LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Sr No Abbreviations Full Form

1 pH Potential of hydrogen
2 q.s Quantity sufficient
3 D/W Distilled water
4 F3 Formulation no 3
5 F2 Formulation no 2
6 E.Coli Escherichia Coli

1
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page no.
Chapter no. Contents
1 Introduction

2 Review of literature

3 Need of work

4 Aim and objective

5 Plan of work

6 Drug and excipient profile

7 Materials and methods

8 Result and discussion

9 Summary and conclusion

10 reference

11 Future prospectus

2
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure no Particulars Page no.

1 Structure of hydrogel

2 Methods for preparation of

hydrogel

3 Tridax procumben

4 Application of Tridax
procumben
5 Spreadability test

6 pH

7 Skin irritation test

8 Antibacterial activity of
(escherichia coli )

9 Antibacterial activity for (

staphylococcus aureus)

3
 LIST OF TABLES

Fig no Title Page no

1 List of excipient

2 Spreadability result

3 Zone of inhibition result

4
INTRODUCTION

Hydrogel

Hydrogel is a cross-linked hydrophilic polymer that does not dissolve in water. They are
highly absorbent yet maintain well-defined structures. These properties under several
applications, especially in the biomedical area. Many hydrogels are synthetic, but some are
derived from nature.[The term 'hydrogel' was coined in 1894.

Hydrogels are three-dimensional network structures able to imbibe large amounts of water.
Hydrogels do not typically dissolve due to chemical or physical cross-links and/or
chain entanglements. They exist naturally in the form of polymer networks such as collagen
or gelatin, or can be made synthetically

Environmentally sensitive hydrogels can serve a wide variety of applications because of their
ability to respond to environmental changes, typically by exhibiting changes in volume.
Traditional stimuli that elicit hydrogel response are pH, temperature, and ionic strength.
Analytes and biomarkers including glucose, proteins, and DNA also elicit hydrogel
responses. Because of such a wide variety of response triggers, hydrogels can be incorporated
into sensors or actuators, or can be utilized in controlled drug delivery systems, biosensors,
tissue engineering scaffolds, artificial organs, wound healing bandages, physiological
membranes, contact lenses, and microfluidic valves.

Fig no 1.Basic structure of hydrogel

5
Properties

1. Mechanical strength,

2.Bbiocompatibility,

3. Biodegradability,

4. Swellability,

5. Stimuli sensitivity

Advantage

1. Structure Flexibility
2. Versatility
3. Stimuli response
4. Soft

Disadvantages

1. Cannot be used in overnight wear

2. Cannot be used for long use daily

Method of preparation

Fig no 1: Methods of preparation of hydrogel

6
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

1. Manoj Kumar Sarangi et. al. (2018)- Has reported that the novel formulations are
described to have remarkable advantages over conventional formulation of plant actives
and extract which include enhancement of solubility, bioavailability and protection from
toxicity, enhancement of pharmacological activity, enhancement of stability, improved
tissue macrophages distribution, sustained delivery, and protection from physical and
chemical degradation.

2. V. KUSUM DEVI et. al. (2010)- Has reported that if the novel drug delivery technology
is applied in herbal medicines, it may help in increasing the efficacy and reducing the side
effect of various herbal components and herbs. This is the basic idea behind incorporating
novel method of drug delivery in herbal medicines. Thus it is important to integrate novel
drug delivery system and Indian Ayurvedic systems to combat more serious diseases.
This article summarizes various drug delivery technologies, which can be used for herbal
actives together.

3. ANCA ONACIU et. al. (2019)- In vivo studies have demonstrated their effectiveness has
curing platforms for various diseases and affections. In addition, the results of clinical
trials are very encouraging and promising for the use of hydrogels as future target therapy
strategies.

4. TAYYABA RANA et. al (2021)- The present review discusses the history, description of
hydrogels, basic properties, classification, different technique or methods of hydrogels
synthesis and the areas in which hydrogels find applications.

5. JING ZHOU et. al (2019)- Hydrogel-based drug delivery system provides an ideal carrier
to improve the release control and the therapeutic efficacy of drugs. Here in be present
chitosan hydrogel for the delivery of rhein. This rhein- chitosan hydrogel exhibited
superior characteristic including mechanical strength, sustained release, and low toxicity.

7
 This study highlights a novel chitosan hydrogel containing rhein used as potential anti
neuroinflammatory agent..

6. RAVI JADHAV et. al,(2015)- The aim of this article is to present a concise review on the
applications of hydrogels in the pharmaceutical field, hydrogel properties, and method of
preparation of hydrogel, advantages, and disadvantages of hydrogel.

7. ANISHA SINGH et. al, (2010)- polymers play a vital role in pharmaceutical
development. Efforts have been continuously made to search a polymer that act in a
controlled and desired way. Hydrogel development has solved many such issues. This
article deals with the fundamental and some recent advances made in the fabrication and
design criteria of hydrogel based drug delivery.

8. MARGAUX VIGATA et. al, (2020)- The main aim of this article is to review commonly
used analytical techniques for drug detection and quantification from hydrogel delivery
systems. also review methods to determine drug diffusion coefficients and in vitro and in
vivo models used to assess drug release and efficacy with the goal to provide guidelines
and harmonized practices when investigating novel hydrogel drug delivery systems.

9. FARIBA GANJI et. al, (2008)- The most important properties of hydrogels relevant to
their biomedical applications are also identified, especially for use of hydrogels as drug
delivery systems. Kinetics of drug release from hydrogels and the relevant mathematical
modelling are also reviewed in this manuscript.

8
NEED OF WORK

Treatment of wounds is essential as the wound can also be lethal at some point in time if not
healed properly. Ethnomedicinal plants can treat wounds as they have no side effects,
whereas, in the case of chemical drugs, the side effects are on the rise. The traditional Indian
medical systems of Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani use a variety of herbal plants to treat skin
conditions like burns, wounds, and cuts. For a very long period, these medicinal plants have
been utilised to treat numerous skin conditions

As opposed to pharmaceutical medications, which have side effects that are on the rise,
employing ethnomedicinal plants for wound healing has the important advantage of having
no adverse effects. Other plants like Phlomis viscosa Poiret, resveratrol, curcumin, and
Spirulina platensis have been reported to have the ability to treat wounds, including reducing
oxidative stress and inflammation.

Hydrogels have been widely employed in biomedical research to create bioengineered tissues
and innovative treatments such as wound dressings and drug delivery devices. They are made
up of more than 90% water and crosslinked polymeric chains, and they have a viscoelastic
behaviour. Hydrogels absorb water due to hydrophilic functional groups connected to the
polymeric backbone, while they resist di Natural hydrogels were increasingly displaced
during the previous two decades by synthetic hydrogels with long service life, high water
absorption capacity, and high gel strength. Fortunately, synthetic polymers typically have
well-defined structures that can be altered to produce tailored degradability and functionality.
Hydrogels can be created using only synthetic ingredients. It is also stable in the presence of
sudden and significant temperature variations due to cross-links between network chains.
Many naturally occurring and synthetic materials fit the definition of hydrogels.

The current study provides data on the antibacterial activity of the therapeutic plant Tridax
procumbens L. (Asteraceae). The current investigation into plant phytochemical analysis is
crucial. Herbal gel has been used for a long time. A dosage type called gel often contains two
or more ingredients. Its application and removal are both simple. It has a greater rate of
patient compliance and is commonly utilised in dose form. Antibacterial medication Tridax
procumbens. The herbal gel exhibits antibacterial efficacy against S. aureus and E. coli
germs. Plants can be utilised to cure specific bacterial infections brought on by E. coli and S.
aureus, as evidenced by impact. The objective of the current study is to examine the

9
phytochemicals found in Tridax procumbens' leaf extract. Initially, tridax procumbens was
isolated as a dry powder.

10
AIM

The aim of proposed work is preparation of hydrogel using herbal product for wound healing

Objective

1. Due to their high water content, hydrogels have a degree of elasticity that is extremely
comparable to that of genuine tissue.
2. The benefit of minimal toxicity when microbial organisms are trapped within
hydrogel beads
3. Hydrogels that are sensitive to the environment have the capacity to detect changes in
pH, temperature, or metabolite concentration and release their load as a result of those
changes.
4. Proper tissue growth is ensured by the timely release of growth factors and other
nutrients. Hydrogels also have good transport characteristics.
5. They are biocompatible, hydrogels
6. The ability to inject hydrogels
7. Hydrogels are simple to change.
8. Advantages of monitored drug administration.
9. Improved treatments with fewer side effects.

11
PLAN OF WORK

 Literature review
 Drug authentication
 Preparation of hydrogel
 Identification of excipient
 Evaluation of hydrogels
a) Homogeniety
b) Visual evaluation
c) PH
d) Skin irritation test
f) Spreadability
g) zone of inhibition

12
DRUG PROFILE

TRIDAX PROCUMBEN

Fig no 3 Tridax Procumben

The other two species of the genus, T. balbisioides and T. trilobata, are members of the
Asteraceae or Compositae family. Tridax procumbens is one of these plants. It is a Central
American annual or perennial weed that can be found all over India, but is most common in
the states of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh. It frequently roots at nodes and
has long-stalked, solitary, heterogamous, bisexual, yellow composite flowers with white
flower heads and very hairy, coarsely serrated, petiolate, ovate or lanceolate leaves . The
seeds are used to decrease bleeding, while the leaves have antisecretory, insecticidal, wound-
healing, and hypotensive properties

Chemical constituent

Flavone glycosides, chromone glycosides, sterols, and polysaccharides with a Beta1,6-D-

galactan main chain are all found in T. procumbens. By using GCMS, the petroleum ether
fraction's unsaponifiable fraction identified the existence of campesterol, stigmasterol, and
beta-sitosterol.

Tri-bisbithiophene, a novel bithiophene, and four terpenoids—taraxasteryl acetate,

betaamyranone, lupeol, and oleanolic acid—were all produced by the hexane extract that was
ethyl acetate soluble. According to Ali and Ramachandram a novel flavonoid (called
Procumbenetin) that was isolated from the arial portion of T. procumbens is composed of 3,

13
6-dimethoxy-5, 7, 2', 3', and 4'-pentahydroxy flavones and 7-O-beta-3-glucopyranoside.
Methyl-14-oxooctadecanoate, methyl-14-oxononacosanoate, 3-methylnonadecylbenzene,
heptacosanyl cyclohexane caprylate, and 1-(2,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxypropyl) are eight novel
chemicals that were identified from Tridax procumbens. Spectral data and chemical analyses
have identified 2-isobutyl phthalate, 12-hydroxytetracosan-15-one, 32-methyl-30-
oxotetratriacont-31-en-1-ol, and 30-methyl-28-oxodotriacont-29-en-1-oic acid.
Dotriacontanol, -amyrone, -12-dehydrolupen-3-one, -amyrin, lupeol, fucosterol, 9-
oxoheptadecane, 10-oxononadecane, and sitosterol were nine known chemicals that were
isolated for the first time from the plant.

Medicinal uses

Aqueous leaf extract has a heart-healthy effect and considerably lowers blood pressure and
heart rate. Aqueous leaf extract that had been lyophilized had anti-inflammatory effects on
par with those of aspirin and ibuprofen. Arial portions in their entirety offer hepatoprotective
and antisecretory (antidiarrheal) properties. It is effective against fungi, bacteria, and
protozoa. All types of bleeding are examined using seeds. As an immunomodulation,
complete arial portion aqueous extract is employed. Even when put in a mineral basis, dry
extract exhibited antibacterial action.

14
 Fig no 4 application of Tridax procumbens

1. Hypotensive effect: On an anaesthetized Sprague-Dawley rat, the hypotensive effect

of Tridax procumbens leaf was examined. They demonstrated the cardiovascular
effects of leaf aqueous extract and its capacity to significantly lower mean arterial
blood pressure in a dose-dependent manner. While the lower dose had no effect, the
higher dose shows a significant reduction in heart rate. According to reports, Tridax
procumbens Linn. leaves have a hypotensive effect.
2. immunomodulatory action, has an immunomodulatory impact when administered to
albino rats with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It also inhibits the growth of the same
Tridax procumbens aqueous extract. Aqueous extract of Tridax in ethanolic insoluble
fraction was shown to dramatically raise phagocytic index, leukocyte count, and
splenic antibody secreting cells. Along with an increase in the antibody titer for
hemagglutination, stimulation of the humoral immune response was also noted.

15
 Additionally, this research demonstrates that Tridax affects the immune system's
humoral and cell-mediated components.
3. Antidiabetic action- Tridax procumbens Linn. leaves have an alcohol and water
extract that has antidiabetic activity, which results in a significant drop in blood sugar
levels. A rat model of alloxan-induced diabetes was used to assess the antidiabetic
activity. The oral administration of a 50% acute and subchronic dose of T.
procumbens methnol extract has been shown to lower fasting blood glucose levels in
diabetic rats. Normal rats' sugar levels are unaffected by this plant material.
4. Anti-inflammatory- The anti-inflammatory properties of Tridax procumbens extract
and the common medication, ibuprofen, were evaluated on carrageenin-induced paw
edoema. The inhibitory zone compared favourably to Tridax extract. When used in
conjunction with the common medicine ibuprofen, the Tridax extract enhanced the
suppression of edoema. Ibuprofen demonstrated a substantial anti-inflammatory effect
when combined with Tridax extract. Rats received oral administration of various
doses of a water soluble powder containing Tridax leaf extract. The outcomes showed
that the extract had analgesic properties. Using the rat-paw edoema experiment,
Tridax procumbens L. dose decreased the abdomen writhing Tridax alcoholic and
hydro alcoholic extract of anti-inflammatory action and shown edoema inhibition in
the percentage.

16
EXCIPIENTS
Any component that is not the active ingredient is an excipient. intentionally incorporated
into the dosage form's composition. Synthetic material has made it more difficult to supply
bioactive chemicals using natural excipients. Diluents, binders, disintegrants, adhesives,
glidants, and sweeteners are the main uses for excipients.

ADVANTAGES
1. Herbal excipients are safe biodegradable and can be chemically modified.
2. Natural excipients are biocompatible, economical, and easily available.
3. They are less toxic than synthetic excipients.
4. Herbal excipients have soothing action and they are non-irritant.
5. They are chemically, physically, and therapeutically inert.

DISADVANTAGES
1. Herbal excipients are vulnerable to microbial contamination. Natural excipients' chemical
composition and yield can change depending on the environment.
2. Heavy metal pollution is also a possibility.

1. GAUR GUM
The galactomannan polysaccharide known as guar gum, also known as guaran, is obtained
from guar beans and possesses thickening and stabilising qualities that are helpful in food,
feed, and industrial applications.Depending on the application, the guar seeds are
mechanically dehusked, hydrated, processed, and screened. It is often created as an off-white,
freely flowing powder.
Guar gum is a novel agrochemical processed from endosperm of cluster bean. It is largely
used in the form of guar gum powder as an additive in food, pharmaceuticals, paper, textile,
explosive, oil well drilling and cosmetics industry. Industrial applications of guar gum are
possible because of its ability to form hydrogen bonding with water molecule. Thus, it is
chiefly used as thickener and stabilizer. It is also beneficial in the control of many health
problems like diabetes, bowel movements, heart disease and colon cancer. This article
focuses on production, processing, composition, properties, food applications and health
benefits of guar gum.
Guar gum resembles locust bean gum in being composed essentially of the complex
carbohydrate polymer of galactose and mannose, but with different proportions of these two

17
sugars. It is reported that guar flour is of value as a beater additive for improving the strength
of certain grades of paper. It has also been reported that guar possesses properties which
might be useful in warp sizing, printing pastes, and in certain finishing operations. In order to
obtain the gum it is necessary to separate the gum-containing endosperm of the seed from the
outer and largely fibrous portions.

2. GLYCEROL
Glycerol is a naturally occurring alcohol. It is an odorless liquid that is used as a solvent,
sweetening agent, and also as medicine.
Glycerol pulls water into the intestines when it is present, softening stools and easing
constipation. Glycerol draws water so that it stays in the body for a longer period of time when it
is present in the blood. An athlete may be able to exercise longer as a result.
Glycerol is used by people to treat some skin problems, constipation, and to enhance athletic
performance. There isn't any solid scientific proof to back up its usage for ailments like stroke,
obesity, ear infections, and a host of others.
A straightforward triol molecule, glycerol is also known as glycerine or glycerin. It is a
sweet-tasting, colourless, odourless, thick liquid that is non-toxic. Glycerides, a class of
lipids, contain the glycerol backbone. It is frequently utilised in U.S. Food and Drug
Administration-approved wound and burn therapies because of its antibacterial and antiviral
capabilities. On the other hand, it can also serve as a medium for bacterial cultivation.

3. BORAX
Borax, also known as sodium borate, tincal, and tincar, is a salt (ionic compound) that can be
either hydrated or anhydrous and has the formula Na2H20B4O17. It is a crystalline solid that
has no colour and dissolves in water to form a simple solution.
It is frequently sold in powder or granular form and has a wide range of industrial and
domestic applications, such as pest control, metal soldering flux, glass, enamel, and pottery
glazes, tanning of skins and hides, artificially ageing of wood, pharmaceutic alkalizer, and
metal and wood fungus preservation. It serves as a buffer in laboratories that work with
chemicals.
Borax is most commonly used as a cleanser, but it is also an ingredient in a variety of other
household goods, such as specialty toothpastes and mouthwashes. lotions, skin creams,

18
moisturisers, sunscreen, and items for treating acne are examples of cosmetics. Paint and
glaze for ceramics
Borax is a medication that can be applied topically to treat conditions like ulcers in the mouth
or on the tongue, as well as throat swelling. Toxins may be released from the affected area,
reducing edoema. Borax also lessens discomfort brought on by bruising or blisters.
It can be either hydrated or anhydrous. It is a crystalline solid that has no colour and
dissolves in water to form a simple solution.

Table 1

Name of the excipient Uses of excipient

Tridax procumbens Antimicrobial agent,

natural wound healer

Gaur gum Suspending agent,

Binding agent,Emulsifying agent,

Glycerol Prevent the lump formation,

(Anti cacking agent) ,

Borax Cross linking agent,

buffering agent

Water q.s

19
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Materials
 Tridax procumbens extract
 Gaur Gum
 Glycerol
 Borax
 Water

Methods
Method of extraction
1. Decoction

1) Wash the leaves with water to remove dust and soil particles.
2) Leaves are boil in water for 15 min, then cooling , straining and passing through
filter paper to produce the required volume

20
Method for preparation of hydrogels

Weight 0.30g of gaur gum in beaker

Add 3g of glycerin and mix very well, this is imp to avoid

lumping

Carefully add 45ml of demineralized water and mix

Cross linking of gaur gum to 48g of hydrogel add 7.5 ml of

4% borax solution

Put it for 1 hour the crosslinking reaction is complete

and material is homogeneous

21
Evaluation test

a) Homogeneity
The gels were examined for their physical properties like color, clarity and phase separation
by visual inspection. They are tested for the presence of any aggregates
b) PH measurement
The pH of gel formulations were determined by using digital pH meter. 1gram of gel was
dissolved in 100 ml D/W and stored for two hours. The measurement of pH of each
formulation is done in triplicate and average values are calculated and reported.
C) Spreadability
Concentric circles of different radius were drawn on graph paper and a glass plate was fixed
onto it. 5gms of gel was placed on the centre of the lower plate. Another glass plate of 100±5
gm was placed gently on the gel and the spread diameter was recorded after 1 minute of each
addition
d) Sensitivity test
Ten healthy male and female volunteers underwent a skin irritancy test. 100 mg of gel was
administered over a 2 cm region, and any lesions or irritation/redness were checked for.
e) Zone of inhibition
The antibacterial activity of Tridax procumben from its different gel formulations. the
antibacterial activity was determined by measuring the zone of inhibition. The results from
all the formulations were satisfactory and the greatest activity was observed in formulation
F3 where the inhibition zone reached 24mm, while the lowest activity was found in the
formulation F2 where the inhibition zone was 11 mm.
F) Anti-bacterial study (zone of inhibition)
The hydrogels that contain antibacterial components are the ones that are mentioned here as
having inherent antibacterial activity. These hydrogels were developed in recent years
effective antibacterial agents with few, if any, side effects in comparison to the conventional
ones. They have inherent antibacterial activity.

22
RESULT AND DISSCUSSION

Visual examination:

The prepared formulation was inspected visually for its colour, homogeneity and grittiness. It
was observed that the prepation was clear. The formulation showed good homogeneity with
absence of lumps and grittiness.

Spreadability:

Sample Initial diameter Diameter after spread

1 1.2 4.4

2 1.4 4.9

3 1.5 4.8

Mean 4.7

TABLE NO 2: Spreadability test of hydrogel

Fig no 5 spreadavility test

23
pH Determination :
pH of formulation = 5
The pH of the formulation is 5 which is considered as acceptable to avoid the risk of irritation
upon application to the skin.

Fig no 6 pH test

Skin sensitivity test :

Formulation passed the skin irritation test when applied to the volunteers.

Skin before applied skin skin after application Application

Fig No 7: skin sensitivity test

24
Zone of inhibition (Antibacterial study)
Antibacterial activity was determine by measuring the zone of inhibition. The result from the
formulation were satisfactory and the greatest activity was observed in formulation.
The range of zone of inhibition for the staphylococcus aureus bacteria is 23 and the
Escherichia coli bacteria is 31.

Conc.Of stock
Sample ID Zone of inhibition
slolution
Staphylococcus
Escheria coli
aureus
R1 50mg/ml 23 31

Std. 0.5mg/ml 46 38

TABLE NO 3

Fig no 8 Antibacterial activity (Escheriachia coli)

25
Fig no 9 antibacterial activity ( Staphylococcus aureus)

26
Summary

It was determined that Tridax procumben gel formulations made with gelling agent such as
Guar gum, have satisfactory physicochemical, rheological, and antifungal qualities. Colour,
homogeneity, consistency, spredability, and pH value were all satisfactory for all created gel.
All of the following parameters yielded positive results and were confirmed to be within the
permissible limits. It is possible to conclude that formulation exhibited improved.
spredability, consistency, homogeneity, and drug release research results. The gel shown
promising antibacterial efficacy against E. Coli. As a result, it was considered that the
produced mixture could be a potential topical therapy option for skin bacterial infections.

Not just hydrophobic compounds, but also more delicate molecules like proteins, antibodies,
or nucleic acids, which are destroyed by interactions with the hydrogel delivery vehicle,
require ongoing improvement in delivery. The potential of hydrogel-based drug delivery to
successfully distribute next-generation medications at the right rate and location in the body
would be considerably increased if these issues could be solved.

27
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medicine Newton, Communications, 2000
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alcohol hydrogels with controllable swelling behaviors,” Carbohydrate Polymers, vol.
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plants from Eastern Ghats, South India. Solai Bull. Ethnopharmacol. 72: 39-41.
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29
FUTURE PROSPECTIVE

Herbal medicine, as an integral component of oriental medicine, has assimilated into the lives
of Asian people for millennia. The therapeutic efficiency of herbal extracts and ingredients
has, however, been limited by various factors, including the lack of targeting capacity and
poor bioavailability. Hydrogels are hydrophilic polymer networks that can imbibe a
substantial amount of fluids. They are biocompatible, and may enable sustained drug release.
Hydrogels, therefore, have attracted widespread studies in pharmaceutical formulation. This
article first reviews the latest progress in the development of hydrogel-based materials as
carriers of herbal medicines, followed by a discussion of the relationships between hydrogel
properties and carrier performance. Finally, the promising potential of using hydrogels to
combine medicinal herbs with synthetic drugs in one single treatment will be highlighted as
an avenue for future research.

30