MATTER High compressible because
molecule are far apart
Is anything that occupies space
Carbon dioxide, oxygen
and has mass/weight
COMMON STATES
CLASSIFCATION OF
SOLID
LIQUID MATTER:
GAS PURE SUBSTANCE
MIXTURE
SOLID
Has definite volume PURE SUBSTANCE
Shape can be independent of its Form of water with definite
container (constant) composition and
distinct form of properties
TYPES OF SOLID:
Simplest form of matter
CRYSTALLINE
AMORPHOUS SOLID CLASSIFICATION OF
PURE SUBSTANCES:
ELEMENT
CRYSTALLINE COMPOUND
o Materials which exist in
regular, repeating ELEMENT
geometric patterns o Substance that cannot be
o Salt, sugar, ice cubes decomposed into simpler
AMORPHOUS SOLID substances by chemical or
o Solids with no shape or physical means.
form of geometric o 117 elements
configuration is irregular COMPOUND
o Plastics, glass, gels, and o Composed of 2 or more
asphalt elements chemically
LIQUID compound in definite and
constant proportions
Has definite volume but no specific Can be broken
shape down into
Very slightly compressible elements by
Wine, alcohol, water chemical
processes.
GAS
MIXTURE
No fixed volume or shape
Combination of 2 or more pure FOAM (gas in solid or liquid)
substances in variable proportions EMULSION (liquid in liquid)
Sea water, gasoline, wine
TYPES OF MIXTURE: SUSPENSION
HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE o Parts may be
HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE distinguished, materials
are heavy enough to settle
down
HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE o Muddy water
o same properties COARSE
throughout the system o Are very large,
o one phase only distinguishable even under
HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE the unaided eye
o remain essentially the
same
o having two or more phase. PROPERTIES OF MATTER
PROPERTIES
TYPES OF
HETEROGENEOUS Are those qualities or characteristics
possessed by a substance by which we are
COLLOIDS able to identify the form of matter from
SUSPENSION another
COARSE
CLASSIFICATION OF PROPERTIES
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
COLLOIDS CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
o Particles can be seen
though TYNDALL EFFECT
Effect if light PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
scattering in
Can be observe without changing
colloidal dispersion
the composition of substance
while showing no
light in a true TYPES OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
solution
INTENSIVE PROPERTIES
TYPES/ CLASSIFICATION EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES
INTENSIVE PROPERTIES
OF COLLOIDS
o Change in quantity on
SOL (solid in gas) which depend on the
GEL (liquid in solid) amount
AEROSOL (liquid to solid) (solid in o Color, taste, odor,
gas) hardness, density, specific
gravity, boiling point, in fundamental
freezing point. components
EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES o Most common changes
o Do not depend on the are changes of state: solid-
amount liquid-gas
o Weight, mass, volume,
length, width, thickness,
area, height CHEMICAL CHANGE
. o Involves change which
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES result in the disappearance
o Having ability to change of the substance and
into new and completely formation of new
different substance. substance
Flammability o Also called reactions
(ability to burn)
-burning of paper,
ash EVIDENCES OF CHEMICAL CHANGE
Reactivity with air
(oxygen) – rust 1. Evolution of heat and light
(taya) 2. Evolution of gas
Reactivity with 3. Formation of precipitate
another element 4. Production of mechanical
or compound to energy
produce different 5. Production of electrical energy
compound MEASUREMENT
-sodium and
chlorine = salt ACCURACY
Corrosiveness/ o How close a measurement
reactivity with an is the true or correct
acid (statues PRECISION
corroded) o How close a set of
measurement for quantity
CHANGES OF MATTER is to one another.
TWO TYPES: SYSTEM UNITS
PHYSICAL CHANGE METRIC SYSTEM
CHEMICAL CHANGE ENGLISH SYSTEM
PHYSICAL CHANGE METRIC SYSTEM (SI)
o Change in one or physical o Accepted worldwide
properties but no change o Originally described as
MKS system
ENGLISH SYSTEM DENSE CENTRAL CORE (NUCLEUS)
o Commonly used in English-
mass is centered
speaking countries, also
has positively charged particles
known as British system
emits alphas particles
has a diameter of about 10^-13 cm
responsible in the physical
property of an atom.
LESSON 2 THE ELECTRON CLOUD
ATOM Found outside the dense central
core
Fundamental unit of which Moves about the nucleus at an
elements are composed average distance of about 10 ^-8
cm from it.
It has a negatively charged particle
DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY (JOHN Responsible in the chemical
DALTON) property of an atom
All matter composed a very small
particles called atom. BOHR’S THEORY (NEILS BOHR)
Atoms cannot be broken down
into smaller pieces Atom is described as like as
Atoms of an element are identical miniature of a solar system
and therefore have the same mass The dense sunlight core is the
Atoms are neither created nor nucleus and the planets evolving
destroyed but simply rearranged in around the sun are electrons
a chemical reaction (LAW OF which revolves around the nucleus
CONSERVATION OF MASS) following the constantly changing
Atoms combined in a specific path called shell
ratios to form a compound (LAW
OF DEFINITE PROPORTIONS)
MODERN ATOMIC THEORY:
TRUTHERFORD’S THEORY (ERNEST
RUTHERFORD) It is found out that atoms are made up of
sobotomic particles
Atoms is composed in two main parts:
PROTONS
The dense central core (NUCLEUS) NEUTRONS
The electron cloud ELECTRONS
PROTONS AND NEUTRONS
Located inside the nucleus
Sometimes called nucleos
ELECTRONS It can have values of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
and 7.
At the shell and move around the
nucleus Also represented by letters is starting from
K for n=1
These three make up an atom have
definite charges and masses. L for n=2
ELECTRON PROTONS NEUTRON M for n=3
S S
Charge -1 +1 0 Etc.
Mass 0.000549 1.00782 1.00867
(amu)
Mass 0.1094x10 1.6726x1 1.6749x1
(grams) 0 0 The maximum numbers of Electrons in
Locations At the Nucleus Nucleus each energy level is equal to 2n
shell
Discovere JJ. Rutherfor James
r Thomson d Chadwick
No electrons in the shell = 2n
1st shell (K shell)
MASS NUMBER
N=1
The total amount of numbers of
No. e = 2(1)= 2
protons and neutrons in the
nucleus of an atom
2nd Shell (L shell)
NUMBER OF PROTON N= 2
Mass number – number of No. e+ 2(2)= 8
neutrons.
Each main energy level has a sub shell or
ATOMIC NUMBER sub level
Number of protons in the nucleus ORBITALS
of an atom; each element has a
unique atomic number. The space occupied by one pair of
Electrons.
ELECTRON DISTRIBUTION
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
Electrons are distributed in the
shell or main energy level The distribution of electrons in the
Principle quantum number (n) orbitals of an atom
These some shells are the SPDF
Used to express the main energy
orbitals
level of an electron
There is 1 orbital for S, 3 orbitals
for P, 5 orbitals for D, and 7
orbitals for F
The maximum number of electrons Paramagnetic substances
in each sub shells are;
Atoms that contains unfair electrons
2e for S Orbital, 6 for P, 10 for D
and 14 for F orbital. They are attracted to magnet
Elements are represented by a nuclide
chemical symbol with atomic number of Z
and Mass number A
The mass number of an atom is equal to
that total number of heavy particles called
protons and neutrons
Number of proton is the nucleus of an
atom is known as atomic number Z
The number of Protons is equal to the
number of Electrons around the nucleus
because an atom is electrically neutral
The atomic mass unit is defined as exactly
1-twelfth the mass of a carbon atom that has
six protons and six nutrients in its nucleus
HUND’S RULE: ELEMENT X
No two electrons can pair up Consists of atoms with a specific
unless each orbital are filled up number of broad buns in the
nucleus
ISOTOPES
Atoms with the same number of
protons but different numbers of
neutrons
