COINAGE IN THE IRON AGE: ESSAYS IN HONOUR OF SIMONE SCHEERS Edited by Johan van Heesch and Inge Heeren SPINK London 2009The Durdevac Hoard' PETER KOS In collaboration with IVAN MIRNIK ‘A not insignificant number of coin hoards still remain unpublished and inaccessible to the scholarly community more than hundred years after their discovery. There are three such hoards of Celtic silver coins in the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb that are each eponymous for a specific group of coins, bbut which could not be taken into consideration when the corpus of the so-called Norican coins was being elaborated by Robert Gob! almost thirty years ago.’ I refer to the hoards of Varazdin, Samobor, and. Durdevac in northwestern Croatia, ‘The Durdevac hoard gave its name to one type of coins in the larger group of silver coins that circulated in the southeastem Alpine region. The coins of this group with the depiction of the “head of Apollo” on the obverse are divided into two groups, the first showing a rider on the reverse, and the other merely @ horse. GobI inexactly first termed the first group «west Norican», and the other «east Norican»,’ while later he attributed the minting of the coinage of the first group to the tribe of the Norici, and the coinage of the other ‘group to the tribe of the Taurisci,* which was pethaps a somewhat too simplified classification. Coins of the \Varazdin, Samobor and Durdevac types would otherwise be a part ofthe so-called Tauriscan group of coins, 1. The site of the find The hoard of silver tetradrachms was found in 1887, c 2 km to the southeast of the village of Semovei (6.3 km southwest of Durdevac, in northwestern Croatia) by a farmer at the edge of a ‘well when cleaning it in his vineyard on the slopes of Veliki Kostanj* 2. The composition of the hoard The hoard consisted entirely of coins of the Durdevae type, which are attributed to the Tauriscan coinage’ Characteristic elements for this type of coins are torque-shaped lips on the obverse, and a horse head in the shape of a figure-eight and crescent shaped hoofs on the reverse. According to the contemporary reports, the hoard originally consisted of approximately 350- 400 tetradrachms® Today 25 coins are kept in the Budapest Magyar Nemzeti Miiscum (Hungarian National Museum), 2 in the Kunsthistorisches: Museum (Cultural Historical Museum) in Vienna, and | specimen in the British Museum. 116 coins, Figure 1: Map of Semovci wi (1:25,000) " Research condoced in the scope ofthe Groupement de Recherche uropéen (Trowvalles mone). ER. Gab, Tipologie und Clwonologi der kelischen Mancprigung in ‘Noriamn (Wren, 1973) futher Gl, TKN). 2G, TAN: M. Mackensen, "The Sra of Research onthe «Novia» Silver Coinage’, Word! Archawalogy 6° (1915), p. 249. UR. Gib, Die Hesadvachnenpragung der Gross-Boier. Alou, CChronolopiewndistarsche Relevant Noricumund Nactargeiete (Wien, 1998), p.37 (ther Gobl, Hexadrachimenpragun) LA. Mimi, Cole Hoard in Yugoslavia (BAR Int Sex 95: Oxford, 1981), p. 43, 0, 0, inaccurately cites the location ofthe Board as SLi, Vesmik hnatstoge areologistoge drutne (Zagreb, 1887), pp. 98-4 "Gob. TAN, pp. 102-4, pl. 25-30. "Ljubi, op cit. (0. 6),9.93.290 PETER KOS are in the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb,’ meaning that slightly more than a third (144 specimens) ofits original composition can still be analyzed. All coins from the hoard that can still be documented barely show any traces of circulation, Catalogue ‘The coins in the catalogue are determined according to Gabl (TKN) only in those cases when the very same die is attested. The TKN classification in brackets is given when the coin(s) belong(s) to a specitic group but was not minted with the same die as presented by Gabl. Die comparison and die linkage, however, imply that Gobl’s classification cannot always be followed. The die numbers are relevant only to this hoard. The catalogue lists the following in horizontal order: catalogue number, weight, inventory number (BM = The British Museum; BP-= Magyar Nemzeti Miizeum, Budapest; ZG = Arheoloski muzej, Zagreb; W = Kunsthistorisches Museum, Wien), publication, Eastern Celtic coinage Early imitations of silver coins of Philip IL Noricum Tau ‘an group 5/Burdevac type TKN - (2-2) 16 dots inthe lower line of the diadem. The torque-shaped mouth is not yet clearly formed. Obv. dies 11-3) Rev. die: 1,2),2(3) Av. weight: — 10.69 g 1 10.79 g 10h 2G 976 2 10.588 12h ZG 981 3 loa ZG979 Rev. overstrike ? oh » Mimnik, op. cit (n. 5), 43, no. 60, refers only 10 107 coins in te Archaeological Museurn in Zagreb and one specimen in the British Museum,‘THE DURDEVAC HOARD 291 TKN - (2-2) 12 dots in the lower line of the diadem. The same termination of the curls at the back of the head as on nos. 1-3. The obverse die is a direct derivation from nos. 1-3. Obv. die: 2 (4-7: slightly damaged over nose and eye) Rev. die: 34,5),4(6).5 (7) Av. weight: 10.16 g 4 1072s 4h 26978 5 10.15 2 3h ZG 982 6 10.032 3h ZG 10933 1 976g 2G 5801 4 6 7 TKN - (55-120) 13 dots in the lower line of the diadem. A line of dots below the chin. Obv. die: 3 (8-15: showing a damage above the nose) Rev. die: 6 (8-10) Av.weight: 10.27 g 8 1034g 12h ZG 10932 9 1026 10h 76977 10 10218 ZG 899 8 on 9 10PETER KOS 3 (11-15) 7 (11-12) 10.04 g u lle 10h 26975 12 9978 10h 76974 u 2 Oby. die: 3 (8-15: the line of dots below chin barely noticeable because of the longer die use) Rev. die: 8 (13), 9 (14), 10 (15) Av.weight 997g B 104g 12h BP99.1888.2¢ TKN 15 (55-121) 4 9958 on 2G S777 15 one on ZG 5780 1B it 15 4(16) 11.16) Av.weight: 1031 16 1o3ig 10h ZG 10934‘THE DURDEVAC HOARD 293 TKN 53-119 12 dots in the lower line of the diadem; small dots around the chin, Obv. die: 5 (17-21) Rev. die: 12 (17): early die; later (18-21) a damage occurs between the front legs of the horse. The die is derived from dies 8, 9, 10 (cat. nos. 13-15). Av.weight: 9.75 g a 10.08 g 18 10.042 19 9.638 20 9588 21 9.428, 7 TKN 55-122 12 dots in the lower line of the diadem, Obv. die: 6 (22); 7 (23); 8 (24) Rev. die} 13 (22); 14 (23, 24: showing on the reverse a crack in the die stretching from the horse's head to its back) Av.weight 10.27 2 1071g on 2G 5790 23 1027¢ uh 2G 983 Rey.: double strike 24 9849. 12h BP 99.1888.1e TKN 17 (95-122) m4294 PETER KOs TKN - (56-124) Obv.die: 9 (25-38: a damage on the die — a small thorn on the forehead) Rev. die: characterized by a damage above the horse’s back in the form of a small bead) Av. weight: 25 oh ZG 966 26 oh ZG 5781 27 8h 2G 963 28 6h 2G 5782 29 6h BP99.1888.2m TKN32 (58-129) 25 TKN (56-124) Obv. die: 9 (25-38) Rev. die; 16 G0, 31) Av. weight, 9.47 g 30 998 2 ton 26 959 31 8978 Wh 2G 10935 30 31‘THE DURDEVAC HOARD 295 TKN - (56-126) ‘The obverse dic shows an additional zigzag line behind the head. Obv. die: 9 (25-38: an additional damage occurs above the eyeball) Rev. die: 17 32, 33) Av. weight 10.39 g 32 104d g 8h BP99.1888.1F TKN 27 (56-126) 33 1035 g oh ZG 5195 32 33 TRN 56-127 11 dots in the lower line of the diadem. Obv. die 9 (25-38) Rev. di 18 (34-38) Av.weight’ — 10.20g 34 1061 on 2G 5778 35 119g oh 2G 5813, 36 117g on 2G 5775 37 9.88 g nh W 32.568 Dembski 91, Kat. Nt 8745! TKN 29 (56-127) 38 983g on 26.968 #4 38 © G., Dembski, Minncen der Kelten (Sammlungskataloge des Minzen. Reihe A: Griechen Il: Massalia und Keltenstimme Kunsthistorischen Musewns, Bd. | = Kataloge der antiken (Wien, 1998),296 PETER KOS, TKN 58-129 11 dots in the lower line of the diadem. Obv. die’ 10 (39-44: no dots around the back curl) Rev.die: 19. (39-44) Av.weight: 9.11g 30 9808 Th BP99.1888.1d TKN 21 (56-124) 40 9353 5h 2G S716 41 9258 7h 265773 2 9.09 ¢ 7h ZG 10936 B 877g ob 2G 5793 4 8455 6h 2G 5194 41 2 3 39 40 a TKN 67-133 1 dots in the lower line of the diadem. Obv. die: 11 45-56; 6 dots around back curl) Rev. die: 20 (45-52) Av.weight: 942g 45 omg 10h Zao 46 9588 10h ZG 5783 a 948 5 oh 2G 967 48 942g 10h 2G 3788 49 9378 uh ZG 5785 50 934g wh ZG 5789 SI 928 2 10h ZG9r 52 924g 1b 7G 969‘THE DURDEVAC HOARD. 297 46 48 0 30 2 s4 41 st Obv. die: 11 (45-56) 54) 10h 2G 961 lon 7G 970298 PETER KOS Obv. die: 11 5-56) Rev. die: 22 (55), 23 (56) Av.weight: 944g 55 993.5 8h BP99.1888.2h —-TKN87 (67-134) 56 8952 nh 20973 5s 36 TKN 67-134 11 dots in the lower line of the diadem. 8 dots around the back curl Obv. die: 12. (57-69) Rev. die: 24 (57-69) Av. weight: 9.238 37 9.63 on BP 99,1888.1a TKN 86 (61-134) 58 9198 oh 2G 962 59 919g Mh 2G 964 o 891g ub 2G 10939 37 38 3° 6 TKN 67-134 11 dots in the lower line of the diadem. 8 dots around the back curl. 12 (57-69; from 61, crack over the nose and eye occurs on the die) 24 (57-68; from 60, a damage on the hoof of the horse’s right rear leg) 9.358 Av. weight: 6 972g 12h 2 9578 12h BP 99.1888.le 2G 5719 TKN 92. (67-134)‘THE DURDEVAC HOARD 299 6 9499 Uh BP99.1888.1b TKI 88 (67-134) of 945 8 Dh 2G 5186 65 oalg 2h 2G 5187 66 9258 on ZG 960 6 oe. nh 2G 5792 68 9.10 uh ‘W39.081 Dembski 91, Kat, Nr 880; TKN 93 (67-134) 6 9.05 8 12h 20 5791 e oa 6 6 1 ‘A new type of obverse characterized by prickles on the nose was introduced. TKN 59-130 14 dots in the lower line of the diadem; 7 prickles on the two-line nose; small knot on the nose. Obv. die: 13 (70-75) Rev. die: 25 (70); 26 (71); 27 (72); 28 (73); 29 (74); 30 (75) Av.weight: 9.36 g 0 9528 10h 76936 n 952g 12h 76922 R 9508 10h 76935 B 928 e 12h 7G 937300 4 B PETER KOS, Uh 2G 5774 10h BP99.1888.2n —-TKN'34.(59-130) 13 dots in the lower line of the diadem; 6 prickles on the one-line nose; knot on the nose. TKN 60-128 Obv. die: 14 (76-81) Rev. die: 31 (76-81) Av. weight: 930g 6 9748 7 9.382 B 9368 2 9.268 80 9.05 8 81 9.048 2h 2h 2h 10h 2h Th 7G949 2G 5812 BP99,1888.26 TN'36 (60-128) Rev. double strike 2G939 2G 947 ZG 10938‘THE DURDEVAC HOARD. 301 81 TKN 60-128 13 dots in the lower line of the diadem; 6 prickles on the one-line nose; knot on the nose. Obv. die: 14 (82) Rev. die: 32.(82) Av. weight: 9.50.8 2 9508 2n 7G 944 82 11 dots in the lower line of the diadem; 7 prickles on the one-line nose; two lines to the right from the chin; no dots around the back curl. TKN - (60a-129) Obv. die: 15 (83-87) Rev. die: 33 (83-97) Av.weight: 9.29 g 83 9558 oh 7G 5784 wu 9328 Sh BP 99.1888.21 TEN 41 (603-129) 85 9298 3h 2G 927 86 9298 4h ZG 5814 87 904g 3h ZG 928302 PETER KOS TKN @a-129 11 dots in the lower line of the diadem; 5 prickles on the nose; knot on the one-line nose; two lines to the right from the chin; dots around the back curl, Obv. die: 16 (88-97) Rev. die: 33 (83-97) Av.weight: 9.29 .g 88 970g Wh 2G 938 89 958g ILh — BP99.1888.2p TKN 44 (60a-129) 90 956g Th 26953, Rey: double strike ot 952g 10h ZG 941 92 951g 10h — 2G942 93 925g Wh 2G 948 904. 914g 12h ZG 940 95 8988 2h ZG5772 96 8968 1h 2G 943 ” 879g Sh 70945 88 89 90 93 om 95‘THE DURDEVAC HOARD. 303 TRN 62-130 15 dots in the lower line of the diadem:; 5 prickles on the one-line nose, Oby. die: 17 (98-100; major damage between nose and eye) Rev. die: 34 (98-133) Av.weight: 9.18 g 98 946 12h BM 169 Kent&Mays 169"! 99 941g Th 2G 950 100 8968 ih 2G 952 100 TKN 62-130 15 dots in the lower line of the diadem; 5 prickles on the two-line nose. Obv. die 18 (101-117; a damage (small point) between the nose and eye) Rev. die: 34 (98-133; a damage above the horse's back) Ay. weight: 9.63 tol 1028 g Mh ZG 5805 102 10.19 g 12h 26933 103 10.14 g Mh 2G 930 104 1002 g 12h BP 99.1888.25 TKN 56 (62-130) 105 1002 ¢ 1h ZG 5804 106 9929 12h ZG 934 107 985 2 12h ZG 91 108 9692 12h BP 99.1888.20 TKN 78 (65-132) 109 967g 10h 2G 932 110 954g 12h BP 99.1888.21 TKN 74 (65-130) MI 938g 12h BP.O9.1888.2k TRN 52 (62-130) 12 935 2h BP 99.1888.2) TKN 51 (62-130) 13 927g 12h BP99.1888.2d TRIN 50 (62-130) 14 9218 1b ZG 951 ls 912g 2h ZG 5809 116 9.032 10h ZG 5808 117 901g 2h ZG 5810 "F.Kentand M. Mays (eds.),D. Allen, Catalogue ofthe Celi other Brvish Collections (London, 1987), p. 66, pl. X, 169. Cains the British Masewn with Supplementary Material fromPETER KOS 304‘THE DURDEVAC HOARD. 305 TKN 62-130 15 dots in the lower line of the diadem: 5 prickles on the two-line nose. Obv. die 18 (118-124; a damage (small point) between the nose and eye, additionally a major Gamage on the forehead occurs) Rev. die: 34 (98-133; a damage above the horse's back) Av. weight: 10.10 ns 10.43 5 10h 2G 929 ne 10.38 g nh 2G 920 120 10324 uh ZG 10940 121 10.26 Uh ZG 5803 117g 12h 2G 5806 O75 E nh 2G 92 9.39 10h 2G 954 Rey. double strike 3 12a TKN 63-130 13 dots in the lower line of the diademy; 5 prickles on the two-line nose Oby. die: 19 (125-142; a damage (point) in the die above the nose) Rev. die 34 (98-133; a damage above the horse’s back) Ay.weight) 988 g Las 10.56 g Uh 2G 5797 26 1031 g 10h BPO9.1888.30 TKN 64 (63-130) a7 10.00 Mh BPO0.1888.22 TKN 65 (63-130) 128 9.96 g Wh 7G 926 n9 9.89 2 ih BP99.1888.36 TAN 63 (63-130) 130 987 6h 2G 5799 Rev. double strikePETER KOS 11 9808 uh 2G 946 132 ub ZG 5800 133 ub ZG 5811 126 125 130 TKN 63-130 13 dots in the lower line of the diadem: 5 prickles on the two-line nose. Obv. die: 19 (125-142; a damage (point) in the die above the nose) Rev. die: 35 (134-142) Av. weight: 9.9.8 134 121g Wh 7G 980 135 9598 10h 2G 5802 134 135‘THE DURDEVAC HOARD. 307 TKN 63-130 13 dots in the lower line of the diadem; 5 prickles on the two-line nose. Obv. die: 19 (125-142; a damage in the die above the nose; a damage in the comer of the eye) Rev. die: 35 (134-142; a damage behind the left foreleg) Av.weight: 10.28 g 136 10578 Uh 2G 5796 137 1049 ih BP99.18882r —TKIV69 (63-131) 138, 1047 ih 2G 5807 139 10393 Ih 2G 925 140 10.38 g 12h ZG 5798, 141 10.19 2h 2G 924 142 948 2 2h BP99.1888.2c —-TKN75 (65-130) 136 1 TKN ~ (63-130) 13 dots in the lower line of the diadem; 4 prickles on the nose; dots around the chin Obv. die: 20143) Rev. die: 36 (143; the reverse die is the same as used for the minting of cat. nos. 134-142 [but still without the damage behind the left foreleg)) Av.weight, 10.21 g 1021¢ Mb 2G 143 143 923308 PETER KOS TKN 68-135 Obv. die’ 21 (144) Rev. die: 37.144) AV. weight: 9.75 g 144 975g Ub BP99.1R88.2F ——-TKN95 (68-135) 14a 3. Technical aspects be distinguished, the Two major groups of coins of the Durdevac type represented in the hoard e: second group being characterized by prickles on the nose on the obverse. ‘The coins testify to a high quality of minting as well a relatively pure silver composition. ‘To mint the 69 coins of the first group 12 obverse dies and 24 reverse dies were used (1:2 ratio), ‘whereas the 74 specimens of the second group (with prickles on the nose) were minted with 9 obverse dies and 10 reverse dies (1:1.44 ratio). The Enemonzo hoard attests to the use of 3 obverse dies and 15 reverse dies for the minting of 40 tetradrachms of the Kugelreiter type (1:33 ratio). The evidence collected by GobI for the Kugeireiter type shows the ratio between obverse dies (20 dies) and reverse dies (39 dies) to be 1:1.95." Coins of the Kugetreiter type in the Haimburg hoard (207 specimens) were minted with 5 “obverse dies and 17 reverse dies (1:3.4).* A i VAS Mp \ / VIA Figure 2: The die linkage of coins in the hoard of the first group ‘The different dies within the two groups exhibit only minor technical die-refreshments, die-improverments| and recuttings and obviously must have been produced by the same die-cutter in a short span of time. The "G, Gorini, 1 ripostigito dt Enemonco e la moneucione R. GBbl, Der norische Tetradnechmenfiund 1972 aus del Norico Bago, 2005), p. 27. pp. 51-2 (further Gorini, Haumburg in Kirnten: Versuch einer Gesamtrekonstrubtion Enemanco) ‘Voroffenl der Num. Korn. 21; Wien, 1989) "°G.Gorini, Bnemonco, pp-S1-2‘THE DURDEVAC HOARD 309 same conclusion can be drawn for the production of reverse dies of both groups, which shows an immediate continuity between both groups. These facts would imply a short term minting not far from the hoard site. obverse Mois 16 17 18 19 20 2 dies 7x Sx Wx 3x Mx Wx dx I reverse 25 f: 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34353637 dies Ix Ix Ix Ix Ix Ix 6x Ix 15x 35x 9x x Ix Figure 3: The die linkage of coins in the hoard of the second group It should be noted that it is hardly possible to speak of the activities of a mint per se but rather the short- term presence of a die-cutter in a workshop in the given center of a local chieftain (mint-master), who ordered the coins. Such evidence in favor of traveling die-cutters who were at the same time also minting coins has Tately been strongly supported by the archaeological evidence. The study of the die-linkage does not generally attest any links that could contribute new elements to the relative chronology within the group of coins of the Durdevac type. It should be noted, however, that the hoard demonstrates a consecutive minting of coins with Gabl’s obverse die no. 67 (our die 11) immediately following the use of his obverse die no. 58 (our die 10) rather than the intermediate minting of coins of the second group (wwith prickles on the nose) between the use of both dies as suggested by Gobl."” ‘The coins in the hoard barely show wear due to circulation. That would imply the concealment of the coins soon after their minting. Such a phenomenon is often attested in hoards of Norican and Tauriscan silver coins, for instance in the Enemonzo hoard," the Ljubljanica find.” and the Haimburg hoard.°? and raises the question of the purpose of minting silver tetradrachms in great quantities as well as their role in the economy of everyday life. 4. Metrology A reliable relative and absolute chronological indicator in the study of the minting of Celtic coinage is a reduction in the weight of the coins, which as a rule decreases with ever greater intensity from the beginning of minting the coins of individual groups. ‘The following two tables present the average weights of coins minted with the same dies, showing an average Weight of the 69 coins of the first group of 9.84 g and of the 74 coins of the second group 9.67 g. "© G, Goviai postulates duration of minting of different groups of coins of approximately 20 years. which, [ think, is arbitrary and far too long: G. Gorin, *Cronologia ¢ tipologia delle monete noriche «Frontalgesicht>’, in R. Cunz (ed, Fundamenia Historiae, Fesischrit fr Niklor Kiuflendorf (Hannover, 2004), pp. 57-65, ''B. Ziegaus, “Ein neuer keltscher Minzstempelfund aus dem Nordlinger Ries (Schwaben)", International Numismatic Newsleter 39 (2002), pp. 35. See also Ziegaus in S. Sievers (ed.). *Vorbericht ber die Ausgrabungen 1996-1997 im Oppidum von Manching’, Germania 16 (1998), p. 649. Already M, Mackensen, op. cit. (n. 3), assumed that the mint (workshop) was not fixed toa specific place. His idea was later ‘embraced by Gobl, Hexadrachmenpragung. p. 30, who used th term "workshop rather than the tem “mint © Gobl, TAN, pp. 103-4. Gorin, Enemonco, p.51 " P.Kos and A. Semrov, “Skupna najdba kelskih in rims rnovcev v reki Ljubljanici. Doprinos h kronologiji novcev pplemena Tavriskov - A Hoard of Celtic and Roman Coins from the Ljubljanica River. A Contribution to the Chronology of the Coinage of the Taurisci’, Arheofoski Vesmnik $4 (2008), pp. 381-95. ® Gobl, op.cit.(n. 14).310 PETER KOS, No.of die ‘Av. weight (g) No.of specimens 1-1 10.69 3 2-35 10.16 4 3-6 10.27 3 = 7-10 10.10 8 a= 1031 1 s—12 975; s 6-8-1314 1027 3 9-15-18 10.02 is 9-15) 992, 3 9-16 9.47 2 e170 1039 2 oan 10.20 5 10-19 9.1L 6 11 = 20-23, 9.42, 12 1-20 9.42, 8 1121 9.28; az 11 =22,33 9.44 2 12—24 931 13 [First group 984 69 ‘Table 1: Average weights of coins of the first group (No.of die ‘Av. weight @) [No.of specimens 1325-30 9.36 6 14=31, 32 933) it 15-33 929 s 16—33 929 10 1734 927 3 18-34 9.76; 24 19 = 34,35 10.03 18 [20-36 10.21 1 21-31 9.75, 1 [Second group 967 5 ‘Table 2: Average weights of eoins of the second group (characterized by prickles on the nose) “The average weight of the Tauriscan coins of the Varazdin A group with the legend FES, with which the ‘minting of coinage among the Norici and Taurisci began, is 12.95 g2” while the later coins of the Varazdin A type have an average weight of 12.51 g, and coins of the VaraZdin B type 11.61 g. The average weight of the ‘Samobor C 13 type coins in the Ljubljanica hoard is 11.18 g,of the Samobor C 16 type coins in the same hoard 1040 g.:? while the average weight of the Tauriscan coins of other groups is always under 11 g.” It seems, therefore, that the minting of coins of the Burdevac type is rather late and follows the minting of coins of the ‘VaraZdin and Samobor types, as had already been suggested by Gobl.* The coins of the early dies ofthe first ‘group weigh over 10 g, the coins of the later dies of the first group less than 9.5 g. The coins of the second group attest toa slightly lower weight than the first group, confirming on one hand the relative chronology of ‘Gobl ,on the other, however, again indicating the short-term nature comprised in minting the coins in the hoard, This contradicts the postulation by Gorini that the duration of minting different groups of coins of the Taurisei lasted approximately 20 years, which, I think, is both arbitrary and far too long, Gobl,op ct (0. 1),p.32. 21 Gob wos arguing thatthe Burdevac type was derived rom 2 Kon an Serr, op 64 ( 19). the SmoborAtype: TEN, p33, >» Gob TEN, SynchronogramnvOstnorier Gon, opt (015). pp- 37-85,‘THE DURDEVAC HOARD. au 5. Chronology Robert Gobl argued that the so-called “west Norican” coins as well as the “east Norican” coins were first minted soon after 60 BC. Twenty years later he revised his chronological attribution and redated the beginning of the minting of Norican coins by 5 years (65 BC) and Tauriscan coins by 10 years (70 BC)” Later other chronological proposals were offered, however without strong supportive argumentation.”* Decisive evidence was offered in the late nineties of the 20" century by the hoard of Enemonzo” for Norican coins and by a find from the Ljubljanica River for Tauriscan coins, shifting the actual beginning of minting for the coins of both groups almost a century backwards. The Enemonzo hoard implies the minting of Norican coins began in the middle of the first half of the second century BC," whereas the Ljubljanica collective find indicates the minting of Tauriscan silver tetradrachms began in the middle of the 2*' century BC." The analysis of the hoard of Burdevac, however, does not offer us direct clues for establishing a closer chronological determination for the minting of coins of the Durdevac type. The beginning of minting of coins of the Burdlevac type was set by Gobl in 55 BC.” which, however, taking in consideration the new evidence, clearly also needs to be revised. Taking into consideration this new evidence, Gorini dated coins of the Samobor A, B and C types to the second half of the 2* century BC," and also arbitrary set the minting of the Durdevac type in the 2" century BC. ‘Torbigyi expressed her doubts with the absolute chronology of Gibl, also taking into account the Durdevac type. She rightfully stressed the significance of the small hoard of Pokupsko in Croatia (containing & worn silver coins of Samobor A, B, and early Burdevac types), which attests to the simultaneous minting of coins of all these three types."” This is the only case where early Durdevac coins appear in a mixed hoard that can contribute to the absolute chronology and it could imply the beginning of minting of coins of the Burdevac type already at the end of the 2” century BC. ‘The exact time of the deposition of the hoard and the reason for its burial cannot be established. ‘To sum up: the hoard implies a short term minting for the major part of coins of this group, mostly for GabI’s dies from die nos, 53-119 to die nos, 68-135." The later underweight coins of a very poor metal alloy were almost as a rule found far from the Durdevac area (widely distributed in Pannonia and reaching far as Dalmatia)” but were, however, minted at a much later date ® GObl, TKN, p.50 and p.6| Also R. GB. Miprijgung und ° Gorin, Enemonzo.p. 60. Geldverkehr der Kelton in Osterreich (Osterr. Akad. der Wiss. 2 Ks and Semrov. op. (n 19). p. 390 Phil hist, Klasse, Bd. 597, Verdffent der Num. Kona, Bd 28; Wien, 1992), p.9. ? Gobi, Hexadrachmenpragung.p. 40. This date wa also used by E. Kolnfkovd, *Norischo Minzen im Opium Bratislava ‘und in seinem Hinterland”, Slovenskal municmaritr 14 (1996), 1p. 9-85, and M. Kostial, Relten im Ose, Gol wnd Sitber der Kelten in Mitel und Osteuropa, Sammiwrg Lantz (Miinchen, 1997),p.19. > The cumulative evidence was presented by Kos and Semrov, ‘op. cit. (n. 19), p. 388. On the chronological problems also P. Kos, “The Coia Legend VOKK-Caesar's Yoocio” Tyee 19 (2004), pp. 105-10, and id., The Beginnings ofthe Coinage of Getic Tribes in the Southeastern Alps’. Slovenske mumlzmauiba 18 (2007). pp. 59-68. Gorin, Enemonco. ® Kos and Semav, ap. cit (n. 19) © Gobl, Hexadrachmenpritgung, pl. 4 * Gorini, Enemionzo,p. 83, ® Gorini, Enemonzo,p. 83. © M, Torbigyi, “Zwei keltischen | MUnzschatefumde im Lungarischen —Nationalmuseum ¢Velem-Szentvid. und Ostifyasszonyfa)", Folia Archaeologica 49-50 (2001-2002). p. 156. °°, Mimik, “Der Schetelund von Pokupska’, in U. Peter (4.), Stephainos nomismatitos Edith Sehnert Geiss zum 65. Geburtstag (Berlin, 1998). pp. 485.9. ® GubL, TRN, pp. 102-4 See also P. Kes, ‘A Find of Celtic Coins from the Area of Balina Glaviea (Shvoiton) in Dalmatia", Vjeseik ar ric, Zagreb 3. s..35 (2002), pp. 147-58. & Gol, TRN, p. 33, benee assurned the longest mining of all ‘aurisean coin types.