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Material Wastes and Management Strategies in the Building Construction

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7th International Project and Construction Management Conference (IPCMC2022)
Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, İstanbul, Turkey

Material Wastes and Management Strategies in the Building

Construction Sites (BCS)

G. Can
Istanbul Medipol University, Department of Architecture, Istanbul, Turkey
gizem.can@medipol.edu.tr

E. F. Taş
Istanbul Technical University, Department of Architecture, Istanbul, Turkey
tase@itu.edu.tr

Abstract
Waste is an important problem that should be handled due to the inadequacy of world
sources. When the waste generation caused by economic activities are investigated, it is seen
that construction industry (CI) has the largest share in waste generation with 35.9%.
Therefore, taking precautions against to wastes and managing them should have the
precedence in the CI as well as the other management facilities because of cost and source
threats.

Material wastes, one of the physical wastes, have a strong impact on the waste generation.
Being tangibility of material wastes makes them managed in sustainable way considering
waste management strategies. Because of being material wastes are an urgent problem to be
solved, in this paper it is aimed to investigate waste management strategies and material
wastes which are occurred in the BCS. In this study, top material wastes, are produced in the
BCS, are determined, and grouped whereas investigating the causes of material wastes and
making suggestion for managing them during the construction process. Since it is thought that
material waste could be minimized when it is known which material should be cared
primarily and how they could be evaluated in the waste management process.

Keywords: material wastes, waste management strategies, construction site waste

management, building material wastes.

Introduction
The construction industry is known for contributing development in many countries. As a
result of playing a key role for economic growth, it needs to be improved in terms of
managerial issues to control the building production processes. Waste management is one of
the crucial parts that should be cared during the building life cycle since the construction
industry generates immense amounts of wastes which are known as physical and non-physical
(Can & Taş, 2020).

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Construction industry has the largest share in waste generation with 35.9% (Eurostat, 2018). It
is commonly acknowledged that the construction industry has a very high level of material
wastes which are known one type of physical wastes. The generation of construction material
wastes can cause economical, environmental and social problems in local and global scale as
long as they are not managed well. Since the construction industry has a major influence on
many other sub-industries by means of purchasing and providing products and services,
managing material wastes can make a significiant contribution to circular economy
(Agyekum et al., 2013).

Construction material wastes are mostly occurred during implementation and demolition sites
of building and civil engineering structures (Ameh & Itodo, 2013; Dania et al., 2007).
Building construction activities have been known to generate large and diverse quantities of
waste (Dania et al., 2007). According to BigRentz’s Construction Waste Statistics Research
(2021), construction and demolition (C&D) material wastes such as concrete, asphalt, wood
and other building wastes are estimated to be nearly one-quarter of national waste stream,
which is the total material waste generated in the United States in one year. The research
emphasizes that material waste generation is on the rise, and it is expected to skyrocket soon.
In just United States, C&D waste generation increased by 342% from 1990 to 2018 and
between 2005-2018, C&D waste generation levels grew more than 10 times faster than from
1990 to 2005 (EPA, 2022).

The United Kingdom generated 67.8 million tons od C&D material waste in 2018. In 2018,
the Neherlands produced 25.12 million tons C&D material waste in 2018. Similarly, Germany
generated 218.8 million tons material wastes in 2018 and this amount reached to 230.85
million tons in 2019. On the other hand, European Union are responsible for generating 850
million tons of C&D waste per year (Stone Cycling, 2021). Furthermore, Transparency
Market Research (2022) states that annual construction waste is expected to reach 2.2 billion
tons globally by 2025. This amount is expected to generate 2.59 billion tons of material waste
annualy by 2030 and to rise further to 3.40 billion tons by 2050 (Stone Cycling, 2021). These
statistics shows the importance of waste management in the BCS to manage the sources for
circular economy and sustainability. Managing the material wastes brings not only sustainable
construction sites but also new job opportunities in the near future.

Concrete and metals, relatively cost-effective to recycle, and brick, clay, gypsum boards,
much less reusable, are the basic material wastes which ends up in landfills in plenty of
quantities (BigRentz, 2021). EPA (2022)’s report emphasizes that more than 75% of all
construction waste from wood, drywall, asphalt shingles, bricks and clay tiles ends up in
landfills. BigRentz’s Construction Waste Statistics Research (2021) combines some statistics
about recycled construction materials. For instance, the research shows that over 95% of
concrete and asphalt concrete waste, the largest contributors to total C&D waste, was
recovered in United States in 2018 and a study in 2016 showed that in one year alone, C&D
recycling oppotunities led to the creation of 175,000 United State jobs (EPA, 2022). In the
United Kingdom, of the above amount, 62.6 million tons, recovery rate of 92.3%, were
recovered from 2010 to 2018. This recovery rate is 88% in the European Union from 2018
and, 41% in the Netherlands while 88% in Germany in 2019 (Stone Cycling, 2021).

The challenge of material wastes in the BCS is a global problem which requires global
solutions. Not only specific countries but also all countries should be aware of the waste
problem for better source utilization.

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 Material Wastes
Construction wastes are the results of evitable and inevitable activities that do not create
value, originate from different reasons such as stakeholders, building production processes,
force majeure and occur in physical forms such as materials, labor, equipment or in non-
physical forms such as cost, time, quality (Can, 2020). Can and Tas (2020) introduced a new
construction Waste Classification System (WCS) according to the lean management approach
with a holistic perspective considering current classifications. In this developed construction
WCS, material wastes are evaluated as one type of the physical wastes which can be caused
by stakeholders such as main contractor, sub-contractor, project team and by process like
construction, post-construction and these wastes also can have environmental, economic, and
social impacts.

Material wastes are evaluated as C&D wastes thanks to the highest resource usage level
during the implementation process and the highest already used material production during
the demoliton process. In the both process, material waste types can be evaluated in common
perspective, but managing processes of them can be different due to resource usage and
already used material production issues.

The actual course of waste management processes at the BCS can be produced on the basis of
the observation of works (Sobotkaa & Sagan, 2016). Regarding to the observations and
current researches, the material waste types substantially can be defined. Sobotkaa and Sagan
(2016) states the BCS material waste types as concrete, bricks, tiles, ceramics, sawdust,
shavings, cuttings, wood, particle boards and veneer other than tiles and ceramics, insulation
materials, iron and steel. In the Nigerian BCS, material waste types are determined with their
percentage compositon by Aboginije et al. (2021) as concrete (16.5%), wood (14.5%),
reinforcement (12.1%), asbestos (10.5%), glass (9.4%), asphalt (7.3%), tile ceramics (6.1%),
soil and stone (5.4%), plastic and packaging (5.2%), rubbles (4.4%), drywall (3.7%) and
bitumen (2.8%). In addition to, Mahayuddin et al. (2010) state the material wastes and ratio in
the Malaysian BCS as soil and aggregates, sand (44.3%), wood (12%), ceiling insulation
materials (9.3%), concrete (7.2%), bricks (6.2%), tiles and ceramics (5.8%), lime (5.5%),
cement (3.3%), metal (2.8%), glass (2.3%), gypsum board (1.2%).

Segregating waste into classes ensures more efficiency in the process of BCS to manage them.
In Loch et al. (2019)’s research, the BCS material wastes are subdivided into four classes.
These classes are named as A,B,C and D. These groups are:

▪ Group A: Reusable or recyclable wastes (metals, glass, cardboard etc.)

▪ Group B: Recyclable waste for other purposes (plastics, paper, cardboard, metals,
glass, wood, empty packaging of paints etc.)
▪ Group C: Waste for no economically viable technologies or applications have been
developed to enable its recycling (gypsum waste)
▪ Group D: Hazardous waste from the construction process (paints, solvents, oils and
others, or those contaminated from demolitions, refurbishments etc.)

Similarly, C&D wastes have been classified with waste status and waste code by Government
of United Kingdom (GOV.UK, 2022). Waste status has been defined as whether the material
wastes are hazardous or not. In the each group, the material wastes’ status has been defined
with their own codes. The groups are:

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▪ Group 1: Insulation and asbestos materials
▪ Group 2: Concrete, bricks, tiles, and ceramics
▪ Group 3: Wood, glass, and plastic
▪ Group 4: Bituminous mixtures, coal tar and tar
▪ Group 5: Metallic waste, including cable (copper, bronze and brass, aluminum, lead,
iron and steel, tin, mixed metals etc.)
▪ Group 6: Soil, contaminated soil, stones, and dredging spoil
▪ Group 7: Gypsum
▪ Group 8: Cement
▪ Group 9: Paints and varnishes
▪ Group 10: Adhesives and sealants

There are many different categorisation in the literature for material wastes. Because of being
many different materials and implemetation methods in today’s construction, it is needed to
control all the processes in an effective way. So, managing all the waste processes via basic
steps makes whole the process more lean. Defining material wastes and categorisation is just
one step of this waste management process as well as composing a lean and common
categorisation of all the materials in basic way is extremely important preventing the
information confusion.

Material Waste Management

Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal and
monitoring of waste materials and it deals with waste generated during construction and allied
activities (Peddavenkatesu & Naik, 2016). According to Bilitewski et al. (1994), and Gilpin
(1996), waste management encompasses collection, transporting, storage, treatment, recovery,
and disposal of waste, and is defined as a comprehensive, integrated, and rational system
approach towards achievement and maintenance of acceptable environmental quality and
support of sustainable development.

Implementation of construction waste management can be one of the apparent solutions for
the industry to minimize waste and waste disposal, ultimately reducing costs incurred during
the process and contributing to the global “environmental-friendly” movement (Hwang &
Yeo, 2011). Good practice in material waste management generate favorable results with
various benefits such as cost savings, effective source usage, sustainability etc. Well
organized and implemented material waste management in the construction industry provides
reduced demand for landfill spaces, improved resource management, productivity, and quality
improvement as well as economic benefits.

Given that the waste is a serious trouble for not only the construction industry sclae but also
global scale, being aware of the wastes and managing them becomes mandotary day by day in
terms of limited resources. The Construction & Site Waste Management Strategy has been
improved by Hunt (2016) to manage the construction wastes in response both to existing
legislation and rescinding of specific construction waste management regulations. The
strategy sets out the responsibility for construction waste management and how the waste
hierarchy can be applied. Three levels of construction work are identified, and these are
covered in two processes which support this strategy, the Small Works Waste Process and the
Construction Site Waste Management Process. Hunt (2016) evaluates the waste management
strategy in three levels. First of them is defining responsibilities and drivers for the waste

1159
management like external drivers, internal drivers, and responsibility for management of
construction waste. Second of these steps is applying the waste hierarchy to construction
works as reduce (designing out waste), reuse, recycle and recover. Last of these steps is
defining levels (basic, minor, and major construction works) of site waste management which
is tremendous management step.

Council (2017) prepared a vital report for construction waste management. In this report it is
obviously seen that many countries such as United States, European Union, Japan, Singapore,
Australia, Taiwan have started to take precautions against to construction wastes. In 2008 the
Site Waste Management Plan (SWMP) Regulations were introduced which required
construction works over £300K in value to have in place a Waste Management Plan, with the
aim of reducing construction waste in United Kingdom (Hunt, 2016). In the United States
(US), the government unit for supervising C&D waste management is the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) which has a specific website for C&D waste management. EPA
states implementation of source reduction given that it can be preventing waste before it is
generated. In Europe, The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) is responsible
for setting up the national plans and programmes for waste prevention for C&D waste
management. Several regulations have been implemented for improving C&D waste
management in the Netherlands. Similar with Sweden, there are two drivers for the successful
C&D waste in the Netherlands: comprehensive regulatory framework and mature recycling
market. The Japan Ministry of the Environment (JME) explained the main reason for the high
recycling rate is the implementation of ‘Construction Material Recycling Law’, which was
enacted in May 2000. According to this law, it is required that contractors should sort and
recycle the demolition waste. In addition, some specific construction materials, such as
concrete, asphalt/concrete and wood building materials are particularly suggested to be
reused. Similarly, in Korea the Construction Waste Recycling Promotion Act, which was
promulgated by the Ministry of Environment, has been put into effect in January 2005. The
aim of this Act is to provide a legal basis for promoting construction waste management in an
eco-friendly manner. Such as these samples, according to the Council (2017)’s detailed report,
it is obviously seemed some successful experiences on C&D waste management in the
countries including United States, European Union, the Netherlands, Japan, Singapore, Korea,
Australia, and Taiwan as below:

▪ United States: Implementation of source reduction and development of mature waste

trade market
▪ European Union: Implementation of Waste Framework Directive, mature
reuse/recycling market, life cycle thinking, support for research projects
▪ Sweden: Implementation of legislative initiatives, improved and better controlled
quality of C&D waste, implementation of landfill taxes and ban on landfilling of combustible
waste fractions
▪ The Netherlands: Implementation of legislative initiatives, implementation of landfill
and incineration taxes, development of mature secondary material market.
▪ Japan: Implementation of Construction Recycling Law, mature C&D waste recycling
technologies and facilities
▪ Singapore: Efficient waste sorting, strict supervision on illegal dumping, mature
waste recycling technologies and facilities
▪ Korea: Implementation of Construction Waste Recycling Promotion Act, quality
certification system for recycled aggregates, construction waste information management
system for waste exchange

1160
▪ Australia: Implementation of legislative initiatives, implementation of landfill tax,
supply chain management.
▪ Taiwan: Implementation of legislative initiatives, effective sorting.

The green building certificate systems also care the importance of waste management in the
construction industry. One of popular green certificate systems, Leadership in Energy and
Environmental Design (LEED), requests 13 credits from materials and resources category for
new constructions in scope of LEED v4.1 for BD+C (USGBC, 2022). The prerequisite (P)
and credits (C) in the materials and resources category are seen as below:

▪ Materials And Resources Category

P: Storage and collection of recyclables (required)

C: Building life cycle impact reduction (5 credits)
C: Building product declarations (2 credits)
C: Sourcing of raw materials (2 credits)
C: Material ingredients (2 credits)
C: Construction and demolition waste management (2 credits)

Another one of popular green certificate systems, Building Research Establishment

Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM), requests below assessments for material
wastes in the latest version 6.0 (INC V6) (BREEAM, 2022):

▪ Materials Category:

Environmental impacts from construction products - building life cycle assessment (LCA) (up
to 7 credits)
Environmental impacts from construction products - environmental product declarations
(EPD) (1 credit)
Responsible sourcing of construction products (4 credit)
Designing for durability and resilience (1 credit)
Material efficiency (1 credit)

▪ Waste Category:

Construction waste management (5 credits)

Use of recycled and sustainably sourced aggregates (1 credit)
Operational waste (1 credit)
Speculative finishes (1 credit)
Adaptation to climate change (1 credit)
Design for disassembly and adaptability (2 credits)

The awareness of construction material wastes in terms of resources and circular economy is
crucial step for all over the world. It is obviously seemed that rare of countries have started to
take precautions for BCS waste management for recent years. Some legal regulations and
related categories of green building certificate systems helps to improve the awareness and
importance of managing the wastes regarding the very high level percentage of material
wastes in the contruction industry as far as the other industries or waste sources. As a result of
this, the material waste management should not be evaluated not only minimising them by
means of waste hierarchy method (Council G. D., 2018). BCS material waste management

1161
needs a holistic management steps at least as much the knowledge areas of project
management.

Material Waste Management in the BCS

BCS material waste management is a vital principle to figure out and manage the wastes in
the construction project. It involves a systematic approach to plan, identify, assess, response,
implement and monitor process during the project that prevent the exposure waste using some
the tools and techniques (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Material waste management.

“Plan material waste management” can be the first and tremendous step which the process of
defining how to conduct material waste management activities for the BCS projects. The key
benefit of this process is that it ensures that the degree, type, and visibility of material waste
management are proportionate to both material waste procedures and the importance of the
project to the organization and the stakeholders. This process is performed once or at
predefined points in the project to define the material waste management strategy,
methodology, roles and responsibilities, funding, timing, possible material waste categories.
In this step different plan templates and guides can be used to improve and apply such cost-
effective waste management plan, site waste management plan, material logistics plan, design
out waste guide, procurement guide and demolition protocol (Akinade et al., 2016).

The second step is “identify material wastes” that is the process of identifying individual
project material wastes as well as sources of overall project wastes and documenting their
characteristics. The key benefit of this process is the documentation of existing individual
project material wastes and the sources of overall project material wastes. It also brings
together information so the project team can respond appropriately to identified material
wastes. This process is performed throughout the project. In this process, expert judgement,
data gathering like brainstorming, checklists, interviews, literature research, current
categories, data analysis like root cause analysis can be used as tools and techniques for
identifying material wastes. To illustrate, Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) Master
Format divisions can be used for identifying material wastes in terms of applying and
monitoring the wastes in common perspective. CSI codes describe 17 different divisions but
one of them related to stakeholders and the other related to building types. So, 15 different
divisions in 17 divisions are directly associated with construction materials for managing
them (Url-1).

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▪ Site Construction (site work supplier, aggregate manufacture supplier, demolition,
hazardous material remover, off-site transportation and disposal, site preperation, landscaping,
sewerage and drainage etc.)
▪ Concrete (concrete formwork, cast in place concrete, ready-mix concrete, precast
concretei reinforcing steel, cement etc.)
▪ Masonry (mortar, washed sand & gravel, stone etc.)
▪ Metals (structural framing, structural steel, steel joists, metal decking, cold formed
metal framing, load bearing metal studs, miscellaneous metal fabrications, metal handrails &
railings etc.)
▪ Wood & Plastics (rough carpentry, wood and plastic fastenings, lumber, countertops,
prefabricated structural wood, structural wood components etc.)
▪ Thermal and Mositure Protection (waterproofing/damp proofing, exterior insulation
and finish systems, fireproofing, shingles, roofing tiles, preformed roofing and
cladding/siding, skylights, firestopping, joint sealers etc.)
▪ Doors and Windows (metal doors and frames, special metal doors and frames, wood
and plastic doors, folding doors and grilles, metal windows, wood and plastic windows,
hardware etc.)
▪ Finishes (ceiling suspension, lath and plaster, drywall, tile and terrazzo, acoustical
treatment, wood flooring, stone & masonry flooring, cultured marble, soft flooring, carpet,
paint removal, wall coverings etc.)
▪ Specialties (chalkboards and tackboards, compartments and cubicles, specialty
modules, lockers, protective covers, storage shelving, toilet and bath accessories, fireplaces,
and stoves etc.)
▪ Equipment (maintenance equipment, air compressor, unit kitchens, laboratory
equipment etc.)
▪ Furnishing (artwork, landscape partitions and components, multiple seating etc.)
▪ Special Construction (pools, solar energy systems, wind energy systems, building
automation systems etc.)
▪ Conveying Systems (dumbwaiters, elevators, moving stairs and walks, lifts,
scaffolding etc.)
▪ Mechnaical (mechanical insulation, fire protection, plumbing, heating, ventilating,
and air conditioning (HVAC), process piping & equipment etc.)
▪ Electrical (lightning protection systems, communications, alarm systems, fiber optic
cabling etc.)
▪ ABC Miscellaneous (lightning protection systems, communications, alarm systems,
fiber optic cabling etc.)

The third step is “assess material wastes” that is the process of analyzing individual project
material wastes and defining waste index. The key benefit of this process is that it quantifies
overall project material wastes exposure, and it can also provide additional material wastes to
support waste response planning. The quantities of waste can be estimated as one of
techniques to assess the material wastes by the transportation records of waste disposed off
from the construction sites (Poon et al., 2004) via (Mahayuddin et al., 2010) (Equation 1).

(1)

V = truck load (ton)

N = total no of truck for waste disposal

1163
W = total waste generated from the project (ton) = V x N
GFA = gross floor area
C = waste index (construction of 1 m2 gross floor area generates C ton of waste)

Waste index, building waste assessment score (BWAS), environmental performance score
(EPS), component-global indices, stock flow model, Spanish model, material flow analysis
model, universal waste ratio, system analysis model are the some of waste quantification
models. Similarly, Smart waste, net waste tool, design out waste tool for buildings, web-based
estimation system, DeconRCM, demolition and renovation waste estimation system are
defined as waste prediction tools while on-line waste control tool, waste management plan,
CALIBRE, Webfill, Construct Clear, SmartStart, SmartAudit, true cost of waste calculater are
known as the waste data collection and audit tools. Also, BREMap, GPS-GIS system, IRP-
based barcode system, GIS-BIM supply chain management system are evaluates as GIS-
enables waste tools (Akinade et al., 2016).

Figure 2: Waste hierarchy (Council G. D., 2018).

“Material waste response” is the fourth process to develop options, selecting strategies, and
agreeing on actions to address overall project material waste exposure, as well as to treat
material wastes. The key benefit of this process is that it identifies appropriate ways to
address overall project material wastes. This process also allocates resources and inserts
activities into project documents and the project management plan as needed. This process is
performed throughout the project. This step is closely related to material waste management
1164
plan step. In this step waste hierarchy, which has 6 steps (Reduce, Reuse, Recycling,
Recovery, Treatment, Disposal) can be implemented as seen in Figure 2 (Council G. D.,
2018). Reducing the material waste is the best option of waste hierachy while disposal is the
worst. So, firstly (Reduce, Reuse, Recycling) 3R technique is one of lean management tools
should be implemented then the other options should be cared.

The fifth step is “implement material waste responses” which is the process of implementing
agreed-upon material waste response plans. The key benefit of this process is that it ensures
that agreed-upon material waste responses are executed as planned to address overall project
material waste exposure, minimize project material wastes, and maximize cost, quality, time
opportunities. This process is performed throughout the project.

The last step of material waste management is “monitor material wastes”. Monitor material
wastes is the process of monitoring the implementation of agreed-upon material waste
response plans, tracking identified material wastes, identifying, and analysing new material
wastes, and evaluating material waste process effectiveness throughout the project. The key
benefit of this process is that it enables project decisions to be based on current information
about project material waste exposure. This process is performed throughout the project.

Conclusion
Because of being the biggest driver of waste generation, the construction industry should care
wastes and manage them effectively to move resource usage from traditional linearity to a
level of high circularity. Effective material waste management provides cost saving, reduced
demand for landfill, improved resource management, profit and quality maximisation. As a
result of the today’s limited resources and sustainable development, it is believed that waste
management in the construction industry should has needed priority.

Waste management closely associate with almost whole construction project stakeholders
such as the client, the main contractor, design team, subcontractors, project employees,
suppliers, government authorities and local residents. It is thought that improving legislative
framework in each country will promote the sustainable resource management all over the
world when the construction waste generation is taken into consideration.

In this study, it is recommended that waste management should not be evaluated just as waste
hierarchy. Waste management is a process that should be cared during the construction
project life cycle. In the BCS, material waste management can be implemented as one of the
knowledge area of PMBOK. So, it is thought that waste management should has its own
process groups while tools and techniques are improved for the construction waste
management.

As a result of occuring large material wastes in the world, it is thought that each country also
our country should manage wastes especially in the building construction sites because of
having largest share of waste generation. Although it has started to be implemented with the
standards and legal sanctions established in different countries in the management of
construction material wastes, our country is at the very beginning of the road in this respect.
This paper contributes the types of material wastes to manage them well while analyzing the
current applications in the countries which they have already manage their contruction
material wastes. So, with this paper it can be obviously seen the strategies, categories of the

1165
construction material wastes and a material waste management proposal in scope of PMBOK
knowledge areas. This paper can be a vital paper to start the manage construction material
wastes in terms of classifying them and analyzing the steps of management to implement the
management strategies basically for the countries which wants to manage their construction
material wastes.

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