STADIUMS

Overview
Ancient stadiums, whose size has never been matched (the Circus
Maximus in Rome had room for 180,000 spectators), still form the basis
for today's sports venues. The dimensions are normally determined by the
70 x 109 m layout of a football pitch and the running track around it ~
p. 323. The basic shape of the playing area is an ellipse, which is similar to
the ancient egg shape. A stadium is normally partially dug into the ground
and the earth removed is heaped around it. From the town planning aspect,
sports facilities must fit well into the terrain and the transport and utility
0 U-shaped layout supply conditions should be good: rail, bus, tram stops, large car parks etc.
Industry in the immediate vicinity should be avoided because smoke, smell
and noise are undesirable. Covered and open-air facilities for various types
of sport can be combined and integrated into the zoning plan of the city.
The orientations of ancient arenas were usually west-east or south-
north, according to the various times of competitions ~ 0; in Europe,
northeast-southwest so that most spectators had the sun behind them.
Open entrances are therefore at the eastern end. The pay booths were
placed far forward, and behind them the flow of visitors distributed
itself to various points in the stadium. These provide access, mostly
up the heaped areas, or up stairs, to the stand at half-height and then
to the rows above and below~ 0. For acoustic reasons, the Roman
architect Vitruvius recommended a fixed gradient of 1:2 for both rows
of seating and standing places. Nowadays, when loudspeakers are
used, the inclination only has to ensure a good view.
f) USA= segmented layout 0 Amsterdam= semi-circular ends Accordingly, with staggered seats, the audience in each row should
be able to see over the heads of those two rows in front. This results
in a parabolic curve. The best viewing conditions are from the long
side of an arc.
The width of the access passages and stairs must be worked out
using the sudden flow of spectators leaving (in contrast to the
gradual trickle of those arriving). According to the calculations of
C. van Eestern, each 5000 spectators at the Amsterdam stadium ~
8 require 7 minutes (or 420 seconds) to leave using the 9.5 m wide
stairs provided (in Los Angeles 12 minutes, in Turin 9 minutes).
So one spectator uses 1 m stair width in
9.5 x420 =O 8
5000 . s
e Rotterdam = curved sides and
corners. Only for football
e Budapest= horseshoe around
transverse axis
or in 1 s, for each 1 m stair width,
5000
1 25
9.5 X 420 = ' S
NE spectators leave. The formula for the necessary stair width for a
defined number of spectators intending to leave the stadium in a
desirably short time would therefore be
stair width (m) = no. spectators
STADIUMS evacuation time (s) x 1.25
Overview First-aid rooms should be provided according to the number of
Spectator stands
spectators and close to the spectator area. A group of rooms is
s
necessary for every 20,000 spectators: treatment and rest room
15m2 , store room 2m 2 and two toilets with lobbies to prevent odour
transmission. For stadiums with room for more than 30,000 spectators,
there should also be a 15 m2 room for public safety personnel (police,
sw fire service). The commentary boxes will be in the main stand with a
Viewing distance determines size of sports ground
good view oft he sports field, each box 1.5 m2 . Behind every five media
boxes, a switchroom of 4 m2 • One car parking space for every four

~
~

6
spectators and parking places for coaches should be allocated.

~oom••
'""""''~
Berlin
Helsinki

t-1,12 -+72 -+-72-4

~
Rio de Janeiro Florence Arezzo

8 Spectator traffic routes at various stadiums e Stand sections

318
 STADIUMS
Spectator Stands

Spectator and VIP areas

The design is based on the relevant state Places of Assembly
Regulations, which contain requirements for access routes, stairs,
ramps and spectator places. Further regulations can be prescribed by
ruling sports bodies, e.g. the FIFA guidelines for international games
prohibit standing places in stadiums.
According to the number of spectator places planned, stands are either
viewpoint
placed on the long sides of the sports field (a good view, because the
0 Sight line construction distance is not too far) or, for more than approx. 10,000 places, around
the entire playing area. Because sporting events mostly take place in
the afternoon, the best spectator places are on the west side (no glare).
standing terrace If the spectator places are arranged in a multi-row layout, sufficient
super-elevation should be provided to improve the viewing conditions.
>--40---; ~
For smaller stands with up to 20 rows of standing places or 1 0 rows
1::,:·:·:· of seating, this can be a linear gradient of 1:2, but in all other stadiums
w:,:,:,.. 1-23-i the linear gradient should be parabolic. In this case the gradient for
"'·""'··'"'·'""·'·.,;,~--liir-I sitting and standing places can be determined by using spectators'
sight line construction, with the super-elevation 12 em for standing
f) Concrete units places and 15 em for rows of seats ~ 0.
Seated areas (Places of Assembly Regulations)
Seated place width 0.5 m
1--40~
7

For design purposes, in rows of seating the required space is two

visitors per m2 • This can be provided as row seating (benches) or as

~.·gravel
...J.r',!(' individual seats, which have to be fixed and immovable when there are
more than 5000 visitor places. Seats with backrests offer more comfort
(height min. 30 em according to FIFA guidelines) and there must be a
G ~e e Sloping reinforced concrete with
drainage
clear passage width of 40 em between rows of seats. Seats must be
arranged in blocks of max. 30 rows. Behind and between the blocks,
there must be aisles with a min. width of 1.20 m. Depending on the
seating steps layout of the access and exit routes, each row of seats may contain:
20 places if there is an aisle to the open air at one side, or
40 places if there is an aisle to the open air at both sides
Sitting and standing places must be separated. A 1.20 m width of
escape route (stairs, ramps, level surfaces) must be provided for every
600 places, with a minimum width of 1.20 m.
Standing terraces (Places of Assembly Regulations)
Standing space width 0.5 m
For design purposes, in standing terraces the required space is two
visitors per running metre of terrace. A 1.20 m width of escape route
(stairs, ramps, level surfaces) must be provided for every 600 places,
with a minimum width of 1.20 m. In order to ensure that standing areas
fill and empty evenly and to avoid dangerous crushes, they should
be divided into blocks of about 2500 places. These blocks should be
fenced apart and separately accessed.
Within a block of standing terrace, 'wave breakers' (crush barriers)
Steps > 50 em high must be provided If backrests are > 65 em high, should be provided. It must be ensured that, seen from each standing
with fall protection min. 90 em high barriers can be omitted
place, there is a suitably strong parapet about 1.1 m high within 10
rows. Possible diagonal surging must be hindered by a staggered
arrangement of the 'wave breakers'. STADIUMS
1---78 --j 1--76--J
VIPs: Larger stadiums should provide a covered VIP box with movable OveJView
Spectator
1--30-+- 46 --; seating.
stands
Roofing of stands: The intention should be to provide cover for as
many places as possible. Overlapping of stand structures can increase
the number of covered places. The Berlin Olympic stadium has recently
received a new roof~ 4I!)- $.

e Sloping reinforced concrete slab with

steps
No fall protection is required for
steps < 50 em high

I-- 6.80 --f--10.14---+- 4.60-+--4.60-+------6.20-+-- 5.90 ---l

1 - - - - - - - - - - 4MO - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
Section through the Berlin Olympic stadium after rebuilding
Section through the Berlin Olympic stadium Arch.: Prof. Werner March Arch.: Gerkan Marg u. Partner

319
 SPORTS FACILITIES
Playing Areas

Sport Competitive sport Leisure sport Net Goal/

basket
(m)
Playing Free space Total area Playing Free space Total area Height W-width
area around area around H =height
dimensions sides ends dimensions sides ends
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
0 Football Football
45-90 X
9D-120
1 2
46-91 X
92-122
68 X 105 1 2 69 X 107 - W-7.32
H=2.44
Football, FIFA 45-90 X 47-92 X W=7.32
2 3.5 68 X 105 2 3.5 ?Ox 108.5-
requirements 9D-120 93.5-123.5 H =2.44
Rugby 68.4 X 100 2 12-23 70.4 X 123 68.4 X 100 2 12-23 70.4x123- W=5.60
H = 3.00
55-65 X 56-66 X W=3.00
Handball
9D-110
1 2
92-112
60x90 1 2 61 x92 - H=2.00
Indoor 18-22x 19-23 X W-3.00
handball 38-44
1 2
40--46
20x40 1 2 21 x42 - H=2.00
Hockey (field W=3.66
hockey)
- - - - 55x91.4 2 4 57 X 95.4 - H=2.14
netH-
Netball 25x60 1 2 26x62 25x60 1 2 26x62 - 2.50
f) Rugby (German) Softball/
- - - pole H =
rounders
25 X 50-70 10 10 35x6D-80 - - 1.50
Indoor cycle 9-11 X 9.5-11.5 W-2.00
polo 12-14
0.5 0.5-1
X 13-15
- - - - - H =2.00
Volleyball 9x 18 2 3 11 x21 9x 18 2 3 11 x21 2.43 -
Prellball 8x16 2 4 10x20 8x 16 2 4 10x20 - -
Schleuderball - - - - 15x 100 8 30 23 X 130 - 1-
Fistball - - - - 20x50 6 8 26x58 2.00 -
Basketball 15x28 1 1 - - 1- - - - 3.05
1 1
13-15x 14-16x
Streetball
24-28
2 2
26-30
- - - - - 3.05
0 American football, goals 5.50 x 3.05 m

0 Handball
0 Volleyball

SPORTS 4J} Schleuderball

FACILITIES ([!) Prellball f-----15.0-----1

~~
1----14.0-----j
Playing areas
Athletics
Q Hockey
1---12.0-----l
Tennis l------1 0.0----l
Miniature golf ,. l-----8.0---l .,
Golf courses
Water sport,
marinas
y ';Y .North
I f---6.0--4
rr----------------n
I

Water sport,
rowing and Cf) Fistball
I I
canoeing
Equestrian sport 0 Netball, net diam. 55 em, 2.50 m high I
Ski jumping
Ice rinks
Roller skating
I
I
I
rinks
Speed roller
~--r
I
I I
skating,
skateboarding
Cyclo-cross, @) Basketball --> ~ I
BMX
Shooting ranges T 1.25 !1.81 1.25
1.80x 1.20 f-+---6.25-l----6.25--+-l
.L ~--h-30::::--"40

1
12.0 15.0 2.01
15t+- -i
45 " Streetball --> basket ~
2.65
1.20-l

·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:
f) Softball/rounders 0 Basketball basket --> @) + 0

320
 SPORTS FACILITIES
Playing Areas

Playing area size (m)

Standard
max. min.
Game dimensions 1)
L w L w L w
0 Small playing field for school football
0 School football 70 40 40 20 44 22

f) Indoor football 50 25 40 20 44 22

E) Indoor handball - - - - 44 22

8 Indoor hockey 40 20 36 18 44 22

0 Indoor netball 60 25 64 27 - -
0 Cycle polo on grass - - - - 60 40

0 Horseshoe throwing 15 3 12 3 - -
f) Indoor football, goals 2 x 3 m
- - - -
0 Croquet 20 4

0 Fencing piste 24 2 13 1.80 - -

4Ii) Boccia - - - - 24 3

CD Shuffleboard - - - - 17 3

0 Tennikoit 12.20 5.50 - - 18.20 11.50

CD Baseball - - - - 18.29 18.29

1l including safety margin
0 Indoor handball

0 Indoor hockey

0 Fencing piste

0 Indoor netball, net dlam. 0.55, 2.5 m high

(!) Boccia
SPORTS
4D Shuffleboard
FACILITIES
Playing areas
Athletics
Tennis
---...
/I
Miniature golf
--------""Pitcher Golf courses

0 Cycle polo on grass

z:;s---------
/ Mound
Water sport,
marinas
B/L / Water sport,
rowing and
/
canoeing
Equestrian sport
""'·"··. // Ski jumping
Ice rinks
" " R•tter0 Roller skating
~ ><Catcher rinks
Speed roller

f) Horseshoe throwing
4D Baseball skating,
skateboarding
Cyclo-cross,
BMX
Shooting ranges

e Croquet lawns

321
 SPORTS FACILITIES
Playing Areas

Beach sport Competitive sport Leisure sport Net Goal/basket Sports hall
0 Beachminton type Size of Free space around Total Size of Free space around Total Height w~width Clear
playing area playing area H ~height height
area area (C)~compe-
sides ends sides ends titian
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
Volleyball 18.00x 5.00 5.00 28.00 X 18.00x 3.00 3.50 25.00 X 2.24 F reg >5.50
9.00 19.00 9.00 1500 2.43 M nat >7.00
int>12.50
Football 36.00 X 1.00 2.00 40.00 X - w~7.32 (C)
('professional') 28.00 30.00 H~2.44(C)
---------- -- ------ ------ ---
('amateur') 31.00x 1.00 2.00 35.00 X - W~.OO(C)
25.00 27.00 H~2.00 (C)
-~-------- ----·-· ------- ---- ---· ·····-· I -- ~-- -
27.00 X 1.50 1.50 w~3.oo
f) Beach basketball
12.00
30.00 X
15.00 H~2.00

Football 18.00x 1.00 2.00 22.00 X 1.30

tennis 9.00 11.00
Sepak takraw 18.00x 2.00 2.00 22.00 X 12.00x 2.00 2.00 16.00x 1.10
9.00 13.00 6.00 10.00
Handball 27.00 X 3.00 3.00 33.00 X 27.00x 1.50 1.50 30.00 X - w~.oo
12.00 18.00 12.00 15.00 H~2.00

Badminton 13.40 X 2.00 2.00 17.40x 13.40x 1.50 2.00 16.40 X 1.55 reg >7.00
6.10 10.10 6.10 exceptio- exceptio- 10.10 nat >7.00
nally. nally int>9.00
0.30 1.30
Beachminton 12.30x 0.45 1.00 14.30x 12.80x 0.30 0.35 13.00 1.28 reg >5.20
0 Beach badminton (competitive)
3.80 0.70 1.50 4.70
15.30x
3.80 4.40 nat >6.50
lnt>9.00
5.20
Basketball 12.00 15.00x 1.00 15.00x - 12.00
(basket 8.00 10.00 (basket
spacing) spacing)
Tennis 18.00x 3.00 3.00 24.00 X 18.00x 300 3.00 24.00 X 1.50 reg >7.001)
(single court) 9.00 3.00 3.00 15.00 9.00 300 3.00 15.00 1.50 nat >9.00
18.00x 24.00 X 18.00x 24.00 X int >9.00
6.00 12.00 6.00 12.00
TAM beach 24.00x 1.00 2.00 28.00 X 18.00x 1.00 2.00 22.00 X 2.10 to -
(single court) 11.00 1.00 2.00 13.00 9.00 1.00 2.00 11.00 2.15
24.00 X 28.00 X 18.00x 22.00 X
7.50 9.50 6.00 8.00
11 Regional leisure sport can take place from a hall height of 5.50 m

G Beach volleyball (competitive) 0 Dimensions of beach playing areas

SPORTS
FACILITIES
Playing areas
Athletics
Tennis
Miniature golf
Golf courses
Water sport,
marinas
Water sport, C) Beach football tennis e Beach tennis (doubles) Ci) TAMbeach (competitive)
rowing and
canoeing
Equestrian sport
-
....... ........
Ski jumping
Ice rinks
Roller skating
rinks
Speed roller
skating,
skateboarding
Cyclo-cross,
BMX
Shooting ranges

.......... _,. ....

e Beach handball (competitive) 1.0 2.0

0 Beach soccer

322
 5.00
SPORTS FACILITIES
45.00
Athletics

playmg f1eld
runmng track
high jump
pole vault
long and triple jump
shot put
discus and hammer
t---13.00-+----- 45 .00 _ _ _ _ __,1c.c.o,o:... javelin
3.00 J-----9.00 -tt 1.00 1---11.00-+-- 9.00 --45.001 water jump
f--+-10.00-+--------------100.00 - - - - - - - - - - - 1
t-----------------------176.91---------------------~

0 Track and field, arena type A

Track and field, arena type A

This consists of an eight-Jane perimeter
track and large inner field; shot put,
discus/hammer throwing, high jump
and javelin in southern segment; shot
put, discus/hammer throwing, javelin
and water jump for obstacle race in
northern segment; pole vault pit with
run-up from both sides on eastern side
outside perimeter track; long jump and SPORTS
triple jump pit with two run-ups on FACILITIES
western side outside perimeter track. Playing areas
f) Track and field, arena type B Athletics
Tennis
Track and field, arena type B Miniature golf
This consists of a six-lane perimeter Golf courses
Water sport,
track and large inner field; shot put, marinas
discus/hammer throwing, high jump Water sport,
rowing and
and javelin in southern segment; pole canoeing
vault, javelin, discus/hammer throwing, Equestrian sport
long jump with three run-ups and water Ski jumping
Ice rinks
jump for obstacle race in northern Roller skating
segment; pole vault, long jump and rinks
Speed roller
triple jump pits can also be arranged skating,
outside perimeter track. skateboarding
Cyclo-cross,
BMX
Track and field, arena type C Shooting ranges
This consists of four-lane perimeter
track and large inner field; discus/
hammer throwing, high jump and
javelin in southern segment; pole vault,
H--------------100.00---------l discus/hammer throwing, long jump
t-----------------~-167.15---------------- and triple jump pits with three run-ups
C) Track and field, arena type C and shot putting in northern segment.

323
 SPORTS FACILITIES
Athletics

,.,, Track and field, arena type D consists of

r--...
I :I I
I I I I
.......... facilities for the following events -7 0:
I J't..:: 4-6 single lanes for straight sprints and
-,- - cy{_,_,.,1
I
"~-"·-
I I) 1
straight hurdles
Z
-
r ' ,...
~3:6.00
---,~r.
I lo
,,,,,
I I I I,
,,,,,
1 playing field 68 x 105 m (70 x 109 m
including safety zones)
L-~ ..L

''I' 1 shot put practice area, throwing southwards

I I I II
1-./s.oo
. I
1' ' ' 1 triple facility for long jump, triple jump;
'1 8:
I
:/r
N-=v,_,_,
''''
1
run-up to the west
1 high jump area; run-up northwards
'L -~;); s 1 shot put ring; throwing direction northwards
-- q 7
ii!"' . 1 softball throwing area; throwing direction
northwards
1 small playing field 27 x 45 m (including
2
2.00~ 105.00 I 27.00 ~ •'f safety zones)
3.oor=1o.oo--t-·------------1~:~------------t-23.00~
The running track in type D is normally clay
0 Track and field, arena type D
paved, but synthetic paving is recommended
for very heavy use.
9.00 m for competitions (take-off board offset 1.00 m) A combined large field includes a large
8.00 m for training (take-off board offset 2.00 m- see also the following page)
playing field, with areas for track and field
playing field long jump events next to and on the field. It consists
running track
high jump
pole vault
shot put
discus and hammer
javelin and ball throwing
of the following areas: -7 e
1 playing field 68 x 105 m (70 x 109 m with
safety zones)
1 high jump area; run-up northwards over
1-- 2 0 . 0 0 - - - i 6 . 0 0 · t - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 0 9 . 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - j the field
f-+------------105.00 2.00
1 shot put practice area; throwing direction
eastwards
1 shot put ring; throwing direction westwards
For practice in throwing disciplines, the
provision of a run-up or throwing field is
recommended for safety reasons. This
consists of a grass area for landing about the
size of a large field and a run-up or throwing
area for javelin, discus and hammer on the
southern short side -7 0.
!-----32.00----1

3.00
SPORTS H-10.00 + - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 0 0 . 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - - + - - · 1 7 . 0 0 - - - - j
FACILITIES i-l-----------------130.00----------------l--l

Playing areas f) Combined large field

Athletics
Tennis
Miniature golf
Golf courses
Water sport,
marinas
Water sport,
rowing and
canoeing
Equestrian sport
Ski jumping
Ice rinks
Roller skating
rinks
Speed roller
skating,
skateboarding
Cycle-cross,
BMX
Shooting ranges

8 Throwing field 0 Combined small field

324
r--- 7.00 ----1 t--- 5.00 ----!
SPORTS FACILITIES

18.,;
Athletics

m
c-
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e Hurdle with counterweight Ci) Hurdle

:I 11.22:I 1 ~ water jump

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Plan
:

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-------
J-----R=36.5----i
l ' ~/
£.~'JL'1 ________ _

0 Long jump and triple jump layout Pole vault layout -> 0 0 Obstacle race with 16 m radius and water trough

1- 3.43-_, !---3.66~0.12'
t-6.01 3.45

1501-3.66--l

Water jump Steeplechase water jump

n
IT
direction of

r~ """~""'~"'~"""~"~""'""""" ~ Type of track Length of start (m) Track Run-out Width of each lane1>
sprint 3 1102) 17 1.22
t=== 20 ---;:;-- 10' -+3'1 1---3.0-----1
~~~er underframe circular _3)
400 17 1.22
1> the circular track needs an additional28 em safety zone, which does not have to be
section through take-off board section A-B through mat and mat-frame

0 Long jump and triple jump details 0 High jump layout and details
constructed as a track
2> the length of 110m results from the 110m hurdles: for other sprint events the

distance is 100 m
3> no additional starting space necessary

@) Track dimensions -> 0 SPORTS

FACILITIES
Playing areas
Track Class No. Height of Distance to Spacing Distance Athletics
length hurdles hurdles first hurdle of hurdles after last Tennis
12&110' (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) Miniature golf
Golf courses
section A-B 400 Men and men, 10 0.914 45.00 35.00 40.00
Water sport,
junior A+ B marinas
400 Women and 10 0.762 45.00 35.00 40.00 Water sport,
women, junior A rowing and
5.0 / canoeing
~ /2.0
110 Men 10 1.067 13.72 9.14 14.02 Equestrian sport
1.5y 110 Men, junior A 10 0.996 13.72 8.90 16.18 Ski jumping
Ice rinks
0 Pole vault details -> 0 Sprung stand and landing pad for
110 Men, junior B
Women and 10
10 0.914
0.840
13.50
13.00
8.60
8.50
19.10
10.50
Roller skating
rinks
section E-F pole vault -> 0 100
women, junior A Speed roller
skating,
Area for: Run-up Width(m) Pit(P)or Length (m) Width(m) 100 Women, junior 10 0.762 13.00 8.50 10.50 skateboarding
lenQth (m) landing pad (L) B (from 1984) Cyclo-cross,
long jump i;;45 1> 1.222> p 2.75
~8
100 Women, junior 10 0.840 12.00 8.00 16.00
BMX
triple jump ~45 3 ) 1.222> p s;;;;B 2.75 Shooting ranges
LP 5.00 B (from 1983)
pole vault "-'45 1.22 ~5
high jump L 3 5-6 80 Schoolboys A 8 0.840 12.00 8.00 12.00
semicircle r >2.00
1) the take-off board is min. 1 m in front of the pit, because the distance between 80 Schoolgirls A 8 0.762 12.00 8.00 12.00
the take-off line and the end of the landing area must be at least 10 m. For high- 60 Schoolboys and 6 0.762 11.50 7.50 11.00
standard layouts, the landing area is 9 m long. schoolgirls B
2> for multiple layouts, the width of each lane is 2 m.

3) the take-off board is 11 min front of the landinQ area (for'uniors 9 m, for top athletes 13m).
Note: a tolerance of± 3 mm is allowed in the standard height

0 Dimensions for jumping sports -> 0 -0 C9 Hurdle tracks -> 0

325
 hinged flaps SPORTS FACILITIES
Athletics

The dimensions given in -1 Ci) are in line with the competition rules and
must be observed. Deviations are possible for school sport, training and
leisure sport.
Hammer throwing equipment is laid out similarly to discus equipment -1 0
- 0. except the throwing circle has only ~2.135 m safety cage -1 0- f) for
competitive facilities; otherwise, the more simply constructed safety cage,
as for the discus, can be used -1 e.
bracing
Javelin facilities consist of a run-up track and a throwing sector. The width
1--2.74----1 of the run-up track is 4 m, length is normally 36.5 m, but min. 30 m. The
run-up track is divided from the throwing sector by a permanently marked
0 Side view of combined hammer
throwing circle and cage ~ f)
Plan of hammer throwing
circle and cage curved throwing line.
Shot put facilities consists of a ring and a landing sector -1 0 - 0. The
normal length of shot put facilities is 20 m, for top-level sport 25 m.
The following design examples 1-V for the allocation of the usable space
(4 m2/inhabitant) in various catchment areas should be seen only as an
orientation aid.
Example 1: Sport facilities for a catchment of approx. 5000 inhabitants
4.20
1 track and field arena, type D 10,554 m2
1.
~.
2 small playing fields 27 x 45 m
1 training playing field
2430 m2
4500 m2
2 leisure playing fields 250 m2
1 grass play and gymnastics area 1000 m2
1 fitness area 1400 m2
total usable area approx. 20,000 m2
0 Plan of discus throwing circle
and cage
e Discus throwing area; discus
"'219 mm "'221 mm (men)
Example II: approx. 7000 inhabitants
1 track and field arena, type D 10,554 m2
1-- 11.--1 1 large playing field 70 x 109 m 7630 m2
2 small playing fields 27 x 45 m 2430 m2
leisure play area 3000 m2
1 grass play and gymnastics area 1000 m2
1 fitness track 2300 m2
1 roller skating track 800m 2
total usable area approx. 28,000 m2
Example Ill: 7000 inhabitants
1 track and field arena, type B 14,000 m2
1 large playing field 70 x 109 m 7630 m2
3 small playing fields 27 x 45 m 3645 m2
iron ring
throwing circle 1 grass play and gymnastics area 1000 m2
(d = 2.135 m)
1 fitness area 1400 m2
9 Shot put circle -> 0 0 Shot put: circle edge board, total usable area approx. 28,000 m2
section A-8
Example IV: approx. 15,000 inhabitants
1 track and field arena, type B 14,000 m2
3 large playing fields 70 x 109 m 22,890 m2
7 small playing fields 27 x 45 m 8505 m2
leisure play area 6000 m2
SPORTS 1 fitness track 3300 m2
FACILITIES 1 fitness area 1400 m2
Playing areas 1 fitness playing area 1000 m2
Athletics
Tennis
2 grass play and gymnastics areas 2000 m2
Miniature golf total usable area approx. 60,000 m2
Golf courses Example V: approx. 20,000 inhabitants
Water sport,
marinas 1 track and field arena, type B 14,000 m2
Water sport, 1 combined large playing field 8400 m2
rowing and 4 large playing fields 70 x 109 m 30,520 m2
canoeing Javelin area
Equestrian sport 10 small playing fields 27 x 45 m 12,150 m2
Ski jumping f--------- ~ 7.32 - - - - - - - - - - 1 leisure play area 6000 m2
Ice rinks
Roller skating
rinks o ULJLJLJLJLJ c;;
1 fitness track
1 fitness area
3300 m2
1400 m2
Speed roller
skating,
inside
lane
I "!
:i6
1 fitness play area 1000 m2
2 grass play and gymnastics areas 2000 m2
skateboarding
Cycle-cross,
'0
c
~
~1.22
~1.25
~1.22
::;1.25
; -; 1.22
,1.25
~ 1.22
"1.25
;;;;:1.22
~1.25
G 1.22
"1.25
i total usable area approx. 80,000 m2
~
~
BMX ·2 Area for sport Throwing area (m) Landing sector
Shooting ranges
j30 j20 j20 j20 j20 j2o 31!1"' An ale Length m
Discus Circle diam.- 2.50'1 80
t: t:
lane measurements
I
I
I
I
-+-----slope <1%
I
Hammer Circle diam. = 2.13
34.92°
34.92° 80

rf] I
~
Javelin Run-up length= 36.502>
Run-up width = 4 approx. 29° 100

'5' II II i II II II Shot put

1> also suitable
Circle diam. - 2.13 34.92°
for hammer throwing with insertion of profiled ring
up to 25

running direction 2lc30m

e Track dimensions, track and field type B f) Dimensions of throwing areas

326
 f----------36.54--------1
l-----18.27----l SPORTS FACILITIES
f3.6&j--1 0.97 --+3.651 13.651---10.97 --!3.6513.651-1 0.97 --+3.65;
Tennis

c--.--

--
n
~ ~
-.--

.---
Doubles court ~ 0 - e ....................................... 10.97 X 23.77 m
Singles court ...........................................................8.23 x 23.77 m
Side margin .......................................................................33.65 m
Side margin, tournament.. ....................................................4.00 m
Back margin ......................................................................36.40 m
Back margin, tournament.. ...................................................8.00 m

lI
Space between two courts ..................................................7.30 m
I
Net height in centre ............................................................0.914 m
Net height at posts ............................................................... 1.07 m
Perimeter fencing height ......................................................4.00 m
0 Tournament courts
Fencing: 2.5 mm thick wire mesh with 4 em mesh size.

1 r "1·· i
1-'0:.::.5:..:.%"+1:::•::.:,_+-------8.23 - - - - - - - r - 1 . 3 7 ,0.91'1
0.91' 1.37
10.97-----------1
H"'
Number of courts required:
Currently the number of active tennis players is 1.6-3% of the
total population. Ratio of courts to players for new courts is 1 :30;
formula to determine the approximate number of courts required:

f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 . 7 9 5- - - - - - - - - - - - 1 . population x 3
no. courts required (T) = -'-----'--------
f) Thenet 100 X 30
Area required for children's court~ 0.
Parking places: normal tennis playing (without spectators), four
vehicle parking places per court.
I Plot size: net area ('usable sport area') is identical to the tennis
net height SQ-90 elm
court and the areas required for the practice wall and the children's
court. Experience shows a 60-80% supplement to the net area
gives the plot size. The location of the courts should be in the N-S
direction if possible.
Deviations are possible 0N is better than E). More than two courts
I-2.50-t----1Q-12.00-----t-2.50--l
next to each other is not recommended, behind each other only
f-----------15-17.00--------l with visual separation. Artificial lighting at 10m height is needed
e Children's tennis court at the long sides. ·
The production of the space allocation plan should include later
requirements for flats (caretaker, trainer, tenant) and garages from
the start. The project should be designed so that building can
proceed in stages without disturbing the tennis.

SPORTS
T
1.50 FACILITIES

1------4.00~
t
3.00
Playing areas
Athletics
f----------8.00-------1
f--------------12.00-----------l
I Tennis
Miniature golf
f---------------12.80------------l elevation -----t 0 elevation ----t O Golf courses
Water sport,
Wall marking (for serves, passing shots etc.) marinas
Water sport,
rowing and

I.,
canoeing
Equestrian sport

J1
Ski jumping
Ice rinks
Roller skating

q
"? "'
"'
0
0
rinks
Speed roller
skating,

1
3.00
I I
skateboarding
Cyclo-cross,
BMX
Shooting ranges

"'
..L
51 5 51 5
H----10.97----H f----- 8.00-----;

f-------12.00----1

parabolic wall sloping wall vertical wall

e Training wall (doubles): shown above are
recommended dimensions for tennis
f) Training wall (singles)

Types of tennis wall walls+ playing area in front of wall

327
 9.0> 111.00> I I h~11.0 SPORTS FACILITIES

·~::
Tennis
'" Ceiling heights for indoor tennis halls are fixed internationally. Davis
Cup rules require a height of 10.67 m; recommended height 9-11
h=s.ao ------------- I
~:~g I m, although 9 m will normally suffice---+ 0. Tennis is also possible
I in gymnastics and sports halls with 7 m height. The hall height is
h .. 3.0
boundary of
I measured from the floor, at the net, to the underside of the roof
run-out net
truss, and must be the same over the entire 10.97 m width of the
court. The height is min. 3 m at the outer edge of the playing area.
f - - 6.40 -+---- 11.88
5
- Types of halls: demountable hall, permanent hall, convertible hall.
0 Hall heights Hall internal dimensions 18.30 X 36.60 m ---+ (t. Because the size
00~7.00
of the courts and the prescribed areas of the court outside the

~
markings are fixed internationally, this gives:
tennis hall with 2 courts Te H 2
singles + doubles (S + D)
h=9.00
(2 X 18.30) X (1 X 36.60) = 36.60 X 36.60

~I ~
f~J with 3 courts Ti(Se H
+D)
3

which gives analogously a hall area of 54.90 x 36.60 m. These

00=11.00
dimensions are the ideal for sporting flexibility. If 'economical

~
0
.,; tennis halls' are planned, this makes a reduction of the built area
possible but will restrict the use.
The uses are:
f6.40+-- 23.77 ------+6.40< 1. both courts suitable for singles competition
f) Cross- and longitudinal sections of hall types hipped on the long sides --> C) 2. one court suitable for doubles competition
E 0 0 0 E 3. practice or leisure play on both courts, 2 singles games or 1
singles and 1 doubles.
Considering the possible savings, this gives the following hall size:
B B

1
~ : 12D 32.40 x 36.60m
I - - - - 36.57 - - - - t The following table shows some of the possible options:
A A Hall type Courts Singles Doubles Width Length Use C* No use C*
(S) (D)
1 1 1 1 18.30 36.60 SID -
2 2 2 2 36.60 36.60 2 S/2D
>---- 18.27 ----i 2 practice 2 2 2 33.90 36.60 2 S/1 S/1 D 2 D or2 S
-
Q
3 3 3 3 54.90 36.60 3 S/3D
c c 3 practice 3 3 3 49.50 36.60 3 S/2D 3D or 3 S
net 2a 2 1 1 33.90 36.60 1 S/1 D -
E 0 0 0 E 2a practice 2 1 1 32.40 36.60 1 S/1 D -
C) Ground floor plan __, f) Hall dimensions and forms
f - suitable for competition

18.27 18.27
f---------(18.30)---++---(.18.30)-----l I
I I I I 1 I I
36.54
I !36.60 I
SPORTS
. I I
FACILITIES
Playing areas I~ I
I I I
. I . I
Athletics
Tennis
I I
Miniature golf I
I
I
Golf courses

I~ I I
Water sport,
marinas
Water sport,
I I I
rowing and I. ·I I. I
canoeing I I
Equestrian sport
Ski jumping I I
Ice rinks
Roller skating
I
I I I I
I
I I
rinks
Speed roller
skating,
skateboarding
Cyclo-cross,
BMX
Shooting ranges
0 Permanent hall over one or more courts e Permanent hall over one or more courts

I I I
328
 SPORTS FACILITIES
..__ lane numbering
Miniature Golf

A miniature golf course consists of 18 clearly separated lanes

(exception: driving shots}, which are numbered and must correspond
0 General points for all lanes setting*down markings to the standard regulations of their system. Lanes suitable for
6.25 competitions have the following features:

"'Jh;".~
actual playing area
lane demarcations (mostly strips)
tee marking
one or more obstacles (can be omitted)
borderline (can be omitted)
f) Pyramids setting~down markings set-down markings (can be omitted)
6.25
hole
and perhaps further components and/or markings specific to the
system.
Playing area size: min. width 80 em, min. length 5.50 m. Playing
areas intended to be level must be completely flat (90 em spirit level).
In case the edges of the playing area are not determined by strips,
8 Somersault (with angled baffles) then they must be marked otherwise (exception: driving shots). The
edge strips must be so installed so that they enable a strategy to be
implemented. Each lane must have a tee-off marking. The type of
marking must be standardised within one course or for a certain lane
system. The obstacles must be practical in construction and shape
and installed permanently (according to the sporting purpose). The
..............................v.%. ............................... ~~\34 location of obstacles which are not fixed should be marked.

e Sloping circle with kidney barrier

p l oo•.o·~o
~
t4Ql ~

e Floor waves
borderline

p
~
~I
~
[8) $ Straight lane with staggered obstacles

0 Flat curve

~~~target
A " . .. .............. .
0
.:......_......:~-----------------
............. h•...... ..
SPORTS

8 Bridge
a} Labyrinth FACILITIES

8 '{j qCQ
Playing areas
Athletics
lane without borderline Tennis
Miniature golf
Golf courses
Water sport,
marinas
borderline ·Water sport,
~ to be played only from the starting tee rowing and
G) Blunt cone
canoeing
plan---+ 0 Equestrian sport
Skiiumping
Ice rinks
Roller skating
rinks
Speed roller
I 625 skating,
skateboarding

·:::.-:::~.%. . . . . ~ Cycle-cross,
BMX
G Skijump
m Shooting ranges

f-:wl
Cl) Rocker with hoop 4D Irregular passages

329
 SPORTS FACILITIES
Miniature Golf

Each obstacle must be different from all the others on the course,
e Central circle- lane without borderlines not only externally but in how they are played. A strategy must be
possible.

=p=-~~-6.2-5---~----,-------1 ~1. The borderline marks the end of the first obstacles. On lanes
without built-in obstacles, it shows the minimum distance the ball

f-40~ ~ has to be hit from the tee in order to remain in the game. If the first
obstacle takes up the entire width of the lane, then the borderline
is identical with the end of the obstacle. Lanes which can only
Ci) Volcano -lane without borderlines -only playable from the tee
be played from the tee have no borderline. Borderline markings

l-40~
'-----'-p

1--75--1
1___,_-----(p
0 T
should be laid out so that the marking edge pointing to the tee is
identical with the obstacles.

Set-down markings: when setting down or moving the ball during

play is permissible, there must be markings showing where the
30 35 ball may be set down .
.·.·.·::.·:.·:.·::::.·:::::.·:::::::::::::::.·.·.·. :.·::::::::::::::::::::::.·::.·:::.·::.·.·::.·.·.·:.·:::.·.·: ·::.·:::.·..·
4Ii) Steep slope with V-obstacle - lane without borderlines - only playable It must be possible to reach the target from the tee marking
from the tee
with one stroke. If these are target holes, then the diameter may
not exceed 120 mm. For the systems Minigolf, Miniaturgolf or
Sterngolf, 100 mm is the limit.

Markings must be applied to all lanes. The game is played with

golf clubs and golf balls. All clubs which are usual in golf, or similar
objects, are permissible.

The striking area of the club head may not exceed 40 cm 2 • All
miniature golf and golf balls are permissible of any material. Ball
20
H diameter ~37 mm and :"'i43 mm. Balls made of wood, metal,
glass, glass fibre, ivory or similar material, and also billiard balls,
are not recognised as miniature golf balls.
T
40
.L
Miniature golf lanes normally have the following standard sizes:
G) Right angle fli) Lightning flash

Lane length 6.25 m, lane width 0.90 m, target circle diameter

1.40 m --7 p. 329 0.

Minigolf:
Developed by the Swiss Bogni at the start of the 1950s; consists
f.D Straight lane without obstacles of 17 concrete pistes (12 m long) and one long piste (approx. 25 m
long). The concrete pistes are surrounded by tubular steel frames.
SPORTS The obstacles are made of natural stone.
FACILITIES
Playing fields
Athletics Cobigolf:
Tennis One of the most difficult lane systems, the 'little gates' set in front
Miniature golf
Golf courses ,': ::::.·: .::::::.·::::::::::::::::::.·::::::::::::::::::. :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::. ::.'.·::,': .::
.'
of the obstacles are a special feature. The course also consists
Water sport, of 18 lanes.These are in large format (12-14 m length) and also in
Sloping circle without obstacles- lane without borderlines- only playable from
marinas small format (6-7 m).
Water sport, the tee
rowing and

-~
canoeing
Equestrian sport Sterngolf:
Ski jumping A Sterngolf course consists of 18 lanes; 17 of the concrete pistes

~
Ice rinks
have a semi-circular target area and the last has a star as a 'target
Roller skating '------p
rinks f-40-1 circle'. This gives the system its name. The lane length is 8 m, lane
Speed roller
skating, Circular plateau- lane without borderlines- only playable from the tee
width 1 m and end circle diameter 2 m. The lanes are bounded by
skateboarding pipes. The tee is marked by a circle of 30 em diameter and the
Cycle-cross, hole is 10 em diameter.
l--1.26--+---2.5n-----+3~ ~
BMX

~1UU1
Q\
Shooting ranges
All the obstacles are standardised for all lane golf systems, and
P'------.1....__1: _______c<,.,...l selected and constructed according to sporting requirements.
Therefore it is possible to hole every lane in one stroke, because
""' borderline every player of miniature golf aims to take as few strokes as
:j:~ window 5.5 x 10
g possible on every lane.
· : : : : : : : : : ; : : : : . · . · : : : . · : : : : : :• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • : : . · : :• • • 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 • • : : : :• • • • • • • • • • : : : : . · . · : : : ; : : .

fD Run-up ramp with central opening (window) A score of 18 -every lane holed in one- has often been achieved.

330
 f--- 2.0---1 SPORTS FACILITIES

~A+(J2\i. ~j t ~
Golf Courses

Practice areas --7 0 are used either to practise the short game
~7o-f,.2 1.'1- 62.5 --+--2.o-:45: !-L2-t-62.5-+--2.0-1
(2.8-3.0) 40 or for beginners taking up golf. A golf centre as an independent
sports facility can, for example, be laid out on an area of only

~T
10 ha. This would include a practice area, an approach green, a
practice green and a 9-hole golf course (par 3) --7 0.
L'T
7

l-------3.0 --------1 f---2.0 1 160-701 Recognised standard lengths of golf courses vary between the
0 Space requirements for golfers standard 60 with a normal length of 37 49 m and the standard
74 with a normal length of 6492 m. These overall lengths of golf
courses result in the 'par' score.

Elements of a golf course

The course starts at the tee, which has no specified size. It should
\) be about 200 m2 with adequate width. Fairways are 30-50 m wide
and 100 to > 500 m long. At the end of the fairway is the green,
min. 400 m2 , but normally 500-600 m2 • Aprons to the greens,
which are not usual everywhere, min. width 2.5 m. Roughs are
areas with growth of various heights at the edge of the fairways
and over the remaining areas. Bunkers are the most common

···~·v··r:':r~ ·:;t;-
artificial obstacle, but have the disadvantage of working as foreign
bodies in the landscape.

watering/drainage membrane Golf courses are best situated in uneven terrain with flat
f) Golf bag with trolley
wrong
e Construction details for types of green slopes between wooded thickets, trees or tree groups without
undergrowth, with natural hazards (watercourses, lakes), with
slope cuttings and hillocks, or among dunes on the coast. The size
: : :. .:J~.Zsw•P... ,», ;,cc ,
of a course depends on the number of holes and their length
<WI right
(distance from tee to hole}.
. right
~ ~wrong
~::_·~.,-

'Par' Length of hole

steps "'.- .... - wr~ng
-----..:...- _,./-~ r1ght
.... Men Ladies

~
~ .. · 3 up to 228m up to 201m
4 229-434 m 202-382 m
buckles/waves ~-~ wrong 5 above 435 m above 383m
h,~~~(J.;J{,,)(:J..JF-z»i~f:S.'.'~ '!! right
........
e
8 Bunker design, depth and shape Golf hole lengths
G Surface modelling of greens depending on distance from
green. The nearer to the green,
the steeper the face

SPORTS
FACILITIES
Playing areas
Athletics
Tennis
Miniature golf
0 Section through a bunker next to a green Golf courses
Water sport,
marinas
Water sport,
rowing and
canoeing
Equestrian sport
Ski jumping
Ice rinks
Roller skating
rinks
Speed roller
skating,
skateboarding
Cycle-cross,
BMX
\ Shooting ranges
\..,.\.... ~
\ \
"' \ \
.....
.

A
B
Practice green
Driving range hut
1-9 Fairways
A Practice green
B Driving range hut
8
C Pitching greens C Pitching greens
D Parking D Parking

f) Basic layout of a practice area--> 0 0 Extension of practice area

331
 SPORTS FACILITIES
Golf Courses

3 Green with apron Golf courses are not standardised

4 Green bunker as sports facilities and are generally
1 Men's tee 5 Fairway bunker
2 Women's tee
Bushes unique. Nearly always today, they
can be constructed only on former
forest or agricultural areas. Golf
course design requires the direction
of a versatile expert, who needs the
expertise of a landscape architect,
landscape ecologist, soil scientist,
cultural technician, economist etc. -
and golfer. Before the actual design
work can begin, background data
Tree group has to be collected. Catchment
0 Elements of a golf hole
area of the intended site: number
of inhabitants in the area within 30
minutes by car required for a 9-hole
golf course is approx. 100 000, in
order to achieve a sufficient number,
about 300, members of a golf club.

An important part of a golf club is

the practice area, which comprises a
grass area, a practice green and an
approach green -7 p. 331 f). Grass
practice areas should be as flat as
possible with a width of min. 80 m
in order to provide practice space
for about 15 golfers simultaneously.
The length should be min. 200 m
(better 225 m) and arranged so that
neighbouring holes are not disturbed.
The ideal location is near the
clubhouse. Approach greens should
have a minimum area of 300 m2 and
be shaped. A sand trap for practice
strokes should be min. 200 m2 and
have various depths.

The design of a golf course should

generally assume that the completed
facility will provide an 18-hole course,
which means sufficient land of min.
SPORTS
FACILITIES
55 ha (better 60 ha) must be available
Playing areas
in the longer term. In order to offer
A Practice green
Athletics B Driving range hut the alternative of a half round (9
Tennis
Miniature golf
C Pitching greens holes) on an 18-hole golf course, the
D Parking
Golf courses
1-18 Fairways
1st tee, 9th green, 1Oth tee and 18th
Water sport, green should all be within reasonable
marinas f) Example of an 18-hole course
distance of the clubhouse if possible
Water sport,
rowing and -78.
canoeing
Equestrian sport
Ski jumping
Ice rinks ®
Roller skating
rinks Open-air terrace Service rooms: G) Workshop with car lift or pit
Housekeeping/
Speed roller
skating,
skateboarding
I kitchen
I I
Equipment room
Workshop
Material store
® @ @Office
®Lounge
@) Sanitary area
Cyclo-cross,
BMX
Shooting ranges
I Toilets
r- Lounge SeJVices room
Staff
Golf cart parking
®
®
Changing room
Machine shed
(j) Material store
l Washroom & showers I Caddies' room
D ®Paved yard
®Fuel store
G) @ Washing area with oil separator
I Changing
f- Foyer H Administration @ Storage area for small machines
@ Spares and tools
@ Fertiliser and seed store
l Toilets
I H Shop
®
.6
e Space allocation plan for a golf clubhouse Q Functional example of a golf course utility building

332
 SPORTS FACILITIES
Water Sport, Marinas

Boat types
Competitive races are possible only if every competitor has the
same equipment. This has led to mostly standardised types of boats
competing in sailing regattas. National classes are recognised by
national ruling bodies and international classes by the International
Sailing Federation in London. This also regulates the Olympic
classes, which are newly specified after each Games(----> 9 Examples
of sailing boat classes and dimensions).
The depth of water required in harbours, marinas and watercourses
depends on the type of boat. Usually specified are 1.25 m (dinghies,
centreboard boats) and 4-5 m (keelboats) depth of water. Uniform

I water levels are favourable for the construction of harbours and safety
of the boats.

::r ~}
Sailing boat Unitary Size- Draught Sail area Distinguishing mark
type/class (U)or length/width (m) 3-S= on sail
(crew) (1-3) constructed (m) spinnaker
(C) class (m')
1--- 4.9-9.5 m ---t t--1.7-2.1 m---1 internat.
f) Open keelboat classes:
Finn dinghy1> u 4.50/1.51 0.85 10 two blue wavy lines
111) above one another
Flying u 6.05/1.80 1.10 15(S) black letters FD
Dutchman (2)
Star1> 2 u 6.90/1.70 1.00 26 five-pointed red star
Ten1j>8st u 6.69/2.00 1.13 22.93 s black letter T
Dragon 3 u 8.90/1.90 1.20 22 s black letter D
Soling (3) u 8.15/1.90 1.30 24.3(S) black letter 0
Omega)
Tornado 1>(2) u 6.25/3.05 0.80 22.5 (S) black letter T with two
lE_arallel underlinings

e Open catamaran
470 1)2
5.50-m_yacht
Yngling 1> 2
u
c
u
4.70/1.58
9.50/1.95
6.35/1.75
1.05
1.35
1.05
10.66
28.8
14
s black number 470
black number 5.5
black letter Y
49er1)(2) u 4.99/1.TI.2.!Jl 1.50 21.:U.~ black number 49er
Pirate (2) u 5.00/1.62 0.85+ 10(S) red axe
Optimist(1) u 2.30/1.13 0.77+ 3.33 black letter 0
children & junior u 3.32/1.27 0.74+ 5.10 (S) black letter G
cadel_l2)
0Kdinghy(1 u 4.00/1.42 0.95 8.50 blue letter 0 and K
Olympia dinghy u 5.00/1.66 1.06+ 10 red ring
1(2)
420 dinghy (2) u 4.20/1.50 0.95+ 10(S) black number 420
sloping and staggered
some national

e Keelboat cruiser
classes:
15m2 c 6.20/1.70 15 (S) black letter H
Wanderjolle
or H-boat (2)
15m2 dinghy c 6.50/1.85 - 15 (S) black letter P
cruiser_(2)
20m2 dinghy c 7.7512.15 20(S) black letter R
cruiser
1>Olympic classes+ w1th lowered centreboard SPORTS
FACILITIES

e Examples of sailing boat classes and dimensions Playing areas

Athletics
!----5.1-10.25m_________...... f--------.---2.0-3.1 m-------1 Tennis

e Keel cruiser
Miniature golf
Golf courses
Water sport,
marinas
Water sport,
rowing and
1--- 2.5 m -----1 canoeing
Equestrian sport
f) Motor cruiser Ski jumping

,oAfP ~I~
Ice rinks
Roller skating
rinks
Speed roller
skating,
-------------- 0 skateboarding
Q Bllgeboard cruiser r----5--9 m-----1 1--- 2.5 m-----1 Cyclo-cross,
BMX
41!) Classic boat Shooting ranges

~r!~~r~
~ ~:b
f---- 2.5 m ----1 f - - - 9--15 m ------l 1--- 4-6 m ---1 o
f----- 4-6 m --------1
0 Inflatable boat 4D Motor yacht

333
 sea/Jake side harbour side SPORTS FACILITIES
Water Sport, Marinas

B---1 Marine engineering works

height H (m) base width B (m) Structures protecting against wave impact, suction and swell are
1 4.00 important for every marina.
2 7.50
3 11.00
4 14.50 Breakwaters (or moles) are formed of rammed sheet piles or
5 18.00 stone boulders --7 f) - 0. Concrete caissons can be used only in
6 21.50
relatively shallow water. --7 0 Floating piers consisting of concrete
0 Sections of moles and seawalls f) Reeds with at least two layers of pontoons are also possible. --7 0 Breakwaters should permit
vegetation pedestrian access for sightseeing.

Sheet pile walls offer permanent coastal protection with the least
use of space. They normally consist of rolled steel profiles with
vertical interlocking, but can also be of timber or plastic. A sheet
pile wall is nearly watertight and, because of the great resistance of
heavy sheet pile in place, can bridge large spans. Sporting boats,
which are tied up against a sheet pile wall, must be protected
against mechanical damage with fenders. Steel pile walls can also
rust, which does not look good in a marina. --7 0

Dolphins consist of steel pipes, sometimes filled with concrete

or timber. Min. length 3 x water depth, depending on the seabed.
Boats and quays are fixed to dolphins. The average lifetime of

8 Rammed timber piles e Sheet steel pile wall

timber dolphins in seawater is 15 years and of steel pipes 35 years.
Because this lifetime varies greatly with location, information
should be sought locally.
20
I f----2.00---f
Banks stabilise coasts and are formed by rubble, concrete or
planting. Slopes depend on the height, ground conditions and
detailing. --7 f) + 8
Slipways and cranes
Boat cranes can be permanently mounted in the service wharf
area or else be mobile cranes. This requires load-bearing ground
and sufficient space for landside access (car with trailer + truck),
according to the size of the crane and the boat. The coastal
protection at this location will have to be vertical.

e Pre-cast concrete caisson with

sand filling
e Section through floating pontoon,
edge loading P min. 2.5 kN
A travellift is a mobile lifting device for transporting boats in the
marina. --7 p. 335 0

Slipways are ramps for launching boats. Smaller and lighter boats
can be launched on a trailer, but larger ones will require the trailer
to be towed. --7 0 - fli)
SPORTS
FACILITIES Construction materials and details for marine works are exposed
Playing fields to attack by the sea and should be made of stable, durable and
Athletics lasting materials. Corrosion is considerable in water, especially
Tennis
Miniature golf
seawater. Buildings should be sealed against wind and spray, and
Golf courses insulated for thermal protection in summer and winter.
Watersport1
marinas
Water sport,
rowing and
f) Fixed quay of timber or concrete
piles
e Floating concrete pontoon, suitable
as a breakwater
canoeing
Equestrian sport
Ski jumping
Ice rinks
Roller skating
rinks
Speed roller
skating,
skateboarding Normal

1
Cyclo-cross, water level
BMX
Shooting ranges Low water Mooring wall
level
~- ------ --------
: : Round change
1 1 of slope Rings
I I
I I
I I
LJ
I I Strip foundations according
~" to the load-bearing capacity
Mooring space
of the subsoil

8 Section through slipway (!) Plan _, 0

334
 SPORTS FACILITIES
~~ol+Eloat length~ :~at width , Floating boom
Water Sport, Marinas

+ ca.1.00 //
J.. ""/ I
Design of moorings
f==~GEGTIJBC----..,.----- /
I Berths should always be aligned to the wind, with the size
Stem mooring posts:
I
of berths appropriate to the type of boat and how the boat is
I
I
moored (bow or stern). If sailing boats without motors are to
be expected (a regatta harbour), there should be sufficient
"'
>--Boat length x 1.5- 1.8--j Approx.
dimensions space for manoeuvring to halt the boats. Sailing boats stop
by running into the wind, which can take 2-5 boat lengths
0 Manoeuvring between quays
according to type -t e.
Behind the harbour mouth, there should be a turning
circle to allow the largest ship to turn. This turning circle,
-35-60 m diameter, is necessary to enter the harbour
safely and for manoeuvring in a storm -t 0.
Quays
The choice of type of quay is determined by the strain from
the load, ship impact and hawser tension.
Fixed quays on rammed piles are endangered by high
tides. -t p. 354 0
~600
1501+-W-t- --+-W-+1150
Modern floating quays are fixed to mooring posts or
Mooring posts 500 r+---:.":~g~ 500 anchored, and enable safe and controllable docking at any
f) Mooring a boat: mooring between 0 Mooring a boat: diagonal boat mooring;
water level. -t p. 354 0
quay and posts quay and outrigger Berthing at a mooring is normal in southern waters -t 0
The water depth at the mooring place should be min. 1.8
times the deepest draught. The berth should be provided
with electricity and water and a drainage connection. Tying-
up equipment like bollards, clamps or rings of adequate
size is needed. Slip-resistant surfaces and planking of
quays are necessary, as are a handrail on one or both sides
and lighting for the quays and berths.
Provide waste containers of sufficient number and size
(rubbish separation!).
Size of berths
The size of berths depends on the boats in the marina.
i-2000--j
Berths of various sizes should be offered, ideally sorted
according to size. A few berths for superyachts (length over
21 m) are also necessary. Manoeuvring and tying up at the
G Mooring a boat: mooring a boat 0 Mooring with and without buoy berths should be safe.
between quay and outrigger In a
Y-shape Dry storage marina
If there is too little space available on the water, boats
can be stored on shore and transported by a travellift to
be launched in max. 30 min. The dry storage marina is SPORTS
--r·-~-l~ind ~irecuo~--- equipped with quays and berths on land so that the use FACILITIES

of the boat is also possible on land (water, drainage and Playing fields
Athletics
stopping into electricity connections). The ratio of land to water in such a Tennis
the wind 3-5
marina is about 80:20. Miniature golf

\\·····------~
Golf courses
boat Igths The investment costs are only about 40% of a comparable Water sport,
conventional marina. marinas
Water sport,
rowing and
Manoeuvring space for stopping f) Right-angled harbour canoeing
under sail Equestrian sport
Boat class Required Safety Passage Ski jumping
berth size (m) spacing width Ice rinks

T TTOT T "'i length width

(m) (m)
Roller skating
rinks
Speed roller
I IL\ IIW) I IS) I (P) skating,

*o*A; ;n* "'i Finn dinghy

Flying
Dutchman
4.50
6.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
1.00
5.00
6.50
skateboarding
Cyclo-cross,
BMX
.L :J..v.J. .J.v.J. "'{ Star 7.00 3.50 1.50 7.50 Shooting ranges
Tempest 6.70 4.00 2.00 8.00
"- Dragon 9.00 4.00 2.00 9.50

~B~~~nT "'1
Soling 8.50 4.00 2.00 9.50
T Tornado 6.50 6.00 2.00 7.00
470 5.50 3.50 1.50 5.00

.J.v.J.v.J. "'±
S safety spacing in front of and behind the berth
Toilet, bilge and foul water, electricity Travellift for land transport and rapid .J. .L lenath L
and water supply, cable TV and launching
Internet connection (D) Sizes of berths on land for Olympic sailing boat classes

335
 ha
SPORTS FACILITIES
Water Sport, Marinas
1000

900

800 The first stage of designing a marina is a feasibility study

700 and various approvals on land and water. A marina is always
intended for leisure and tourism. The specialisation trends for
300
marinas are fitting-out marina, event marina, berth marina,
200 mini-marina, dry store marina etc. ---7 p. 337.
100
50 Selection of location
The boats must be protected. Access by water and by road
on land must be guaranteed. Marinas should ideally not be
Length: ;:3 3.7 m
Draught: 0.8 m built in open countryside but rather in connection with leisure,
urban or tourist attractions.
0 Relationship- extent of water : boat size

u
Size and capacities of marinas
There should be a minimum depth of water to suit the
intended sporting boats. Avoid sporting and ecological
conflicts and overloading on the water. On average, only
33% of the marina's boats will be on the water at the same
time. Consider the simultaneity factor (describes the ratio of
Circular layout
the total permitted number of boats to the average number
I of boats underway), determination of the technical space
requirements for individual types of boats, and sufficient
spacing from other boats.
Radial layout
Organisation of areas
f) Arrangement of berths Parallel layout

------------------- ---------- ___ .,...----... ______ ' Mooring area: toilet pump, lifebelts, supply columns for
electricity, water, waste disposal; this area should be safe,

~
attractive and functional ---7 p. 335. Technical area: slip
--;-~-~--
__---.--
_. ---..--
__ ramp, crane, chandler, workshop, motor service, repair area
-.... .... ? (consider emissions and influence of pollution). Restaurant
f) Breakwater closed on one side e Open breakwater parallel to the shore
- ___
..... ..... __
area: with terrace overlooking the water. Service area:
harbour master, showers, toilets, information (must be easy to
---.--------... /_

-------------, ----- __
--- find). Parking: safe and easily accessible for cars and trailers

~4P
,-

- ----- ---7 e.
Layouts

~I
Right-angled harbour ---7 8: mainly for medium-sized marinas
(1 00-400 berths), long major breakwater running parallel to
the shore, closed at one end; alignment to the main wind
Funnel-shaped breakwaters Island and river mouth
direction and to waves must be considered.
Harbour/canal ,2.5,2.5l5t
3.03.03.0
Open breakwater parallel to the shore ---7 0: the breakwater
access, manoeuvring
circle is not accessible and offers only limited protection, as the
harbour is open on two sides. It is suitable only for shores
without sediment deposition, but can be used for inland
waters. Disadvantage: reflection of the waves from the shore
SPORTS
through the harbour against the inside of the breakwater.
FACILITIES
Enclosing breakwaters ---7 0: two breakwaters run from the
Playing fields
Athletics shore and form a funnel-shaped harbour entrance. This is
Tennis very expensive to construct and suitable only for locations
Miniature golf
Golf courses with the best possible natural conditions- the ideal type for a
Water sport, protected coastal marina.
marinas
Water sport, Area distribution of a marina- Boat storage hall scheme, doors Island harbour ---7 8: with sensitive shores, if water depth
rowing and land:water approx 1:1.5 facing stern side is insufficient or space is a problem. According to local
canoeing
Equestrian sport
conditions, an island marina can be piled or constructed on
Ski jumping pontoons.
Ice rinks
Roller skating Land storage of boats
rinks
Speed roller
Larger boats are stored in sheds or in the open air over the
skating, winter. Storage should be safe against storms if on blocks
skateboarding
Cycle-cross,
and jack stands, with sufficient safety spacing between
BMX boats ---7 e.
Shooting ranges Open areas and roads in marinas must be adequate for
boat transport and storage. The car park should have an
associated lockable place for trailers.
Turning areas should be sufficiently large for vehicles with
trailers and cranes and in front of slipways, diameter min.
18m, and load-bearing (min. 6 t axle load). In large marinas,
these areas should be concrete or asphalt surfaced. ---7 0
C) Land storage places

336
 SPORTS FACILITIES
Water Sport, Marinas

Marina types
Day marina: floating location; only for daily mooring of boats on
the coast as a floating marina.

City marina/Mini-marina/Water touring rest place: ---7 0 in

0 Water touring rest place Design: Arch. Haass, Hannover attractive urban location, only for overnight stays by boating
tourists, minimal service.

Event marina: urban location; only intended for boating tourists

visiting events, temporary and with minimal service.

Regatta and Olympic marinas: ----> 8 Olympic flame, helicopter

pad, workshop/verification hall, weather station, medical care
and doping testing, organisation and competition office, security,
VIP lounge, press boxes, cranes, washing area. Berths: Star
and Yngling. Land storage area: 49er, Tornado, 470, Laser, Finn,
Europe Star and Yngling (all including container storage), surfer
hall. Shuttle jetty, changing rooms/sanitary facilities!WCs for the
teams, information and communications centre (for team meetings,
official committee, competition transmission for participants,
bistro). Parking, mooring for trainers' boats, moorings, mixed area.

Berth marina: location at the edge of town is possible, only

water berths without additional service. Suitable for clubs and
associations.
G) Access road @ Newsagent (!) Boat service, workshop
®Reception ®Catering @ Slip, crane, travellift Tourist marina: harbour office, berths, sanitary facilities, chandler,
@ Charter area @Moorings ® Land storage restaurant.

f) Dry marina on a creek Design: Arch. Haass, Hannover Association and club marinas: club house, terrace, car parking,
access, jetties, berths, land storage space, repair/workshop.

Dry marina: ----> 0 location at the edge of town or industrial

estate, predominantly land storage with well-functioning travellift
launching of boats. Service, facilities, minimal space on water.

Technical marina: possible location on industrial estate; only

technical services like crane, repair, winter service, boat building,
refitting etc.

Winter marina: possible location on industrial estate; only winter

storage of boats in sheds or the open air. Observe sufficient space
between boats and possibly separate storage areas for equipment
G) Olympic fire @ Press @ Land storage and working materials (fire hazard from paint and varnish}.
® Helipad 0 Info. & communications @ Moorings
® Competition office ® Multi-stone car park @ Moorings SPORTS
(±) VIP lounge ® Workshop, surveying @ Surlers' hall FACILITIES
@ Teams' sanitary facs @ Weather station & first aid @ Mixed area Task/function Requirements Construction
Playing fields
1. Transport areas for - sufficient width - frostsafe construction Athletics
C) Olympic sailing harbour at TravemOnde Design: Arch. Haass, Hannover trailers and towing - turning space for towing -drainage Tennis
vehicles, etc. vehicles - solid surfacing of Miniature golf
- sufficiently loadbearing concrete, asphalt or Golf courses
Water sport,
- surface drainage similar
marinas
2. Land areas for boats - sufficient size - frostsafe construction Water sport,
- sufficiently loadbearing - waterbound surfacing rowing and
- anchorage for tarpaulins - founded anchorages, anoeing
e.g. rings Equestrian sport
Ski jumping
3. Access roads for - width according to - frostsafe construction Ice rinks
emergency services RAST - drainage Roller skating
- sufficiently loadbearing - surfacing of paving, rinks
- turning circles for concrete, asphalt or Speed roller
skating,
vehicles similar
skateboarding
- surface drainage CycloHcross,
4. Parking for vehicles - sufficient space - waterbound surtacing BMX
- sufficiently loadbearing - paving strips to mark Shooting ranges
- clear marking of places spaces
- frostsafe construction
G) Harbour entry @ Old harbour @)Kiosk 5. Footpaths and cycle - width 1.5-2.5 m - frostsafe construction
® Dinghy ramp ® Moorings 0 WC @Boatyard ways - separated from vehicles - waterbound surfacing
@Boats ® Hotel & restaurant @ Winter storage for boats - safe and clearly laid out or paving
@ Travellift - surface drainage - drainage
@ New harbour @ Shopping centre
G Example of a yacht harbour 0 Roads and car parks: functions and construction quality

337
 SPORTS FACILITIES
Water Sport, Marinas

Superyacht marinas
Yachts of more than 21 m/70 ft length are described as
superyachts. From a length of more than 30 m, these yachts have
0 Superyacht marina, section showing separation into crew and owner areas
Arch.: Haass, Hannover
professional crews. Such yachts require particular attention in the
design of a marina, either as an extension of an existing marina or
as an independent marina.

The location can only be exclusive with high-quality tourist

attractions, and connection to an airport and a major city. The
size of yachts 10-21 m 30-80 ft
superyacht business in Europe is mostly concentrated in the
small 21-30 m 80-100 ft
superyachts
Mediterranean.
medium 30-60 m 100-200 ft
superyachts Superyachts require extensive space for berths 0 - 8 and have
large over60 m over 200ft heavy utility requirements 0. Water depths of min. 8-9 m are
superyachts required.

The concept of a superyacht marina corresponds to the

f) Superyacht categories according Theoretical sketch of a superyacht
requirements of a 5-star hotel, with 24-hour service for technical
to size marina with service building and
lounge support and a personal reception service. Zoning is similar to
a 5-star hotel, plus separated areas for crew and service --+ 9.
The security of ships and crews need to be ensured through
appropriate facilities. 24-hour security service, video surveillance
and electronic access control systems, as well as the lighting of
the most significant areas of the marina, are important.
Medium Connection on board Capacity

Electricity
c==r Operated
by crew
Security in marinas
Security facilities in marinas protect boats, equipment (electronics)

~
Fresh water min. 50 I I min and people from the forces of nature and criminality, vandalism
Operated by crew
and terror.
Pump-out station
Waste-water
c=:=J Operated by crew
Active measures:
Fuel
c:=J Diesel I petrol operated
by marina
Arrangement, visibility of berth areas
Alarm systems on boats
Q Requirements and usual location of the utility aspects of superyachts Security for berths, jetties (gates)
Passive measures:
Video surveillance of berths
Lighting of the marina
Security service, security patrols
Emergency measures, security plan
Security management

Marinas inside waterfronts with public access require a lockable

SPORTS
central area (harbour office) and additional 24-hour surveillance.
FACILITIES The marina should be marked with notices and rules, which can
Playing fields be implemented as marina regulations and enforced by police.
Athletics
Tennis
Miniature golf Each marina requires an emergency plan, which provides
Golf courses the greatest possible safety in an emergency, with employee
Water sport,
marinas instruction and training. Training days should be carried out at
Water sport, least twice a year.
rowing and
canoeing
Equestrian sport Sustainability
Ski jumping
Ice rinks
Environmental technologies can be implemented in marinas to
Roller skating save energy, but also for the exploitation of alternative energy:
rinks geothermal, wind power, waterpower, photovoltaic, solar heating
Speed roller
skating, etc. can all be employed in marinas. A good marina should function
skateboarding without external energy supply. An environmentally friendly marina
Cycle-cross,
BMX protects water and subsoil through the use of environmentally
Shooting ranges safe materials (no water pollution).

Environmental acceptability is achieved through concentrating

the marina equipment and technology into functional areas,
which can be switched off in the winter - energy zones and
levels of operational intensity. Public transport instead of shuttle/
taxi service, energy-saving times (e.g. 24:00-6:00), price levels
C) Functional scheme of club house according to energy use etc.

338
 1.65-1.70
SPORTS FACILITIES
Water Sport, Rowing and Canoeing

0 Racing shell: single

Rowing boats are predominantly team boats belonging to clubs.

4--====:r<w[,a~~ill!i;;t::::>c:====~- ~120
Like kayaks and canoes, they are mostly found on flowing
waterways which are free of obstacles, in attractive countryside.
o-------11.0/13.5.~-~~--~
'60'
A boathouse has windows or skylights to the north, in order to
Coxless pair I four keep sun out. Doors £';2.50 x 2.75 m, to carry boats in above the
head. Boathouse width £';6.00 m, length ideally 30 m, height 4.0

~=====:JLJ@d~~~a~rii'd~tp~Rl1§~lW~~~w~>c=:~-70==~ m if possible --> G). Oars 3.80 m long, spoons 15-18 em. Storage
near the entrance, horizontally on racks or, better, hanging from a
f--------~----19.50•~-----~---~-;
clamping ring above a pit (depending on boathouse height).
Racing shell: eight
Between boathouse and water jetty, a shore strip £';20-30 m wide
is required for cleaning and preparing the boats, with water taps
>---------7.5/12.5/17.5--------< and parking space for trailers. If possible, provide nearby lawn or
woodland areas for camping.

G Racing skiff: single/four/eight Rowing basin for training with shortened oars--> (f), basin size for
an eight 12.60 x 7.60 m. Single or double-sided rowing basin (also
offset). Water circulation creates similar currents to open water.
Ideally, this facility should be combined with a sports hall or indoor
? I 5
~
I3o pool and their changing rooms.
I 54-60 I
78-90
J..-.----6.50-7.0/8.25-8.5-------<

0 Touring skiff: single/pair

>--1.70-1.8()-< >----4.8 6.5/4.0 5.2---<

2
r bl6!7
~50/8(}<
pot14

~ ls/7 [1 0/14 .
' - ) B5 F - - - 4 , 8 6,5-------j
1.0(A) ' t-80-1

0 Touring skiff: four/eight 4D Kayak with double-bladed paddle: single/pair

~c=~===~========~<~~~~~~6
0

~16 116
F--------11.0----------i >-60---<
0 Seagoing gig: pair/four
0 Kayak with double-bladed paddle: four

8s===~~~~~~­
~-'\ T./'J~
-<~C lI ~=
T
I :
-1.80
MH30

f---------11.5----------j 1--1.4()---+--<

e Touring boat

SPORTS
FACILITIES
Playing fields
Athletics
Tennis
C) Canoe with single-bladed paddle Miniature golf
Golf courses
1 - - - - - - -... 6 . 0 - - - - - - l section elevation

e Section through boathouse 0 Boat stands every

2.00-2.50 m
Water sport,
marinas
Water sport,
rowing and
1------1.17---i
canoeing
'1!) Racing canoe: eight with cox Equestrian sport
Ski jumping
Ice rinks

>------6.0;/.7.0 ---l
::)===:=) ¥¥§ $-
'8~~~~~~~
I I
10/15 25/30
Roller skating
rinks
Speed roller
> - - - - - - 9. Q - - - - - - - < skating,
F--90/1.15--< skateboarding
Cyclo-cross,
$ Touring crew canoe: eight and ten with cox BMX
Shooting ranges

,...._-------10.96-~----------< t-1.25-1

G) Dragon boat, IDBF racing standard f) Double-sided sculling pool

339
 SPORTS FACILITIES
Water Sport, Rowing and Canoeing

Requirements for regatta and

training courses for canoe and
slalom:

1. Natural facilities: In steep

sections (min. 1:100 gradient) of
0 Regatta course for canoe slalom
waterways not suitable for normal
boating traffic or similar rivers with
min. 10 m3 /s flow (at mean low water
control trap or as controlled by an upstream
waterfall 0.8 m weir). Also in tailwater from mills and
power stations, min. 8 m wide, with

r
and without obstacles (installation
e
~I
0.4
0
7 J= 1:12.5
c

h.4 3±0.0- of gates) ->

oj -1.5;:
2. Artificial facilities: Olympic
course in the Eiskanal/Lech near
0 100 106 325
Augsburg, 550 m long. Reinforced
f) Horizontal section --? 0 concrete channel with concrete
rock obstacles and 6 m falls, invert
waterfall, up to 32 gates.

Requirements for regatta and training

l courses for competitive international
rowing and canoeing -> e.

~--~6~.0~-~1~5·.~ Minimum requirements for water

G touring courses -> 0- 0. Criteria
8 Cross-section -> 0 Control trap with draining base
for water touring rest places and
canoe stations are laid down by the
DKV (German Canoe Association).
See alsop. 337.

plan: rowing

C) Track markings (International dimensions) for competitive rowing and canoeing

SPORTS
FACILITIES favourable course direction: SW-NE
>--women's kayak 500 m---o
Playing fields
Athletics ~ men's kayak and Canadian canoeing 1000 m - - - - - 1
Tennis 1-----------women's rowing 1000 m ------------+-
Miniature golf men's rowing 2000m
Golf courses
Water sport,
marinas
Water sport, m
rowing and 0
.0
canoeing
Equestrian sport
Ski jumping
Ice rinks
Roller skating
rinks
Speed roller
0 Regatta course in Munich (international dimensions) for competitive rowing and canoeing
skating,
skateboarding
Cyclo-cross,
BMX
Shooting ranges
gg ..undersiae·ort;rid9e :::::: ................. .
1.5-2.0 l
40
' ===t
11.0
I

f) Waterway for touring,

~
e Waterway for touring, Ci) Waterway 4li) Jetty, min. length
1000 1/mln. normal ~?.Om

340
 SPORTS FACILITIES

Tr
2.50
to
withers
Equestrian Sport

Riding facilities/stables should, if possible, be in the immediate

vicinity of land suitable for riding. Areas with high ground and
1.67
air humidity, as are often found in valleys, should be avoided,
as should windless locations, where providing the desired
ventilation may be difficult. Ideal sites are in hilly and windy
\-90-j areas. However, slope gradients for buildings and riding arenas
should be <1 0%.

0 Dimensions of horse and rider Saddle rooms, as far as possible, should be long and rectangular,
with a large wall space and a width of 4.0-4.5 m. Saddles can be
hung in three rows, staggered above each other --1 (i). Saddle
rooms and grooming rooms should have heating and be well
ventilated.

2.75 In riding arenas the minimum headroom for show-jumping and

horseback acrobatics is 4.00 m --1 0- 0. No universal rule can be
applied to the space allocated to spectators. In general, though,
spectators should not look down too steeply on the horses. An
effective solution can be to use a spectators' gallery --1 @), with
the first row for seating and the second for standing. Behind this
/--1.25-1.3o---1 !----:;; 1.25---j is room for two rows of circulating people. This arrangement will
f) Stable entrance,
mounted
t) Door/stable passage e Horse
and rider,
create 200 seated and standing places in a 20 x 40 m arena. The
size of the main entrance has to be large enough to allow access
dismounted for medium-sized lorries (3.00 m wide, 3.80 high}. Side entrances
should be 1.20 m or more wide and min. 2.80 m high. Doors have
to open outwards.

The ring fence as enclosure of a riding ring has many purposes

--. 0. It simplifies dressage riding of horses and saves the riders
from injury. Angle of the slope to the vertical f:;;20°. Glass windows
< 2 m above the floor of the riding arena should be protected by a
fine mesh grille. An exercise area of approx. 1000 m2 is sufficient
for 10 horses, mostly in pairs daily and weekly.

40 f3of 40 t3of 45-j

0 Space for stunt riding e Space for show-jumping

333

-+33 3 SPORTS
FACILITIES
-+33 3
Playing fields
Athletics
Tennis
t-65
Miniature golf
Golf courses
65 Water sport,
marinas
I-- 55 ---+- 55 --1 Water sport,
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::.·::::::.·::::. rowing and

8 Saddle with blanket e Saddle rack on wall Spectator stand with access passage
canoeing
Equestrian
sport
r17t17J17J f- 60 -f-40-+--- 90---l Ski jumping
0 Ice rinks
Roller skating
rinks

o~y H
f-30-i Speed roller

I
skating,
skateboarding
Cycle-cross,

~00 I··
2.05 BMX
1.05
\I Shooting ranges

j ij B~
/ 2S.. 14>' · . · :: : :• • 0 . . : : : : :• . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0 Tackrack fii) Bridle rack Ring fence profile G) Practical spectator stand

341
 SPORTS FACILITIES
Equestrian Sport

Most of the operational functions of the various types of riding

facilities are basically the same, apart from variations due to special
operational features or local conditions. Building specifications vary
primarily according to the size of the business or stable occupation
number, which is decisive for the design of the individual elements
and determines whether various functions can be combined ---1 0.
Generally, the core of the organisation is the buildings needed for the
accommodation, care and feeding of the horses, always designed as
a self-contained structure. A covered riding area is essential to enable
activity to continue in all weathers. Flats for stable boys, grooms and
instructors should be designed together with the facilities.
The long axis of the show-jumping arena should be aligned
north-south out of consideration for the horse and rider ---1 8
because most of the jumps are approached towards the main axis of
the riding arena. Tournament arenas, which are aligned north-south,
should have the stand for the judges and single-sided spectator
stands on the west side, because major events take place in the
afternoon. The minimum area of the riding space is 20 x 40 m net (pure
functions under a people only riding area) ---1 f). 20 x 60 m riding areas are required for dressage
roof or in a building
r-----, people and horses from class M and eventing. The riding space needs additional spaces
L_ ____ J outside areas
sight connections at the sides (~3.0 m) and at the entrance (~5.0 m), so the arena
Q Scheme of the indoor spatial relationships of a riding facility has a gross area of 26 x 48 m ---1 f). For competitions, the minimum
distance of the spectators from hooves is 5 m, for indoor trials 20 m.
sizes for
competition
.-,-,,---=-----------------'-"'<-,._,---, arenas
0 0 16
• !unge/h?rseback
acrobatics
/' I ',,\

50x100m
20 x 40m • dressage square
(_ _____________ ___j J up to

0----.l
----~
150x300m
20x60m ,,_

I1..-----------.lI
25x40m •testing
showjumpers
--------- . c
0
30x60m •jumping/two- :~
horse carriage
~

CJ
40x80m •dressage testing, 8
or four-horse
sox ao m carriage

''
1..--------------.J'' • showjumping

arena dimensions uses

5) trusses on restrained columns 6) profiled beams on restrained columns
minimum
sizes for a
riding arena 9 Riding hall cross-sections

8 Functional dimensions of open-air riding areas

lunge/horseback acrobatics: alternative to a hall in the

0 f:: 14.0m smallest clubs and private stables; used to relieve the
main arena in larger establishments
smallest arena: for private stables only and as an
D 12.5 x 25.0m emergency solution for clubs; suitable as a second
arena for larger establishments
SPORTS
FACILITIES D 15.0x30.0m private stables and smaller club stables; second arena
for larger establishments
Playing fields
normal size for every type of establishment; dressage
Athletics
Tennis
DJ 20.0 x 40/45 m exams possible

Miniature golf 20.0 x 60.0m for larger establishments and institutions which
Golf courses specialise in dressage
Water sport,
for large schools providing jumping and dressage
marinas 25.0 x 66.0m training, and boarding establishments; hall dressage
Water sport, exams possible
rowing and
canoeing format of arena uses
riding halls dimensions
Equestrian
sport
Ski jumping
8 Clear dimensions of riding halls

Ice rinks
Roller skating Stored substance 100 kg Daily requirement Stored quantity per horse
rinks needs m3 per horse (kg) No. of
Speed roller space months kg m'
skating, oats (grain) 0.22 5 1 150 0.33
skateboarding
hay long, stored 1.00-1.18 8 12 2900 29-34
Cycle-cross,
BMX compressed
Shooting ranges wired bales 0.59 17
straw long, stored 1.43-2.00 approx. 20 (clean 3 1825 26-37
compressed straw for box stalls)
strung bales 1.05-1.18 19 22
wired bales 0.42-0.50 8-9
chopped 2.22-3.33 approx. 15 1375 31-16
100 mm long

e Storage space for horse feedstuffs e Riding facility in Gerolstein/Eifel Arch.: Schnitzer

342
 SPORTS FACILITIES
Ski Jumping

plan The distance of the parapet of

the lowest judge's cabin from the
horizontal 'd' through the tip of the
ski jump= D x tan 16°- tan 20°.
The cabins should be arranged as
section steps in the sloping line passing
through the ski jump table edge to
the end of the point 'd'. The upper
edge of the floor of the individual
0 Sketch of the construction cabins is 1-1.20 m below the
ofaskijump parapet. The slope of the tower

P
TP
K
~datum
~table
point
point
I
~critical point (end of section where slope is parallel to the flight path)
A
to the track axis should be 7-10°,
so that the judge can observe the
entire flight and landing. At the
top of the starting ramp, as many starting places as possible should be
B ~end of the landing track curve
M ~slow-down section (distance from P to K)
uniformly distributed along the length E/5, whose vertical spacing should
M1 ~distance from P to B be about I m. Lowest starting place= E- E/8.
L ~distance from edge of slope to P Minimum width of the landing piste at K = Li/7 + 4 m.
L1 ~distance from edge of slope to K
H ~ vertical projection of L Notes:
N ~horizontal projection of L All slopes are to be given in old divisions (360°). If the transfers are parabolic,
H:N ~ratio of vertical to horizontal
then Ri and R2 are the smallest curves of the parabolas. If the starting
~ slope of launch platform
~ slope of landing track from normal point (P) to critical point (K)
ramp is natural, the parts actually used should be marked every 2m in order
c ~slope of starting ramp to simplify the exact determination of the starting place. The slope of the ski
R1 ~radius of curve from starting ramp to launch platform jump table and also a number of points on the curve between starting ramp
R2 ~ radius of curve from landing track to run-out
and the tip of the ski jump table should be determined on both sides with
R, = radius of curve from launch platform to landing track
T ~length of launch platform
fixed profiles, so that even non-experts can produce the exact and correct
u ~part of starting ramp, in which speed no longer increases profile during the construction of the jump. It is recommended that profile
E = part of starting ramp, in which speed increases markers should be placed at both sides alongside the landing profile and
F ~total length of starting ramp (F ~ U + E + T)
into the run-out to enable the creation of the exact snow profile, particularly
A ~ length of run-out
V, ~speed at launch platform in m/s
if there is a lot of snow. Ski jumps whose L is >50 m should not normally
D ~ horizontal distance from launch platform to lower edge of judge's tower be built with a V0 <21 m/sec. Ski jumps with L >90 m are not approved by
Q ~distance from the landing track axis to front edge of judge's tower the FIS (International Ski Federation); exception: flying ski jumps.
f) These symbols should be used
The standard values for the most important parts of the ski jump:
H:N ~ 0.48-0.56
medium and large ski jumps
The datum point of a ski jump is to be determined:
E L
P ~ L 1-M, where the standards are forM: T ~0.22 V,
c c c 9-12° 8-10° <-a M ~ 0.5-0.8 V, for ski jumps up toP~ 70 m u ~o.o2 Va'
30° 35° 40° u T v, H:N ~ 0.56 0.54 0.52 0.50 0.48 b.!- M ~ 0.7-1.1 V, for ski jumps up to P ~ 90 m A~ 4-5 V, with horizontal run-out

62 52 44 8.8 4.6 21 53.0 51.0 35-37° M ~ 0-0.2 V, D ~ 0.5-0. 7 x L1 to lower edge of the
R1 ~0.12V/-0.12V,2 +8m tower
71 58 49 9.7 4.8 22 65.3 63.0 60.8 58.5 56.2
R2 ~ 0.14 Va'- 0.14 Va' +20m Q ~ 0.25-0.50 X l 1
80 65 54 10.6 5.1 23 71.5 69.0 66.5 64.0 61.5 36---38°
R3 ~profile for the front structure is selected to best
89 72 60 11.4 5.3 24 77.7 75.0 72.2 69.5 66.7 suit the flight profile
99 80 67 12.5 5.5 25 84.0 81.0 78.0 75.0 72.0 37-39°
The data point of a ski jump Is to be determined
111 90 74 14.0 5.7 26 90.2 87.0 83.7 80.5 77.2 SPORTS
124 100 81 15.0 5.9 27 96.3 93.0 89.5 86.0 82.5 38-40° 1start FACILITIES
2run·up
137 110 88 16.0 6.2 28 91.5 87.7
3
4
la~noh platform
run·o~t
Playing fields
5grandstand Athletics
0 Dimensions of medium and large ski jumps
Ojudges'towers
Tennis
Miniature golf
Golf courses
small ski jumps Water sport,
marinas
E L
Water sport,
c c c 8-10° 7-9° 6---80 <-a rowing and
30° 35° 40° u T v, H:N~0.50 0.48 0.46 0.44 0.42 0.40 0.36 b.!- canoeing
Equestrian sport
26 23 21 4.5 3.3 15 20.0 19.5 19.0 16.5 18.0 17.5 17.0 30-34° Ski jumping
32 28 25 5.1 3.5 16 25.5 24.8 24.0 23.3 22.5 21.8 21.0 30-35° Ice rinks
31.0 30.0 29.0 26.0 27.0 26.0 25.0 33-36° Roller skating
39 32 28 5.8 3.7 17
rinks
46 37 32 6.5 4.0 18 36.5 35.3 34.0 32.8 31.5 30.3 29.0 33-36° Speed roller
52 43 37 7.2 4.2 19 42.0 40.5 39.0 37.5 36.0 34.5 33.0 34-3JO skating,
skateboarding
59 49 42 8.0 4.4 20 47.5 45.8 44.0 42.3 40.5 38.8 37.0 34-37°
Cyclo-cross,
0 Dimensions of small ski jumps
BMX
Shooting ranges

Example: according to the terrain, the following details were given for L1 and
H:N, for example H:N ~ 0.54; c~ 35°; L~ 87 m.
In the table, you can find: L ~ 87 and in the left column V, ~ 26; at the same
level under c ~ 35°, E ~ 90 m, U ~14 and T ~ 5.7; F ~ E + U + T ~ 90 + 14 + 5.7
~ 109.7 m.
A ski jump which has dimensions different from the above can be approved by
the FIS. In such a case, the designer of the ski jump must provide a detailed
justification in writing. @ Garmlsch-Partenkirchen f) Holmenkollen

343
 SPORTS FACILITIES
Ice Rinks

1----63.11----+---- Ice rinks are for skating, ice hockey and

curling, which may of course also take place
f--20.32
on naturally frozen lakes and rivers, also
on frozen open-air swimming pools (the
edge must be strong enough to resist ice
pressure).
Sprayed ice rinks can be created on tennis
courts, roller skating rinks and other large
flat areas (surrounding wall about 10-15 em).
Start 3000 } inside Start 1000 inside
5000 Water is sprayed 2 em thick; drainage will be
needed for water run-off.
Artificial ice rinks with cooling pipe system,
2.5 em under screed layer. Pump system
with deep-frozen salt solution or chambers
Direction- with cold air (mostly ammonia compression
process)-'> 8- e.
Standard ice racing rink. Length ;:;:;300 m;
Start500 Target 1000 Start 10,000 333% m; normal 400 m. Measured 50 em
0.43 Target 1500 3000 5000 10,000 from the inner edge of the track. Radii of
1-----56.785 ----+--- 56.785 the inner curves ;:;:;25 m crossings ;:;;yo m. It
1---------113.57----------{
should be a double track -'> 0.
f----------------185.57----------------{ 2 x central axis = 2 x 111.94 = 223.89 m
0 Standard ice racing rink with marking inner curve= 25.2 x 3.1416 = 80.11 m
outer curve= 30.5 x 3.1416 = 95.82 m
crossing
vcrossing length 2 X track Width 2
from 70 m
= 0.18 m
total length 400 m
5000 500 1500
Standard ice racing track
II II II Width of a circular track: 4 m; width of the
~ ~ ~
(f) (f) (f)
inside warming-up track: 3 m (for better
training, 4 m is recommended).
II Bob tracks with steeply banked curves of
~
(f)
ice blocks. Spectator places should ideally
3000
be inside curves, otherwise with protecting
c"' walls of snow or straw bales in front of them.
II I 0 :Cell
_J
<(
Toboggan tracks lie on N-NW-NE slopes,
~ .!!2
<!l c -
.~
(f)
I [[
ideally in a hollow. Length 1500-2500 m;
slope 15-25%; width ;:;:;2m.
I
5--5 Flat run-out or uphill section, banking of
SPORTS 1------25.6- - - - - - i curves and protection of obstacles with
FACILITIES
60 straw bales or snow walls. Climbing up not
Playing fields
on the track but next to it.
Athletics
Tennis
f) Plan for short track
Long curling rinks -'> 0
Miniature golf
Golf courses
Water sport,
marinas
guide line
Water sport, / ice layer
rowing and
canoeing
Equestrian sport
Ski jumping
:J~:JI:I1Ii
0 ::?.
01I::III~:CI01~CIIII
J:!

0
/ ,~ cold layer with pipe system
:~pdeS5~~~! topping

Ice rinks 1~m'i~m~::::: slip membrane

Roller skating ~ protecting/levelling layer
insulation layer side boundary line,
rinks
Speed roller structural slab, possibly about 100mm
skating, with heating system
skateboarding
Cyclo~cross, frost protection layer

BMX
Shooting ranges capillary barrier layer

DIN 18036 pitching line

pitching point
protective circle
(radius 2m)

e Artificial Ice rink: scheme for a cooling plant

(brine operation)
G Laid pipes -> 8 0 Long curling rink_, p. 345

344
 SPORTS FACILITIES
Ice Rinks
~====.;j---·:::::.-::.-====----=--=--=-===·t==::::::~
II I ·------------T-1--
~----~--------l ___ f_~----~
+ r-:;:~--------rr-r~ ~ ~ Ice stock or Bavarian curling -1 0 playing area length 28 m; width
L_.=_____j ________ lo. --.l-~ 01
3.9 m (30 x 3 m is also possible). Between playing areas, bands
*" r-----.--------1!·--r~ + 1 m; at the ends ~60 em. Start and target areas are enclosed on
three sides by wooden barriers, which can be stepped over.

C~:::::~t~;.~;;.;~~~~~~~H 0
Curling -1 8: playing area (sheet) length 44.5 m; target circle
(house) ~3.65 m. To the centre point of the target circle 34.74 m,
shortened on bad ice to 29.26 m. Curling stone: weight ~19.985 kg.
pitching line ~ ~ ~ Circumference ~91.4 em, height ~% of circumference.
0 Curling rink Long curling rinks -1 p. 344 -1 e.
Ice hockey: playing field 30 x 61 m. Goal 1.83 m wide, 1.22 m
high, play continues behind it. Playing field requires 1.15-1.22 m
30.00
high perimeter barrier (wood or plastic) -1 e.

-----------1r-
16.00
Figure skating: ice area rectangular ~56 x 26 m ~30 x 60
m. Combination of roller skating rink in summer (March to

Q_~~~~:~-~~~~~')b
November) and ice rink in winter (December to February). Cold
pipe system 2.5-5 em under the surface of the rink (not possible

01 middle cross back boundary line

+
b?undary line ~
,1[ with terrazzo)
< pitch delivery point 0.25 m . . fdg~;rprox. ROLLER SKATING RINKS
back boundary line ~n~\i~~a With
in stadia with 8,5m boundary radius 1. Sport rinks
rink boundary radius roller hockey 15 x 30 to 20 x 40 m
f) Ice stock sport in an artificial ice rink roller figure skating 25 x50 m
2. Recreational rinks 1 0 x 10 to 20 x 20 m
Crash board 25 em high, 3 em over rink, 80 em parapeton all
44.50
-1.22 1.83 1.83 6.40 21.95 6.40 sides, 2 m wire mesh fence at the ends (to catch the ball),
perimeter round playing area 1.2 m; 5-1 0 em deeper, joints
radius 1.83m
1.22m ~5-6 mm, gradient ~0.2%o. Surface water in gutters or trenches,
frost protection layer ~20 em -1 e.
0.61m
0.15m Construction types
1. Fibre cement boards, 15 mm; laid on squared timbers or on a

e Scottish curling sheet

sand bed.
2. Concrete tracks, 1 0-15 em according to sub-base properties,
as few joints as possible, possibly cut dummy joints 2-3 mm
wide, expansion joints every 25-30 m, width ~15 mm.
3. Hard concrete screed, ~8 mm on fresh base concrete (if
possible, with 2 em cement mortar as stress compensation
between screed and base concrete).
4. Cement screed with additives 1-10 mm.
5. Terrazzo, ground, ~15 mm, brass, aluminium or plastic joint
strips, only indoor.
SPORTS
6. Poured asphalt, on solid base layer,-, as usual. FACILITIES

Skater hockey -1 0 Playing fields

Athletics
The playing surface consists of wood, tiles, parquet or other Tennis
flat and smooth materials suitable for roller skating. The rink is Miniature golf
Golf courses
surrounded by a ring barrier min. 0.20 m and max 1.22 m high. Hall Water sport,
walls are also allowed. marinas
Water sport,
rowing and
8 Standard rink with markings for ice hockey
canoeing
Equestrian sport
2.5-5.0 Ski jumping
Hs.o-j Ice rinks
Roller skating
I
rinks
1-2
-1I
+- 5.4 -1-5 I

T Speed roller

ttJLl
I
r--o> skating,
I :§
I E I 0 skateboarding
·c;

p" ~
I 0. I 15 ro "' 0
Cyclo-cross,
:u"' "'~
I I
IF BMX
i
I
I 0
~~I
I 15- Shooting ranges

~ 0.5
I
I
I
1.0:

0.2
I
I
I
i"'
c.
~
0.
:g
0)
«i
&
20m ')'
0
0
2"'
H I I
I

1
I

1
"' I '-----
I 'C I
"0
I .E I

side line
30-40 m

e Roller hockey rink 0 Skater hockey

345
 SPORTS FACILITIES
Speed Roller Skating

Space required: standard area 20 x 40 m ---7 f)

standard 20 x 40m roller Rooms for athletes:
skating rink 2 (4) communal changing rooms, each with 8 m bench and clothes
hangers (roller hockey, 4 communal changing rooms). For roller
hockey, if required additional clothes hooks every 3m 2 •
2 shower rooms with 4 showers, drying zone, 2 washbasins, 2
spectator
facilities
hairdryers and separate toilet in anteroom. 4 drying rooms (only
roller hockey) per 6m 2 • 1 umpires' and trainers' room, approx. 9m 2 •
Facilities for public speed skating: entrance area with ticket machine
and turnstile or staffed cash desk, approx. 40m 2 • Changing rooms
for public skating, also serve for putting on skates. Use all-year-
round. 30 single, 60 double lockers and bench length 20 m.
1 ladies' toilet with 2 WCs, separate anteroom and washbasins.
1 gents' toilet with 2 WCs, 3 urinals, separate anteroom and
washbasin, 1 sanitary room 9 m2 , 1 skate rental room 12 m2 (in
connection with cash desk).
1 supervisor and control room (also control room for lighting
and loudspeaker system) 8 m2 • Changing, shower, washbasins,
~r
. ' . . . . . __________________ _ toilets and cloakroom for 1-2 people, 1 workshop 4m 2 , 1 sporting
equipment room (large items) 15 m2, 1 sporting equipment room
~20.00 51.93 20.00~ (small items) 6m 2 , cleaners' room 12m2 , heating 10m2 , electricity
,__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 97.93 -----------~

room 4m 2 , supply room 3m 2 •

f) Dimensions of a 200 m speed roller skating track with inner standard rink 20 x 40 m
Possible uses Required Remarks
skating area (m)
public roller skating, roller figure 20 x40 m standard area min. area for
skating, roller dancing and roller roller hockey 17 x 34 m
hockey
public roller skating, roller figure 20 x50 m in particular cases
skating, dancing and hockey
public roller skating, roller figure 30 x60 m in general only if combined
skating, dancing and hockey, with ice rink; 110 m short track
inline speed skating and ice rink for speed skating is possible
on an area of 30 x 60 m
inline speed skating track 200m standard track only in
333Y, m combination with cycle track
400m and ice speed skating rink
track width 5m

C) Example of paving: with drainage G Edge detail: floating slab without 0 Possible uses and dimensions of sports areas
on cohesive soil fixed point or step down to perimeter

SKATEBOARDING
Skateboarding is related to inline skating and roller facilities are
also suitable for skateboarding. Space required for a facility min.
200m 2 •

~~
Suitable locations: 1. Existing road-like surfaces in schoolyards,
Playing fields playgrounds, ice rinks, closed roads, separated areas of car
Athletics parks, houses and back yards. 2. Suitable paving newly laid in
Tennis
Miniature golf
sports centres, public parks and green areas.
Quarter with Funbox Quarter with roll-in,
Golf courses
wall ride rear or sub box, front
Water sport,
marinas Height+ wall: 2m Height: 1.35 m Quarter
Water sport, Width: 3m Width: 2.5m Height: 2m Type Height Width Radius Centre Verticals
rowing and Radius: 2m Radius/jump: 2.5m Width: 4m
(m) (m) (m) part(m) (m)
canoeing Table length: 2.5m Radius: 2.5 m
Equestrian sport Landing: 4.2m Table length: 1.5 m skateboard mini-ramp 1 5 1.5 2 none
Ski jumping Roll-in (top part at back)
Ice rinks Height: 1m BMX mini-ramp 2 6 2.5 3 none
It should be noted for layouts for flybox jumping:
Roller skating Width: 1.25 m
The run-up must always be higher than the fun pipe 3 6 2.8 3 0.3
rinks Radius: 2m
Speed roller jumping point. Normally, twice the jump-off height.
Sub-box (top part at front) half-pipe- standard 3.5 6 3 3 0.5
skating, Height: 1m
skateboarding Flybox for jumping with skateboard, inline Width: 2m half-pipe- king-size 4.1 10 3.5 3.5 0.6
Cyclo-cross, skates and BMX bikes Depth: 90 em
BMX
Shooting ranges f) Dimensions of half-pipes

e King-size half-pipe Cl) Standard half-pipe Cl) Funpipe f) BMX mini-ramp 4!) Skateboard mini-ramp

346
 SPORTS FACILITIES
Cycle-Cross, BMX

r- ~20.0 ~20.0 --+ 15.0 -j Minimum plot size for BMX sport facilities 50 x 60 m. Maximum
~ ~40m plus jump ---i dimensions for a generous track with sufficient spectator places
0 Startinghill 100 x 200 m. Observe safety spacing of tracks in opposite
directions. Four types of BMX track are possible according to local
I
conditions.
max height : --
4m ----}:---- C track, B track, A track/national, A track/international.

--------
...-- I
C track min. length 200 m. Starting hill width = 5 m = 4 starting

---- ----
places,

- ground line
.._====r. . . . . . . . . . . . .
.............::.............................w ..............................:·~·....~~:~:~~..... w
B track 250 m. Starting hill width
lap time 30 s .
= 7 m = 6 starting places, min.

A track/national min. length 270-320 m. Starting hill width = 9 m =

8 starting places, rnin. lap time 35 s.
f) Heights of the starting hill
A track/international min. length 300 m Starting hill width =9 m =

"'" " " " " " "'" ";'"'" "~;" "' 1 ~$;1;~;~ :.
8 starting places, min. lap time 35 s.
Paved surface on the starting straight. Lap time rnust be achievable
by an average 15-year-old rider. Trackside markings are not of
solid materials (stone, concrete, timber or similar). Safety barriers
of car tyres or straw bales are sufficient. Fixed barriers must have a
min. distance of 1 m. Closure to spectator space must be marked
8 Starting hill detail --> f) with warning tape. No spectators allowed inside the track. Max.
speed on downhill sections 40 km/h. Curves and obstacles can be
placed as desired along the course .

..I..
1-0.Bj
1--- 2.1 ---1-lf---- 3.0 - - - - {

C) Stepjump

0 Starting ramp with pre-start area ,1~--------=-~~~===~;.,

~i: ,7 o_t
-------/.....;<~ 4li) Canon jump
1--1.2 - 1 - - 3.0 - - - t - 1 . 2 -I

1--2.3---; j--1.8 --1

0 Speedjump 0 Speedjump

SPORTS
1--- 2.0 ---+- 1.5 -+- 2.0 --+- 1.5 -+-- 2.0 --1 FACILITIES

f- 1.4 --1- 2.00--+---- 1.6 -1---- 2.5 - - t - - 2.0 --1 4) Mogul jump (moguls) Playing fields
Athletics
0 Triple jump (or triple combination) Tennis
Miniature golf
Golf courses
Water sport,
marinas
Watersportt
rowing and
f - - - 3.0 --+--- canoeing
e Double speed jump
f)
I - - 2.0
Tabletop
- + - - - 4.0 - - - t - - - 3.0 - - - 1
Equestrian sport
Ski jumping
Ice rinks
Roller skating
rinks
Speed skating,
g• skateboarding
Cyclo-cross,
BMX
Shooting ranges

1 speed jump 3 table top 5 stepjump

2 speed jump 4 table top

@) BMX track at the WM '87 in Bordeaux 4D BMX track at 1he IFMA '84 in Cologne

347
 minimum height of the minimum thickness: SPORTS FACILITIES
side boundary ~ 20mm softwood

± Shooting Ranges
planks

r---..---.i-;_..;-;_ ::-:~ -:--;;--]Jlo- .:=-~ :::-_;:;:...::-

-·;- ·-;;.::---:-~:=._-;c.. 4;h7oil,;g hei;Jht- ·
+ ..'"()~-----.
1.0
"'-- shelf
I' .Industry-std. 17
2.00
bullet trap 1.50
Location: if possible in a gully within a wooded area, with
firing range floor surrounding hillside to catch bullets naturally, away from public
roads and buildings. Shooting ranges are also possible in

---+
+ (;.?~, 10.00
jr
buildings, e.g. in combination with public multi-purpose sports
halls. Common categories are air gun range, pistol and small
-4'---5.35-·---+- target stand calibre range -7 0 - 0 -7 p. 349.
distance of baffle
The safety requirements for Germany are laid down in the
0 Section -> f) 'Guidelines for the construction and acceptance for shooting
ranges for sporting and hunting shooting' from the German
Shooting Association. Apart from the normal permission for the
shelf building of a shooting range, a report is also required from an
minimum width: 300mm accredited shooting range expert. The right of 'neighbours' to
~ t> _::5 - --i object on the grounds of noise nuisance is mostly upheld. Safety
leisure
~ f-- § constructions like overhead baffles, side protection (walls or earth
room ~ t> . --i
-I<- ~ bullet trap banks) and the closing off of the range must be built of approved
boxes__ -!
t> construction materials or are tested by the expert.
shooting overhead In the UK, rifle and pistol (but not air gun) ranges require the
gallery[> baffle --;

~~~~y I>
target pulley
mechanism __ , approval and safety certificate of the Ministry of Defence. Early
approval is also needed from the National Small-Bore Rifle
1.00- Association (NSRA) or the National Rifle Association (NRA).
1.20 t> --i

Shooting programme
f) Shooting range for air pressure and C02 guns, covered shooting gallery,
Olympic competitions: x = for men, xx = for women and men,
open-air range
xxx =only for women.
Rifle shooting: air rifle 10 m xx; Zimmerstutzen rifle 15 m;
small-calibre rifle 50 m x; KK standard rifle xxx; sport rifle 100 m;
large-calibre rifle 300 m; GK standard rifle 300 m.
Pistol shooting: air pistol10 m xx; Olympic quick-fire pistol25 m
x; sport pistol 25 m xxx; standard pistol 25 m, free pistol 50 m x.
Clay pigeon shooting: trap shooting x; skeet shooting x.
Running target: moving boar, 10 m and 50 m x.
Archery: hall conditions, international conditions xx, field bow.
Crossbow: national conditions, international conditions 10 and
30m.
Small-calibre range for target-pulling Muzzle loader shooting: national conditions.

+2.80

SPORTS
FACILITIES
Playing fields
Athletics ~10.70 l
Tennis 26.70 I
Miniature golf
Golf courses
66.70
Water sport, 50.00 1.001 13.50'1?3.501
marinas 100.00 1.ool I?.Bol?2.aol.
Water sport, Tl
rowing and
canoeing G Cross-section ~ 0
Equestrian sport
Ski jumping
Ice rinks
Roller skating
rinks
Speed skating,
skateboarding
Cyclo-cross,
BMX
Shooting ranges

8 Combined 100 m range for all rifles and a 50 m small-calibre range-> 0

348
 SPORTS FACILITIES
Shooting Ranges

Elevation safety
The total range of a shot is mainly determined by the ideal angle of
elevation. According to experience, the vertical elevation needing
to be safely restrained is 20° for air pressure and C02 guns and
Zimmerstutzen rifles, and 30° for rifle ranges and handguns.

For high crossbow and archery ranges, the regulations differ.

Endangered areas are to be protected by dedicated safety
structures. A shooting range must be constructed so that,
according to experience, no danger to shooters taking part can
shooting gallery tp gun rack arise internally nor externally to the surrounding neighbourhood.
0 Clay pigeon shooting range
The requirements of the Federal Pollution Control Law must be
complied with.

An assessment whether a specific site is suitable for the building

of a shooting range is essential for the estimation of the cost of
building. An accredited expert on shooting ranges can provide the
architect with the necessary specialist information, and should
always be consulted. Particular points to note are:

Distance from existing or planned built-up areas and inhabited

houses, intended shooting direction (north or north-east), soil
f) Longitudinal section through clay pigeon range conditions and features of terrain, utility supplies, waste disposal,
road connection, routeing of roads (also planned), car parking,
' holiday and leisure areas. Can or must there be deviations from
,i'oo~1
1
-~ '
'
!3858
~6.76
/
/_.-· = 1't001 the guidelines? Any required protection measures should be
included in the design from the start. Ranges can be built in
separate construction sections.

The procedures for approval and permission are determined

by state regulations. The layout and extent of a shooting range
should include the consideration of additions and extensions,
which could become necessary in the future and can be built at
reasonable cost. The design of open-air ranges should include
noise protection measures.

1-8 skeet shooting

positions

Combined trap and skeet shooting range

SPORTS
FACILITIES
Playing fields
Athletics
Tennis
Miniature golf
Golf courses
G Section-> 0 Water sport,
marinas
Water sport,
25.00 8.50

I
1.00,, rowing and

·r 3.oo 4.30
10.70

1'
j•
21.70
t 4.00
50
H
4.00
t canoeing
Equestrian sport
Ski jumping
Ice rinks
Roller skating
rinks
Speed skating,
skateboarding
Cyc!o~cross,
BMX
Shooting ranges

I g
I ci
I
I "'

25 m range for handguns (pistols and revolvers of all calibres). Left, a continuous side wall and, right, continuous earth Danger zone for archery range with
bank (wall or earth bank can be used either side). six targets

349
 Hall type Dimensions (m) Usable playing Hall sports 1l No. training No. competition SPORTS HALLS
area (m2 ) courts/fields courtslfields 2l
Dimensions
Multi-functional halls
single hall 15 x27x 5.5 405 badminton 4
basketball 1
volleyball 1 The design basics are: multi-functional hall, sports
triple hall 27 X 45 X 73)4) 1215 badminton 12 5•>
3 1
hall and multi-purpose hall. The design has to include
divisible into 3 basketball
sections (15 x 27)5l indoor football 1 consideration of the competition rules of the specialist
indoor handball 1 sport associations and also the best-possible integration
indoor hockey 1 of the individual sports ---'> 0.
volleyball 3 1
quadruple 27x60x7 3l 1620 badminton 16 76)
hall divisible into 4 basketball 4 2 The required site size depends on the playing area
5
sections (15 x 27) > indoor football 1 required and the administrative offices. It can normally
indoor handball 1 be estimated as follows if the detailed room schedule is
indoor hockey 1
not yet available: required sports area x 2 + necessary
volleyball 4 1
possibly 22 X 44 X 7 3)4) 968 badminton 6 5•> open areas to the site boundary + necessary parking
also double divisible into 2 basketball 1 space for vehicles.
hall sections (22 x 28 + indoor football 1
indoor handball 1
22x 16 Dimensions of halls ---'> 0. Halls capable of being sub-
or22x26+22 indoor hockey 1
X 18)5) volleyball 3 1 divided are preferable, on grounds of flexibility, to a
Sports halls number of single halls.
single hall 22 X 44 X 7 3)4) 968 badminton 6 5
basketball 1
Operational rooms for sporting events
indoor football 1
indoor handball 1
Entrance hall, with cash desk, spectators' cloakroom
indoor hockey 1 and perhaps cleaning equipment room, based on
volleyball 3 1 ---'> 8 0.1 m2 per spectator. Space needed per seat for
triple hall 44x66x8 3l 2904 badminton 24 15 spectators and VIPs, press, radio and television (incl.
divisible into 3 basketball 46)
immediate traffic area): 0.5 x 0.4-0.45 m; per press
sections (22 x 44)5> indoor football
20x40 3 place 0.75 x 0.8-0.85 m; per reporting cabin 1.8 x
30x60 1 2.0 m; per camera platform: 2.0 x 2.0 m. 1 cloakroom
indoor handball 3 place for every 3 spectators, 1 m of cloakroom service
indoor hockey 3
volleyball 9 3
counter for every 30 cloakroom places. No. toilets per
quadruple 44x88x9 3l 3872 badminton 32 256 > spectator: 0.01: 40% WCs, ladies; 20% WCs, gents;
hall divisible into 4 basketball s•> 4 and 40% urinals. Per seat incl. anteroom 2.5 m2 , per
5
sections (22 x 44 ) > indoor football urinal incl. anteroom 1.0 m2 • cash desk, cafeteria,
20x40 4
40x80 1
police, fire service, administration, storeroom, press
indoor handball 4 rooms as required.
indoor hockey 4
volleyball 12 4
Room Dimensions (m) Usable playing
1> common indoor sports not incorporating national or regional customs area (m2)
2>dimensions according to guidelines of the international sport ruling bodies; can perhaps be
Conditioning/power depends on equipment, 35-200
reduced in national use
3 >height of hall can perhaps be reduced at the edges according to sporting functions training room min. height 3.5
4l if there are a number of halls on one site or in the planned area, height can be reduced to 5.5 m in
Fitness room depends on equipment, 20-50
part of the halls according to intended use min. height 2.5
5l less the proportional thickness of the relevant partition
6) maximum number without consideration of the partition Gymnastics room 10 X 10 X 4 to 14 X 14 X 4 100-196

0 Dimensions of halls 8 Dimensions of rooms for additional sports

SPORTS HALLS
Dimensions Hall type Entrance Changing Showers (min. Toilets Teaching room4> Equipment room Cleaning Waiting
Layout, hall(m 2) rooms 15 m 2) 3l (min. 12m2) equipment room min.
construction per changing lobby Multi- Sports hall
(min. 20 m2) 2l without first aid room 10m2
Equ·lpment room min. no. functional hall
Stands function (min. 8 m2) min. 5m2
Examples m2 min. no. no. min. no. F M min. no. min. m2 5> min.m 25) min. no. no.
Judo
Wrestling Single hall 15 2 16) 1 1 1 1 6Q7) 20 8> 1 1')
Weightlifting
Boxing Double hall 30 2 2 1 1 1 1 9Q7) - 1 1'l
Badminton
Triple hall 45 310) 310) 1 1 1 2 1207) 608 ) 1 1
Squash
Table tennis Quadruple hall 60 410) 410) 1 1 1 3 1507) 808>> 1 1
Billiards
1> minimum room height generally 2.5 m
Conditioning,
fitness 21 space requirement per person is 0.7-1.0 m2, based on allowances of 0.4 m bench length per person, 0.3 m sitting depth and min. 1.5 m between benches or between bench
Climbing halls and wall (1.8 m recommended)
Bowling alleys 3
> 1 shower per 6 persons (but a minimum of 8 showers and 4 washbasins per facility), shower space including a minimum circulation area of 10m2 and circulation space at
least 1.2.m wide
DIN 18032
DIN 18036
4
> training supervisors', umpire/referees' room, perhaps including first aid post (min. 8m2 for separate first aid room), with changing cubicle and shower: can also be used as an
administration room if correctly positioned, designed and of sufficient size
5> because the range of apparatus provided varies according to location, it is likely that these minimum dimensions will have to be exceeded; no hall section in a multi-functional
hall should have less than a 6 m length apparatus room
•> divided into 2 sections, each with half of the apparatus
7> room depth normally 4.5.m, max. 6.0.m
B) room depth normally 3 m, max. 5.5 m
9) according to need
10) alternatively, 2 bigger rooms with proportionally more shower and washing facilities

f) Operational rooms for sports halls

350
Type of sport Usable playing area (net) Unobstructed SPORTS HALLS
Additional playing area Clear
Permissible Standard unobstructed
Dimensions
with standard hall
dimensions: dimensions: zone at the: dimensions (gross) height1>

length width length width sides ends length width

(m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) Operational rooms for multi-purpose use (in
Badminton 13.4 6.1 13.4 6.1 1.5 2.0 9.1 92) addition to entrance hall) ~ p. 350 f). Per
17.4
visitor: 0.1 m2 • Cloakroom: 1 place per visitor.
Basketball 24-28 13-15 28 15 1'> 1'> 30 17 7
Per cloakroom place: 0.05-0.1 m2 (incl. 1 m
Boxing 4.9-6.1 4.9-6.1 6.1 6.1 0.5 0.5 7.1 7.1 4 of service counter in cloakroom for every 30
Fistball 40 20 40 20 0.5 2 44 21 (7) cloakroom places). Number of WCs per visitor
Football 30--50 15-25 40 20 0.5 2 44 21 (5.5)
O.Q1, of which 40% WCs for ladies, 20% WCs
for gents, 40% urinals.
Weight lifting 4 4 4 4 3 3 10 10 4

Netball 40 20 40 20 14) 2 44 22 75) Storeroom for tables and chairs per visitor:
Hockey 36-44 19-22 40 20 0.5 2 44 21 (5.5) 0.05-0.06 m2 • Raised stage and associated
equipment, per m2 stage area: 0.12 m2 . Cash
Judo 9--10 9-10 10 10 2 2 14 14 (4)
desk and sundries: as required.
Netball 28 15 28 15 1 1 30 17 (5.5)

Sports 12 12 12 12 1 1 14 14 (5.5) Catering: standing space per vending machine

acrobatics 1.0 X 0.6--0.8 m, tea kitchen 12-15 m2, store
Gymnastics 52 27 52 27 - - 52 27 8 6m2 , kiosk with drinks 8-12m2 , store 1D-12 m2 •
Cafeteria/restaurant per seat: 1.5-2.7 m2, of
Cycle football/ 12-14 9-11 14 11 1 2 18 13 (4)
polo/gymnastics which altogether for the guest area 1-1.5 m2 ,
for kitchen and stores 0.5--1.2 m2 . Servery for
Rhythmic 136) 136) 136) 136 ) 1 1 15 15 82)
gymnastics
self-service: per 50 visitor places = 1 m counter.
With waiter service: per 100 visitor places = 2 m
Wrestling 9-12 9-12 12 12 2 2 14 14 (4)
counter.
Roller hockey 34-40 17-20 40 20 - - 40 20 (4)

Roller 40 20 40 20 - - 40 20 (4) Small stage <200 m2 ~ p. 203. Athletes'

acrobatics/ cloakroom, multi-purpose room for meetings,
dancing training, lectures, leisure use. Playroom for
Sports dancing 15-16 12-14 16 14 - - 16 14 (4) board games, billiards etc., reading room and
Tennis 23.77 10.97 23.77 10.97 3.65 6.4 36.57 18.27 (7)
bowling alley as required.
Table tennis 2.74 1.525 2.74 1.525 5.63 2.74 14 7 4 Operations rooms for technical services are
Trampolining 4.57 2.74 4.57 2.74 4 4 12.57 10.74 7 included in sports halls. Open-air facilities
Volleyball 18 9 18 9 5 8 34 19 12.52> which do not have a dedicated building
must be provided with an equipment room
1> nos in brackets: recommended; 2) for national events, 7 m is sufficient; 3) for spectator stands bordering
the playing area, ideally 2 m; 4>additional space requirement for timers' table and reserves' bench (pass. in for sports and maintenance equipment in
sports equipment room); 5>in a 3.3 m wide zone around the playing area (net), a uniform reduction to 5.5 m is the room arrangements of the sports hall.
permissible; 6>for national competitions 12 m. Open-air sports equipment room = 0.3 m2
per 100 m2 usable playing area (net area) =
0 Playing area dimensions for competitive sports use
15 m2 • Maintenance equipment room for hand
appliances = 0.04 m2 per 100 m2 ; gross open
area = 8 m2 . Maintenance equipment room
for machines = 0.06 m2 per 100 m2 ; gross
open area= 12 m2 • (If maintenance is carried
Unobstructed total sport area 1> Safety distance 2>(m) SPORTS HALLS
Apparatus out externally, or else centrally - and the
length x width x height (m) Dimensions
Sides Forwards Backwards To each other machines are delivered and taken away - the Layout,
last mentioned room can be omitted.) construction
Floor gymnastics 14 x 14x4.5 - - - - Equipment
Pommel horse 4 X 4 X 4.5 - - - - Stands
Examples
Vaulting horse 363) X 2 X 5.5 - - - - Judo
Wrestling
Suspended rings 4> 8x6x 5.5 - - - - Weightllfting
Boxing
Parallel bars 6 X 9.5 X 4.5 4.55)6) 45) 35) 4.5 Badminton
Squash
Horizontal bar 12x6x7.57 1 1.5 6 6 - Table tennis
Billiards
Assymmetric bars 12 X 6 X 5.5 1.5 6 6 - Conditioning,
Beam 12 x6x4.5 - - - - fitness
Climbing halls
Swinging rings 4> 18x4x5.5 1.55>(2)A 10.55>(7.5) A 7.55> 1.55> Bowling alleys

Climbing rpe - 1.5 4.5 (4)A 4.5 (4)A 1.5 (0.8)A

Header hanging ball - 4.5 5> 4.55) 4.55> 7

Wall bars - 4.55)6) 4.5 4.5

1>for competitive sport; 2>for school and leisure sport (between fixed apparatus and wall or other fixed
apparatus); 3) run-up length 25m, apparatus length 2m, run-out length 9 m; 41distance between centres of
ropes 0.5 m; 5l measured either from centres or top of apparatus posts, or end of crossbar, or centre of rope;
7
6) reduction to 4 m to walls or to 3.5 m to netting walls possible; > for national competitions 7 m height is

sufficient; A= Austria.

f) Unobstructed areas and safety distances for fixed sports apparatus

351
 SPORTS HALLS
Layout, Construction

screed
1 apparatus room
!ower sprung upper sprung
2 services room
floor frame floor frame
3 instructors' room
~18-23mm ~18-23mm
4 changing room
5
6
shower and washroom
cleaning materials/equipment
f) Sprung floor construction
7 toilets

0 Schematic plan of sports hall

:::
...

Ill
screed
damp-proof
ro membrane
.c
springy elastic foam layer

e Flexible floor construction

elastic layer"" 10-14 mm

plastic web
PVA glue layer
plastic finish
layer

~~:
8 waiting room
9 corridor (sport shoes)
10 corridor (street shoes)
11 hall 27 x 45 x 7 m divisible
into three practice rooms
:111·=·
of15x27m ~=;iF ·n §
~~l~ screed
:::3:
f) Schematic plan of a triple sports hall Cl) Impact-absorbing floor construction

exercise oar
1 traimng harness
14 2 horizontal bar
3 asymmetric bars

1
4 ring stand
SPORTS HALLS ~ 5 supported horizontal bar
c
Dimensions ro 6 fixing hooks for pommel horse
7 practice parallel bars
Layout, acrobatics lane
.~ 8 beam 15.00
construction :c

l
9 ballet rail
Equipment 0 0 6 E 10 mirror
Stands
z 11 parallel bars
12 gymnastics mushroom
Examples 13 pommel horse
Judo
Wrestling
trampoline =
13
10
14 safety mats/wall padding
15 instructors' platform
Weightlifting special glue
Boxing
Badminton 4Ii) Construction detail for wood-block
Squash l-----------27.00----------il-------18,00--------l flooring- laid rectangularly with surface
Table tennis
Billiards
0 Gymnastic apparatus hall15 x 27m with floor gymnastics hall15 x 18m
treatment

Conditioning, 1 equipment cupboard 4 large vaulting box 7 parallel bars 10 magnesia holder 13 small trampoline 16 area for additional apparatus
fitness 2 trolley 5 vaulting horse 8 gym bench 11 handstand bars 14 jump stands 17 handball equipment
Climbing halls 3 small vaulting box 6 small vaulting horse 9 springboard (springs) 12 gym mats on trolley 15 floor exercise mats 18 soft floor mats
Bowling alleys

1-------------15.00------------1 1------s.oo------1 1----6.00-----tl

8 Arrangement plan for large equipment in the apparatus storeroom 0 Equipment room Q Equipment room
of a 15 x 27m sports hall

352
 SPORTS HALLS
Equipment

r-----14.50-----+--3.50-+-5.00---1

beam

I
I
Q Vaulting horse f) Pommel horse

"l
1
20 "'
Jo<
20
<
2Jl

e Vaulting horse e Parallel bars

1g

1
Q Assymetric bars f) Horizontal bar
!--9.50---+---4.50-r---9.00----<
J ~judge
HJ ~ head judge

4Ii) Competition podium, space requirements: dimensions of podium, arrangement

of judges' places

SPORTS HALLS
.

B
-./' Dimensions
Layout,
construction
Equipment
\ 1.0 Stands
Examples
\ Judo
Wrestling

f) Beam e Rings support frame 0 Mat trolley 4i} Gymnastics bench

Weightlifting
Boxing
Badminton
Squash
f------------> 25.00--------------1 Table tennis
r-----1.90----+------3.20------i Billiards
Conditioning,
1-1.60- adjustable (50mm) fitness
J--------------~25.00--
H Climbing halls
Bowling alleys

MEN run-up lane

I
~ F"''"' ' '
springboard
DIN 18032
DIN 18036

' "' ""'"

1
adjustment rail

·" :· " :· :" ·: ·" :· ,. ~:· :; :;·: ·:; : ·: ;: ;:· :"'·: ·;: ;:i ,.:~·: ·~:. ·:; ;·: ; :;·: ·; : ·: ; :;·: ·;: ;:· ;! :· :; :;·,:·;: ;:· :; ;·~.:· !:. ·:~·: ~:· ~:. ·:~·: ·~:· :; ·: ;: ·: ·;: ;:· :; ;·: "'·: ~ :·~ .:·~:· ; :· :; ·: ·;: ;:· ;: ;,:· "'·: ·;: ;:· :; ;·: "'·: ·;: ;:· :~·: ·; l·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:P·:·:·:·:·:·:
.... ...

vaulting horse tethered to floor r------1.20-----i

CJ) Vaulting layout, men CD Vaulting layout, women

353
 f---- 80----l SPORTS HALLS
l--35--4--45--j
Stands

Spectator stands ----) 0 - 0 can be fixed or mobile. For smaller

installations with up to 10 rows of seats, a linear rise of the seats
(height 0.28-0.32 m) can be assumed. All other installations
should have a parabolic rise (height for seats 1.25 m, standing
places 1.65 m), sightline rise for seats 0.15 m, standing places
0.12 m. Row spacing for seats 0.80-0.85 m ----) f) - 0. For
standing places, 0.4-0.45 m. Sightline origin point 0.5 m above
the boundary marking of the playing area.
0 Schematic section through f) Section through stepped seating Protect spectator places behind goals with mobile catch nets.
access steps with access steps behind
Seats in upper levels and galleries should be closed off with nets
while practice matches are underway. For the group of rooms
l------1.5--t--0.80--1 including entrance hall, changing and sanitary facilities, teachers'
room, additional sport room and hall, it is recommended to arrange
a separation of the routeing of people wearing street shoes and
sports shoes ----) 0 - 0. Showers must be immediately accessible
from changing rooms, with a drying area between the wet area of the
shower room and the changing room. Shower rooms divided into
two room units must be connected to the two adjacent changing
rooms so that one or both of the room units can be used from either
of the changing rooms ----) 0 - 0. Teachers' rooms should be near
the changing rooms. The first aid room must be on the same level
as the sports area and can be integrated into the teachers' room.
28 places
Spectator stands can generally be accessed from below or above;
8 Stand with access from below (A); stand with access from above (B) from below leads to lower costs (spending on stairs and access
galleries is saved), but this is disadvantageous for the organisation of
events because of visitors passing the base of the stand, disturbing
competitors and existing spectators ----) 0. Free sides should be
protected by ~1 m high barriers, measured from the traffic surface.
The design of the wall and ceiling area next to the partition must
ensure that no noise transfer takes place when the partition is
down----)0-e.

e Retractable stand, length 2 6.0 m

SPORTS HALLS
Dimensions corridor (street shoes)
Layout,
construction 0 Example! '~!) Cloakroom seating as wall-mounted
Equipment and double bench
Stands
Examples
Judo
Wrestling 1---*-----1
f-------*------1
Weightlifting
Boxing
Badminton
9 Partition curtain between
two beams
0 Side view of partition curtain at
beam, with sound absorption recess
Squash
Table tennis
Billiards
Conditioning,
fitness
Climbing halls 4D Example2
Bowling alleys
corridor (sports shoes)
BS EN 13200
DIN 18032

* - width, depending on height of hall

and thickness of material

f) Partition curtain both sides of a

beam
e Partition curtain with pulley system
mounted in sound-absorbing recess 4!}
corridor (street shoes)

Example 3 Three proposed solutions for the changing and sanitary facilities
inside a space frame (shaded: floor areas laid with PVC grid mats)

354
 track SPORTS HALLS
Examples
key-> f)
,._. direct entrance
[> alternative emergency exit
principal connection
visual connection
alternative connection
additional connection
additional rooms with
multipurpose halls
additional rooms and facilities
depending on local situation and
need

version A: running track version B: boxing arena

0 Arrangement of spectators

f) Room relationship scheme key-->8

plan of entrance floor level
1 competitors' access at perimeter level,
2 entrance and foyer for spectators,
3 administration, 4 cash desl<s, 5
cloakroom, 6 gents' toilets, 7 ladies 1
toilets, 8 space above warming-up hall, 9
Information, 1o training room and lounge,
11 access to basement, 12 drinks bar,
13 stairs to balcony, 14 administration
room with display and announcements,
15 permanent stand, 16 changing room
area/hall connection, 17 200 m track, 18
sports hall, 19 large display board, 20
mobile stand, 21 score board, 22 hall
perimeter route with emergency exits.

Flexible use of hall is possible

--->8
1. Tennis, 2. Handball, 3.
Athletics, 4. Boxing, 5. School
sport. Ball-catching safety
nets at the front separate the
interior into four units, each
the size of a school sports hall.
With warming-up hall in front
of the training area 'under' the
(l(.l(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)(.l(.l{.) SPORTS HALLS
telescopic stand, the large
8 Europa Hall, Karlsruhe, ground floor plan Arch.: Schmitt, Kasimir, Blanke section~&
sports hall offers schools and
Dimensions
Layout,
clubs six practice locations, construction
Equipment
competition conditions for Stands
top-level sport, and practice Examples
Judo
and training facilities for Wrestling
school and club sport. Weightlifting
Boxing
Sport-relevant data: ---> 0 200 Badminton
m circular track (competition), Squash
130 m + 100 m straight sprint Table tennis
Billiards
(training) track, 60 m straight Conditioning,
sprint (training) track, 400 m fitness
Climbing halls
stadium curve (training) shot Bowling alleys
put, discus and high jump
facilities.

key-> 0
plan of entrance floor level
1 entrance hall with cash desks, 2 exits/
emergency exits, 3 foyer, 4 drinks bar, 5
telephone, 6 stairs to spectator toilets, 7
access as bridge over the sports level,
8 200 m circular track, 9 pole vault, 10
high jump, 11 sprint competition track,
Q Athletics Hall, Dortmund, ground floor plan Design: Hochbauamt Dortmund 12 long jump, 13 shot put, 14 stairs up
to administration

355
 15.1.
t--1.50
... 98 4
lOX 10 - - - - - - - ; SPORTS HALLS

::~:~!.J:::::;:::::::::::::::::::::::.::::::::::::::~~==;~~:~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::~:::::::::::i
0 Judo contest area on a platform
JUDO

•'•'L::
""~
Contest area 6 x 6 m to i 0 x i 0 m or 66 x i 2 m, covered with

~L . ~
soft, springy mats. For German championships and international
events, contest area 6i 0 x i 0 m. Upholstered mats are not
allowed. Ideally, the mats should be raised by i 5 em. The
separating line between the contest area and the surround should
be clearly visible -7 0.

~tD~
WRESTLING
Mat size for competitions 5 x 5 m; for German championships
and international competitions 66 x 6 m, possibly 8 x 8 m, for
international championships and Olympic games 8 x 8 m. The
middle of the mat is marked with a ring of 6i m diameter with
iO em wide edge strip. Mat thickness: iO em, soft covering.
f) Punchball front view --> e Surrounding protection strip should if possible be 2 m wide,
otherwise boundary tapes at 45° angle. i .2 m width of the
padding
protection strip should be in mat thickness, with colour difference.
Protection strip for national competitions i m wide. Platform
height ~i. i m; no corner posts or ropes.

WEIGHTLIFTING
Lifting area 4 x 4 m; ideally with strong timber base, chalk
markings, floor should not spring, solid footing for weightlifters.
Largest weight diameter 6450 mm
ropes 30-50 mm diameter
wrapped in cloth {also all Weight for one-handed exercises i5 kg,
metal parts) Weight for two-handed exercises 20 kg.
30-40 mm side canvas strip

T/ 91-1.22
BOXING
Dimensions of a boxing ring to international requirements, 4.9 x
/1 4.9 m to 6. i 0 x 6. i 0 m. 5.5 x 5.5 m is usual. Raised rings are usual,
with a podium i m wide on all sides. Entire podium 7.5 x 7.5 m to
8 Boxing ring
8x8 m-->0.
f46t------ 5.18 ------+46-l
court back line
T BADMINTON
:e back line for jingles service
The standard is a doubles court, singles court only if space is

r back line for doubles service lacking.

spacing between courts at side 60.30 m
between court and walls 6i .50 m
~ gJ
backwards spacing between courts 6i.30 m
~ 'iii~
"0 safety strip at each side i.25 m
.E .E! ~
c safety strip front and back, each 2.50 m
~ ~

SPORTS HALLS
:§ :§ Spectators should be behind the safety strip.
~ ~
'0 '0
Dimensions 'iii 'til
layout, Hall height: 8 m international games, 6 m over rear partition. Net
construction front line for service
Equipment
height at posts i .55 m; in middle i .525 m, net surface 76 em
Stands high --> 0. Floor covering lightly resilient. Lighting: if possible no
Examples windows, but rooflight (glare-free) 6300 lx.
Judo posts posts
Wrestling 0-- - - - --- .. - - - .. ---- --- .. - - - - -- - - 0
Weightlifting net lndiaca volley game: game field dimensions 5.5 x 13.0 m and 9.0 x 18.0 m,
Boxing Net height of the post 1.70-2.00 m, 1.68-1.85 min the network centre,
Badminton Single court: 4.4 x 10 m 1---1.85--4
Squash

-r r =,=-= =f=ro=n=t=lin=e~ f=or=s=e=rv=ic=e= = ~F=n

Table tennis ~
Billiards T
1.0
r-- --------~--------,
Conditioning,
fitness
T I ~ -~
Climbing halls I Extra space - I
T
:e
r I
Bowling alleys
~~ ~
I
I
~ front view of net T 5.50 I
~ --~
5.50 ';\ I
L __
~\
court back line
f - - - - - - - 6.10
H
1.0
_j_
I
I
I
r-
L __
-Extra space

so
______ -=-=.--:._
s

1-1,0+---------13,0 ---------+1,0-1
~-Network

~c':"!_ty .E_at~s _ _ _j
:
I
I

0 Badminton court e lndiaca playing area (game played using hands and special ball)

356
 special two~layer
plaster 12-14mm surrounding outline, SPORTS HALLS
Red-RAL 3000

SQUASH
special two-layer The normal construction of squash courts involves massive walls
plaster 12-14mm with special plastered surfaces, pre-cast concrete elements, pre-
fabricated panelled timber-framed roof, collapsible seating.

Room size: 9.745 x 6.40 m

Room height: 6.00 m
A glass back wall is advantageous for spectators.

Floor: slightly springy, light wood (maple or beech), good

0 Squash court end wall f) Squash court side wall
surface slip-resistance, floorboards parallel to the side walls.
A practical flooring is tongue and groove parquet strips 25 mm
thick and a sealing layer, parquet according to DIN 280 parts 3,
4 and 5.

Walls: Special plaster, flat, white. Strip (the 'tin') running across
foot of front wall: of sheet metal 2.5 mm or plywood with sheet
metal cladding, painted white --> 0 - 0.

TABLE TENNIS
At championship level takes place only in halls. Table surface
horizontal, matt green with white border lines.
Table area .............................................................. 152.5 x 27 4 em
Table height .......................................................................... 76 em
Board thickness ............................................................... ;;;;2.5 em
8 Basic dimensions for squash court For tables in the open air, fibre cement board 20 mm thick.

Board hardness: so a normal ball bounces 23 em when dropped

from 30 em
Net length, centre ............................................................... 183 em
Net height, entire length ..................................................15.25 em
Playing box (formed by canvas screens 60-65 em high) ;:;;6 x
12m, international? X 14m, spectators beyond screen --1 Q,

BILLIARDS
Location of rooms:
First floor or well-lit basement, seldom ground floor.

Q Basic dimensions for table tennis Space requirement: for the various table sizes --> 0 - $.
Common sizes for private purposes ............................. IV, V and VI
For cafes and clubs ........................................................... IV and V
In billiards halls and academies ...................................... 1, II and Ill SPORTS HALLS
Spacing of table sizes I and II from each other ............... ;;;;1.70 m Dimensions
Spacing of table sizes 111-V from each other ................... ;:;;1.60 m Layout,
construction
and, from the wall, a bit more if possible. Equipment
At the side where the waiter passes or the spectators stand, Stands
Examples
correspondingly more space, plus room for chairs, tables, food Judo
and drink (--> pp. 174, 175). Wrestling
Wall mounting for cue rack and rules of the game. Weightlifting
Boxing
1 cue rack for 12 cues, overall 150 x 75 em. Badminton
Squash
Table tennis
Lighting Billiards
The smallest possible lights with full and even light distribution Conditioning,
0 Basic dimensions and spacings for billiards onto the playing area. Usual height for light above table: 80 em
fitness
Climbing halls
75 Bowling alleys

&I
f-----M----i 12 cues
Normal table size (dimensions in em)

internal (playing area)

external

room
A
B
285 X
I

310 X 1675

575 X 432 5
1425
II
230x 115

255 X

520 x405
140 245
Ill
220 X 110

510 X 400
135 225

500
IV
220 X 100

X
125

395
200

225
v
X

490 x390
100

125
VI
190 X 95

215x 120

480 X 385

~£.T weight (kg) 800 600 550 500 450 350

0 Ball cupboard 0 Cuerack e Usual billiards table sizes

357
 SPORTS HALLS

I Conditioning, Fitness
li!

l 1
"'
Area

A
Conditionin room
40m2 80m 2

2/3'
200m2
1
2
Equipment list

1 hand roller
2 biceps station

I
3 3 triceps station
4/5' 4 4 pull-over
f---1.30
machine I
5 5 pull-over

~ I
T 6/7' 6
machine II
6 Latissimus
machine I
f---95-------j 7 7 Latissimus
machine II
1----- 90-----l 8 8 8 chest station

0 Rowing machine and bicycle

ergometer
Stomach muscle board with push-
up bar and wall bars
9
10/11'
9
10
9 torso station
1o hip station I
11 11 hip station II
12 12 12 leg station
13 13 13 foot station
14 (2x) 14(3x) 14 multi-training centre

I 1
B 20 20 press apparatus I
23 231eg press
25 25 (2x) 25 stomach muscle station
26 26 (2x) 26 pulling machine
27 27 press-up apparatus
"'": ~
33 33 Latissimus

I l
floor bells
c 43 (4x) 43 (10x} 43 small disc stand
46(2x) 46 i2xl 46 46 training bench
D 50 50 50(3x) 50 hand dumbbells
51 51 51 (3x) 51 short dumbbells
52 52 52(5x) 52 short dumbbell stand
f-----1.45-----1 f---1.00------j
53 53 exercise dumbbell rod

C) Multi-exercise centre Q Pulling machine

56
57 57 (3 X)
56 press bench
57 sloping bench I
58 58 sloping bench II
59 59 all-round bench
60 60 60 multi-training bench
61 61 compact dumbbell
Area Apparatus or equipment Exercises Motor functions Training
62 62 dumbbell stands
intention
E 70 (3x} 70 70(4x) 70 cycle ergometer
A general training stations single joint power fitness 71 (2x) 71 (3x) 71 (2x) 71 rowing machine
flexibility condition 72 72(2x) 72 running belt
73 73 (2x) 73(3x) 73 wall bars
B special training stations many joints power, speed fitness 74 74 (2x) 74(2x) 74 press-up bar
condition 75 75 75 75 stomach muscle board
78 78 punch ball
c lifting surface (with many joints power, speed, condition
79 (2x) 79 (2x) 79 (3x) 79 expander-impander
multipress or isometric bar) coordination 80 (2x) 80 (2x) 80 (2 x) 80 skipping rope
D traditional small apparatus one and many power fitness 81 (2x) 81 (2x) 81 (3x) 81 Deuser band
joints flexibility 82 (2x) 82 (2x) 82 (3x) 82 finger dumbbells
83 (2x) 83 (2x) 83 (3x) 83 Bali machine
E special training apparatus many joints duration fitness 85 (2x) 85 (3x) 85 hydro-dumbbell
and open area to warm up coordination condition 89 89 89 (2x) 89 equipment cupboard
(gymnastics etc.) one and many flexibility fitness *Apparatus 2 and 3, 4 and 5, 6 and 7, 9 and 10 and are available in very different versions
joints coordination condition and should therefore be provided to suit the number of dumbbells and weights to be chosen:
7 as well as 10 and 11 can be used for two functions from various manufacturers.
0 Categories of machine by use
0 Equipment suggestions for fitness rooms
SPORTS HALLS
Dimensions
Layout, 1 handrol!er
construction 2 biceps station
Equipment triceps station
Stands pull-over machine I
Examples 5 pull·over machine I!
Judo 6 Latissimus machine I
Wrestling LaUsslmus machine II
chest station
Weightlifting
9 torsostation
Boxing 1 hip station I
Badminton 11 hip station II
Squash leg station
Table tennis foot station
Billiards multi-training centre
Conditioning, press apparatus I
leg press apparatus I
fitness
stomach muscle station
Climbing halls
pulling machine
Bowling alleys press-up apparatus
Latissimus floor bells
BS 1892 small disc stand
training bench
short dumbbell stand
sloping bench r
aU-round bench
mum-training bench
cycle ergometer
rowing machine
running belt
wall bars
press-up bar
stomach muscle board
equipment cupboard

358
 Description Movements SPORTS HALLS
Conditioning, Fitness
hand roller hand bends, hand stretching 60/30
2 biceps station arm bends 135/135
3 triceps station arm stretching 135/135
4 pull-over machine I arm lifting in front of the body
Room size for 40-45 people min. 200 m 2 __. f), clear ceiling height
190/110
pull-over machine II arm lowering in front of the body 190/110 for all rooms 3.0 m. Conditioning and fitness rooms should generally
Latissimus machine I sideways arm lowering and 200/120 be 6 m wide for an optimal arrangement of machines in two rows.
lifting Room length ~ 15 m, otherwise there is no overview while training.
7 Latissimus machine II bring arms together and apart 200/120
The smallest room unit of 40 m2 is suitable for 12 users.
in front of the body
A chest station bring arms angled together in 165/100
front of the body
torso station stretch and bend torso 135/125
10 hip station I lift and lower legs 175/125
11 hip station II lift and retract legs 175/125
12 leg station stretch and bend legs 125/155
13 foot station (calves stretch and bend feet 140/80
apparatus)
14 multi~exercise centre various leg and multi-joint various
movements
20 push apparatus I arm stretching, horizontal 120/140
(standing)
21 push apparatus II arm stretching, vertical and/or 70/160
calf training (standing)
22 Hackenschmidt apparatus leg stretching on slope 90/140
23 leg-press apparatus leg stretching, horizontal (sitting) 120/160
24 knee-bend apparatus leg stretching, vertical (standing) 200/90
(with weights)
25 stomach muscle station various exercises for stomach 65/200
and back muscles
26 pulling machine various single and multi-joint 100/140
basic movements
B 27 press-up apparatus arm bends and arm stretching, 120/155
vertical (hang or push-up)
28 press bench I arm stretching, vertical (lying 200/120
bench pressing)
29 dumbbell apparatus bench press, knee bend, 200/100
(multipress machine) standing presses and pull
exercises (all with weights) 185/100
30 press bench II (sloping sloping bench presses (sitting) 150/70

,
bench for long dumbbell)
31 curl bench arm bends
32 press bench Ill bench press (on back sloping 160/170
downwards)
33 Latissimus floor dumbbell arm bends, pull in with forward torso 120/130
40 lifter bed with rubber all exercises with free dumbbell 300/300
inserts (knee bend, press and impact)
41 practice dumbbell bar 200 1$ro$$1
42 large weight stand 50/100
43 small weight stand 30/30
44 magnesia container 0/38
45 knee-bend stand (in pairs) 35/70 ea.
c 46 training bench 40/120
47 full-rubber mixed weights SPORTS HALLS
(10; 15; 20; 25 kg) Dimensions
48 weights with vulcanised
rubber edge (15; 2; 25 kg)
f) Example of 200 m2 conditioning room
Layout,
construction
49 cast weights (1.25; 2.50; Equipment
Stands
5; 10; 25; 50 kg)
Examples
50 hand dumbbell (1; 2; 3; 4; various single and multi-joint 70 cycle ergometer endurance, coordination; nos. 70-76 40/90 Judo
5; 6; 8; 10 kg) exercises with hand, compact 71 rowing machine arm bends 120/140 Wrestling
80/190 Weightlifting
51 short dumbbells (2.5; 5; and long dumbbells 72 running belt
Boxing
7.5 etc.- 30 kg 73 wall bars 100/15
Badminton
52 short dumbbell stand 140/130 74 press-up bar for wall bars 120/120 Squash
53 training dumbbell bar 185 75 hanging stomach-muscle board 100/180 Table tennis
54 knee-bend bar 200 76 spine relief apparatus flexibility, coordination, nos. 77-<l8 70/150 Billiards
55 (upholstered) 77 jumping power tester Conditioning,
fitness
curl bar 78 punch ball
Climbing halls
56 press bench (adjustable) 140 E 79 expander-impander Bowling alleys
D
57 sloping bench I 40/120 80 skipping rope
58 sloping bench II 40/120 81 Deuser band BS 1892
59 all-round bench 40/120 82 finger dumbbell
60 multi-training bench 40/120 83 Bali machine
(12-fold adjustable) 84 ball dumbbells
61 compact dumbbell (2-BO kg) 85 hydro-dumbbells
62 dumbbell stand 145/80 86 weight vests
87 weight bags for arms/legs
88 mirror
89 equipment cupboard 50/110

0 List of machines and apparatus for conditioning and fitness training

359
 Construction Description Properties SPORTS HALLS
solid concrete compact standing concrete sharp edges, additional grips,
Climbing Halls
(formwork) panels with positive and variable surface design is
negative structures possible
shotcrete mesh of steel wires organic shapes can be bolted on
(reinforcement) sprayed with subsequently, only for outdoor Climbing halls make climbing possible all year round, whatever
concrete. walls the weather. The size and shape of halls is variable depending on
timber timber-based boards with or install numerous drilled holes.
the operator's ideas and space available (up to 2500 m2 indoor
without coating bolted directly to Projecting and recessed grips
an internal wall or onto a support can be installed cheaply area).
construction
GRP (glass natural surface, various surface-
Concentrating the subsidiary functions is practical in order to keep
boards or various shapes made
fibre-reinforced of GRP can be bolted directly to fixed or recessed grips are a large part of the area for climbing. The entrance with reception
plastic) an internal wall or onto a support possible. Disposal could be a and cash desk can be supplemented by a cafeteria and shop for
construction problem climbing equipment.
0 Climbing wall construction types (Deutcher Alpenverein ~ refs) Sanitary facilities are similar to those in a fitness centre. Sensible
additions would be a steam bath/sauna with rest zone, possibly
also a fitness area.

A high degree of daylight is desirable (smoke extraction domes

as daylight sources) and artificial light should only be indirect to
avoid dazzling of climbers and safety staff. Climbing walls must be
regularly maintained by an expert according to the manufacturer's
recommendations.

Types of climbing wall:

Boulder wall: This is climbed at low height without safety ropes.

The climbers move horizontally ('traverse') or 'boulder' short
stretches upwards. The wall can be climbed without supervision.
There must be a jumping-off area of gravel, bark mulch or mats.

Top rope or lead wall: Roping is necessary on account of the

height. The climbers mainly climb upwards and, at the top of the
f) Magic Mountain climbing hall, Berlin, section Arch.: Gantz Weber Architects wall, are let down by a climbing partner or abseil themselves.
It is also possible to boulder at the foot of this wall and it must
be secured against unsupervised climbing. No grip should be
reachable up to a height of 2.5 m. If a top rope or lead wall is in a
sports hall, the requirements for sport operation in sports halls still
have to be met (e.g. impact protection)

Climbing walls are modelled on natural rock faces in their surface

and design. The colour scheme is variable and often in accord
with a Cl scheme. Dimensions and shape are flexible. The height
for sport climbing is up to 18m, exceptionally to 30m. Climbing
walls are built by specialist firms and are offered as a building-
block system or as a free design of the climbing area.

The support construction (steel or wood) must support itself or

be extended from the hall construction, with cladding of various
SPORTS HALLS materials -0 0. Various grip and step elements can be screwed
Dimensions to these types of climbing wall. The climbing grips are made of a
Layout,
construction
resin mix with quartz sand dusting and are fixed to the wall with
Equipment M1 0 Allen bolts. The types range from 3 em to beer crate size.
Stands
Examples
Grips of various colours can mark different 'colour' routes. The
Judo, wrestling, combination of various colours in one route enables a number of
weightlifting, routes on the same section of wall. The number of grips per m2
boxing,
badminton should be in accordance with the intended user group.
Squash, billiards
Conditioning, An ideal layout provides differentiated areas for beginners and
fitness
Climbing halls
experts, and separate areas for children.
Bowling alleys

BS EN 12572

\1\1
DIN 18032
DIN EN 12572

0 Grip pattern staggered (or square) (Deutcher Alpenverein ~ refs)

C) Magic Mountain climbing hall, Berlin, ground floor

Arch.: Gantz Weber Architects e Number of grips/m2 according to user group (Deutcher Alpenvereln ~ refs)

360
 ball return
SPORTS HALLS

iH0------1
~1.oo+1.2o--1
---+--~~·ti l----5.50----j
Bowling Alleys

ca.60 19.50 6.50-----j A bowling alley contains the following areas:

1. Run-up area, where the ball is rolled after a few steps.
0 Construction of lane with side bands
2. Lane, the actual rolling area of the ball.
3. Catching area, where the pins stand and where fallen pins and
ball return
the bowling ball are collected.

i-1-1~----- I ----1---~~+1 Asphalt track is a specific sporting track and places the highest
demands on the bowlers because of its particular surfacing. The
lane is 19.50 m long and 1.50 wide (with side strips) or 1 .34 m
Ja.sF--1.00-j f-..----5.50---l
t-------19.50-----t----6.50--j (side bordered by gutter) asphalt or plastic lane -7 0 - e.
f) Construction of lane with side channels Planked lane was originally a timber bowling lane, but may also
be constructed of plastic -7 0. The particular feature is the rise
! bal~pit ! 18 +O.Omm
of 10 em, measured from the bowling position to the first pin. The
!-·-·-·---~-·-·-·-·-1 -20 mm lane is 23.50 m long and 0.35 m wide with elevated edges.

/0,/~·,. ~{!I
outer boundary batten
ij I~ !}~., o<(
Tapered (or scissor) lane is also a timber bowling lane (or plastic)
-7 0. The lane widens after 9.5 m to 1 .25 m at the centre of the

iI q~ ~){],_ -~~ ! pins.

i~
i
\
t
I. :il.
2

I
· @f
1
'd{ ~ i
0.25A
I
I

1-1.00 ±, 2 mm .,1
'
j I I
<(

0.25A

I/
I
!
18 +O.Omm
-20 mm

outer boundary batten

In bowling alleys -7 0 the run-up area is made of cleanly sanded
parquet over the entire width (1.041-1 .065 m). The lane is polished
or varnished parquet. The bowling balls are 21.8 em with a
maximum weight of 7257 g, with three finger holes.
\I ~~ jjcentre~line
--- I
l~aesurface
"M
A ~
On asphalt and tapered lanes, balls are of diameter 16.5 em,
i
~
weighing ~ 2800-2900 g. Planked lane balls are 16.5 em,
~
~3050-3150 g. The balls are made of plastic mixture and the pins
0 Arrangement and description of pins 0 Possible designs for side channel of hardwood (beech) or plastic with standardised sizes. Pins are
also made of plastic-coated wood or plastic, also standardised.
ball return
===::::J

Il IIf-c:£-=·=·=====~·-·-1·-·-·-·-·-ln
I ·.· - ~
~ j
r--f'i.-1.oo+--5.50----\
ca. SO i---------23.50 5.50 1.00--l
S the lane surface rises evenly from Q to S Q
~
+I -·-·-· -~-·-
0
~
overall measurements

0 Planked lane

ball return

= e f)

II!£'£--:-
Section --> Standard pin area

=======··~=4--·-·-----+~~ I I
SPORTS HALLS
Dimensions
Layout,
construction
Equipment
t---Ff1.00+--8.50----j Stands
ca. 60 s 18.00 5.50--+1.00--l Examples
the Jane surface rises evenly from P to S p Judo, wrestling,
weightlifting,
+I
0
-·-·-·-·-·- boxing,
~ badminton
0 Layout and main dimensions of tapered lane
Squash, billiards
Condition, fitness
Climbing halls
Bowling alleys
f- 5-+-- 10 -+-----27.50-34.00--------l
r-·-·-·-·-· - · - · - · - · - · - · - · -

oc·~:::~2~~~:~~=~=~:::::·::
lT 4IJ) Section --> ([) Pin area

~--·-·-·-·-·-·-·-·-·-·-·-
!]}====:=:=:=:-=.·.--=.·.=:=---=-:-=:=-.=..
g I

1Ill!ltl~~. ." l!!~r!~I.1

'-· 1

1 clubroom 4 cloakroom 7 shower room

2 servery 5 public toilets 8 cleaners' room
3 attendant 6 staff toilets 9 fitness room "='"*======1\li.Oi!i=======!==ss==l
10 equipment room f----------25.55-------------1

f) Example of a bowling alley G) Double bowling lane

361
 SWIMMING POOLS
Indoor Public Pools

The size of an indoor swimming pool building depends on the

size of the pool/water area (or the dimensions of the basin and
the diving boards), the surrounding areas, additional facilities and
required room heights.

Building plot
For indoor pools (without parking) allow a plot size of 6-8 m2 per m2
of planned pool area; if the water area is very large, a smaller value will
suffice. Additional open-air areas (terraces, sun decks, sunbathing
lawns) can add about 10-20% to the total plot size.
A building plot which is flat or with a max. slope of 15° enables the
design of a public indoor pool on one level, which is a precondition
for an economically and functionally optimised design. A greater
slope to the terrain will lead to higher building costs or functional
disadvantages.

Parking
1 car parking space per 5-1 0 clothes lockers for the swimming
pool.
1 bicycle space per 5 clothes lockers for the swimming pool.
If there are facilities for spectators: 1 additional parking space
for every 1 0-15 spectators. If catering is included: 1 additional
parking space for every 4-8 seats.

Subsidiary spaces
The total water area serves as the basic value for determining
the subsidiary rooms. With leisure pools this value should be
supplemented to take additional functions into consideration.
Area in front of entrance: 0.2 m2/m 2 of water area.
Entrance hall: floor area 0.15-0.25 m2/m 2 of water area,
additional minimum direct access possibly
depending on the pool size and the leisure orientation. Also 5 m2
facilities facilities direct access wind lobby, 5 m2 cash desk or automated paying area, 1-2 m2
0 Indoor swimming pool -room relationship scheme cleaning room and toilets (1 WC each for ladies and gents).

Total water area Pool types 1> Example 1 Example 2 Example3 Diving facilities'> Plot area without
(WA)(m2) Pool size (m or m 2) WA(m 2) Pool size (m or m 2) WA(m 2 ) Pool size (m) WA(m 2) parking (m 2) 3>
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
up to 300 CP 10.00 X 25.00 250 - - 1 B+3P approx. 2500
pp approx. 15
up to 450 CP 10.00 X 25.00 250 10.00 X 25.00 250 12.50 X 25.00 313 1B+3B approx. 3000-3500
NSP 8.00 x 12.50 approx. 100 8.00 X 12.50 125 8.00x 12.50 100
SWIMMING pp 20 20 approx. 20 20 approx. 20 20
POOLS CP 313 forCP:
12.50 X 25.00 313 12.50 X 25.00 313 12.50 X 25.00
Indoor public 1B+3Bor
pools 1B+3B+1P
Outdoor public
NSP 8.00 X 12.50 100 8.00 X 16.66 133 8.00 X 12.50 100 +3P+5P
pools up to 600 3500-4000
Indoor and DP 10.60 x12.50 133 forDP:
outdoor pools 1 B+ 1 P comb.
Private pools pp approx. 25 25 approx. 25 25 approx. 25 25 +3 B + 3 P comb.
+5P
CP 12.50 X 25.00 313 12.50 X 25.00 313 16.66 X 25.00 417 for CP and DP:
NSP 8.00x 12.50 100 8.00 X 16.66 133 8.00 X 16.66 133 1 B + 1 P comb.
DP4> 10.60 X 12.50 133 10.60 X 12.50 133 12.50 X 11.75 147 + 3 B + 3 P comb.
up to 750 4000-4500
+5P
pp approx. 30 30 approx. 30 30 approx. 30 30 or:1b+3B
+1 P+3P+5P
CP 16.66 x25 417 16.66 X 25 417 for CP and DP:
NSP 8.00 X 16.66 133 8.00 X 16.66 133 2x1B.2x3B
DP') 12.50 X 11.75 147 16.90x 11.75 199 1P+3P+5P
up to 800 approx. 5000
pp approx. 35 35 approx. 35 35 or:
1 B+3B+1 P
+3P+
Notes: 1>Abbreviations: PP- paddling pool; NSP- non-swimmer pool; CP- combined pool; DP _diving pool.
In special cases, a swimmers' pool (SP) can be provided instead of a combined pool (CP).
2
>Abbreviations: B =board; P= platform; 1-10 =diving height (m); WA=water area.
3
) Recommended plot sizes
4
l Dimensions under consideration of safety/measurements
Pool size= pool width (diving board side) x pool length in diving direction

f) Design examples for indoor swimming pools (division of the water area between swimmers and non-swimmers approx. 2:1)

362
 t-1.50 8.20 1.50--j
f--1.60--j-1.60--j
SWIMMING POOLS
~ Indoor Public Pools
0.

r
g
"'
i.l
1'l :;;
l1l Changing area
+
t(j
'6
":;;;
The size of the changing area can be derived from the water area
(m 2). Rough estimate for a swimming time of about 1.5 hours: no.
~
+
8 ~ cloakroom places= 0.3-0.4 m2 water area. No. changing places:
.a.,:. 'E

u
.:;! 0.08-0.1 m2 water area, of which 40-50% as cubicles, the rest as
~ .g changing benches in communal rooms. Ratio of changing places
~
0 2"
.0
to clothes lockers 1:4.
'l;i
1U
5 Family or wheelchair cubicles: 10% of the cubicles
~ No. communal changing places: min. 2; each communal
changing place with min. 30 clothes lockers.

0 Changing area: cubicles with clothes locker Dimensions

Minimum dimensions of installed fittings:
Cubicle: axis dimensions 1.00 m wide, 1.25 m deep, 2.00 m high.

T
8
~~0
~
~
Family changing cubicle: internal dimensions 1.60 m wide,
1.25 m deep, 2.00 m high.

1i~ ~
1U
~
Changing cubicle for wheelchair users: internal dimensions
2.45 m wide, 1.50 m deep, 2.00 m high, clear door width 0.94 m
--j 0-0.
f) Communal changing room: without shoe-removal bench
Clothes locker --t 0 0.25 m or 0.33 m wide (axis dimensions),
0.50 m deep (clear), 1.80 m high for full-height lockers or 0.90
m high for stacked lockers. For wheelchair users, the lockers are
0.40 m wide and should be provided only as full-height lockers in
order to be able to house walking aids etc.
Changing bench: 0.20-0.25 m seat depth, for wheelchair users
0.40 m seat depth, 0.45 m seat height. Min. 7.50 m bench length
in communal changing rooms (for school use min. 10.00 m).
No. sanitary fittings per guideline unit: 0.03 hair care places
with dryer, 0.015 foot disinfection points, 0.015 bucket sink,
cleaning equipment room 1-2 m2, near changing area. Ceiling
height 2.50 m.
Foot disinfection point (traffic area): 0.75 m wide, 0.50 m deep.
e Communal changing room: without shoe-removal bench

r~·-4~-- ~
Clothes locker

\i,
0 0
SWIMMING
POOLS

It
"'
%
Indoor public
pools
~
0 Outdoor public
~ pools
~ Indoor and
outdoor pools
ti
Private pools

Q Communal changing room: with shoe-removal bench

l--1.50-t-1.00+1.00f---4.00---t-1.12+ 1.50-j
Wheelchair-accessible changing
cubicle: with clothes lockers
0 Wheelchair-accessible changing
cubicle: without clothes lockers

r
double locker single locker 'z' locker

l(j

+
l(j
r-
0
0
+ 0
0
.
"'~ _] .J _,

B
"'
_g"'
"'
1U
i DOD
e Changing area: mixed type e Clothes lockers: details (examples)

363
 fao-j SWIMMING POOLS
changing area
Indoor Public Pools

The sanitary facilities include showers and toilets, ladies'

and gents' separated. Location should be between the
changing and the pool areas. The toilets should be arranged
so that, after use and before entering the pool area, the bather
""7 pool area has to cross a shower room --> 0 - 0. A direct route back
l-90---i 'V
from the pool area to the changing area is definitely to be
0 Scheme of sanitary facilities recommended.

changing area Size of the sanitary facilities: basic equipment min.

shower room each for ladies and gents with min. 10 showers
@) (applies for water area up to 500 m2). In addition, a further
shower should be provided for every 25-50 m2 of water area.
<1 In indoor swimming pools in schools up to 150 m2 water area,
1 divisible shower room each for girls and boys with 5 showers
is sufficient --> 8.

pool area Toilets: each shower room requires 2 WCs for ladies, 1 WC and
2 urinals for gents--> 0.
Scheme of sanitary facilities with divided shower room

Minimum dimensions of movement areas in sanitary facilities:

changing area
shower without partition: 0.80 m wide
(open row of showers) 0.80 m deep
shower with partition: 0.95 m or
(row of showers with spray guard) 0.80 m wide
L..-f>o 1.45 m high
shower with double-T partition: 0.80 m or
(with spray and sight partition) 0.95 m wide
'V pool area 1.40 m deep
to pool return to changing room 1.45 m high
0 Sanitary facilities (example ladies) corridor width between two rows of showers: 1.10 m
toilet with inward opening door 0.90 m wide
1.40 m deep
2.00 m high
toilet with outward opening door: 0.90 m wide
1.20 m deep
2.00 m high
urinal (axis dimensions): 0.65 m
free standing area: 0.40 m
installation height: approx. 0.70 m
SWIMMING
pool area installation height for children:
POOLS approx. 0.50 m
'V
Indoor public return to changing room to pool washbasin (axis dimensions): approx. 0.70 m
pools
Outdoor public
pools
e Sanitary facilities (example gents) free standing area:
installation height
approx. 0.60 m
approx. 0.80 m
Indoor and
outdoor pools minimum clear ceiling height 2.50 m
Private pools
recommended 2.75m

--, I

I
"E
gJ
--1 ' "E "'
.<::
Ceramic gj
""'"'
I
floor tiling I 0.
-"I
"'c"'

r·t
-
!'!o
I

""'"'
~"'
0 --~
m g.m
.<::o ·;;
I :2
~"'
0

"0
--, I

'
"'
0) ""'
a;
"'"' ~
e"' !'!
~" ~
I
c - -~I ~
_g"'
""'
Q)
a.o
oro __ j ' 0
I ~ 0
80 110 80 0:
80 60 110 60 80
"0
0:

0 Shower room (scheme) -> 8 0 Sanitary unit for wheelchair users f) Shower and partition arrangement

364
 1.35
f----1
SWIMMING POOLS
Indoor Public Pools
r_,...,__ _ _______ _r-,_

I
Pool area
Pool Width Length Water depth, remarks Min. ceiling
(m) (m) height
paddling pool min.15 25m 2 0.00-0.40/60 2.50 m
non-swimmers' 8.00 12.50 0.60/0.80 to max.
pool-> 0 10.00 16.66 1.35 m 3.20m
combined pool 8.00 25.00 with lifting floor:
1-----12.50 ------< _,f) 10.00 50.00 0.30-1.80 m
f . - - - - - 16.66 ------1 12.50 25.00 in swimmers' section:
16.66 25.00/50.00 1.80m 4.00 m
21.00 in diving section:
25.00 min. water depth 3.80 + 4.50 (5.00) m
0 Scheme of non-swimmers' pool, plan and section
swimmers' pool 16.66 25.00/50.00 4.00 m
r.on
= ----~ 25.00 -,r;,.---,--,,------,--nn~
1.0p_,LIJO 1.1)Q; 21.00 50.00 min. 1.80 m

r
25.00 50.00
0
a: 0
0
wave pool -) e 12.50
16.66
min.
33.00
initial water depth:
0.00 m (if step, max.
0
0~ 21.00- 0.30 m) 4.00 m
a: o{l 25.00 final water depth:
0 0

a: 0 § according to the use of the pool and

·~0;
0
type of wave machine

L
0 "-
0::
:~ Pool perimeter; perimeter areas generally at the same level as water Width (m)
0
in the main access area to the swimming pool: 3.00
a: 0
in main entrance area between pool steps and hall wall: 2.50

>--- 8.00 ---1

0

1-- 9.00/11.00~
- at the starting blocks:
at the diving facility:
3.00
4.50
f----1
1.25/1.35 (behind the 1 m diving board: free passage min. 1.25 m)
at the access to the paddling pool 2.00
non-swimmers' pool- steps side: 2.50
/ I I non-swimmers' pool- narrow side: 2.00
I ,/ between diving, swimmers' or combined pool and the non-swimmers' pool
I ,/
I or non-swimmer's section of the combined pool: 4.00
L - - - - - -"" Height-adjustable
between swimmers' pool or swimmers' section of a combined pool and the
f) Variopool 25.00 m between soil
divers' pool: 3.00
1/3 Pool length remaining widths for a water area less than 300 m2 min. 1.25
1------6.00------t over300 m2 min.1.50

ceiling height at pool perimeter: 2.50

! 33.0D-50.00 lifeguard's room space requirement: min. 6 m2 2.50
sanitary room space requirement: min. 8 m 2 2.50
equipment room 2
up to 450m water area, min. 15m 2 2.50
2 2 2.50
over 450 m water area, min. 20 m
lounge for competitors: 2.50
6 swimming lanes~ 30m , 8 ~50m , 10 ~70m
2 2 2

2 2.50
teaching and club: 30 up to 60 m
spectator facilities stands: 0.5 seats per 1 m2 water area used for sport
space required for 1 seat: 0.5 m2 including immediate traffic area
spectator cloakrooms, space required: 0.025 m2 per 1 m2 water
0 Wave pool (scheme) area used for sport
spectator toilets: the toilets in the entrance area (ladies: 1 we,

~
gents: 1 WC, 1 urinal) are sufficient for 200 spectators. For SWIMMING
larger spectator facilities, 1 additional toilet (WC or urinal) for POOLS
every 100 further spectators plus 1 toilet (WC or urinal), with a
Indoor public
ratio of ladies: 2 wcs, gents: 1 we, 2 urinals. pools
workplaces for press Good view of the start and finish (raised position) required: Outdoor public
f) Section of wave pool and television 5-20 places, each place 0.75 x 1.20 m pools
Required: 4-6 places, each place 1.20 m x 1.50 m Indoor and
catering Space required per vending machine: 0.5-0.8 m2 outdoor pools
Seated area: min 50 seats, each seat 1-2m2 Private pools
(cafe/restaurant)
supply and subsidiary rooms (additional): for cafe approx. 60%
of seating area, for restaurant approx. 100% of seating area, of
0 Section of combined swimmers' and wave pool which 20-25% for stores and cool room, for empty packaging
15-20%, for kitchen, pantry, office, staff, remaining area.
Toilets: min. ladies, 1 WC, gents, 1 WC, 1 urinal.
services area Total area for services (without wave water tank, storeroom,
sub-station and gas supply room): up to 1 m2 per 1 m2 planned
water area; for larger indoor pools, a reduction of up to 30% is
possible.

0 Variant of point A with steps 8 Point B -> 6 (Finnish channel)

Finnish channel St. Moritz channel Wiesbaden channel

e Examples of overflow channels

365
 SWIMMING POOLS
Indoor Public Pools

Diving facilities are used for school and competitive sport. Two
diving-off points are used: a rigid platform at heights of 1, 3, 5 and
10 m, and a rebounding springboard, made of aluminium, wood or
plastic, at heights of 1 and 3 m. The height of the diving positions
is measured from the water surface. The climb up to the board or
11 to the platform is up steep steps. All diving facilities are on one
side of the pool --) 0- f). Water temperature: 24-28 a c. In order
~ ~
:: for divers to be able to discern the water surface better, water
rippling devices or sprinkler jets can be provided.

j
I • • ej • • e • • • • • • • • • • • • • -~-· •-rc
11 q
~
(j) goal line (white)
® 2 m line (red)
® 4 m line (yellow)
@) centre line (white)
·:
~
1

;
@ I

: :~
I
I

I 1•
~1.0~ t1.0~
@goal :(j) ®~ @ I ~
® boundary line g
[ : :~
f-------16.90 ------------<
~
0 1-5 m diving facilities (complete). B = board, P =platform
:1' I
I
I r
'

•: I 1 1:
e I ~

.................... .. : : ~-~
I I

:;.: ~
30 2.00 0 30
11.oo--r--11.oo,---Ff·.c.+q_,",_'-'1
2.00 2.001.70
f-------30.00-------+---1
2.00
50.00

0 Water polo playing area

size of pool
possible dimensions: 22.40 x 16.66m
or 25.00 x 15.00 m
depth of water
at least: 4.50 m
recommended: 5.00 m

Alternative: with a hook-in goal in a

25 rn pool, at least 70 ern
f-1 1----l
1.00 1.00
f - - - - - - - - - - - - 22.40----------------;

f) 1-10 rn diving facilities (complete). B =board, P= platform

0 Water polo goal (front view) f) Water polo goal (side view)

Dimensions of diving facilities Length/width 1rn 3m 1m 3m 5m 7.5m 10m

board board platform platform platform platform platform
4.80/0.50 4.80/0.50 4.50/0.60 5.00/0.60 6.00/1.50 6.00/1.50 6.00/2.00
A from front edge of board/ min. dimension 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50
platform back to pool side
A-A from front edge of uppermost min. dimension 1.25 1.25 1.25
SWIMMING board/platform back to pool
POOLS sidewall
Indoor public B from centre of board/platform min. dimension 2.50 3.50 2.30 2.80 4.25 4.50 5.25
pools sidewavs to pool sidewall
Outdoor public c from centre to centre min. dimension 1.90 1.90 - - 2.10 2.10or 3.13 or
pools 2.45 2.65
Indoor and D from front edge of board/ min. dimension 9.00 10.25 8.00 9.50 10.25 11.00 13.50
outdoor pools
Private pools ,.to. I platform to forward pool sidewall
E from top of board/platform to min. dimension 5.00 5.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.20 3.40
0 Cross-section underside of ceiling
F space, within which the min. dimension 2.50 2.50 2.75 2.75 2.75 2.75 2.75
dimension 'E' is to be
F G complied with backwards and

;=~:~:::::·::;.:- : I p N"::::::::::·:·:
G
to each side of the centre of
the board/Platform
space, within which the min. dimension 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 6.00
dimension 'E' is to be
7.50~~A-A complied with from the front
..§.,QQ._m_ _=,_; A-A edge of the board/platform
H water depth under the board/ min. dimension 3.40 3.80 3.40 3.40 3.80 4.10 4.50
platform
J distance from the front edge min. dimension 6.00 6.00 5.00 6.00 6.00 8.00 12.00
of the board/platform forwards
K water deoth at distance to 'J' min. dimension 3.30 3.70 3.30 3.30 3.70 4.00 4.25
L distance sideways of the min. dimension 2.25 3.25 2.05 2.55 3.75 3.75 4.50
centre of the board/platform
M water depth at a distance min. dimension 3.30 3.70 3.30 3.30 3.70 4.00 4.25
A
from 'L'
0 Longitudinal section
e Safety dimensions for diving facilities --> 0 -0

366
 SWIMMING POOLS
Outdoor Pools

covered entrance area

(pool side) Building plot size: 10-16 m2 of the planned water area.
changing area Parking: 1 car and 2 bicycle spaces per 200-300 m2 of building
plot area.
Space in front of entrance: 150 m2 per 1000 m2 water area,
50 m2 per 1000 m2 water area for roofed entrance zones, including
sitting area
cash desk and access control equipment.
sunbathing terrace Changing area: changing places as cubicles: 0.01 per m2 water
play area
area, per 1OOOm 2 water area min. 10 changing places, of which: 8
changing places as cubicles including 2 cubicles for families and
leisure/sports facilities
wheelchair users and 2 privacy-screened changing places on the
foot rinse pool
sunbathing lawn. Communal changing rooms: as required, min.
children's play area 2 communal changing rooms, each with 10.00 m bench length.
paddling area
Cloakrooms: cloakroom places and lockers for valuables: 0.1 per m2
water area, 20 lockers for valuables per 100 cloakroom places.
pool area
Sanitary facilities: child-parent area: 15-25 m2 •
toilets Showers: per 1000 m2 water area 3 warm showers for ladies,
... direct access note: the illustration represents only 3 warm showers for gents, possibly also 1 cold shower per shower
the intetnal links; do not use this for room.
optional direct
I> access room planning.
Toilets: per 1000 m2 water area: 4 WCs for ladies, 2 WCs and
8 Room and area relationship scheme 4 urinals for gents, anteroom with washbasin.
Foot disinfection point: according to local regulations. Foot
washing and rinsing point (combined}: per 1000 m2 water area,
4 taps.
Covered area for weather protection: per 1000 m2 water area,
100 m2 covered area.
Warm lounge room: per 1000 guideline units 30-70 m2 , min.
50m 2 •
Staff rooms: up to 1500 m2 water area, up to 10 m2 ; over 1500 m2
water area, up to 30 m2 •
Lifeguard's room: approx. 10 m2 •
First aid room: approx. 8 m2 , if combined with lifeguard's room
~1 .50+1.25+1.25+1.50~1.50-l-1.25+1.25-1 and sanitary facilities, approx. 14 m2 .
f) Cloakroom unit (scheme)
Store and equipment room: up to 1000 m2 water area, min. 30 m2
(recommended: 50 m2); over 1000 m2 water area, min. 50 m2
f-1.20t1.25t1.25+1.50-f1.25f1.25+1.50f1.25f1.25-j (recommended 80 m2).
::::::::::::::::~;~~~; ~j~~ ~~~~~ :;:: ;:;;; Pool area
.... Paddling pool: water area: 80-200 m2 , water depth: 0.00-0.60 m,
division into a number of pools of differing depths is ideal.
Non-swimmers' pool: water area: 600-1500 m2 , water depth: SWIMMING
0.50/0.60-1.35 m, possibly divided into a number of pools of POOLS
differing depths. Indoor public
pools
Swimming pool: water area: 313-1050 m2 , water depth: > 1.80 m, Outdoor public
pool size according to number of swimming lanes. pools
Indoor and
Swimming lanes Pool width Pool length outdoor pools
Private pools
5 12.50 m 25.00 m
6 16.66 m 25.00 m
C) Cloakroom unit (scheme) 6 16.66 m 50.00 m
8 21.00 m 50.00 m
(j)
10 25.00 m 50.00 m
~
~ Wave pool: pool width: 12.50 m, 16.66 m, 21.00 m, 25.00 m, pool
~
~ length: 50.00 m, min. 33.00 m, initial water depth: 0.00 m, final
I,. (j)Coldshower
"'
>
.c
.c
water depth according to pool use and type of wave machine.
Pool perimeter: min. width 2.50 m. Near the access points
.c with spray guard .Q
.0
.Q
®Hot shower
@Drain
and the starting blocks, 3.00 m; near the pool steps to the non-
@Cleaning equip-
mentroom
swimmers' pool 3.00 m, near the diving facility 5.00 m.
u
u ;: Open areas: approx. 60% of the building plot area, divided
5
into sunbathing, leisure sport and children's play areas. Ratio
sunbathing area: sport area= 2:1 to 3:1.
Children's play area: dry area: sandpit 100-300 m2 , play area
Sanitary facilities for 2000 m2 water Sanitary facilities for 1000 m2
300-700 m2 • Wet area: water play area 100-500 m2 •
area (scheme) water area (scheme)

367
 Small children's play
area, open-air part
SWIMMING POOLS
Indoor and Outdoor Pools

Combinations of indoor and outdoor swimming pools enable,

according to the type of operation, almost complete spatial,
functional and·operational combination of the individual facilities'
components. At the same time, they also offer more flexible
Services opportunities for use and thus possess a higher leisure value than
A outdoor or indoor pools alone. The differing needs at different
0 Room and functional scheme times of year require different areas of water indoors and outdoors.
Operation can be categorised into summertime, wintertime and
in-between (pre-season and after-season).

The following types of operation can be considered: simultaneous

use of the inside and outside water areas with common opening
times, unlimited bathing time and unitary entrance price; separate
use of the indoor and outdoor water areas with different opening
times, partially unlimited opening times (outdoors) and different
prices; seasonal use of only one part, e.g. by mothballing one
part. Combinations of indoor and outdoor swimming pools
can sometimes also be achieved by extending the facilities at
existing pools, adding an indoor or outdoor section. If the indoor
and outdoor parts of a new project are not to be opened in one
construction phase, then the design of the entire facility should be
undertaken, including technical specialist design work. This can
avoid double expenditure. The first construction phase should
generally be the indoor swimming pool.

8 The Wallenberg, Oberammergau Arch.: P. Seifert

SWIMMING
POOLS
Indoor public
pools
Outdoor public
pools
Indoor and
outdoor pools
Private pools

1 sauna/leis·u·r~ .rooms ·
outdoor sauna
3 plunge pool
4 outdoor swimming
5 children's paddling
swimming pool
7 water grotto
changing
showers
sun beds
terrace
plant

C) Leisure pool, Heveney Arch.: Aichele; Fiedler; Heller G Outdoor pool, Bad Driburg Arch.: Geller+ Muller

368
 SWIMMING POOLS
Indoor and Outdoor Pools

The building plot size should be in line with the requirements for an
outdoor pool. With a plot requirement <1 0,000 m2 for the indoor
element, a supplement of 5.00 m2 per m2 of water area should be
added for the outdoor. Otherwise, the design recommendations
for indoor or outdoor pools apply.
The pool area of the outdoor pool should ideally be connected
to the pool area of the indoor pool. This ensures better utilisation
between seasons, central supervision and a favourable technical
combination. The lounge area with catering should have a view of
both pools if possible.
Access to the outdoor pool is normally through the entrance hall
of the indoor pool, but at peak times this can be supplemented
by the covered entrance zone. The cash desk and access control
area should serve both parts if possible.
A close link between the pool areas in the indoor and the outdoor
facilities enables flexible use. The connection between the two,
preferably to the non-swimmers' section of the outdoor pool, can
be through a swimming channel (with access in the indoor pool) or a
closed corridor. The intention is that the bathers can reach an outdoor
pool from the indoor pool without contact with cold outside air.

0 City pool, Trier Arch.: MOiler, Karnaiz & Bock

G) draught lobby <V changing @plant, filters

®entrance hall @equipment @transformer room
® ticket office ®swimming supervisor 0 chlorine room
@staff ®swimming pool @ battery room
®staff changing @learners' pool @heating
@office

" indoor pool

<D
® boating lake
® children's
playground
@ outdoor pool
changing
® outdoor pool
@sports area

C) Indoor swimming pool, Stuttgart -> f) Arch.: J. Welz

SWIMMING
f) Ground floor -> 8 POOLS
Indoor public
pools
ground floor--> e Outdoor public
pools
G) elevated entrance Indoor and
® draught lobby outdoor pools
® ticket office
Private pools
@atrium
®flat
® changing
(f) equipment
® swimming club
® swimming pool
® diving pool
@ office
@ teacher
@ swimming supervisor
\@ first aid
@ leisure room
@ family cubicles
@ nonMswimmers

':(
':(

Q Indoor and outdoor pool, Zollikon -> 0 Ground floor Arch.: E. Ulrich+ C. Braun

369
 SWIMMING POOLS
Indoor and Outdoor Pools

Construction details
The use of foils for the lining of swimming pools saves the normal
expense of waterproof sub-structure. The foil in areas around
stairs, standing steps and children's paddling pools should have an
embossed and structured surface for safety reasons. At penetrations,
fixed flange connections are helpful ---7 0- ~- Possible condensation
on the side away from the water should be considered, and secondary
drainage or relief drillings should be provided under the waterproofing
0 Edge connection/foil lined pool f) Variant--> 0 layer. In order to empty the pool, the floor is constructed with a
gradient of 5% or max. 10%. In order to securely connect the foil,
with bonded sheet metal
1--7 ---1 use bonded sheet metal profiles ---7 0 - 0. Also possible are pre-
fabricated pools in one piece as a shell structure, or segmental pools.

Relative air humidity

50% 60% 170%
Air temperature
28oC 26°C 28°C 30°C 28°C
21 13 0 _1) 0
24'CR
_1) 67
M 219 193 143
26'C R 48 53 21 2 0
M 294 269 218 163 143
28'C R 96 104 66 31 36
M 378 353 302 247 227
157 145 123 81 89

•
30'C R
M 471 446 395 339 320
Foil fixed to pool wall Edge connection with angle of 1l temperature difference 4 K water/air
bonded sheet metal cannot be held in the long term air and water temperature (°C)

Specific quantity of evaporation Evaporation limit for an indoor

in an indoor pool (g/m3h): out of pool: upper line, in use; lower
operation (R) and max. use (M) line, out of operation
(Kappler --. refs)
pool rim paving

e Pre-fabricated pool e Connections at floor/sidewall with

rounded corner

G) 'ZOrich' pool edge overflow system 4D 'Wiesbaden' overflow channel

system
grip tile
slip·resistant
grip tile paving

SWIMMING
POOLS
Indoor public
pools
Outdoor public
pools
Indoor and
outdoor pools
Private pools

f) Pre-cast concrete gutter/foil liner e Variant --.Q

4D Finnish channel 0 'St. Moritz' overflow channel
system
pool rim paving
pool rim paving

0 Fixed flange connection 41!) Fixed flange with anchor sleeve

$ Overflow channel with pool edge
kerbstone and drainage channel
e Surface skimmer

370
 (}) changing area SWIMMING POOLS
® we Private Pools
@ shower

CD exercise room

® sauna anteroom location

Protected from wind --7 0, near the bedroom (for use on cool
® sauna
days), visible from the kitchen (keep an eye on children) and living
0 sauna area
room (scenery effect), i.e. in view. No deciduous trees or bushes
® footbath
next to the pool (falling leaves). Prevent grass etc. falling in at the
® rest room
sides, possibly with a raised edge (design question).
@ galley
Size
® bar
Lane width 2.25 m, stroke length approx. 1.50 m, plus body
0 Related elements of the Indoor pool of a detached house. A flat part of the
length: 4 strokes = 8 m length. Water depth: chin height for the
swimming hall can also be the living room.
smallest adult, not the children! Difference between pool depth/
water depth --7 e. depends on the type of extractor system.
Shape
As simple as possible due to cost and water management (see
below), rectangular, always with ladder or step recess.

~Ijl Types of pool

~L
smallest single~ Normal foil pool (foil = waterproof surface) on masonry-bearing
lane swimming construction --7 0, concrete, steel (also above ground) or sunk
pool (2 strokes, .E
1-2 people\
average size two- 0 into ground --7 0.
lane swimming pool "'oi
(3-4 strokes, 4-5 Polyester pools, seldom locally produced, mostly with pre-
people); minimum
size for racing dive
fabricated elements, are generally not self-supporting. Lean
from deep end concrete backfilling is necessary --7 0.
f) Poolsizes 8 Poo\depth Watertight concrete pool --7 0 (two-sided in situ concrete,
shotcrete with formwork for one side, pre-cast concrete elements);
surface mostly ceramic or glass mosaic, occasionally paint
(chlorine rubber, cement paint).
soil Water cleaning
A recirculation system is usual today, generally providing flat
water flow with the good surface cleaning effect of a skimmer or
a channel.
Filter types
sand bed
compacted
Gravel (deep filter, sometimes with cleaning air injection), diatomite
and drained (surface filter), plastic foam. Algae is combated with chlorine,
e Sloping pool with foil; edge formed
by timber beam
0 Single-skin prefabricated polyester
pool
chlorine-free algae agent, or copper sulphate.
Heating
plastic With counter-current apparatus or through-flow heater in the
sealing strip heating boiler- mind the regulations! This prolongs the swimming
season considerably at relatively low cost --70 - 0.
Protection of children SWIMMING
Can be through fencing, covering the pool or self-activating alarm POOLS
inlet valve device (reacts to waves). Indoor public
with leakage pools
flange Frost protection Outdoor public
pools
For rigid pools with inserted edge beam, heating or overflow kept Indoor and
frost-free. A pool should not be emptied in winter (sloping edge outdoor pools
Private pools
of pool).
working joint
with external
jointing tape

0 Reinforced concrete pool: simple 8 Masonry pool with drainage

version with Wiesbaden channel

Water Season Additional months

temp. 4 Months 5 Months 6 Months 5th Month 6th Month
22°C 1.25/6.5 1.33/7.2 1.55/7.8 1.65/7.2 2.65/7.8
23oC 1.50/7.2 1.70/7.9 2.00/8.5 2.50/7.9 3.50/8.5
60
24°C 2.08/7.9 2.26/8.6 2.66/9.2 2.98/8.6 4.66/9.2

25°C
26°C
2.60/8.5
3.50/9.2
2.80/9.3
3.75/10.0
3.20/9.8
4.00/10.5
3.60/9.5
4.75/10.0
5.25/9.8
5.25/10.5
f--so ----J
1
2
Heat loss of an outdoor pool (average/maximum) in kWh/m d according to
measurements by energy company RWE. Special influences are not considered, Heat loss from a pool surface or the Floor gully with groundwater
e.g. considerable heat loss of public pools (hotel pool etc.) through the use of free-standing poolside wall for a pressure balance
heated pool water for filter back-flushing (up to 1.5 kW/m 2d or 1300 kcal/m 2d). 5-month season (average values)

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