Language of Research, Campaigns and Advocacies Language features or language devices

Language Emotive Language

 plays an essential role in our lives.  involves the use of words that evoke emotions
 serving as a way for us to communicate with and make people feel a certain way
one another, language also enables us to  Through the use of words that appeal to the
inform, entertain, influence, and persuade emotion, the writer can sound more
others convincing
 This is a commonly used technique when
Research
writing headlines in newspapers or delivering
 Makes use of a formal, academic, and speeches.
persuasive language to communicate
Modal Verbs
discussions and present corresponding
findings for variables studied  The use of words that express modality or
 The readers, meanwhile, will be able to trust how likely something is going to happen helps
and make use of these facts and findings adjust the level of certainty of events to suit
depending on how clearly the researcher arguments
explains them in a particular language.  When carefully chosen, these words (may,
 In the case of research studies, the language a might, will, must, shall, can, could, would,
researcher uses also adds up to how reliable ought to) help improve the quality of
and convincing the research findings can be. persuasive writing.

Campaign Involving the Reader

 usually social or political in nature  This is done through the use of personal
 defined as a planned set of activities that pronouns like you, your, we, our, and
people carry out to attain a certain goal or indicative words like together
objective  Using these words establishes a connection
 a well-planned speaking activity that aims to between the author and the reader. This way,
excite, persuade, and/or motivate listeners the issue is made personal and more
convincing them to adhere to the speaker’s important to the reader
ideas
Rhetorical Questions
 convincing the listeners can be achieved by
employing strong and emphasized persuasive  questions that are not supposed to be
language leaving them with good and answered
impressive points that they can remember.  they are asked for effect, to illustrate a point
or let the reader think
Advocacy
Using Evidence
 activities that argue, plead, support, or favor a
certain cause  involves the use of facts, figures, or quotes
 Various causes for advocacy usually aim to from experts to highlight the writer’s
influence decision making especially with authority and make the arguments presented
issues involving social, political, environmental more convincing
and economic perspectives
Repetition
 present strong points that may either support
or contradict existing policies and legal  technique involves repeating keywords,
mandates on specific topics or issues phrases, or ideas to appeal to the readers.
Simply put, the element of persuasion is the common Adjectives and Adverbs
factor one may observe in the language used in
research, campaigns, and advocacies.  Using carefully selected adjectives and
adverbs makes it possible for the writer to
influence how the readers feel.
Association  the main argument presented is elaborated
and explained through the presentation of its
 tries to link an object or an idea with
pros and cons
something already liked or desired by the
 the main objective of an argumentative essay
target audience such as wealth, success,
is to convince or pers9uade the reader into
pleasure, and security.
considering your stand or argument on an
Bandwagon issue.

 Commonly used in advertisements, this Key Structural Elements of Argumentative Writing

persuasion technique makes the audience
The basic components of an argument include: (a) a
believe the idea that “everyone is doing it” or
claim, (b) reasons behind this claim, and (c) evidences
that everyone likes something.
to support this specific claim.
Experts
The pattern of idea development in argumentative
 This means relying on expert advice from writing may vary from one writer to another. The
trusted people like doctors, scientists, and structure of developing an argumentative essay largely
other professionals for things that the depends on how a writer intends to present his or her
audience do not know. main argument, and how he or she wishes to develop
 The idea that these experts are risking their the main idea presented by backing it up with
credibility to support an object or idea makes supporting details or evidences.
the persuasion more effective.
As an essay is usually made up of an introduction, a
Argumentation body, and a conclusion.

It requires a clear understanding of what Patterns of idea development

argumentative writing is, knowing structural patterns
of argumentative texts, employing techniques in
researching and supporting a claim, as well as using
language features appropriate for argumentation.

Argumentative writing
Language Features of an Argumentative Text
 persuasive writing
Modals
 seeks to convince readers to support a stand
on a certain issue  The use of modal verbs like should and must
 requires the writer to examine a topic or issue to express suggestion and obligation,
which involves the collection, generation and respectively, contributes to the achievement
evaluation of exhibits and/or evidence of sentences that provide support to the main
 emphasizes the writer’s agreement or argument.
disagreement on particular proposition
Adverbs
Proposition is very essential in argumentative writing.
 contributes to the attainment of the author’s
It serves as the point of reference of the
purpose for writing
argumentative writer. It is where the writer decides
 help indicate the mood or attitude of the
whether to express his/her agreement or
writer with respect to the ideas being
disagreement.
presented
One of the most common forms of argumentative  usually | probably | necessarily | actually |
writing is an argumentative essay. apparently |certainly | definitely | essentially
| in fact |possibly |inarguably
Argumentative Essay
Evaluative Language
 essay that presents a stand or a rationale on a
given proposition or issue.  usually in the form of adjectives, reflects the
writer’s attitude towards a certain idea
  express feelings, opinions, or judgments on into various types. The most common types include
what they are describing the following:
 can have positive or negative effects on an
Basic Assertion
idea
 appalling | awful | disgusting | dreadful |  directly expresses the writer’s feelings and
horrendous |incredible | revolting | ridiculous beliefs through simple statements
| shocking |terrible | wonderful  This type is usually used in standing up for
personal beliefs.
Transitions
Empathic Assertion
 plays a great part in maintaining the smooth
flow of ideas in an argumentative text  involves expressing empathy and expounding
 also known as connectives on how the writer understands the feelings
 because | therefore | on the other hand | as a and emotions of the literary author.
result | in summary | consequently | similarly  This type may be used in both formal and
| in contrast |meanwhile | furthermore informal writing.
Aside from those mentioned above, the use of these I-Language Assertion
linguistic elements, such as (1) declarative statements,
(2) rhetorical questions, and (3) passive construction.  expresses the feelings and preferences of the
writer.
Opinion or Assertion  This type is called I-Language because the
writer usually uses the pronoun ‘I’ in asserting
The most common reactions we can have can be an
disagreement.
opinion or an assertion.
 This type is often used in writing reviews,
Opinion reaction or reflection papers.

 defined as a view, judgment, or appraisal Claims of Fact, Policy, and Value

drawn from facts
Identifying one’s claims is an essential skill when
 It is usually a concept or impression based on
expressing opinion on a certain issue especially in the
factual evidence
field of writing. A claim refers to a clear assertion of a
 can change often and usually reflect one
person’s ideas, opinions, or propositions. The use of
person.
claims may serve the purpose of convincing or
 “The Philippines is one of the best tourist
persuading readers or a specific audience to agree
destinations on the planet”
with a specific stand or rationale on an issue.
Assertion
Claims of Fact
 declaration or expression of strong belief
 This category of claims states something
towards a particular topic, often without
about things in the past, in the present, and in
evidence
the future
 it usually includes forceful or confident and
 deals with ideas or claims that can be proven
positive statements regarding a belief or a fact
or disproved with the help of factual
 usually subjective, expresses vindication,
evidences.
mostly with no support or evidences
 This fact claim is basically debatable yet
 “The Philippines is the happiest country in
verifiable.
the world”
Claims of Value
Another example is what linguists call as
commonplace assertions or “stereotypes.” These  also known as value claim
are statements that sound true but are generally  something is good or bad, or one concept or
based on common opinions. idea is better than another
 This also emphasizes and weighs the benefits
In a larger context, assertion may be used in both
of the subject matter.
formal and informal writing and is usually categorized
  This is debatable in nature since people may  include providing descriptions, citing reasons,
have different opinions on the given claims or presenting explanations, and enumerating
concepts. steps of a specific process
 does not tell a story and does not make
Claims of Policy
use of emotion in presenting facts
 supports that an action should or should not  fact-based and seeks to educate
be done to address a certain case or policy  textbooks, news articles, instructional
 Policy claim indicates that an action should be manuals, recipes, and self-help books
carried out either in support or in opposition
In order to maintain the focus when writing,
of a particular argument
remember that they differ in terms of purpose. An
Author’s Purpose expository text seeks to inform; a narrative text aims
to entertain; and an argumentative text’s goal is to
Inform – facts, information persuade readers.
Persuade – convince Key Structural Elements in an Exposition
Entertain – funny, enjoying 1. A clear and concise thesis statement

2. Clear transitions
Adverb of negation - disagree 3. A body that contains evidences and support
Adverb of affirmation - agree 4. An effective conclusion
Epic – long story, telling a journey or adventure of a Structures or Patterns of Idea Development
hero, it includes exciting events and heroic deeds
a. Cause and Effect
Bias – unfair view for or against something
b. Comparison and Contrast.
Prejudice – unreasonable view based on preconceived
ideas, non-objectivity, pre-judged c. Description

Song of Roland d. Problem and Solution

 France e. Sequence.
 Roland died until his temple burst
Language Features of Exposition
 Ganelon was torn limb by limb
 Sword- Durendal In terms of language features commonly employed in
 Horn- Oliphant exposition, the use of signal words always plays a
 The last thing Roland did before he died was crucial role as they make clear transitions from one
lifting his gloves. idea to another possible.

Exposition Multimodal Elements

In writing, it is important to have a clear sense of  combines two or more communication

purpose. This purpose or reason for writing about a modes to present information
particular topic usually serves as the basis of the  In the context of multimodal compositions,
structural elements, patterns of idea development, mode refers to the method of communication
and language features that a writer employs in being employed. It can be linguistic (written
writing. and spoken language), visual (still and moving
images), auditory, gestural, or spatial.
Expository text
Multimodal texts can range from simple to complex
 called informational writing where the writer ones with the level of complexity usually depending
provides facts on a given topic in a way that is on what modes to combine, understanding the
educational and purposeful interconnections between these modes, and what
platforms or technologies to use.
  include such forms as extemporaneous speech
where the speaker is given some time to
prepare before the delivery, and the use of a
Composing Texts with Multimodal Elements prepared copy which serves as reference for
delivering the speech
1. Textual Knowledge.
Impromptu speech
 This will serve as the basis for determining
how information will be conveyed and what  where the speaker is given with little or no
modes may work best for the information time to prepare
available.  occurs during ambush interview and other
gatherings where people are asked to deliver
2. Technological Knowledge.
a speech on the spur of the moment.
 It is imperative to understand what  When delivering this type of speech, one must
technological tools and processes will best be able to fully gather his/her thoughts, focus
work for the kind of multimodal texts to be on the issue or topic at hand, and maintain
produced. composure.

3. Semiotic Knowledge. Techniques

 This refers to understanding how each mode 1. Know your purpose.

can work to convey meaning, where each 2. Be familiar with your topic
mode or semiotic system has its own function. 3. Consider your audience.
4. Plan ahead of time
4. Ability to Combine Various Modes. 5. Use non-verbal cues.
 it is vital to understand what combinations 6. Remain calm.
will work best in conveying the meaning of a 7. Practice
specific set of information. 8. Watch your words
9. Speak with clarity
5. Understanding Different Genres. 10. Know the essential etiquettes
11. Use visual when necessary
 to take into consideration the purpose, target
12. Dress comfortably, but appropriately
audience, and text-type.
13. Be open to questions and comments
Techniques in Public Speaking

Public speaking

 involves having to deliver or communicate

information in front of a live audience
 done in a formal setting or as part of a formal
event, public speaking conveys purposeful
information which aims to inform, influence or
entertain a large group of audience.

Common forms of public speaking

Prepared speech

 speaker is given the topic beforehand

 Speaking before thousands of graduating
students or addressing a crowd during a
business conference usually falls under this
category
 does not necessarily equate to a memorized
speech