and includes instances of both Basilican
and Greek Cross. Decorative devices include mouldings and MILITARY BUILDINGS IN THE HOLY LAND
some Syrian motifs, and the horseshoe arch was important. Three Kinds of Castles of Crusaders
1. PILGRIMS FORTS - sited and designed to
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS — secure the routes from coastal ports to
– Most distinctive feature of Spain and Portugal was the Jerusalem.
horseshoe arch

ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES — 2. COASTAL FORTIFICATIONS

A. RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS – to secure links with the west

1. ST. MARIA, RIPOLL

– the finest of the 11th century early Romanesque churches. It has a
double-aisled-basilican nave of seven bays and the outer arcades 3. STRATEGIC INLAND CASTLES
alternate to produce double-aisled bays in the outer aisles in – to protect coast road
Lombardic Manner.

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EXAMPLES
CHATEAU DE MER, SIDON, LEBANON
– best example of a coastal crusader castle. It was built by the
Crusaders in 1228 A.D. on a small island connected to the mainland by
a causeway. A climb to the top leads to the roof where there is a good
view of the port and the old part of the city.

CATHEDRAL EVORA

KRAK OF THE KNIGHTS

- the best preserve and most wholly admirable castle in the world.
MILITARY BUILDINGS
One of the most important preserved medieval military castles in the
world.
SIDON SAIDA LE CHATEAU DE LA MER PILGRIMS BUILDING

MARGAT CASTLE CHATEAU DE BEAUFORT

SAN JUAN BAUTISTA, BANOS DE SAN JULIAN DE LOS PRADOS
CERRATO

SANTA MARIA DEL NARANCO SANTA CRISTINA DE LENA AL KARAK SAONE CHAVALIERS KRAK

RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS
MONASTERIO DE SAN MIGUEL IGLESIA DE SAN VICENTE DE
DE ESCALADA CARDONA
TARTONA CATHEDRAL ST GEORGE’S CATHEDRAL

BASILICA DE SAN VICENTE, AVILA COLLEGIATE CHURCH TYRE, RUINS OF CRUSADERS CHURCH ABU GOSH
AT TORO

CHURCH OF ST. ANNE

- it is numbered among the longest preserved sacred places in the
CIUDAD RODRIGO CATHEDRAL REIAL MONASTIR DE
city, since according to tradition it arose over the place where once
SANTES CREUS, CATALONIA
stood the house of Joachim and Anne, the parents of the Virgin,
who is supposed to have been born here.

CHURCH OF HOLY SEPULCHRE

MONASTERY OF SANTA MARIA DE POBLET

- built between 1180 to 1196 - isa Cistercian monastery, located in the
Comarca of Conca de Barberà, in Catalonia (Spain). It was founded by
Cistercian monks from France in 1151. The main architect was Arnau
Bargués.It was the royal pantheon of the kings of the Crown of
Aragon since James I of Aragon.

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Romanesque Architecture in the British Isles and Scandinavia – The kingdoms were first in Denmark and Norway and in 1000,
1st - 12th Century Sweden was united as part of the Svear kingdom.
– The most distinctive building development of the period in
A. Geographical Influence —
Scandinavia followed the conversion of the Northern races,
– Development in Northern Europe depended largely upon a
which was begun by Frankish missionary Angar at Hedeby in
common concern with sea and river routes. Skill in navigation
Denmark in 826.
during the early Middle Ages led to the Nordic colonization of
– Norse pagan worship is the traditional religious rituals
Iceland and Greenland and to cultural and commercial contact
practiced in Scandinavia in pre-Christian times. Norse paganism
with Ireland and Britain.
was a folk religion that had the survival and regeneration of
society as its main purpose. Thus the cult was decentralized and
– Scandinavia is a region in northern Europe that includes
tied to the village and the family, although evidence of great
Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Finland is often considered a
national religious festivals exists. The leaders - for instance, the
Scandinavian country in common English usage, and Iceland and
chiefs - managed the cult on behalf of society. On each farm it
the Faroe Islands are sometimes also included.
was the head of the family and nationwide it was the king.
Pre-Christian Scandinavians thus had no word for religion in a
– The British Isles are a group of islands off the northwest coast
modern sense. The closest counterpart is the word sidr,
of continental Europe that include Great Britain, Ireland and over
meaning custom. This meant that during the conversion period,
six-thousand smaller islands. There are two sovereign states
Christianity was called nýr sidr (the new custom) while
located on the islands: the United Kingdom of Great Britain
paganism was called forn sidr (ancient custom). The center of
and Northern Ireland, and Ireland. The British Isles also include
gravity of pre-Christian religion lay in religious practice, that is
the Crown Dependencies of the Isle of Man and, by tradition, the
sacred acts, rituals, and worship of the gods.
Channel Islands, although the latter are not physically a part of
the island group.
F. Architectural Character —

The term British Isles is controversial in relation to Ireland, where

Three Periods of Development
there are objections to its usage due to the association of the word
1. ROMAN PERIOD
"British" with Ireland. The government of Ireland discourages its use.
- The architecture in Roman in Britain was the same character as
Although still used as a geographic term, the controversy means that
in other parts of Europe, and much still survives.
alternative terms such as "Britain and Ireland" are increasingly
- Christianity gradually replaced the indigenous religion of the
preferred
English around the 7th and 8th centuries. Celtic Christianity
was introduced into Northumbria and Mercia by monks from
B. Geological Influence —
Ireland, but the Synod of Whitby settled the choice for Roman
– Scandinavia has natural resources provided for agrarian
Christianity.
products in the South and East.
- As the new clerics became the chroniclers, the old religion was
partially lost before it was recorded, and today historians'
– The English hardwood forests provided roof-framing material
knowledge of it is largely based on surviving customs and lore,
for the more important buildings. Indigenous building stones
texts, etymological links and archaeological finds.
contributed to the materials of the mature military and religious
buildings.
2. ANGLO-SAXON PERIOD
- Domestic building was probably largely dependent upon the use
C. Climatic Influence —
of timber, but little evidence remains of the method of
– The generally low northern light tended to encourage the
construction. The considerable later development in
development of ways of producing larger or multiple openings
timber-framing techniques was a characteristic of buildings of
in walls. Massive masonry construction and steeply pitched
all types and found its parallel in ship-building.
roofs were used for dealing with the more severe northern
- The masonry of church building from about the middle of the
European climate.
seventh century shows sign of dependence on timber
prototypes
– Scandinavia extends to the north of the Arctic Circle, but has
relatively mild weather for its latitude due to the Gulf Stream.
3. NORMAN PERIOD
Much of the Scandinavian mountains have an alpine tundra
- there was an enormous surge of military and the church
climate. There are many lakes and moraines, legacies of an ice
building centered particularly upon the great Benedictine
age about 10,000 years ago. The northern regions of
abbeys.
Scandinavia are home to the indigenous Sami people.

D. Historical, Religious, Social, and Political Influence —

ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES —
BRITISH ISLES
– The Roman conquest of Britain was preceded by the landings of SOMPTINGS TOWER
Julius Caesar in 55 and 54 BC. - The church is of Saxon origin, and parts of it probably date to
– Christianity first made its way into Britain during the Roman between 950 and 1050 AD. It was built isolated in the forest.al needs.
occupation, but during the year of Anglo-Saxon settlements After the Norman conquest of England in 1066, the church was given
after the middle of the 5th century, church building was of by William the Conqueror to his son-in-law, William de Warrenne,
historical importance only in Ireland. whose coat of arms is still visible in the stained glass windows of the
– Edward, son of English Ethelred acceded to the throne in 1042 church.
and assured the Norman influence of England before the
conquest.
– The Norman conquest of 1066 linked England to the continent
and introduced a fully developed feudal system

SCANDINAVIA

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ST BENET: CAMBRIDGE TOWER FOUNTAINS ABBEY

- The Anglo-Saxon tower of St Bene't, built sometime between - near to Aldfield, approximately two miles southwest of Ripon in
1000–1050AD, is the oldest building in Cambridgeshire. The nave North Yorkshire, England. It is a ruined Cistercian monastery, founded
arcades and roof are Perpendicular and much of the rest of the church in 1132. One of the largest and best preserved Cistercian houses in
was rebuilt in Victorian times. England.

CORMAC CHAPEL: CASHEL

- The chapel of King Cormac III of Munster, was begun in 1127 and
consecrated in 1134. It is a very sophisticated structure, unlike most MANOR HOUSE
Irish Romanesque churches, which are ordinarily simple in plan with - a country house, which has historically formed the administrative
isolated decorated features. It also contains one of the best preserved center of a manor, the lowest unit of territorial organization in the
Irish frescos from this time period. feudal system. The term is sometimes applied to country houses
which belonged to gentry families, as well as to grand stately homes,
particularly as a technical term for minor late medieval fortified
country houses intended more for show than for defense.

BRADFORD-ON-AVON CHURCH
- Notable is the Saxon church (dedicated to St.Laurence), which may ROMANESQUE TERMS
have been founded by St. Aldhelm around 705, and could have been a ● Billet – a Romanesque moulding consisting of several bands of
temporary burial site for King Edward the Martyr. It was raised short cylinders or square pieces, placed at a regular
re-discovered by Canon William Frampton in 1856, having been used interval
for secular purposes (apparently becoming a house, a school and part
of a factory). ● Dormer Window (lucarne) – a window placed vertically in a
sloping roof with a roof on its own

● Groin – the curved arris formed by intersection vaulting surfaces

● Helm Roof – a roof in which four faces rests diagonally, the

gables and converge at the roof
EARLS BARTON TOWER
- The first Saxon settlement at Earls Barton was one of various ● Dorter – dormitory for a monastery
settlements built on a spring-line on the Northern bank of the River
Nene. The site is to be found on a spur above the flood plain.
Originally (i.e. before 600 AD) the Saxon village was known as CHAPTER 3: Gothic Architecture
Bere-tun - which means "a place for growing Barley”. Following the
Norman invasion, the Domesday Book records the village as being Gothic Architecture in Europe
called Buarton, with Countess Judith, the King's niece is listed as both 12th - 15th Century
the land and mill owner.
Objectives:
1. Determine the countries influenced by the Gothic Architecture
2. Explain the architectural characteristics of Gothic Period
3. Identify the architectural examples of Gothic Period

A. Geographical Influence —
- The former collection of states which became the German
The LUND CATHEDRAL (Swedish: Lunds domkyrka) empire, was inevitably in geographical touch with the
- is the Lutheran cathedral in Lund, Scania, Sweden. It is the seat of architecture of neighboring countries. The chief influence of
the bishop of Lund of the Church of Sweden. German Gothic architecture came from France and is
conspicuous in the Rhine provinces and Westphalia.

B. Geological Influence —
– Northern plains of Germany – bricks
– Center and South and along the Rhine – stones and timber

C. Climatic Influence —
– The climate of the south is without the fierce sun as in England
CASTLE and France, but the snows of severe winters rendered steep
- A castle (from Latin castellum) is a defensive structure associated roofs.
with the Middle Ages, found in Europe and the Middle East. It is a
private fortified residence of a lord or noble. Castles controlled the D. Historical, Social, Religious, and Political Influence —
area immediately surrounding them, and were both offensive and – Central European History in this time is complicated by the
defensive structures; they provided a base from which raids could be successive rise and fall of imperial and royal dynasties, by the
launched as well as protection from enemies. The structures also intrigues of princely and ducal houses of the various states to
served as centers of administration and symbols of power. secure kingly power, and by the secular ambition of

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prince-bishops who combined the intolerance of ecclesiastical 1. WESTMINSTER ABBEY – one of the largest Benedictine
with the arrogance of secular tyrants. Monastery.
– Germany consisting of many states resulted in a variety of - It comprises an abbey church and a square cloister court. It was
styles in architecture. The most important feature apart from built by several master masons and master carpenters: Master
monastic establishments, in the religious life of medieval Henry Yevele, Hugh Herland and John James. It is geometric in
Germany before the reformation was the exercise of civil style with pinnacles and tracery windows.
power by prince bishops.
2. WINCHESTER CATHEDRAL
– Ecclesiastical abuses and especially the sale of indulgences led – has the greatest total length (560 ft) than any Medieval
to the revolt against the authority of Rome, until in 1517 Cathedral in Europe
Luther published his famous thesis against indulgences. The
Reformation divided Germany into the Protestant North and 3. YORK CATHEDRAL
Catholic South. – largest in area and width of any English Medieval Cathedral

G. Architectural Character — 4. SALISBURY CATHEDRAL

1. Lofty and aspiring (refers to vertical) – it boasts of a central tower with the loftiest spire
2. Structural honesty
3. Economy in the use of walls 5. CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL

Characteristic Features 6. LONDON CATHEDRAL

1. Pointed arch
2. Flying buttress 7. THE TOWER OF LONDON
3. Rib and panel vaulting on oblong bays – built by Bishop Gundulf for William 1, concentric castle
4. Stained glass
5. Tracery windows (Two Types: 5.1 Bar – the type using 8. HAMPTON COURT PALACE
stone bars 5.2 Plate – cut from plate of stone – one of the remarkable domestic buildings in England
6. Spires and pinnacles
7. Oblong bays 9. GUILD HALL, LONDON
– most important hall erected by the Guilds in the Middle Age
English Gothic Mouldings
1. Bowtell or Edge Roll 10. DURHAM CATHEDRAL
2. Pointed Bowtell – the earliest great church designed initially and entirely with a
3. Bracket / Brace rib vaulting system.
4. Wave Moulding
5. Keel Moulding 11. ULM CATHEDRAL
6. Scroll Moulding – tallest cathedral in the world located in Germany
7. Casement Moulding
8. Hood or Dripstone
9. Label Moulding
Gothic Architecture in British Isles
12th - 16th Century
Types of Ornamented Mouldings
1. Billet
2. Nail Head ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER —
3. Dog Tooth
4. Double Cone Development of the English Gothic Period
5. Cable
6. Ball Flower 1. ANGLO-SAXON – use of timber in their structure
7. Tablet Flower
8. Embattled Sandwich 2. NORMAN OR TRANSITION PERIOD
9. Beak Head - Characterized by its massiveness and boldness of
10. Besant / Bezant ornaments
11. Indented Moulding - Distinguishing features:
12. Star Moulding a. semi-circular arches
13. Banderole / Bannerol b. cylindrical piers
14. Zigzag c. buttresses
15. Lozenge Moulding
16. Twisted Stem 3. EARLY ENGLISH OR LANCET PERIOD
17. Scallop - Characterized by less massive style and simple ornaments
18. Triangular Fret - Distinguishing features:
a. tall and narrow lancet opening
Foremost Architects b. projecting buttress with pinnacles and steep roof
1. Villard De Hannecourt (France) c. group slender shaft –cylindrical column
2. Arnolfo Di Cambio (Italy)
3. Peter Parver (Germany) 4. DECORATED OR GEOMETRICAL
4. Hugh Herland and Henry Yevele (England) - Characterize by ornateness and elaborateness in
decoration
- Characteristic features:
ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES —
a. geometrical tracery
b. enlarged clerestory
GOTHIC CATHEDRALS – emanates the Latin cross and also
functions as a library, school, museum, picture gallery, concert hall
besides its main function as a religious meeting place.
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5. PERPENDICULAR b. SALISBURY CATHEDRAL – characterized by English Gothic

- Characterized by verticality as a result of tracery windows Cathedral
and paneling
- Characteristic features: 2. Cathedral of monastic fountain
a. Window with four centered arch
b. absence of triforium a. CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL – first Norman church
c. prominent with vertical lines of the tracery windows and b. WINCHESTER CATHEDRAL – Medieval cathedral with the
panellings longest length (560 ft.)

6. TUDOR PERIOD 3. Cathedral of New Fountain

- Similar to perpendicular style in treatment but was
modified because it was largely used in domestic building a. RIVERPOD CATHEDRAL
- Characteristic features:
a. square-headed mullion windows b. PETERBOROUGH CATHEDRAL - The west front of Saint
b. ornamental fireplaces Peter’s Cathedral in Peterborough, England, includes a Gothic
c. gables roof with lofty curved pinnacles screen with three tall arches and a central entrance porch. These
were attached to the facade of the earlier Norman church

DIFFERENT FORMS OF VAULTING

1. Anglo-Saxon
– barrel or tunnel vault

2. Norman Period
a. barrel vaulting
b. groined cross vaulting in square base
MONASTERIES
c. groined cross vaulting in oblong base
1. WESTMINSTER ABBEY, ENGLAND – single most important
d. Romanesque vaulting
Medieval building in Britain; a complex of three structures:
church, royal palace and burial places for their kings and queens -
3. Early English Period
Highest vault in England with 102 ft.
a. Quadripartite – chiefly used with more ribs to the vault
Other ribs added to:
- Architect: William and Robert Vertue
- quadripartite
- Master mason: Henry Yevele
- tierceron –
- Master Carpenter: Hugh Herland
- intermediate ribs
- Responsible for the addition of the western towers: John James
- ridge ribs
- diagonal ribs
- the best-known church in England. It was begun in 1245 for
- transverse ribs or wall rib or formeret
King Henry III, and the French Gothic influence can be seen in the
flying buttresses and the window tracery in particular. The chapel
4. Decorated Period
of Henry VII, designed in the Tudor style, was added in 1503.
- Came up with another rib known as animal lierne rib (triangular
vaulting), e.g. stellar vaulting

5. Perpendicular Period
– Fan or conical vaulting wherein:
- The rising ribs are formed at equal angle
- Tierceron are connected at different heights on horizontal 2. BEVERLEY MINSTER, BEVERLEY, ENGLAND
lierne ribs 7. - The twin towers can be seen for miles across the Yorkshire
Wolds. Founded in ad 937, the building was restored in the 18th
6. Tudor Period century by Nicholas Hawksmoor and boasts a west facade that
- Four centered arch wherein the diagonal ribs are either is widely regarded as one of the finest examples of Gothic
semi-circular or pointed architecture in the world.

Types of Timber Roof

1. Hammer beam
2. The beam
3. Trussed
4. Aisle
5. Collar braced
CASTLES
1. Keep or Dungeon – developed in Norman Period
ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES —
Two types of keep:
CATHEDRALS a. Shell keep – built on existing earthwork
1. Cathedral of the Old Fountain b. Rectangular keep – introduced in France (on site)

a. YORK CATHEDRAL MANOR HOUSES

– the largest medieval cathedral 1. Hampton Court
- Stained-glass windows dominate the façade of the Cathedral of
Saint Peter, commonly known as York Minster, in York, England. PALACE COLLEGES
Built from the 12th to the 15th centuries, York Minster contains 1. University of Oxford
more original medieval stained glass than any other English
Gothic cathedral.

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Gothic Architecture in France 3. RHEIMS CATHEDRAL – coronation church of France, the west
façade is famous for its 500 statues
12th - 16th Century

A. Geographical Influence —
– France is divided into two parts by the River Loire with the
Franks on the North and the Romance races in the South,
architecture was influenced not only by geographical position
but also by racial differences.
4. AMIENS CATHEDRAL – counterpart of Salisbury of England,
B. Geological Influence — famous for its carved wood work in the choir stalls. Designed by
– Building stones are abundant. Robert de Luzarches

C. Climatic Influence —
– The Dull climate of the North permitted the extension of large
traceried windows to light the vast interiors

D. Historical, Social, Religious, and Political Influence —

– A number of French Cathedrals were begun during the time of
5. BEAUVAIS CATHEDRAL – considered to be the loftiest or highest
Phillip. In 1337, the “Hundred Years” war with England began,
vault in Europe at157 ft. and 6 inches.
over claims arising from the marriage of Isabella of France
with Edward II of England. In 1346, the Battle of Crecy was
6. LAON CATHEDRAL
won by the English. During the reign of Charles VII there was a
7. BOURGES CATHEDRAL
great outburst of national sentiment when Joan of Arc raised
8. SOISSONS CATHEDRAL
the siege of Orleans and was burnt at Roven as a witch by the
English.
Fortified Towns
– In 1453, the English was expelled from the whole of France
1. CARCASSONE – a fortified town surrounded by moat water
except Calais so ending the “Hundred Years” war. The religious
2. AVIGNON – has a palace which was the headquarters of the
zeal of the 12th to 13th centuries, when Christianity was united
Popes
against the Moslems was manifested in France in the third
Crusade under Philip Augustus and the 8th and 9th crusades
CASTLES
under St. Louis was marked by the erection of many grand
– generally built on mounds above rivers to command valleys and had
cathedrals.
thick walls and small windows to resist attack.
1. CHATEAU GAILLARD, LES ANDELYS
E. Architectural Character —
2. CHATEAU DE PIERREFONDS –(1390-1400) most defensive;
– Gothic evolved from Romanesque architecture and is mainly
restoration was undertaken by Viollet-Le-Duc
distinguished by the introduction and general use of the
3. CHATEAU DE AMBOISE
pointed arch. The Gothic style in France ‘L architecture
Ogivale’ originated in the royal domain of the Lle de France.
Hotels De Ville – Townhalls and Municipal Halls
1. Arras
PERIODS OF FRENCH GOTHIC:
2. Bourges
1. Lancet Period or Primary Period (Primaire) – 12th century - also
3. Dreux
Ogive Style; characterized by the use of pointed arch and
geometrical tracery window
Palais de Justice, Roven – function same as the Roman Basilica
2. Rayonnant Period (Secondaire) – (13th century) - characterized
HOSPITALS
by circular windows with rose tracery and designed with rose tracery
– also known as “Maisons-Dieu”, usually attached to monasteries.
and cusps and foil. E.g. Rheims and Amiens
1. Hotel Dieu, Beaune

3. Flamboyant (Tertiaire) – (14, 15 and part of 16th century) -

HOUSES
characterized by the flame light or free-flowing tracery window
– first known as “castle”, earlier called chateux”, later called
“private house”, townhouses and now called “hotels”

ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES —
CATHEDRALS Gothic Architecture in Germany
1. NOTRE DAME, PARIS – one of the oldest French Gothic
12th - 16th Century
churches begun by Bishop Maurice de Sully.

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER —

Characteristic Features
1. General use of bricks for Gothic structure
2. Hall Church – where the nave and the aisle are approximately of
2. CHARTRES CATHEDRAL – famous for its 160 stained glass the same level resulting from the absence of the triforium and
windows clerestory
3. Presence of single western apse in place of wide western
doorways

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EXAMPLES OF GERMAN GOTHIC CATHEDRALS Gothic Architecture in Spain and Portugal

— 12th - 16th Century

A. Geographical Influence —
1. COLOGNE CATHEDRAL – largest Gothic Church of Northern
– The establishment of the Spanish Inquisition (1477) in the
Europe covering approximately an area of 91,000 sqm
castle and later in other provinces as designed to bring about
national unity by first securing unity.This inquisitorial scheme
resulted in the expulsion from Spain of both Jews and
Moslems, thus materially weakening the Spain by their
departure.

2. S. ELIZABETH MARBURG – characteristic example of a “Hall ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER —

Church” - Influence by French and Moorish Style
3. LIMBURG CATHEDRAL
4. ULM CATHEDRAL – SPANISH GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE - the style of architecture
prevalent in Spain in the late medieval period.
RATHAUS, REGENSBURG - Town Halls – PORTUGUESE GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE – the architectural
CUSTOMS HOUSE, NUREMBURG - 1498 style prevalent in Portugal in the Late Middle Ages.

Gothic Architecture in Italy SEQUENCE OF GOTHIC STYLES IN SPAIN

12th - 16th Century The designations of styles in Spanish Gothic architecture are as
follows.
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER — 1. Early Gothic (twelfth century)
2. High Gothic (thirteenth century)
Characteristic Features 3. Mudejar Gothic (from the thirteenth to the fifteenth
1. Flatness of roof centuries)
2. Screen wall at the west façade which mask the aisle roof 4. Levantino Gothic (fourteenth century)
3. Circular window at the west front 5. Flamboyant/Late Gothic (fifteenth
4. Absence of pinnacles and flying buttresses 6. Isabelline Gothic (fifteenth century)
5. Stripes of colored marbles instead of mouldings
6. Occasional fresco paintings and mosaic on panels CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES
7. Small window without tracery 1. Single span vaulted interior
8. Projecting entrance porches with columns 2. Muslim features – horseshoe arch and pier stone tracery,
retablo and
reredo(screen of feathers done in either stone or wood)
EXAMPLES OF ITALIAN GOTHIC CATHEDRALS —

1. MILAN CATHEDRAL
– by Heinrich Von Gmunden
EXAMPLES OF SPANISH GOTHIC CATHEDRALS —

2. FLORENCE CATHEDRAL 1. SEVILLE CATHEDRAL IN SEVILLE, ANDALUCIA, SPAIN

– also known as Maria Del Fiore; a combination of Gothic and – largest medieval cathedral in Europe, the second largest
Renaissance style designed by Arnolfo Di Cambio cathedral in the world
- largest Gothic cathedral and the third largest church in the world It
3. CAMPANILE, FLORENCE is also known as Catedral de SantaMaría de la Sede (Cathedral of
– built by Brunelleschi Saint Mary of the See)

4. SIENA CATHEDRAL
– noted for its stripe marble used on walls, piers and campanile

5. SANTO CROCE, FLORENCE

2. SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA CATHEDRAL, SPAIN
– one of the largest cathedral in Europe by Arnolfo di Cambio;
– one of the most remarkable medieval building in Spain, Great
known as the Italian Westminster Abbey
Pilgrimage Center

6. DOGES PALACE, VENICE

– designed by Giovanni and Bartolome

3. BARCELONA CATHEDRAL
– remarkably fine, with a nave vaulted in square and aisles in oblong
bays, in the Italian manner, and with characteristics Coro west of the
crossing

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4. BURGOS CATHEDRAL Gothic Architecture in Netherlands

- An irregular plan and the most poetic of all Spanish cathedrals
12th - 16th Century

A. Geographical Influence —
– The Netherlands consists of the basins and the delta lands of
the Rhine, Meuse (Maas) and Scheldt, the flat low lying coastal
areas and the hills of the Ardenes.
– Today, the area is divided between the Kingdom of Belgium
5. TOLEDO CATHEDRAL (1227-1493) and the Netherlands, the latter popularly called Holland.
– The Primate Cathedral of Saint Mary of Toledo (Spanish: Catedral
Primada Santa Maria de Toledo), also called the Cathedral of Saint B. Geological Influence —
Mary of Toledo. It is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Spain, the seat of – Belgium has marble, limestone, sandstone, and granite.
the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Toledo. The cathedral of Toledo is Flanders has brick materials for construction.
one of the three 13th-century High Gothic cathedrals in Spain and is – Holland imports tufa, limestone and sandstone from
considered to be the pinnacle of the Gothic style in Spain. Germany and Belgium. They also make bricks from the clay soil,
resulting in simple buildings.

C. Climatic Influence —
– There are great degrees of heat and cold. Grey and rainy climate
gave to many large windows in the houses and to great
traceried windows in churches and town halls.

SECULAR BUILDINGS
D. Historical, Social, Religious, and Political Influence —
1. THE LA LONJA DE LA SEDA (English: Silk Exchange; Spanish: Lonja
– Roman and Celt, Frisian, Saxon and Frank made up the pattern
de la Seda)
of ruler and ruled until, in the Middle Ages, the Netherlands
- in Valencia is a late Valencian Gothic style civil building, built
comprised many feudal states; all owing some sort of allegiance
between 1482 and 1548, and one of the principal tourist
to France. The chief cultural division was represented by the
attractions in the city. An example of a secular building in late
linguistic boundary: the North spoke Dutch and the South
Gothic style, which dramatically illustrates the power and wealth of
spoke French.
one of the great Mediterranean mercantile cities
– The Netherlands became a Hapsburg domain in 1482. Charles
V became king of Spain, was born at Ghent, and was prince of
the Netherlands. A movement of revolt against Spain began
and by the end of the century, Protestantism Supreme in the
Northernmost seven provinces formed the Dutch Republic, and
Spain and Catholicism retained the South. Medieval
architecture followed closely on the second progress of the
sturdy, brave and industrious people and independent towns
2. THE CASTLE OF THE LA MOTA OR CASTILLO DE LA MOTA
rivaled each other for power and in the arts. Magnificent guild
- a reconstructed medieval fortress, located in the town of Medina
houses and town halls reflect the civic pride and the prosperity
del Campo, (Valladolid, Spain). It is so named because of its location
of towns such as Bruges, Antwerp, Louvain, Ghent, Ypres, and
on an elevated hill, amota, from where it dominates the town and
Courtrai.
surrounding land. The adjacent town came to be surrounded by an
expanding series of walls in subsequent years, of which little remains.
E. Architectural Character —
La Mota is made from local red brick, utlilizing stone only for some
details.
Characteristic Features
1. Presence of numerous towers, spires, belfries and stepped
gables
2. Earn-like churches which expresses simplicity in design for
Gothic Church

3. PUERTA DEL SOL ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES OF BELGIAN

- a city gate of Toledo, Spain, built in the 13th century by the Knights GOTHIC —
Hospitaller. The medallion above the arch of the gate depicts the
ordination of the Visigothic Ildephonsus, Toledo's patron saint. The 1. ANTWERP CATHEDRAL
name of the gate comes from the sun and the moon that were once – (1352-1411) considered to be the most impressive church in Belgium
painted on either side of this medallion. with spires reaching 400 ft. high

2. BELFROI BRIDGE
– belfry of 350 ft.

3. ST. GUDULE, BRUSSELS

- (1220-1475) This church is to be found at the Treurenberg hill on
the edge between lower and upper town. Already at the beginning of
4. THE PUERTA SERRANOS, VALENCIA the 11th century a church was situated here. In 1047 the Duke of
5. PALACIO DE LA AUDENCIAL, BARCELONA Brabant, Lambert II, had the relics of Saint Gudula transferred from
6. DUCAL PALACE, GUADALAJARA the Saint Gorik church in downtown Brussels to the new church at
the Treurenberg hill. From that moment on the Saint Gudula and
Saint Michael church took the lead over all the other churches in

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Brussels. Lambert II also gave the church a chapter of 12 canons (= GOTHIC TERMINOLOGIES
priests who took care of the services and possessions of the church).
● Cimborio – the Spanish term for lantern admitting light over a
crossing;
● Central lantern Crockets – in Gothic Arch, an upward oriented
ornament, often vegetal in form, regularly spaced along sloping
edges of spires, pinnacles and gables
● Donjon / Keep / Peel – a stronghold of medieval castle; usually
in the form of a massive tower.
● Gargoyle – a water spout projecting from the roof gutter of a
4. TOWN HALL, BRUGES building, often carved grotesquely
– Bruges is a city with two town squares. The largest one is the ● Machicolation – an overhanging defensive structure at the top
Market, the commercial heart of medieval Bruges. The second of a medieval fortification, with floor openings through boiling
square is called the 'Burg'. Here was, and still is, the heart of the oil, missile, etc. which could be dropped on attackers.
administrative Bruges. ● Portcullis – a gate of iron or iron-enforced wooden bars made
to slide up and down in vertical grooves in the jambs of a
doorway, use for defense in castle gateways.
● Retablo / Reredos – a wall or screen usually behind an altar, an
ornamental screen or panel, use decoratively in blank arches
and vaults.
● Tracery – the ornamental intersecting work in the upper part
of a window, screen or panel, use decoratively in blank arches
5. BRUSSELS CLOTH HALL AND BELFRY and vaults.
- The Market square is dominated by the cloth hall and the ● Finial – a formal ornament at the top of a canopy, gable, and
83-meter-high Belfry tower, one of the symbols of the city. The pinnacle
original cloth hall and tower date from 1240. The first tower, ● Embrasures – the crenels or intervals between merlons of a
however, was destroyed by fire in 1280. At the time of the fire the battlement
four wings of the cloth hall already existed, as well as the two square ● Merlon – in an embattled parapet, one of the solid alternates
segments of the belfry. The present octagonal lantern was added to between the embrasures
the tower between 1482 en 1486. The wooden spire that crowned
● Bartizan – a small turret projecting from the angle on top of a
the tower was again destroyed by fire in 1493 en 1741.
tower or parapet
● Battlement – a parapet with alternating indentations
(embrasures) and raised portions(merlons) also called
“crenellations”
● Bailey – an open space or a court of a stone built castle
● Motte – a steep mound, a feature of 11th and 12th-century
castle
● Nailhead – an early English architectural enrichment consisting
6. CASTLE OF MUILDEN of small pyramids repeated as a band
– 13th century located in Holland near Amsterdam, relied largely on ● Oriel – in Medieval English Architecture, a bay window,
water for its defence corbelled out from the wall of anupper storey
● Barbican – the outer defense work of a castle or town,
7. MAISON DES FRANCS BATELIERS frequently a watch tower at thegate, an outwork defending the
– also known as the Skipper’s House at Ghent, an example of guild entrance to a castle.
house ● Balistraria – in Medieval military architecture, the
crossed-shaped opening in the battlements and elsewhere for
8. TOWN HALL, LOUVAIN the use of the crossbow
● Spire – the tapering termination of a tower
● Steeple – a tower crowned by a spire
● Epi – the spire-shaped termination of a projecting point or
angle of a roof
● Flambouyant Style – the last phase of French Gothic
Architecture, characterized by flame-like and free flowing
traceries
● Peel – in Northern England and Scotland in the Middle Ages, a
small emergency defense structure generally a low fortified
tower
● Cloisters – a secluded place of covered passages around an
open space, connecting the monastic church with the domestic
part of the monastery
● Ogivale – a term used for French Gothic Architecture
● Offset – the part of a wall exposed horizontally, often sloping,

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