Singhal’s BIOCHEMISTRY Leela Singhal MSc., M. Ed. Department of Biochemistry ACPM Medical College, Dhule S.K. Singhal MD., LLB. Medical Director ACPM Medical College, Dhule - 424001 (MS) Second Edition ® NATIONALFirst Edition 2011 Second Edition 2016 © The National Book Depot { Allrights reserved. No part ofthis publication should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system | | or transmitted. in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publistier: | This book has been published on good faith thatthe material provided by the authot is original Every effort is made to ensure accuracy ofthe material, but the publisher printer and author wil | nel beheld responibl for any inadvertent) neato of ony dispute, llogl mates wl f be settled under Mumbai jurisdiction only. j Published by : RAJU SHAH THE NATIONAL BOOK DEPOT Opp. Wadia Children’s Hospital, Parel, Mumbai - 400 012 Tel : 24165274 / 2413 1362/2413 2411 © Fox: 2413 0877 E-mail : nationalbook5S@gmail.com ~ Website : www.nationalbookdepot.com ISBN : 978-93-80206-57-8 Prittted by : Neel GraphicsPREFACE Biochemistry is one of the.preclinical subjects inthe first year of health science curriculum and deals with chemical basis of life. There are a few dozen books on Biochemisity written by foreign and indian authors but majority of them are voluminous, tedious, complicated and full cof chemical structures, which the present day medical student finds very difficult to comprehend, remember and recapitulate, This book ‘Singhal's Biochemistry’ has been written keeping in mind the curricular requirements envisaged by MCI and the various health science universities ct one hand and the Indian student burdened with two to three subjects at the other hand. The text is simple, lucid, full of clinical & recent developments, detailed enough so that student can understand but concise enough so that he can remember & reproduce in the examinations Chemical formulae dre used only where they are essential The process of writing this book started about 10 years ago but it got a boost since 2003 when our elder son Ashish read only this text and scored gold medal & 81% (theory) in Biochemistry in first MBBS. The younger son Anish (2007) who got a bronze medal in Ist MBBS was very critical and suggested many a changes to make the book student friendly. Many MBBS & BDS students, especially Sachin Thakkar, Kumar Parth, Mayank Aggarwal, Priyam Prithiani, Varsha Chauhan and Sanket Mehta boosted our confidence. Each of the 32 chapters begins with list of topics covered in the chapter and ends with list of questions asked in the previous university examinations. We are indebted to God and our parents for being the greatest source of inspiration. We express our gratitude to Dr. Bhaidas Patil, chairman and Dr. Ashish Patil, secretary, JMF for encouragement and help. We are grateful to various authors whom we have consulted for compiling this book. We acknowledge the help received and confidence reposed by Dr. Aarti Karnik, HOD, Dr. Hisalkar, Mr. Hundekar, Mr Goni and Anupama Patne, colleagues in Biochemistry department. We are also thankful to Dr. VT. Surve, HOD Jalgaon Medical College, Dr. Seema Jawalekar, MGM Medical College Mumbai and Nitin Gurav, BJ Medical College Pune. We are thanktul to Mr Chandrashekhar K. Khairnar for excellent typing of the script. We are grateful to Raju Shah of The National Book depot and Neel graphics for publishing this book Constructive criticism & suggestions are welcome. LEELA SINGHAL S. K. SINGHALDedicated “ to Our Beloved Mothers Late Mrs. TARA SINGHAL & Late Mrs. MAYA DEVICONTENTS FUNDAMENTAL 1. Role & Scope of Biochemistry 2. Cell. CHEMISTRY OF BIOMOLECULES 3. Chemistry of Carbohydrates <=: 4, Chemistry of Lipids .<. 5 Chemistry of Amino Acids & Proteins <=. . Chemistry of Haemoglobin s-.. OT Enzymes wrecernsstrcee 8. Biological Oxidation, ETC / Respiratory Chain & Oxidative Phosphorylation — — METABOLISMS 9. Digestion and Absorption 10. Carbohydrate Metabolismic... 11, Lipid Metabolism ..... ee 12. Protein & Amino Acid Metabolism 13. Integration of Metabolism & Starvation 4£, Haemoglobin Metabolism <<. DIET 15. Nutrition ... 16, Vitamins x. 17. Minerals & Trace Elements 18. Free Radicals & Antioxidants ....... 10 28 WAT 74 81 103 122 139 179 217 254 264 273 315 338MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 19. Chemistry of Nucleic Acids Lect 20. Nucleic Acid Metabolism .. 21. Molecular Biology [Replication, Transcription, Translation (Protein Biosynthesis), Genetic Code, Mutations, Lac Operon & Genetic Engineering] MECHANISM OF HOMEOSTASIS 22. Water And Electrolyte Balance 23. Acid Base Balance. 24. Hormones & Hormone’ Action 25. Neurotransmitters CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY 26. Organ Function Tests.. 27. Detoxication / Detoxification and Biotransformation of Xenobiotics ... 28. Immunoglobulins ...... 29. Cancer & Aids 30. Radioisotopes 31. Analytical Techniques ..<< 32. Environmental Biochemistry NEW CONCEPTS 342 2.352 364 390 399 414 421 457 462 471SYLLABUS AS PER MUHS, NASHIK PAPER - 1 « Role & Scope of Biochemistry © Cell © Chemistry of Proteins and Amino Acids © Chemistry of Haemoglobin e Enzymes Biological Oxidation ETC (respiratory) Chain & Oxidative Phosphorylation Digestion and Absorption Protein & Amino Acid Metabolism Haemoglobin Metabolism Nutrition Vitamins Free Radicals & Antioxidants Chemistry of Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acid Metabolism Molecular Biology [ Replication, ‘Transcription, Translation (protein biosynthesis), Genetic Code, Mutations, Lac Operon & Genetic Engineering] ¢ Immunoglobulins PAPER - Il © Chemistry of Carbohydrates © Chemistry of Lipids © Digestion and Absorption e Carbohydrate Metabolism ¢ Lipid Metabolism © Integration of Metabolism & Starvation e Minerals & Trace Elements Water and Electrolyte Balance * Acid Base Balance ¢ Hormones ¢ — Nourotransmitters © Organ Function Tests ¢ — Detoxication / Detoxification and Biotransformation of Xenobiotics Cancer & Aids © Radioisotopes Analytical Techniques Environmental BiochemistryChapter ROLE & SCOPE OF 1 BIOCHEMISTRY Biochemistry deals with study of chemical basis of life. Term Biochemistry was given by Carl Neuberg (1903). The chemical basis is due to carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, vitamins, enzymes, hormones and minerals which are essential for the . metabolic and physiological functions of the body. These bio-organic molecules are required for growth, metabolism and maintenance of health. Branches of Biochemistry 1, Human biochemistry - It includes study of chemistry, metabolism and biological importance of the bio-organic molecules; cell structure and function of cell organelle; composition of body fluids; immune systetn; molecular biology; biochemistry of hormones, digestion, respiration, acid base balance, water balance, biological oxidation, detoxication, enzymes, organ function tests, blood coagulation, vision, impulse transmission. 2. Clinical (medical) biochemistry - deals with derangements in human biochemistry during disease and thus involves the study of biochemical basis of disease for their diagnosis and management eg. - Assay of enzymes like SGOT, SGPT, CPK, LDH, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, amylase, lipase, aldolase. Estimation of metabolites like glucose, urea, bilirubin, creatinine, ketone bodies, ammonia, uric acid, cholesterol, lipoproteins, albumin, globulins in blood and other fluids. Hormone assay e.g. T,, T,, TSH, GH, insulin etc. - Estimation of electrolytes e.g. Na, K, Ca, Cl, Mg, F - Examination of abnormal constituents in urine, faeces and blood. Organ function tests like LFT, RFT and TFT. - Tumour marker assay eg. CEA, AFP, PSA, CA-19-9. Importance of biochemistry in medicine - Biochemistry is intimately linked to human health and disease. - Biochemistry helps to understand digestion, action of hormones and neurotransmitters, muscle contraction, distribution and transport of gases and electrolytes, blood coagulation and nerve transmission. 1