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The Indus Valley Civilization: An Ancient Wonder
Asif Ahsan Khan (ID: 1922078630)
Course: HIS102.4
Assignment on: Indus Valley Civilization
Submitted to: Dr. Faruk Shah (Fkh)
Date: 9 January, 2024
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Abstract
The aim of this paper is to explore the Indus Valley Civilization one of the most fascinating
and advanced ancient civilizations. It delves into various aspects of this civilization including its
social structure urban planning trade and cultural achievements. This paper also discusses the decline
and eventual disappearance of the Indus Valley Civilization leaving behind a rich legacy that
continues to captivate historians and archaeologists.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction 4
2. Effect on the Catholic Church 4
3. Effect on Politics and Social Structure 5
4. Effect on Women in the Society 5
a. Women before the Crusades 6
b. Women in the Crusades 6
c. Women after the Crusades 7
5. Effect on Art and Literature 7
a. Contribution to Popular Culture 8
6. Effect on Philosophy 8
7. Conclusion 9
8. References 10
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Objectives
1. Analyze the social structure and organization of the Indus Valley Civilization.
2. Examine the urban planning and infrastructure of the cities in the Indus Valley Civilization.
3. Investigate the trade and economic activities of the Indus Valley Civilization.
4. Explore the cultural achievements and artistic expressions of this ancient civilization.
5. Discuss the theories and possible reasons for the decline and disappearance of the Indus
Valley Civilization.
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Introduction
The Indus Valley Civilization also known as the Harappan Civilization flourished from
approximately 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent. It was a
highly sophisticated and technologically advanced civilization that left behind impressive
architectural structures intricate city planning and a complex social organization. The study of this
ancient civilization provides invaluable insights into the history and development of human societies.
Social Structure and Organization:
The Indus Valley Civilization had a well-defined social structure that was based on
occupation and economic status. The society was divided into different classes including priests,
rulers, artisans, traders and farmers. The priests held significant influence over religious matters while
rulers governed the cities and maintained law and order. Artisans played a crucial role in producing
intricate crafts and traders facilitated long-distance trade networks.
Urban Planning and Infrastructure:
One of the remarkable aspects of the Indus Valley Civilization was its urban planning and
infrastructure. The cities were meticulously planned with well-organized street grids and advanced
drainage systems. The houses were constructed with baked bricks and each dwelling had access to a
private bathroom and a sophisticated water supply system. The cities were fortified and had
impressive public buildings such as granaries and assembly halls.
Trade and Economic Activities:
The Indus Valley Civilization was a major center of trade and commerce. Excavations have
revealed evidence of long-distance trade networks with goods such as textiles precious metals and
agricultural products being exchanged with neighboring regions. The discovery of seals and
standardized weights suggests the existence of a well-regulated trade system. Agriculture played a
crucial role in the economy with the cultivation of crops like wheat barley and cotton.
Cultural Achievements and Artistic Expressions:
The Indus Valley Civilization showcased remarkable cultural achievements and artistic
expressions. Intricate jewelry pottery and figurines have been unearthed showcasing the
craftsmanship and artistic prowess of the people. The seals found at the sites depict various animals
including elephants and bulls suggesting a connection to religious and ritualistic practices. The script
of the civilization however remains undeciphered posing a challenge for historians.
Decline and Disappearance:
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The reasons for the decline and disappearance of the Indus Valley Civilization remain a
subject of debate among scholars. Some theories suggest that environmental factors such as floods
and droughts may have contributed to the decline. Others propose the possibility of invasions or
internal conflicts. The lack of decipherable written records makes it challenging to ascertain the exact
cause. Regardless the Indus Valley Civilization left behind a lasting impact on the subsequent cultures
that emerged in the Indian subcontinent.
Conclusion
The Indus Valley Civilization stands as a testament to the ingenuity and sophistication of
ancient human societies. Its well-organized cities advanced infrastructure and thriving trade networks
highlight the remarkable achievements of this civilization. While the reasons for its decline and
disappearance remain elusive the legacy of the Indus Valley Civilization continues to intrigue
researchers and offers valuable insights into the development of human civilization.
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References
