The United Republic of Tanzania

Morogoro Region
2016
Basic Demographic and
Socio-Economic Profile

2012 Population and

Housing Census
OCGS Vision
To become a “centre of excellence” for statistical production and for promoting a culture of
evidence-based policy and decision-making”

OCGS Mission
To coordinate production of official statistics, provide high quality statistical data and information
and promote their use in planning, decision making, administration, governance, monitoring and
evaluation.

For more information, comments and suggestions please contact:

Director General,
Chief Government Statistician,
National Bureau of Statistics,
Office of Chief Government Statistician,
18 Kivukoni Road,
P.O. Box 2321,
P.O. Box 796,
Zanzibar.
11992 Dar es Salaam.
Tel: +255 24 2231869
Tel: +255 22 2122722/3
Fax: +255 24 2231742
Fax: +255 22 2130852
Email: zanstat@zanlink.go.tz
Email: dg@nbs.go.tz
Website: www.ocgs.go.tz
Website: www.nbs.go.tz
 The United Republic of Tanzania

Basic Demographic and Socio-Economic Profile

Morogoro Region

National Bureau of Statistics

Ministry of Finance
Dar es Salaam

and

Office of Chief Government Statistician, Zanzibar

Ministry of State, President Office, State House
and Good Governance
Zanzibar

March, 2016
MOROGORO REGION, ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS
Foreword

The 2012 Population and Housing Census (PHC) for the United Republic of Tanzania was carried
out on the 26th August, 2012. This was the fifth Census after the Union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar
in 1964. Other censuses were carried out in 1967, 1978, 1988 and 2002. The 2012 PHC, like
previous censuses, will contribute to the improvement of quality of life of Tanzanians through the
provision of current and reliable data for policy formulation, development planning and service
delivery as well as for monitoring and evaluating national and international development
frameworks.

The 2012 PHC is unique as the collected information will be used in monitoring and evaluating the
Development Vision 2025 for Tanzania Mainland and Zanzibar Development Vision 2020, Five
Year Development Plan 2011/12–2015/16, National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty
(NSGRP) commonly known as MKUKUTA and Zanzibar Strategy for Growth and Reduction of
Poverty (ZSGRP) commonly known as MKUZA. The Census will also provide information for the
evaluation of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 2015. The Poverty Monitoring
Master Plan, which is the monitoring tool for NSGRP and ZSGRP, mapped out core indicators for
poverty monitoring against the sequence of surveys, with the 2012 PHC being one of them. Several
of these core indicators for poverty monitoring are measured directly from the 2012 PHC. The
Census provides a denominator for the determination of other indicators such as enrolment and
literacy rates, infant and maternal mortality rates, unemployment rate and others.

The success of the census depended upon the cooperation and contributions from the Government,
development partners, various institutions and the public at large. A special word of thanks should
go to Government leaders at all levels particularly, Minister for Finance; Minister of State,
President’s Office, Finance, Economy and Development Planning, Zanzibar; Members of
Parliament; Members of House of Representatives; Councilors; Regional and District Census
Committees chaired by Regional and District Commissioners; Supervisors; Field Assistants;
Enumerators; Local Leaders and Heads of households.

Our special gratitude should go to the following; DfID, Government of Japan, JICA, UNDP,
UNFPA, UNICEF, USAID, World Bank and other development partners for providing assistance
in terms of equipment, long and short term consultancies, training and funding. We would like to
thank religious and political party leaders, as well as Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs),

i
mass media and the general public for their contribution towards successful implementation of the
Census.
Last but not least, we would wish to acknowledge the vital contributions to the Census project by
Hajjat Amina Mrisho Said, the 2012 Commissioner for Population and Housing Census and Mr.
Mwalim Haji Ameir, the Census Commissar for Zanzibar. Special thanks should also go to the
Management and staff of the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) and Office of Chief Government
Statistician, Zanzibar (OCGS). Their commitment and dedication made significant contribution to
the overall efficiency of the Census operations. We would also like to convey our appreciation to
all other Government Officials who worked tirelessly to ensure successful implementation of the
2012 Population and Housing Census.

ii
Executive Summary

The Morogoro Region Basic Demographic and Socio-Economic Profile provides a short descriptive
analysis and related tables on main thematic areas covered in the 2012 Population and Housing
Census. Areas covered are population size; growth and distribution; age and sex profile; household
composition; marital status; citizenship; birth registration and disability. Other topics are survival of
parents; education and literacy; economic activity; housing conditions; household assets and
amenities; agriculture and livestock; fertility and mortality. In many cases, characteristics have
been disaggregated by location (rural and urban) and by districts and where possible comparisons
have been made with past Census (es) to observe the trend over time.

The new topics that were covered in 2012 PHC for the first time since 1967 which was the first
Census after the Union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar were; Birth Registration, Agriculture and
Livestock, Day Population, Diaspora, Social Security Schemes, Refuse Disposal, Cause of Death
and Maternal Health.

Chapter One presents an overview of the 2012 Population and Housing Census. The Chapter
highlights the brief history of census undertaking in the country, the main objective of undertaking
the 2012 PHC, preparation and execution of census activities.

Chapter Two gives a user of this publication an understanding on the size, growth and distribution
of Morogoro population from the 2012 PHC and previous censuses. The Chapter reveals that
Morogoro had a population of 2.2 million in 2012 with a sex ratio of 97. Population of Morogoro is
growing at a rate of 2.4 percent annually, representing an increase of about 44 percent over 10 year
period since 2002. At the current growth, the population of Morogoro will double in the next 30
years. Morogoro population is predominantly rural with 71 percent of total population living in
Rural Areas.

The 2002-2012 population growth rate of Morogoro was 2.4 percent while the population growth
rate of rural was 2.1 percent and 4.1 percent for the urban population. The average annual growth
rate of Morogoro decreased from 2.6 percent during the 1988-2002 to 2.4 percent during the 2002-
2012 inter-censal periods.

Chapter Three is about age and sex profile of the population in Morogoro region. It is highlights
challenges associated with age data in most developing countries including Tanzania.

iii
Subsequently, it is observed that the 2012 PHC data is affected by misreporting of age and sex.
Evidence shows strong preference for ages ending in digits “0” and “5”, and avoidance of ages
ending in digits “1”, “3” and “9”. Age misreporting is generally higher among females compared to
males.

The Chapter also gives population by major age groups and sex. The data depicts a young
population age structure with 44 percent of the population in Morogoro region is aged below 15
years, and about five percent (4.3 percent) is aged 65 years and above. It was also observed that,
Morogoro region has a typical pyramid for major urban centres where a bulge in age group 15–24,
an indication of youth in-migration from other areas.

Household composition is explained in Chapter Four. Morogoro region had a total of 501,794
private households, out of which 247,216 (70 percent) were in rural areas and 151,336 (30 percent)
were in urban areas. One third (31 percent) of households in Morogoro were headed by females.
Percentage of households in urban areas had increased from 29.4 in 2002 Census to 30.2 in 2012.
Average household size was 4.4 persons per household. Rural households with an average
household size of 4.4 persons per household were slightly bigger than urban households (4.1
persons per household). Moreover, female headed households were more than twice as big as those
headed by males. Average number of persons per household in female headed households was 7.2
compared to 3.1 for male headed households.

Chapter Five presents the marital status for Morogoro region, 46 percent of the people were
married and three percent were widowed. Over fifty percent of persons in age groups 25–74 are
either married or living together. As expected, as age increases the proportion in the never married
category decreases except at age group 50-54, 55-59, 70-74 and 80+. The results further show that
females get married at a younger age than males. The Mean Age at First Marriage in 2012 was 25.5
years for males and 21.8 years for females. The Mean Age at First Marriage for males slightly
decreased from 26.5 years in 2002 to 25.5 years in 2012. On the other hand, the Mean Age at First
Marriage for females slightly increased at 21.6 years in 2002 and 21.8 years in 2012.

Chapter Six Citizenship and Birth registration are presented in Chapter Six.The PHC results
revealeed that 89 percent of the enumerated population were Tanzanians.while the majority of
foreigners were from Kenya, India and China. Other countries with significant number of
foreigners in the region were from Great Britain and USA.

iv
Despite an intensified campaign to issue birth certificates, only five (5) percent of Morogoro
population had birth certificates. The percentage of the population with birth certificates was
relatively higher among younger persons than the older population indicating an improvement in
registration activities in recent years.

Chapter Seven is about deals with survival of parents. The 2012 PHC results reveal that 74 percent
of all persons in Morogoro region and 93 percent of all children below 18 years had both parents
alive. The results further show that less than one (1.11) percent of population below 18 years had
both parents dead. However, in international and Tanzanian context, an “orphan” is a person who
has lost one or both of his or her parents. By that broad definition, seven (7) percent of the
populations were orphans. Incidences of orphan-hood were highest in urban areas (9.1 percent) than
rural (6.7 percent)

The information on Diaspora is presented in Chapter Eight .The 2012 PHC also collected
information on Diasporas. Households were asked to state if there was any member(s) of the
household who was living abroad at the time of census and whether households received any
remittance. Chapter Eight reveals that less than one (0.5) percent of total private households in
Morogoro region reported to have at least one former member of the household who was living
abroad, and that Morogoro region has 8,317 diaspora among 421,456 Tanzania Diasporas in 2012,
most of them were living in Kenya (15 percent) followed by South Africa (14 percent) and USA
(12 percent). On remittances, results show that 17 percent of Diasporas sent remittances in the 12
months before the 2012 Census.

Chapter Nine gives the PHC results on literacy and education. The literacy rate for the population
aged 5 years and above in Morogoro region was 71 percent. Literacy rate was higher among those
aged between 10 and 49 years and was also higher among the urban population (86 percent) than
the rural population (65 percent). Adult literacy rate (i.e. literacy rate for population aged 15 years
and above) was 77 percent and was higher in urban areas (90 percent) than in rural areas (71
percent). Adult literacy for males (82 percent) was significantly higher than that of females (75
percent). Adult literacy rates vary among districts, from 93.1 percent in Morogoro Municipal to
62.2 percent in Gairo District.

Generally, literacy increased from 64 percent in 2002 to 71 in 2012 while adult literacy increased
from 70 percent in 2002 to 77 in 2012.

v
Census results show an improvement in primary school enrolment. The Net Enrolment Rate (NER)
increased from 58 percent in 2002 to 76 in 2012. NER was higher in urban areas (93 percent) than
in rural areas (71 percent). Female NER (77 percent) was slightly higher than that of males (74
percent). In 2012, NER by district was highest in Morogoro Municipal Council (90 percent) and
lowest in in Gairo district council (56 percent). Nine in every ten (92.1 percent) of the school age
children were enrolled in schools (irrespective of the ages of the enrolled children). Gross
enrolment ratio was higher in urban areas (106.8 percent) compared to rural areas (87.1 percent).
There were slight differences in gross enrolment among sexes in both rural and urban areas.

The information on usual and current economic activities among population aged 10 years and
above from the 2012 PHC is presented in . Chapter Ten Observation shows that 68 percent of the
total population aged 10 years and above was employed in the 12 months prior to Census night
whereas three percent of population was unemployed. With regard current activity results show that
65 percent of the population was employed. Results further reveal that 71 percent of employed
persons were engaged in agriculture. Main occupation for the majority of working Morogoro
resident was farming (71 percent).

Chapter Eleven deals with disability. Disability statistics were collected on the basis of activity
limitation rather than physical condition. Persons with disabilities in this publication are those
persons with long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairment which, in interaction
with various barriers, may hinder their full and effective participation in the society on an equal
footing with others. Difficulty in seeing was the most common type of disability reported by about
two (2.3) percent of Morogoro region population. Albinism (0.04 percent) was the least types of
disability reported.

Information on Housing conditions, assets and amenities are elaborated in Chapter Twelve. Overall,
73 percent of the population was living in privately owned houses. However, in urban areas, the
percentage of households living in their own houses was 48 percent compared to rural areas (84
percent). Thirty one (31) percent of house owners had no legal right over the land where the house
was built. Majority (50 percent) of land ownership was customary. The 2012 PHC also collected
information on building material of the main house. Results show that 66 percent of all private
households had used modern material (64.8 percent iron sheets; tiles, concrete and asbestos (less
than one percent each) as the main roofing material. Usage of modern material was very high in
urban areas whereby 93 percent of all households had modern roofs compared to 54 percent in rural
areas. Data on flooring material reveal that, Majority (64 percent) of households in Morogoro
vi
region had used earth or sand as the main flooring material. Forty five (45 percent) of all private
households in Morogoro region had their houses’ wall built of Baked Bricks. Other commonly used
wall materials were poles and mud (29 percent). On room occupancy, results show that 66 percent
of the households in Morogoro region had one or two rooms used for sleeping.
As for the main source of drinking water, overall 76 percent of all private households used piped
water as their main source of drinking water (13 percent had water piped into their houses, nine
(9.1) percent piped into yard and 19.7 percent used public tap). In urban areas the percentage of
households using piped water was 73 compared to 28 in rural areas.

Use of modern sources of energy (electricity or gas) for cooking in Morogoro region is uncommon,
only (2) percent of households were used that energy. The percentage of households using modern
sources of energy for cooking in urban areas was higher 6 percent compared to rural areas (0.3
percent). The majority of households (96 percent) used wood-fuel 67.2 percent firewood and 28.7
percent charcoal) as the main source of energy for cooking. As for source of energy for lighting,
only 17 percent of all households used electricity for lighting and 65 percent used kerosene (in wick
lamps, lantern or chimney) for lighting. The main source of energy for lighting in urban areas was
electricity (42 percent) compared to kerosene in wick lamps and lantern/Chimney (71 percent) for
rural areas. However, percentage of households using electricity as the main source of energy for
lighting has increased from nine percent in 2002 to 17 percent in 2012.

With regard to toilet facilities, most common toilet facilities in Morogoro Region were Pit Latrine
without Washable/ Soil Slab (34.2 percent) followed by Pit Latrine without Slab/open pit (29.4
percent). Majority of households (35 percent) reported burying/pit as the main method of refuse
disposal. Regular collection of refuse is not common where only 18.4 percent of households
reported it as their main means of refuse disposal.

Concerning ownership of assets, results show the most commonly owned asset of all private
households was hand hoe (81 percent), followed by house (73.5 percent), land or farm (70.8
percent), radio (63.4 percent) and mobile phone (61.4 percent). Ownership of mobile phones,
radios, televisions, charcoal and electric irons was higher in urban than in rural areas. Ownership of
essential assets was higher among male-headed than female-headed households.
The 2012 Population and Housing Census collected data on agriculture for the purpose of obtaining
a frame that can be used in conducting future agriculture sample censuses and surveys. Agriculture
continues to be the main economic activity for the majority of Tanzania’s private households.
Results reveal that 75 percent of all private households in Morogoro region were engaged in
vii
agricultural activities during the 2011/12 agricultural season, more households in rural areas (79
percent) while in urban areas.(21 percent), 38 percent of all private households in Morogoro were
keeping at least one type of livestock on a Census night. However, fish farming is not common as
only less than one percent (0.5 percent) of all private households were engaged in the activity.

viii
Summary of Key Indicators for Morogoro Region, Rural and Urban, 2012 Census

Morogoro Rural Urban

Indicator
Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage

Population Size, Growth and Distribution

Total Population 2,218,492 100.0 1,582,434 100.0 636,058 100.0
Male 1,093,302 49.3 786,087 49.7 307,215 48.3
Female 1,125,190 50.7 796,347 50.3 328,843 51.7

Average Annual Intercensal Growth Rate (2002 – 2012) - 2.4 - 2.1 - 2.9

Age and Sex Profile

Children (0–4 years) 324,360 14.6 245,831 15.5 78,529 12.3
Male 161,450 14.8 122,363 15.6 39,087 12.7
Female 162,910 14.5 123,468 15.5 39,442 12.0

Young Population (0–14 years) 916,884 41.3 689,296 43.6 227,588 35.8
Male 458,463 41.9 346,520 44.1 111,943 36.4
Female 458,421 40.7 342,776 43.0 115,645 35.2

Young Population (0–17 years) 1,047,320 47.2 777,098 49.1 270,222 42.5
Male 525,157 48.0 393,534 50.1 131,623 42.8
Female 522,163 46.4 383,564 48.2 138,599 42.1

Elderly Population (60+ years) 139,809 6.3 106,783 6.7 33,026 5.2
Male 67,667 6.2 52,010 6.6 15657 5.1
Female 72,142 6.4 54,773 6.9 17,369 5.3

Elderly Population (65+ years) 94,816 4.3 73,218 4.6 21,598 3.4
Male 45,449 4.2 35,514 4.5 9935 3.2
Female 49,367 4.4 37,704 4.7 11663 3.5

Household Composition
Total Number of Private Households 501,794 100.0 350,458 69.8 151,336 30.2
Male Headed Households 348,709 69.5 247,216 70.5 101,493 67.1
Female Headed Households 153,085 30.5 103,242 29.5 49,843 32.9

Average Household Size1 - 4.3 - 4.4 - 4.1

Average Household Size Headed by Male1 - 3.1 - 3.1 - 2.9
Average Household Size Headed by Female1 - 7.2 - 7.6 - 6.4

Marital Status (15 years and Above)

Married 584,950 46.1 417,110 47.7 167,840 42.8
Never Married 429,259 33.9 276,428 31.6 152,831 39.0
Living Together 155,491 12.3 110,684 12.6 44,807 11.4
Separated 13,043 1.0 9,107 1.0 3,936 1.0
Divorced 44,413 3.5 32,378 3.7 12,035 3.1
Widowed 40,378 3.2 29,458 3.4 10,920 2.8

Citizenship and Birth Registration

Citizenship:

1
The values of these indicators are averages and not percentages (no absolute numbers)
ix
 Morogoro Rural Urban
Indicator
Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage
Tanzanians 1,975,518 89.1 1,480,123 93.5 495,395 77.9
Non-Tanzanians 242,974 11.0 102,311 6.5 140,663 22.1

Birth Registration
Population with Birth Certificates 238,788 11.0 79,007 5.1 159,781 25.9
Population with Birth Notification 101,603 4.7 73,999 4.7 27,604 4.5

Orphan hood (one or both parents died)

Child Orphans (0-17 years) 76,238 7.4 51,909 6.7 24,329 9.1
Male 37,986 7.3 26,383 6.8 11,602 8.9
Female 38,251 7.4 25,527 6.7 12,726 9.3

Diaspora
Total 8,317 0.4 3,571 0.2 4,746 0.8
Male 4,994 0.5 2,219 0.3 2,775 0.9
Female 3,323 0.3 1,352 0.2 1,971 0.6

Literacy and Education

Literacy Rate (5 years and above) 1,854,058 71.3 1,314,666 65.1 539,392 86.4
Adult Literacy Rate (15 years and above) 975,156 76.9 621,691 71.0 353,465 90.1
Youth Literacy Rate (15-24 years) 331,525 83.5 204,796 77.6 126,729 95.0
Youth Literacy Rate (15-35 years) 616,246 81.3 380,624 75.2 235,622 93.6
Net Enrolment Ratio in Primary Schools (7 – 13 years) 304,893 75.5 214,396 70.9 90,497 89.1
Gross Enrolment Ratio in Primary Schools 371,933 92.1 263,438 87.1 108,495 106.8

Highest Level of Educational Attained

Total Number of Graduate 668,737 100.0 486,237 100.0 182,500 100.0
Primary School 577,957 86.4 442,440 91.0 135,517 74.3
Training after Primary 3,866 0.6 2,566 0.5 1,300 0.7
Secondary School 73,304 11.0 35,971 7.4 37,333 20.5
Training after Secondary 5,444 0.8 2,424 0.5 3,020 1.7
University and Others 8,166 1.2 2,836 0.6 5,330 2.9

Economic Activity
Legislators Administrators and Managers 14,145 1.4 7,652 1.0 6,493 2.6
Professionals 12,749 1.3 3,753 0.5 8,996 3.6
Technicians and Associate Professionals 44,160 4.4 23,531 3.1 20,629 8.3
Clerks 9,158 0.9 4,308 0.6 4,850 1.9
Small Business Managers 8,045 0.8 2,441 0.3 5,603 2.2
Service Workers, Shop and Stall Sales Workers 43,566 4.4 12,932 1.7 30,633 12.3
Street Vendors and Related Workers 19,061 1.9 6,309 0.8 12,752 5.1
Crafts and Related Workers 33,264 3.3 13,335 1.8 19,929 8.0
Farmers 710,236 71.2 604,931 80.9 105,305 42.3
Livestock Keepers 19,011 1.9 17,617 2.4 1,394 0.6
Fishermen 1,636 0.2 647 0.1 990 0.4
Plant Machine Operators and Assemblers including
6,879 0.7 1,490 0.2 5,389 2.2
Drivers
Elementary Occupations 40,569 4.1 26,540 3.5 14,029 5.6
Others 31,395 3.1 20,554 2.7 10,842 4.4

Disability
Type of Disability

x
 Morogoro Rural Urban
Indicator
Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage
Albinism 947 0.0 634 0.0 313 0.1
Seeing 49,688 2.3 37,175 2.4 12,513 2.0
Hearing 23,995 1.1 18,889 1.2 5,106 0.8
Walking 30,119 1.4 23,188 1.5 6,931 1.1
Remembering 23,705 1.1 18,692 1.2 5,013 0.8
Self-Care 18,014 0.8 14,570 0.9 3,444 0.6
Other Disability 8,427 0.4 6,777 0.4 1,650 0.3

Housing Conditions

Type of Tenure(Main dwelling)

Owned by Household 365,814 72.9 292,955 83.6 72,859 48.1
Living without Paying any Rent 23,446 4.7 16,448 4.7 6,998 4.6
Rented Privately 96,307 19.2 33,186 9.5 63,121 41.7
Rented by Employer 3,920 0.8 1,473 0.4 2,447 1.6
Rented by Government at Subsidized Rent 3,959 0.8 1,919 0.5 2,040 1.3
Owned by Employer (Free) 7,334 1.5 3,936 1.1 3,397 2.2
Owned by Employer (Rent) 1,013 0.2 540 0.2 474 0.3

Main Materials Used for Walls

Stones 1,611 0.3 901 0.3 710 0.5
Cement Bricks 51,087 10.2 6,187 1.8 44,900 29.7
Sundried Bricks 67,824 13.5 55,834 15.9 11,991 7.9
Baked Bricks 226,275 45.1 145,825 41.6 80,451 53.2
Timber 509 0.1 434 0.1 75 0
Timber and Iron Sheets 928 0.2 622 0.2 306 0.2
Poles and Mud 143,750 28.6 131,504 37.5 12,246 8.1
Grass 9,556 1.9 8,926 2.5 630 0.4
Tent 254 0.1 225 0.1 29 0

Main Materials Used for Flooring

Earth/Sand 322,787 64.3 279,854 79.9 42,934 28.4
Non Earth 178,609 35.6 70,231 20 108,380 71.6

Main Materials Used for Roofing

Iron Sheets 324,956 64.8 186,088 53.1 138,868 91.8
Grass/Leaves 148,897 29.7 140,313 40 8,585 5.7
Mud and Leaves 22,829 4.5 21,380 6.1 1,449 1.0
Others 5,112 1 2,677 0.8 2,433 1.6

Household Amenities
Main Source of Energy for Lighting
Kerosene 324,236 64.6 247,865 70.7 76,371 50.5
Electricity 87,336 17.4 24,046 6.9 63,290 41.8
Others 90,221 18 78,548 22.4 11,676 7.7

Main Source of Energy for Cooking

Firewood 337,297 67.2 298,662 85.2 38,636 25.5
Charcoal 143,859 28.7 45,831 13.1 98,028 64.8

xi
 Morogoro Rural Urban
Indicator
Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage
Kerosene 6,774 1.3 2,524 0.7 4,251 2.8
Electricity 10,290 2.1 1,237 0.4 9,052 6
Others 3,572 0.7 2,204 0.6 1,370 0.9

Main Source of Drinking Water

Piped Water 209,525 41.8 98,978 28.2 110,547 73
Other Protected Sources 110,455 22 84,067 24 26,387 17.4
Unprotected Sources 181,813 36.2 167,412 47.8 14,401 9.5

Type of Toilet Facility

Flush Toilet 83,476 16.6 19,930 5.7 63,546 42
Ventilated Improved Pit Latrine( VIP) 8,514 1.7 3,653 1 4,861 3.2
Pit Latrine 391,726 78.1 309,659 88.4 82,067 54.2
Others 963 0.2 816 0.2 147 0.1
No Facility 17,115 3.4 16,400 4.7 714 0.5

Type of Refuse Disposal

Collected by Company or Authority 38,071 7.6 809 0.2 37,261 24.6
Burnt 125,078 24.9 93,529 26.7 31,550 20.8
Roadside Dumping 4,872 1 3,429 1 1,442 1
Burying/Pit 220,360 43.9 151,194 43.1 69,167 45.7
Other Dumping (bush, open space) 113,413 22.6 101,497 29 11,916 7.9

Ownership of Household Assets

Radio 317,957 63.4 216,997 61.9 100,961 66.7
Mobile Phone 308,200 61.4 185,994 53.1 122,206 80.8
Hand Hoe 405,756 80.9 312,738 89.2 93,018 61.5
Television 59,617 11.9 11,218 3.2 48,399 32
Land or Farm 355,156 70.8 284,239 81.1 70,917 46.9
House 368,592 73.5 295,323 84.3 73,269 48.4
Bicycle 222,296 44.3 157,384 44.9 64,913 42.9
Motorcycle or Vespa 25,296 5 13,291 3.8 12,005 7.9
Power Tiller 3,549 0.7 2,298 0.7 1,251 0.8

Households Membership to Social Security Schemes

National Health Insurance or Community Health (NHIF or
26,368 5.3 15,324 4.4 11,044 7.3
CHF)
Public Service Pension Fund (PSPF) 9,085 1.8 3,810 1.1 5,275 3.5
Zanzibar Social Security Fund (ZSSF) 173 0.03 55 0 118 0.1
Parastatal Pensions Fund ( PPF) 6,644 1.3 1,409 0.4 5,235 3.5
National Social Security Fund (NSSF) 13,396 2.7 3,443 1 9,953 6.6
Local Authorities Pension Fund (LAPF) 1,850 0.4 580 0.2 1,270 0.8

xii
Contents

Page

Foreword ...........................................................................................................................................i
Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................... iii
Summary of Key Indicators for Morogoro Region, Rural and Urban, 2012 Census .......................ix
Contents ...................................................................................................................................... xiii
List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ xvii
List of Figures ............................................................................................................................. xxiii
List of Maps ..................................................................................................................................xxv
Concepts and Definitions ........................................................................................................... xxvii
Chapter One.....................................................................................................................................1
Overview of the 2012 Population and Housing Census ...............................................................1
1.1 What is a Population Census? ...........................................................................................1
1.2 Objective of the 2012 PHC ...............................................................................................2
1.3 Preparations for the 2012 PHC .........................................................................................2
1.4 Census Enumeration Activities.........................................................................................7
1.5 Data Processing...............................................................................................................10
1.6 Quality Assurance Procedures ........................................................................................11
Chapter Two ..................................................................................................................................12
Population Size, Growth and Distribution ..................................................................................12
2.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................12
2.2 Enumerated Population by Record Type ........................................................................12
2.3 Population Size and Growth ...........................................................................................13
Chapter Three ...............................................................................................................................18
Age and Sex Profile .......................................................................................................................18
3.1 Quality of Age and Sex Data ..........................................................................................18
3.2 Age and Sex Profile ........................................................................................................19
3.2.1 Population Distribution by Five Year Age Groups ........................................................19
3.2.2 Population Pyramid.........................................................................................................21
3.3 Population Distribution by Selected Age Groups ...........................................................23
3.3.1 Young Population (0-14 Years) ......................................................................................24
3.3.2 Youth Population (15-24 Years) .....................................................................................24
3.3.3 Working Age Population (15-64 Years) .........................................................................26

xiii
3.3.4 Elderly Population ..........................................................................................................26
3.3.5 Age Dependency Ratio ...................................................................................................27
Chapter Four .................................................................................................................................28
Household Composition ................................................................................................................28
4.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................28
4.2 Number of Households ...................................................................................................28
4.3 Average Household Size .................................................................................................31
4.4 Household Headship .......................................................................................................32
Chapter Five ..................................................................................................................................34
Marital Status ................................................................................................................................34
5.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................34
5.2 Marital Status ..................................................................................................................34
5.3 Mean Age at First Marriage ............................................................................................40
Chapter Six ....................................................................................................................................43
Citizenship and Birth Registration ..............................................................................................43
6.1 Citizenship ......................................................................................................................43
6.2 Birth Certificate ..............................................................................................................45
6.3 Birth Registration ............................................................................................................45
Chapter Seven ................................................................................................................................48
Survival of Parents ........................................................................................................................48
7.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................48
7.2 Survival of Parents ..........................................................................................................48
7.3 Orphans in Morogoro Region .........................................................................................54
Chapter Eight ................................................................................................................................57
Diaspora ........................................................................................................................................57
8.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................57
8.2 Number of Persons Living in Diaspora ..........................................................................57
Chapter Nine ..................................................................................................................................62
Literacy and Education ................................................................................................................62
9.1 Literacy ...........................................................................................................................62
9.1.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................62
9.1.2 Literacy Status in Morogoro Region ..............................................................................62
9.1.3 Adult Literacy .................................................................................................................65
9.1.4 Literacy in Different Languages .....................................................................................69
9.2 Education ........................................................................................................................73
xiv
9.2.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................73
9.2.3 Net and Gross School Enrolment....................................................................................80
9.2.4 Education Attainment .....................................................................................................84
Chapter Ten ...................................................................................................................................86
Economic Activity .........................................................................................................................86
10.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................86
10.2 Usual Economic Activity ................................................................................................86
10.3 Current Economic Activity .............................................................................................90
10.4 Employment Status .........................................................................................................94
10.5 Main Occupation.............................................................................................................96
10.6 Main Industry..................................................................................................................99
Chapter Eleven ............................................................................................................................102
Disability ......................................................................................................................................102
11.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................102
11.2 Persons with Disabilities...............................................................................................102
11.2.1 Population with Albinism .............................................................................................103
11.3 Persons with Disabilities...............................................................................................105
Chapter Twelve ...........................................................................................................................109
Housing Conditions, Household Assets and Amenities ............................................................109
12.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................109
12.2 Ownership Status of the Main Dwelling Used by the Household ................................109
12.3 Legal Right on Ownership of Land where Main Dwelling is Located .........................110
12.4 Roofing Materials .........................................................................................................111
12.5 Flooring Material ..........................................................................................................111
12.6 Wall Materials...............................................................................................................112
12.7 Rooms for Sleeping ......................................................................................................113
12.8 Source of Drinking Water .............................................................................................114
12.9 Source of Energy ..........................................................................................................117
12.9.1 Source of Energy for Cooking .....................................................................................117
12.9.2 Source of Energy for Lighting .....................................................................................118
12.10 Type of Toilet Facility ..................................................................................................121
12.11 Refuse Disposal ............................................................................................................123
12.12 Ownership of Assets .....................................................................................................124
12.13 Social Security Schemes ...............................................................................................127

xv
Chapter Thirteen .........................................................................................................................128
Agriculture and Livestock ..........................................................................................................128
13.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................128
13.2 Households Engaged in Agriculture .............................................................................128
13.3 Livestock and Poultry ...................................................................................................130
13.4 Fish Farming .................................................................................................................134

References .....................................................................................................................................135
Annexes: Questionnaires ...............................................................................................................136

xvi
List of Tables

Table 2.1: Enumerated Population by Record Type, Rural and Urban Areas; Morogoro
Region, 2012 Census ....................................................................................................... 12

Table 2.2: Enumerated Population by Record Type and Sex; Morogoro Region, 2012
Census ............................................................................................................................. 13

Table 2.3: Current Population Size and Growth Indicators; Morogoro Region, 1988, 2002
and 2012 Censuses .......................................................................................................... 14

Table 2.4: Population Size and Growth Rate by District; Morogoro Region, 1988, 2002
and 2012 Censuses .......................................................................................................... 16

Table 2.5: Population Distribution by District and Rural-Urban; Morogoro Region, 2012
Census ............................................................................................................................. 16

Table 2.6: Population Size and Growth by District and Rural-Urban; Morogoro Region,
2002-2012 Censuses ........................................................................................................ 17

Table 3.1: Population by Five Year Age Groups and Sex; Morogoro Region, 2012
Census .......................................................................................................................... 19

Table 3.2: Population by Five Year Age Groups and Sex; Morogoro Rural, 2012 Census ......... 20

Table 3.3: Population by Five Year Age Groups and Sex; Morogoro Urban, 2012
Census .......................................................................................................................... 20

Table 3.4: Population by Key Age Groups; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census .............................. 23

Table 4.1: Total Number of Private Households by Rural-Urban, Age and Sex of Head
of Household; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census........................................................... 29

Table 4.2: Number and Percentage Distribution of Private Households by District and
Rural-Urban; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census ............................................................ 30

Table 4.3: Population Size, Number of Households and Average Household Size;
Morogoro Region, 2002 and 2012 Censuses ............................................................... 31

Table 4.4: Proportion of Male and Female Headed Households; Morogoro Region, 2002
and 2012 Censuses ....................................................................................................... 32

Table 4.5: Number of Households and Average Household Size by Type of Headship;
Morogoro Region, 2012 Census .................................................................................. 33

Table 5.1: Percentage Distribution of Population Aged 15 Years and Above by Five
Year Age Groups and Marital Status; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census ...................... 35

Table 5.2: Percentage Distribution of Male Population Aged 15 Years and Above by
Five Year Age Groups and Marital Status; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census.............. 36

Table 5.3: Percentage Distribution of Female Population Aged 15 Years and Above by
Five Year Age Groups and Marital Status; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census.............. 36

xvii
Table 5.4: Percentage Distribution of Population Aged 15 Years and Above by Five
Year Age Groups and Marital Status; Morogoro Rural, 2012 Census ........................ 37

Table 5.5: Percentage Distribution of Male Population Aged 15 Years and Above by
Five Year Age Groups and Marital Status; Morogoro Rural, 2012 Census ................ 37

Table 5.6: Percentage Distribution of Female Population Aged 15 Years and Above by
Five Year Age Groups and Marital Status; Morogoro Rural, 2012 Census ................ 38

Table 5.7: Percentage Distribution of Population Aged 15 Years and Above by Five
Year Age Groups and Marital Status; Morogoro Urban, 2012 Census ....................... 38

Table 5.8: Percentage Distribution of Male Population Aged 15 Years and Above by
Five Year Age Groups and Marital Status; Morogoro Urban, 2012 Census ............... 39

Table 5.9: Percentage Distribution of Female Population Aged 15 Years and Above by
Five Year Age Groups and Marital Status; Morogoro Urban, 2012 Census ............... 39

Table 5.10: Percentage Distribution of Population Aged 15 Years and Above by District
and Marital Status; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census ................................................... 40

Table 5.11: Mean Age at First Marriage by District and Sex; Morogoro Region, 2002 and
2012 Censuses .............................................................................................................. 42

Table 6.1: Number and Percentage Distribution of Enumerated Population by

Citizenship, Rural-Urban and Sex; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census .......................... 44

Table 6.2: Percentage Distribution of Population by Age Group, Status of Birth

Certificate and Sex; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census.................................................. 46

Table 6.3: Percentage Distribution of Population by Age Group, Status of Birth

Certificate and Sex; Morogoro Rural, 2012 Census .................................................... 46

Table 6.4: Percentage Distribution of Population by Age Group, Status of Birth

Certificate and Sex; Morogoro Urban, 2012 Census ................................................... 47

Table 6.5: Percentage Distribution of Population by Region, Status of Birth Certificate

and Sex; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census ................................................................... 47

Table 7.1: Population by Age Groups and Survival of Parents; Morogoro Region, 2012
Census .......................................................................................................................... 49

Table 7.2: Male Population by Age Groups and Survival of Parents; Morogoro Region,
2012 Census ................................................................................................................. 49

Table 7.3: Female Population by Age Groups and Survival of Parents; Morogoro
Region, 2012 Census.................................................................................................... 50

Table 7.4: Percentage Distribution of Persons by Residence and Survival Status of

Parents; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census .................................................................... 51

Table 7.5: Percentage Distribution of Males by Residence and Survival Status of

Parents; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census .................................................................... 51

xviii
Table 7.6: Percentage Distribution of Females by Residence and Survival Status of
Parents; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census .................................................................... 51

Table 7.7: Percentage Distribution of Persons by Residence and Survival Status of

Parents; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census: Rural ......................................................... 52

Table 7.8: Percentage Distribution of Persons by Residence and Survival Status of

Parents; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census: Urban ........................................................ 52

Table 7.9: Percentage Distribution of Persons by Selected Age Groups and Survival of
Parents; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census .................................................................... 53

Table 7.10: Percentage Distribution of Males by Selected Age Groups and Survival of
Parents; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census .................................................................... 53

Table 7.11: Percentage Distribution of Females by Selected Age Groups and Survival of
Parents; Morogoro Dodoma Region, 2012 Census ...................................................... 53

Table 7.12: Percentage Distribution of Persons by Selected Age Groups and Survival of
Parents; Morogoro Rural; 2012 Census ....................................................................... 54

Table 7.13: Percentage Distribution of Persons by Selected Age Groups and Survival of
Parents; Morogoro Urban,............................................................................................ 54

Table 7.14: Percentage of Children below Age 18 Years by Region, Survival of Parents
and Sex; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census ................................................................... 56

Table 8.1: Number and Percentage Distribution of Households with Diaspora by District
and Rural-Urban; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census ..................................................... 57

Table 8.2: Number and Percentage Distribution of Households with Diaspora by District
and Number of Persons; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census........................................... 58

Table 8.3: Number and Percentage Distribution of Tanzanians as Reported at Household

Level Living Outside Tanzania by Country of Residence and Rural-Urban;
Morogoro Region, 2012 Census .................................................................................. 59

Table 8.4: Number and Percentage Distribution of Tanzanians as Reported at Household

Level Living Outside the Country by Country of Residence and Sex;
Morogoro Region, 2012 Census .................................................................................. 60

Table 8.5: Diaspora and Number of Diaspora Remitting; Morogoro Region, 2012
Census .......................................................................................................................... 61

Table 9.1: Population by Five Year Age Groups, Literacy and Sex; Morogoro Region,
2012 Census ................................................................................................................. 63

Table 9.2: Population by Five Year Age Groups, Literacy and Sex; Morogoro Rural,
2012 Census ................................................................................................................. 63

Table 9.3: Population by Five Year Age Groups, Literacy and Sex; Morogoro Urban,
2012 Census ................................................................................................................. 64

xix
Table 9.4: Literacy Status for Persons Aged 15 Years and Above by Five Year Age
Groups, Rural-Urban and Sex; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census ................................ 65

Table 9.5: Comparison of Literacy Rates for Persons Aged 15 Years and Above by
District and Sex; Morogoro Region, 2002 and 2012 Censuses ................................... 68

Table 9.6: Percentage Distribution of Population Aged Five Years and Above by Five
Year Age Groups and Literacy Status; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census .................... 69

Table 9.7: Percentage Distribution of Population Aged Five Years and Above by Sex,
Residence and Literacy Status: Morogoro Region, 2012 Census ................................ 70

Table 9.8: Percentage Distribution of Population of Aged Five Years and Above by
Literacy Status and District; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census .................................... 72

Table 9.9: Percentage Distribution of Population Aged Five Years and Above by Age,
Sex and School Attendance Status: Morogoro Region, 2012 Census ......................... 74

Table 9.10: Percentage Distribution of Population Aged Five Years and Above by Age,
Sex and School Attendance Status; Morogoro Rural, 2012 Census ............................ 76

Table 9.11: Percentage Distribution of Population Aged Five Years and Above by Age,
Sex and School Attendance Status; Morogoro Urban, 2012 Census ........................... 77

Table 9. 12: Percentage Distribution of Population by Residence, Sex and School

Attendance Status: Morogoro Region, 2012 Census ................................................... 79

Table 9.13: Net Enrolment Rates in Primary Schools by Residence, Sex and Rural and
Urban; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census ...................................................................... 82

Table 9.14: Population of Aged Five Years and Above by Level of Educational
Attainment; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census .............................................................. 84

Table 10.1: Percentage Distribution of Total Population Aged 10 Years and Above by
Five Year Age Groups and Type of Usual Activity; Morogoro Region, 2012
Census .......................................................................................................................... 87

Table 10.2: Percentage Distribution of Total Population Aged 10 Years and Above by
Five Year Age Groups and Type of Usual Activity; Morogoro Rural, 2012
Census .......................................................................................................................... 88

Table 10.3: Percentage Distribution of Total Population Aged 10 Years and Above by
Five Year Age Groups and Type of Usual Activity; Morogoro Urban, 2012
Census .......................................................................................................................... 88

Table 10.4: Percentage Distribution of Total Male Population Aged 10 Years and Above
by Five Year Age Groups and Type of Usual Activity; Morogoro Region,
2012 Census ................................................................................................................. 89

Table 10.5: Percentage Distribution of Total Female Population Aged 10 Years and
Above by Five Year Age Groups and Type of Usual Activity; Morogoro
Region, 2012 Census.................................................................................................... 89

xx
Table 10.6: Total Population Aged 10 Years and Above by Type of Usual Economic
Activity (12 Months prior to the Census Date) and District; Morogoro
Region, 2012 Census.................................................................................................... 90

Table 10.7: Percentage Distribution of Total Population Aged 10 Years and Above by
Five Year Age Groups and Type of Current Activity; Morogoro Region,
2012 Census ................................................................................................................. 91

Table 10.8: Percentage Distribution of Total Population Aged 10 Years and Above by
Five Year Age Groups and Type of Current Activity; Morogoro Rural, 2012
Census .......................................................................................................................... 92

Table 10.9: Percentage Distribution of Total Population Aged 10 Years and Above by
Five Year Age Groups and Type of Current Activity; Morogoro Urban, 2012
Census .......................................................................................................................... 92

Table 10.10: Percentage Distribution of Total Male Population Aged 10 Years and Above
by Five Year Age Groups and Type of Current Activity; Morogoro Region,
2012 Census ................................................................................................................. 93

Table 10.11: Percentage Distribution of Total Female Population Aged 10 Years and
Above by Five Year Age Groups and Type of Current Activity; Morogoro
Region, 2012 Census.................................................................................................... 93

Table 10.12: Percentage Distribution of Population Aged 10 Years and Above by Type of
Current Economic Activity (7 Days prior to the Census date) by District;
Morogoro Region, 2012 Census .................................................................................. 94

Table 10.13: Employed Population Aged 10 Years and Above by Five Year Age Groups
and Employment Status; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census .......................................... 95

Table 10.14: Employed Population Aged 10 Years and Above by Residence and
Employment Status: Morogoro Region, 2012 Census ................................................. 95

Table 10.15: Employed Population Aged 10 Years and Above by Five Year Age Groups
and Main Occupation; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census.............................................. 97

Table 10.16: Percentage Distribution of Employed Population Aged 10 Years and Above
by Residence and Main Occupation: Morogoro Region, 2012 Census ....................... 98

Table 10.17: Percentage Distribution of Employed Population Aged 10 Years and Above
by Five Year Age Groups and Main Industry; Morogoro Region, 2012
Census ........................................................................................................................ 100

Table 10.18: Percentage Distribution of Employed Population of Age 10 Years and above
by Residence, Sex and Main Industry: Morogoro Region, 2012 Census .................. 101

Table 11.1: Number of Persons with Disability by Type of Disability and District;
Morogoro Region, 2012 Census ................................................................................ 103

Table 11.2: Number and Percentage Distribution of Persons with Albinism by Five Year
Age Groups and Sex; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census ............................................. 104

xxi
Table 11.3: Number and Percentage Distribution of Persons with Albinism by Five Year
Age Groups and Sex; Morogoro Rural, 2012 Census ................................................ 104

Table 11.4: Number and Percentage Distribution of Persons with Albinism by Five Year
Age Groups and Sex; Morogoro Urban, 2012 Census............................................... 105

Table 11.5: Percentage Distribution of Persons with Disabilities by 10 Year Age Groups,
Sex and Type of Disability: Morogoro Region, 2012 Census ................................... 106

Table 11.6: Percentage Distribution of Persons with Disabilities by 10 Year Age Groups,
Sex and Type of Disability: Morogoro Rural, 2012 Census ...................................... 108

Table 11.7: Percentage Distribution of Persons with Disabilities by 10 Year Age Groups,
Sex and Type of Disability: Morogoro Urban, 2012 Census ..................................... 108

Table 12.1: Percentage Distribution of Households by Ownership Status of the Main

Dwelling by Rural and Urban; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census ............................... 109

Table 12.2: Percentage Distribution of Households by Age Group and Tenure Status:
Morogoro Region, 2012 Census ................................................................................ 110

Table 12.3: Percentage of Households by Type of Legal Rights over the Ownership of
the Land where the Main Dwelling is Located; Morogoro Region, 2012
Census ........................................................................................................................ 110

Table 12.4: Percentage Distribution of Households by Residence and Type of Materials

Used for Roofing; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census .................................................. 111

Table 12.5: Percentage Distribution of Households by Residence and Main Material Used
for Flooring; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census ........................................................... 112

Table 12.6: Percentage Distribution of Households by Residence and Type of Wall

Materials Used; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census ...................................................... 112

Table 12.7: Percentage Distribution of Households by Residence, Average Household

Size and Number of Rooms for Sleeping: Morogoro Region, 2012 Census ............. 114

Table 12.8: Percentage Distribution of Households by Residence and Main Source of

Drinking Water; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census ..................................................... 115

Table 12.9: Percentage Distribution of Households by Sex of Head of Household,

Residence and Main Source of Energy for Cooking; Morogoro Region, 2012
Census ........................................................................................................................ 118

Table 12.10: Percentage Distribution of Households by Sex of Head of Household,

Residence and Main Source of Energy for Lighting; Morogoro Region, 2012
Census ........................................................................................................................ 119

Table 12.11: Percentage Distribution of Households by Sex of Head of Household,

Residence and Type of Toilet Facility; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census .................. 122

Table 12.12: Percentage Distribution of Households by Sex of Head of Household,

Residence and Type of Refuse Disposal; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census .............. 124

xxii
Table 12.13: Percentage Distribution of Households by Sex of the Household Head,
Residence and Ownership of Assets: Morogoro Region, 2012 Census .................... 125

Table 12.14: Percentage Distribution of Private Households by Residence and

Membership of Social Security Scheme: Morogoro Region, 2012 Census ............... 127

Table 13.1: Total Number of Households Engaged in Agriculture by District, Rural and
Urban Residence During 2011/12 Agriculture Year; Morogoro Region, 2012
Census ........................................................................................................................ 128

Table 13.2: Total Number of Households Engaged in Agricultural Activities by Rural

and Urban during 2011/12 Agricultural Year; Morogoro Region, 2012
Census ........................................................................................................................ 129

Table 13.3: Households Keeping Livestock by District, Rural and Urban during 2011/12
Agriculture Year; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census ................................................... 130

Table 13.4: Total Number of Households Keeping Livestock by Rural and Urban during
2011/12 Agricultural Year; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census .................................... 131

Table 13.5: Total Number of Cattle, Goats, Sheep and Poultry Owned by District and
Male or Female headed households as of 26th August 2012 .................................... 133

Table 13.6: Total Number of Cattle, Sheep, Goats and Poultry Owned by District, Rural
and Urban as of 26th August 2012............................................................................. 133

Table 13.7: Households Involved in Fish Farming by District, Rural and Urban;
Morogoro Region, 2012 Census ................................................................................ 134

List of Figures

Figure 2.1: Average Annual Inter-Censal Population Growth Rates by District, Morogoro
Region, 2002 to 2012 Censuses.............................................................................................. 14

Figure 2.2: Average Annual Inter-Censal Population Growth Rates; Morogoro Region,
1967–2012 Censuses ................................................................................................................ 15

Figure 3.1: Population Pyramid for Five Year Age Groups, Morogoro Region, 2012
Census .......................................................................................................................... 21

Figure 3.2: Population Pyramid for Five Year Age Groups; Morogoro Rural, 2012
Census .......................................................................................................................... 22

Figure 3.3: Population Pyramid for Five Year Age Groups; Morogoro Urban, 2012
Census .......................................................................................................................... 22

Figure 3.4: Percentage Distribution of Young Population (0-14 Years); Morogoro

Region 1988, 2002 and 2012 Censuses ....................................................................... 24

Figure 3.5: Percentage Distribution of Youth Population (15-24 Years) Morogoro

Region 1988, 2002 and 2012 Censuses ....................................................................... 25

xxiii
Figure 3.6: Percentage Distribution of the Youth Population (15-35 Years); Morogoro
Region 2002 and 2012 Censuses ................................................................................. 25

Figure 3.7: Percentage Distribution of the Working Age Population (15-64 Years);
Morogoro Region 1988, 2002 and 2012 Censuses ...................................................... 26

Figure 3.8: Percentage Distribution of the Population Aged 60 Years and Above;
Morogoro Region 1988, 2002 and 2012 Censuses ...................................................... 27

Figure 3.9: Age Dependency Ratio; Morogoro Region, 1988, 2002 and 2012 Censuses .............. 27

Figure 4.1: Percentage Distribution of Private Households by Residence and Rural-

Urban; Morogoro Region, 2002 and 2012 Censuses ................................................... 30

Figure 4.2: Average Household Size by Regions; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census ..................... 31

Figure 4.3: Percentage Distribution of Heads of Households by Sex and Residence;

Morogoro Region, 2012 Census .................................................................................. 32

Figure 5.1: Percentage Distribution of Population Aged 15 Years and Above by Marital
Status and Sex; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census ......................................................... 35

Figure 5.2: Mean Age at First Marriage by Sex; Morogoro Region, 2002 and 2012
Censuses ....................................................................................................................... 41

Figure 5.3: Mean Age at First Marriage by Rural-Urban and Sex; Morogoro Region,
2002 and 2012 Censuses .............................................................................................. 41

Figure 5.4: Mean Age at First Marriage by District; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census.................. 42

Figure 7.1: Percentage of Children below Age 18 Years by Survival of Parents;

Morogoro Region, 2012 Census .................................................................................. 55

Figure 9.1: Literacy for Persons Aged Five Years and Above by Sex, Rural and Urban
Areas; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census ....................................................................... 64

Figure 9.2: Adult Literacy Rates by Sex, and Rural-Urban; Morogoro Region, 2012
Census .......................................................................................................................... 66

Figure 9.3: Literacy Rates by Sex; Morogoro Region, 2002 and 2012 Censuses .......................... 68

Figure 9.4: Percentage Distribution of Population Aged Five Years and Above by and
Literacy Status; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census ........................................................ 70

Figure 9.5: Percentage Distribution of Population Aged Five Years and Above by
Literacy Status; Morogoro Rural, 2012 Census ........................................................... 71

Figure 9.6: Percentage Distribution of Population Aged Five Years and Above by
Literacy Status; Morogoro Urban, 2012 Census .......................................................... 71

Figure 9.7: Percentage Distribution of Population Aged Five Years and Above by School
Attendance Status and Sex; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census ..................................... 75

xxiv
Figure 9.8: Percentage Distribution of Population Aged Five Years and Above by School
Attendance Status, Rural and Urban; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census....................... 78

Figure 9.9: Primary School Net Enrolment Rates by Sex; Morogoro Region, 2002 and
2012 Censuses .............................................................................................................. 80

Figure 9.10: Primary School Net Enrolment Rate by Rural and Urban Areas; Morogoro
Region, 2002 and 2012 Censuses ................................................................................ 81

Figure 9.11: Primary Schools Gross Enrolment Rate by Residence and Sex; Morogoro
Region, 2012 Census.................................................................................................... 82

Figure 9.12: Population Aged Five Years and Above by Level of Educational Attainment;
Morogoro Region, 2002 and 2012 Censuses ............................................................... 85

Figure 11.1: Percentage Distribution of Persons with Disabilities by Type and Sex;
Morogoro Region, 2012 Census ................................................................................ 107

Figure 12.1: Percentage Distribution of Households by Number of Rooms for Sleeping,

Rural and Urban; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census.................................................... 113

Figure 12.2: Percentage Distribution of Households Using Piped Water as Main Source of
Drinking Water and Residence; Morogoro Region, 2002 and 2012 Censuses .......... 117

Figure 12.3: Percentage Distribution of Households Using Electricity as Main Source of

Energy for Lighting; Morogoro Region, 2002 and 2012 Census .............................. 121

Figure 12.4: Percentage Distribution of Households by Type of Toilet Facility; Morogoro

Region 2002 and 2012 Censuses ............................................................................... 123

Figure 13.1: Percentage Distribution of Households Engaged in Agriculture by Rural and

Urban; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census .................................................................... 129

Figure 13.2: Percentage Distribution of Households that Kept Livestock by Rural and
Urban; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census .................................................................... 131

List of Maps

Map 9. 1: Literacy Status for Persons Aged 15 Years and Above by District; Morogoro
Region, 2012 Census ....................................................................................................... 67

Map 9.2: Net Enrolment Rates of Primary School Age Population (07–13 Years) by
Region; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census ........................................................................ 83

Map 12.1: Percentage Distribution of Households that Used Pipe Water as the Main
Source of Drinking Water by District; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census................... 116

Map 12.2: Percentage Distribution of Households Using Electricity as their Main Source
of Energy for Lighting by District; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census ........................ 120

xxv
 List of Abbreviations

CHF - Community Health Fund

DCC - District Census Coordinator
DfID - Department for International Development
DRC - Democratic Republic of Congo
EA - Enumeration Area
EAC - East African Community
GER - Gross Enrolment Rate
GIS - Geographical Information System
GPS - Global Positioning System
JICA - Japanese International Co-operation Agency
MDAs - Ministries, Departments and Agencies
MHR - Member of House of Representatives
MP - Member of Parliament
NA - Not Applicable
NBS - National Bureau of Statistics
NER - Net Enrolment Rate
NGO - Non-Governmental Organization
NHIF - National Health Insurance Fund
OCGS - Office of Chief Government Statistician
OMR - Optical Mark Reader
PES - Post Enumeration Survey
PHC - Population and Housing Census
SADC - Southern Africa Development Community
SMAM - Singulate Mean Age at First Marriage
SWMT - Sensa ya Watu na Makazi Tanzania
UNDP - United Nations Development Programme
UNFPA - United Nations Population Fund
UNICEF - United Nations Children’s Fund
USAID - United States Agency for International Development
UN - United Nations
USA - United States of America
VIP - Ventilated Improved Pit Latrines

xxvi
Concepts and Definitions

Population and Housing Census

Census Night is a reference night of the Census. According to the Tanzania 2012 Population
and Housing Census, the Census night was the night of 25th /26th August, 2012.

De facto Methodology means persons were enumerated where they slept on the Census night.

Enumeration Area (EA) is a designated area with an average of 60 to 100 households.

Geographical Information System (GIS) is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate,

analyse, manage and present all types of geographical data.

Optical Mark Reader (OMR) is the process of capturing data by optical scanner by measuring
the reflectivity of light at pre-determined positions on a surface.

Population and Housing Census (PHC) is defined as the total process of collecting,
compiling, evaluating, analyzing and publishing or otherwise disseminating demographic,
economic and social data pertaining, at a specified time, to all persons in a country or in a well
delineated part of a country (United Nations definition).

Post Enumeration Survey (PES) is the sample survey conducted immediately after the census
for the primary purpose of evaluating the census. It helps in identifying areas of deficiencies
that need improvement in subsequent censuses.

Quality Assurance are planned and systematic activities implemented in a quality system so
that, quality requirements for the product are fulfilled.

Quality Control refers to observations, techniques and activities used to fulfill requirements for
quality.

Urban Area for the purpose of the 2012 PHC, urban population consist of people living in
areas legally recognized (gazetted) as urban and all areas recognized by Local Government
Authorities as urban (Countries differ in their definitions of urban, although it is fairly common
xxvii
 for the urban population to consist of those living in towns and cities of a few thousand persons
or more especially if the population of such areas is largely non-agricultural).

Population Size, Growth and Distribution

Population Growth refers to the change in population over time, and can be quantified as the
change in the number of individuals in a population using "per unit time" for measurement.

Population Growth Rate is the fractional rate at which the number of individuals in a
population increases. It specifically refers to the change in population over a unit time period,
often expressed as a percentage of the number of individuals in the population at the beginning
of that period.

Age and Sex Profile

Age is the number of years one had lived as at last birthday i.e. in reference to the census night.

Age-Dependency Ratio is the ratio of people in the “dependent” ages (those under age 15 and
age 65 and older) to those in the “working age population” (15-64 years).

Elderly Population refers to persons aged 65 years and above (according to international
definition). However, according to Tanzania National Ageing Policy, an elderly is an individual
who is 60 years and above.

Median Age is the age at which exactly half the population is older and half is younger.

Population Pyramid is a graphical presentation of population’s age and sex composition.

Horizontal bars present the numbers or proportions of males and females in each age group.

Sex Ratio is the ratio of males to females in a given population usually expressed as the number
of males for every 100 females.

Working Age Population is the population age 15 to 64 years (international definition).

Young People are the population age 0 to 14 years.

xxviii
 Youth Population is the population aged 15-24 years (international definition). However,
according to Tanzania’s Youth Policy, Youth Population is the population aged 15 to 35 years.

Household Composition
Household refers to a person or group of persons who reside in the same homestead or
compound but not necessarily in the same dwelling unit, have same cooking arrangements, and
are answerable to the same household head except for collective household.

Private Household is defined as a person or group of persons who reside in the same
homestead or compound but not necessarily in the same dwelling unit, having the same cooking
arrangements, and are answerable to the same household head.

Average Household Size is the average number of persons per private household. Average
household size is obtained by dividing the total number of persons living in private households
to the total number of private households.

Collective Households is a group of persons residing in one dwelling or compound having no

head of household. Boarding schools, hospitals and camps are examples of collective
households.

Head of Household is a person who is acknowledged as such by other household members.

Marital Status

Divorced Persons are those persons who were once married but their marriages were
permanently terminated and have not remarried since then. Note that in polygamous marriages
the divorce of one or more wives does not categorize the husband as divorced if he still lives
with the other wife (wives).

Living Together is an act of persons who are not formally married but are in a consensual
unions or are living in a socially recognized stable unions.

xxix
 Marriage is an act of persons who are living together or separately but are formally married
irrespective of the type of marriage, which may be customary, civil or religious marriage.

Mean Age at First Marriage is defined as the average length of single life expressed in years
among those who marry before age 50.

Never Married means persons who have remained single all their lives excluding persons who
have lived with another person and are now living alone.

Separated is the act of persons who were once married but now are living apart. Those who
live apart because their spouses are employed far away from home or for similar reasons are
considered to be married.

Widowed is the act of persons whose marriages were terminated by death and have not
remarried since. Note that in polygamous marriages the death of one or more wives does not
make the husband a widower if he still has other wife (wives).

Citizenship and Birth Registration

Birth Certificate is a vital record that documents the birth of a child. The term "birth
certificate" can refer to either the original document certifying the circumstances of the birth or
to a certified copy of or representation of the ensuing registration of that birth.

Birth Registration is the process by which a child’s birth is recorded in the civil register by the
Government authority.

Diaspora

Diaspora are citizens living outside the country.

Literacy and Education

Educational Attainment is the highest grade completed according to the country’s educational
system. A grade is a stage of instruction usually covered in the course of a school year.

xxx
 Gross Enrolment Rate (GER) is defined as the number of children attending primary school
regardless of age divided by the total number of children age 7-13 years.

Literacy is the ability to read and write with an understanding a short simple sentence in
everyday life.

Literacy Rate is the percentage of a population that can read and write in Kiswahili, English,
both Kiswahili and English or in any other language(s) (2012 PHC definition).

Net Enrolment Rate (NER) is defined as the number of children age 7-13 years who are
attending school divided by the total number of children in that age group.

School Attendance refers to regular attendance at any authorized or licensed educational

institution or programme for organized learning at any level of education at the time of the
Census.

Economic Activity

Agriculture Worker is a person working either in agriculture, hunting, forestry, livestock or

fishing as either a self-employed person or unpaid family helper, where production is primarily
for own consumption rather than for the market.

Apprentice is a person working with or without payment as a part of training.

Employee is a person who performs work for a wage or salary in cash or in kind. Employee
categories included are; permanent, temporary and casual paid employees.

Employer is a person who engages other people to work for him/her for profit or family gain.

Family Worker is a person working without payment in cash or kind in a family enterprise.

Full Time Student is a person who is not performing any economic activity during the
reference period due to schooling.

xxxi
 Home Maintenance Worker is a person, who during the reference period, performed
household chores without pay. These include cooking, cleanliness, caring for elderly, children
and the sick.

Non-Agriculture Worker is a person who performs work other than agriculture activities for
profit or family gain.

Not Looking but Available for Work is a person who, during the reference period, did not
perform any economic activity nor take any efforts to seek employment although he/she was
available for work.

Not Working but Looking for Work is a person who, during the reference period, did not
perform any economic activity but were available for work and actively seeking employment.

Unable to Work is a person who was not performing any economic activity during the
reference period due to either sickness, old age, young age, disability and the like.

Working Person is a person who, during a reference period, was performing economic
activities for pay, exchange or family gain.

Disability

Persons with Disabilities are those persons with long-term physical, mental, intellectual or
sensory impairment which in interaction with various barriers may hinder their full and
effective participation in society on an equal footing with others.

Household Conditions and Amenities

Room for Sleeping is defined as any space within a dwelling which is currently used for
sleeping by the household members. Any space within a dwelling can be termed as a room for
sleeping if currently used by the household members for sleeping purposes and can be a sitting
room, a dining room or even a store.

Social Security Fund is a fund that provides its members with long and short terms financial
security which can be used as “social safety nets” especially at older ages.

xxxii
The category ‘improved drinking water sources’ includes sources that, by nature of their
construction or through active intervention, are protected from outside contamination,
particularly faecal matter. It comprises piped water on premise such as:-
 Piped Water into Dwelling,
 Piped Water into Yard/Plot,
 Public Taps/Standpipes,
 Tube wells/Boreholes,
 Protected dug wells, and
 Protected Springs.

Improved Sanitation Facilities is the facilities that ensure hygienic separation of human
excreta from human contact. They include:-
 Flush/pour to Piped Sewer System,
 Flush/pour to Septic Tank,
 Flush/pour to Pit Latrine,
 Ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine,
 Pit latrine with Washable Slab with Lid,
 Pit latrine with Washable Slab without Lid, and
 Composting/Ecoson toilet.

xxxiii
 Chapter One
Overview of the 2012 Population and Housing Census

1.1 What is a Population Census?

A population census is the total process of collecting, compiling, evaluating, analyzing and
publishing or otherwise disseminating demographic, economic and social data pertaining, at a
specified time, to all persons in a country or in a well delineated part of a country (United Nations).

Modern day censuses collect additional information on housing units inclusive of housing structural
characteristics, household amenities and living conditions and hence the title Population and
Housing Census.

1.1.1 A Brief History of Census Undertaking in Tanzania

The history of population counts or censuses in Tanzania dates back to 1910. The first modern
census was conducted in 1958. After the union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar in 1964, a total of five
other censuses have been successfully conducted in 1967, 1978, 1988, 2002 and 2012. All the post-
independence Tanzanian censuses have been conducted in accordance with the global United
Nation Principles and Recommendations for population counts.

The 2012 PHC was the fifth census in the series conducted in the country after the Union of
Tanganyika and Zanzibar. The official census night was the midnight between 25th and 26th August,
2012, the enumeration continued for two weeks, from 26th August to 8th September 2012. The
second week was mainly dedicated to enumerate populations that were difficult to reach and
packing of questionnaires ready for dispatch to the Data Processing Centre.

Like previous censuses, the 2012 PHC enumerated people by the place they slept on the census
night, a method referred to as “de facto”. Trained enumerators and their supervisors traversed
(canvassed) institutions, households and individuals in the entire country located in a total of
108,000 demarcated Enumeration Areas (EA) using maps and with the support of local
administrative people. Ninety eighty percent of the population were in private households. All
persons found within the country were enumerated, regardless of their nationalities or citizenship.
Diplomats were enumerated for the first time in the history of census undertaking in Tanzania.

1
Data collected by the censuses show that
Tanzania’s population increased from 12.3
million in 1967 to 44.9 million persons in 2012.
The average annual growth rate however, has
decreased from 3.3 percent between 1967 and
1978 to 2.7 percent in the 2002–2012 period.

1.2 Objective of the 2012 PHC

The 2012 PHC objective was to provide the Government with information on the size, distribution,
composition and other social economic characteristics of the population as well as information on
housing conditions. This information is important in providing updated benchmark data for
formulation, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of population programmes and policies,
including Tanzania Development Vision 2025 and Vision 2020 for Tanzania Zanzibar.

1.3 Preparations for the 2012 PHC

1.3.1 Legal Framework

The 2012 PHC was carried out in accordance with the Statistics Act No. 1, of 2002. The Act, inter
alia, mandates the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), in collaboration with Office of Chief
Government Statistician (OCGS), to conduct population and housing censuses within the United
Republic of Tanzania. In this respect, the Director General of NBS was responsible for planning
the overall organization and technical administration of the Census. Furthermore, the NBS Director
General was the Accounting Officer and in charge of all Census operations. The Order to conduct
the 2012 Population and Housing Census on 26th August, 2012 was made by the President of the
United Republic of Tanzania, Hon. Dr. Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete, on 9th March, 2012 and gazetted on
the 20th July, 2012 as directed by the Act.

2
The President of the United Republic of Tanzania, H.E. Dr. Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete, his wife and
family being enumerated at the State House on 26th August, 2012.

1.3.2 Census Organization

A population census is an enormous and challenging national exercise with many and varied
stakeholders and requires the participation of the Government or public administration. To ensure a
successful census, careful planning, monitoring and evaluation of census activities is fundamental.
A proper census organization is vital to this end.

Preparations for the 2012 PHC were facilitated by various committees established at national,
regional and district levels to guide and monitor the Census processes. The committees drew
members from Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs); Higher Learning Institutions and
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). The main committees were: the Central Census
Committee, National Advisory Committee, Technical Advisory Committee and Regional and
Districts Census Committees.

The Ministry of Finance was in charge of overseeing the operations of the census project. In
Zanzibar, the responsibility was vested to the Ministry of Finance, Economy and Development
Planning. These were also the respective parent ministries of NBS and OCGS. The Regional and
District Census Committees chaired by Regional and District Commissioners were formed in each
3
region and district. They were responsible for ensuring that all Census activities were successfully
undertaken in their respective regions or districts. Members of these committees also included
representatives of main religious institutions in their respective regions and districts.

The Commissioner of Population Census and the Census Commissar (Zanzibar) were responsible
for educating, sensitizing and mobilizing people for the census exercise, resource mobilization and
acted as a link between the Government and National Bureau of Statistics and Office of the Chief
Government Statistician in Tanzania Mainland and Tanzania Zanzibar respectively. The Census
Commissioner was also in-charge of the data processing exercise.

1.3.3 Development of Census Instruments

The Census instruments (questionnaires, manuals and other census documents) were developed in
collaboration with national experts from higher learning institutions and national MDAs. The 2012
PHC questionnaires incorporated topics of previous censuses for comparison purposes, added new
topics to cater for current country needs, needs of other data users as well as other data producers in
accordance to the United Nations Principles and Recommendations for 2010 Round of Population
Censuses and recommendations of regional bodies of which Tanzania is a member (e.g. EAC and
SADC). The draft questionnaires were shared widely with various stakeholders both in Tanzania
Mainland and Tanzania Zanzibar through stakeholder workshops and the established Census
Committees. The draft questionnaires were discussed and cleared by the Census Technical
Committee, National Advisory Committee and the Central Census Committee for final approval.

Two main types of questionnaires were developed, namely, the Long and Short Questionnaires.
The Short questionnaire with seven main sections and 37 questions was administered to 70 percent
of the population. Main topics covered were Identification, Demographic Characteristics,
Disability, Migration and Birth certificate. Others were Education, General and Maternal Death,
Agriculture and Livestock, and Social Security Fund. The Long Questionnaire that was
administered to 30 percent of the population had extra sections on Survival of Parents, Economic
Activity Fertility, Housing Condition and Ownership of Assets. The long Questionnaire had a total
of 62 questions (Short and Long questionnaires attached as Annex 1 and 2). Other questionnaires
included questionnaire for special population groups; questionnaire for diplomats; questionnaire for
hotels or lodges, hospitals and travelers; as well as a community questionnaire that covered all
social amenities, land use pattern and environmental or natural features (e.g. water tanks, forest or
vegetation cover). All 2012 PHC instruments were paper-based.

4
Data collected were mainly demographic characteristics (Relationship, Sex, Age, Disability,
Marital Status, Citizenship and Place of Residence); Literacy and Education; Migration; Economic
Activity; Fertility; General and Maternal Mortality; Social Security Funds; Tanzanians Living
Abroad (Diaspora); Agriculture; Ownership of Assets and Housing Conditions.

1.3.4 Cartographic Work

Like previous censuses, the 2012 PHC enumeration was preceded by extensive cartographic work
covering the entire country. Besides its Census objective, the cartographic work also had other
equally important national applications. The main Census–related objective of cartographic work
was to delineate the entire country into Enumeration Areas (EAs) in order to produce large scale
maps required for Census operations. The EA sizes ranged from 60 to 100 households in both
Rural and Urban Areas.

A Typical Enumeration Area Map for 2012 PHC

Unlike the previous population count undertaking, the 2012 PHC cartographic work fully took
advantage of available Geographical Information System (GIS) technology. In particular, the 2012
Census cartographic work used satellite imagery and aerial photography. Delineation of EA
boundaries was done using a Global Positioning Systems (GPS). In addition, coordinates of
prominent features existing in each particular EA were also picked and recorded. Overall, 108,000
EAs were delineated countrywide.

5
1.3.5 Pilot Census
One of the most important aspects of the Census preparations was to undertake a Pilot Census
enumeration a year before the actual Census enumeration. The Pilot Census was intended to test the
Census protocol for the 2012 PHC. The Pilot census started on the 2nd October, 2011 and involved
a complete enumeration of the population in 44 randomly sampled Enumeration Areas (38 for
Tanzania Mainland and 6 for Tanzania Zanzibar). Experience and results obtained from the Pilot
Census, provided valuable inputs in the final preparations towards 2012 Population and Housing
Census enumeration.

1.3.6 Census Publicity and Advocacy Campaign

The 2012 PHC used intensive and extensive publicity and advocacy programmes to educate,
sensitize and mobilize people to participate in the Census process. The 2012 PHC advocacy
campaign was officially launched in Mbeya by the Prime Minister of the United Republic of
Tanzania, Hon. Mizengo Peter Pinda (MP) on 11th May, 2012 at the start of the Uhuru Torch Race.
Strategically, the Census message was incorporated as one of the key Uhuru Torch Messages.

To standardize publicity and advocacy campaigns throughout the country, the NBS and OCGS
developed publicity guidelines that were used during the Census operations. The guidelines
explained in brief, the meaning and purpose of the Census, and broad topics covered.

Given the importance of Census publicity, the responsibility of educating, sensitizing and
mobilizing people in their respective areas was vested upon the Regional and District Census
Committees using resources that were availed to them through the regional authorities.
The Government`s collaboration with a private media consulting firm facilitated by the United
Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), was critical to the success of the public sensitization
campaigns. An intensified mass media campaign was launched by the Hon. Prime Minister on
behalf of His Excellency, the President of the United Republic of Tanzania on 17th August, 2012 as
the Enumeration day was approaching. The live and extensive media coverage of the event
provided, not only the much needed momentum, but also a timely reminder of the 2012 PHC. The
media coverage campaign which lasted throughout the enumeration period, hooked the entire
country to the 2012 PHC.

6
Prime Minister Hon. Mizengo Pinda and Zanzibar Second Vice President, Ambassador Seif Ali
Iddi, in a group photograph with government leaders and representatives of development partners
during the Official Launching of the Publicity and Advocacy Campaign for the 2012 PHC on 17th
August, 2012, at Mnazi Mmoja grounds in Dar es Salaam.

1.4 Census Enumeration Activities

Several activities were undertaken in preparation for the main enumeration exercise, including
recruitment and training of field personnel and distribution of enumeration materials to all parts of
the country.

1.4.1 Recruitment and Training

Recruitment of census enumerators and supervisors was performed by the Regional and District
Census Committees in their respective geographical areas. Guidelines were provided o the total
number of enumerators and supervisors needed for each ward or shehia and their qualifications. A
total of 200,000 enumerators and supervisors were recruited and trained to undertake the
enumeration.

7
1.4.2 Other Preparations for Enumeration
A range of other preparatory activities were carried out in the second and third weeks of August
2012. The activities included distribution of enumeration materials to supervisors and enumerators,
physical identification of EA boundaries and meeting the local authorities in their respective areas.

Zonal Supervisors and Regional Trainers moved around the country to make sure that all
supervisors and enumerators were well equipped for the enumeration roles or duties.

The Regional Census Coordinators were assisted by Assistant Census Coordinators. This team,
together with the Regional and District Census Committees coordinated and monitored preparatory
enumeration activities in their respective areas of jurisdiction.

1.4.3 Enumeration
The target population for the 2012 PHC was all persons who spent the night of 25th/26th August,
2012 within the borders of Tanzania. The actual enumeration was conducted by enumerators and
supervisors in their respective assigned areas. Two types of enumerators were used: junior
enumerators who administered the short questionnaire, and senior enumerators who administered
the long questionnaire. For the short questionnaire, one enumerator worked in one EA whereas two
senior enumerators administered the long questionnaire in one EA. The short questionnaire with 37
questions was administered to 70 percent of all EAs while the long questionnaire with 62 questions
was administered to the remaining 30 percent. Other enumerators were stationed at mass transit
points to enumerate passengers on buses, trains, airplanes and ships. Special enumeration labels or
tags were issued to each traveller after enumeration to avoid double-counting. Special arrangements
were also made to enumerate the homeless.

8
The President of Zanzibar, H.E. Dr. Ali Mohamed Shein and his wife being enumerated at the State
House on 26th August, 2012.

Enumerators were duly instructed to compile EA summaries upon completion of the enumeration
and record the total population for each household and each EA in a Special Control Form: “Sensa
ya Watu na Makazi Tanzania 15A” (SWMT 15A). Also checking of the enumerators’ work by the
supervisors was a continuous exercise throughout the period.

The duration for enumeration as per the Presidential Order was 14 days, from 26th August to 8th
September, 2012. In most areas, the enumeration exercise was completed within the first seven
days that is from 26th August to 1st September, 2012. However, in some areas, enumeration could
not be completed within the first 7 days period due to various reasons. Most of these areas were
those where the long questionnaire was administered and some of those EAs that were located in
remote areas. Nevertheless, by the 8th September, 2012 the enumeration exercise was complete in
all EAs.

1.4.4 Post Field Enumeration Activities

Supervisors collected the questionnaires and other Census materials from the enumerators and
handed them to the District Census Coordinator (DCC) after checking them for completeness and
accuracy. Thereafter, all materials including the questionnaires, EA maps and the population

9
summaries (SWMT 15A) were transported to the respective Regional Census Offices from where
they were in turn shipped to the Census Data Processing Centre at Kibaha, Pwani Region.

1.5 Data Processing

Data capture and processing of the 2012 PHC was carried out at the Census Data Processing Centre
in Kibaha, Pwani Region. Data processing started with validation of the EAs, followed by sorting
and separation of the questionnaires. The data was captured electronically from the questionnaires
using the Optical Mark Reader (OMR) scanning technology and through manual data entry for
special questionnaires such as community questionnaires. The scanning of the 2012 PHC
questionnaires was completed in a record time of 66 days, starting from the 25th September, 2012 to
30th November, 2012. Manual data entry was completed on 12th December, 2012.

Scanning exercise at the Kibaha Data Processing Centre, Pwani Region, October, 2012

A total of 420 temporary staff were recruited as scanner operators, data editors/entrants, batch
registers, box handlers and technicians. The registration and training of the staff started on 16 th up
to 24th September 2012. During the scanning exercise, the staff worked for 24 hours in three shifts
of eight hours each. The whole process of data capture and compilation of basic counts was
completed in three months after receipt of questionnaires from the field. The basic counts at

10
National level were released by H.E. Dr. Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete, the President of the United
Republic of Tanzania on 31st December, 2012.
Further editing, verification and tabulation of data collected was done in phases and the first
publication, Population Distribution by Administrative Units was launched by Honorable Mizengo
Peter Pinda, the Prime Minister of the United Republic of Tanzania on 5th April, 2013. The second
publication, Population Distribution by Age and Sex was launched by Honorable Ambassador Seif
Ali Iddi, the Second Vice President, Zanzibar on 25th September, 2013. The launching of other
publications will adhere to the Census Results Release Calendar that was posted on the NBS and
OCGS websites. The Release Calendar is reviewed as and when necessary.

1.6 Quality Assurance Procedures

Quality assurance procedures are extremely important throughout any data collection process, i.e.
during pre-enumeration, enumeration and post enumeration. In order to minimize errors in the 2012
PHC, quality standards were established and maintained in all three stages of the Census operation.
A quality control team from NBS and OCGS worked hand in hand with the respective regional and
district Census personnel to make sure that activities were performed in accordance with the
required standards. A Quality Control Procedure Handbook for the 2012 PHC was developed and
used throughout the Census activities in pre-enumeration, enumeration and post enumeration stages
to standardize the process.

11
 Chapter Two
Population Size, Growth and Distribution

2.1 Introduction

A population is a source of labour for production of goods and services and is responsible for the
consumption of various products. The size, structure, distribution and quality of a population are
among the important parameters for economic development. However, population growth increases
demand for food, water, energy and other natural resources for its survival and development, which
subsequently increases consumption of natural resources. The growth and distribution of the
population also determine the demand for and location of essential social services, such as
education, health, water, transport and housing. Sustainable socio-economic development simply
means improving the well-being of most people. However, reducing poverty in a society without
environmental degradation is more difficult to achieve with a rapidly growing population. As such,
population growth should be kept at an appropriate level.

2.2 Enumerated Population by Record Type

The 2012 PHC was conducted on the basis of the place a person slept on the Census night (de
facto). Table 2.1 shows enumerated population by record type in rural and urban areas. In rural
areas, the smallest number of people was found in Inmates Institutions (7 people) while in urban
areas, it was Refugee Camps (11 people).

Table 2.1: Enumerated Population by Record Type, Rural and Urban Areas; Morogoro Region, 2012
Census
Total Rural Urban
Record type
Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage
Morogoro Region 2,218,492 100.00 1,582,434 100.00 636,058 100.00
Private Households 2,175,011 98.04 1,558,113 98.46 616,898 96.99
Special Institutions 2,934 0.13 2,228 0.14 706 0.11
Inmates Institutions 1,957 0.09 796 0.05 1,161 0.18
Hotel and Tourist Camps 6,546 0.30 1,898 0.12 4,648 0.73
Refugee Camps 20 0.00 1 0.00 19 0.00
Homeless People 178 0.01 125 0.01 53 0.01
Travellers/In transit 2,243 0.10 1,240 0.08 1,003 0.16
Health Institutions/Facilities 2,225 0.10 786 0.05 1,439 0.23
Education/Al Institutions 7,922 0.36 3,588 0.23 4,334 0.68
Orphan/Age Centres 514 0.02 222 0.01 292 0.05
Cloves /Fishing/Timber/Camps etc. 18,942 0.85 13,437 0.85 5,505 0.87

12
Table 2.1 shows that majority of the population was enumerated in private households. Out of
2,218,492 persons in Morogoro Region, 2,175,011 (98 percent) were enumerated in private
households while the rest were enumerated in the institutions, hotels or as homeless population.

Moreover, results show that, in rural areas, the persons who were enumerated in private households
were more than twice (1,582,434 persons) those in urban areas (636,058persons).
Table 2.2 shows that majority of the enumerated population in the private households were females
(1,125,190 persons) compared to male population (1,093,302 persons).

Table 2.2: Enumerated Population by Record Type and Sex; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census
Total Male Female
Record type
Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage
Morogoro Region 2,218,492 100.00 1,093,302 100.00 1,125,190 100.00
Private Households 2,175,011 98.04 1,067,719 97.66 1,107,292 98.41
Special Institutions 2,934 0.13 2,055 0.19 879 0.08
Inmates Institutions 1,957 0.09 1,763 0.16 194 0.02
Hotel and Tourist Camps 6,546 0.30 4,693 0.43 1,853 0.16
Refugee Camps 20 0.00 12 0.00 8 0.00
Homeless People 178 0.01 107 0.01 71 0.01
Travellers/In transit 2,243 0.10 1,434 0.13 809 0.07
Health Institutions/Facilities 2,225 0.10 747 0.07 1,478 0.13
Education/Al Institutions 7,922 0.36 4,074 0.37 3,848 0.34
Orphan/Age Centres 514 0.02 273 0.02 241 0.02
Cloves /Fishing/Timber/Camps etc. 18,942 0.85 10,425 0.95 8,517 0.76

2.3 Population Size and Growth

Table 2.3 shows that the total population of Morogoro region in 2012 was about 2.2 million. Out of
that, 71.3 percent (1.5 million) were residing in rural areas and 28.7 percent (0.6 million) resided in
urban areas.

The 2002-2012 population inter-censal growth rate of Morogoro region was 2.4 percent. In rural
areas, the population growth rate was 2.1 percent while in urban areas the population growth rate
was 2.9 percent. The average annual growth rate of Morogoro region decreased from 2.6 percent
during the 1988-2002 to 2.4 percent during the 2002-2012 inter-censal periods.

13
Table 2.3: Current Population Size and Growth Indicators; Morogoro Region, 1988, 2002 and 2012
Censuses

Population Size Growth Rate Growth Rate Doubling

Changes Changes
Administrative (per annum) (per annum) Time from
1988-2002 2002-2012
Area 1988 -2002 2002-2012 2012
(Percentage) (Percentage)
1988 2002 2012 (Percentage) (Percentage) (Years)

Morogoro Region 1,220,564 1,753,362 2,218,492 43.7 26.5 2.6 2.4 29.5
Rural 951,842 1,279,513 1,582,434 34.4 23.7 2.1 2.1 32.6
Urban 268,722 473,849 636,058 76.3 34.2 4.1 2.9 23.5

Figure 2.1 reveals that the average annual inter-censal population growth rates for the 2002-2012
periods vary among districts. It ranges from 0.8 percent recorded in Morogoro District Council to
3.3 percent recorded in Morogoro Municipal Council.

Figure 2. 1: Average Annual Inter-Censal Population Growth Rates by District,

Morogoro Region, 2002 to 2012 Censuses

14
Figure 2.2 shows that the population growth rate of Morogoro region has decreased from 2.9
percent in 1967/78 to 2.4 percent in 2002/2012.

Figure 2.2: Average Annual Inter-Censal Population Growth Rates; Morogoro

Region, 1967–2012 Censuses

Table 2.4 indicates that the total population of Morogoro region has increased by 26.5 percent from
2002 to 2012 Census. However, for a period of 14 years (1988 to 2002), the total population of
Morogoro region increased by 43.7 percent. Population increase was recorded in all Morogoro
districts during the 2002 and 2012 Inter-censal eriod; the largest population change was recorded in
Morogoro Municipal Council (38.6 percent) while the smallest was recorded in Morogoro District
Council (8.8 percent).

15
Table 2.4: Population Size and Growth Rate by District; Morogoro Region, 1988, 2002 and 2012
Censuses
Percentage Growth Rate per Doubling Time
Population Size
Change annum (years)
District/Council
1988- 2002- 1988- 2002- 1988- 2002-
1988 2002 2012
2002 2012 2002 2012 2002 2012
Morogoro Region 1,220,564 1,753,362 2,218,492 43.7 26.5 2.6 2.4 26.8 29.5
Rural 951,842 1,279,513 1,582,434 34.4 23.7 2.1 2.1 32.8 32.6
Urban 268,722 473,849 636,058 76.3 34.2 4.1 2.9 17.1 23.5

Kilosa 346,526 346,184 438,175 - 0.1 26.6 - 0.0 2.4 - 9,827.6 29.4
Morogoro 430,202 263,012 286,248 - 38.9 8.8 - 3.5 0.8 -19.7 81.9
Kilombero 187,593 321,611 407,880 71.4 26.8 3.9 2.4 18.0 29.2
Ulanga 138,642 193,280 265,203 39.4 37.2 2.4 3.2 29.2 21.9
Morogoro Municipal 117,601 227,921 315,866 93.8 38.6 4.7 3.3 14.7 21.2
Mvomero N/A 259,347 312,109 N/A 20.3 N/A 1.9 N/A 37.4
Gairo N/A 142,007 193,011 N/A 35.9 N/A 3.1 N/A 22.6

Note:
(i) N/A=Not Applicable
(ii) Mvomero and Gairo is a new district

Table 2.5 shows Population Distribution by Districts and Rural-Urban areas in Morogoro region.
Results indicate that population size varies among districts. A district with the largest proportion of
population was Kilosa (19.8 percent, equivalent to 438,175 persons) and the district with the
smallest proportion of population was Gairo with 8.7 percent (193,011 persons).

Moreover, results show that the proportion of population in rural areas was more than twice
(1,582,434 persons) that of urban areas (636,058 persons).

Table 2.5: Population Distribution by District and Rural-Urban; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census
Total Rural Urban
District/Council
Population Percentage Population Percentage Population Percentage
Morogoro Region 2,218,492 100.0 1,582,434 100.0 636,058 100.0
Kilosa 438,175 19.8 311,946 19.7 126,229 19.8
Morogoro 286,248 12.9 273,231 17.3 13,017 2.0
Kilombero 407,880 18.4 309426 19.6 98,454 15.5
Ulanga 265,203 12.0 231,295 14.6 33,908 5.3
Morogoro Municipal 315,866 14.2 10,026 0.6 305,840 48.1
coulcil
Mvomero 312,109 14.1 276,447 17.5 35,662 5.6
Gairo 193,011 8.7 170,063 10.7 22,948 3.6

16
Table 2.6 presents Population Size and Growth by Districts and Rural-Urban Areas in Morogoro
region from 2002 to 2012 Censuses. Results show that the population in rural areas increased from
1.2 million in 2002 to 1.5 million in 2012, an increase of 23.7 percent between the 2002 and 2012
Censuses. At the same period, urban population increased from 0.4 million in 2002 to 0.6 million in
2012, an increase of 34.2 percent.

Table 2.6: Population Size and Growth by District and Rural-Urban; Morogoro Region, 2002-
2012 Censuses
Rural Urban
Percentage Percentage
District/Council Population size Population size
Change Change
2002 2012 2002–2012 2002 2012 2002–2012
Morogoro Region 1,279,513 1,582,434 23.7 473,849 636,058 34.2
Kilosa 249,665 311,946 24.9 96,519 126,229 30.8
Morogoro 255,229 273,231 7.1 7,783 13,017 67.2
Kilombero 230,774 309,426 34.1 90,837 98,454 8.4
Ulanga 168,267 231,295 37.5 25,013 33,908 35.6
Morogoro Municipal 21,053 10,026 -52.4 206,868 305,840 47.8
Mvomero 229,500 276,447 20.5 29,847 35,662 19.5
Gairo 125,025 170,063 36.0 16,982 22,948 35.1

17
 Chapter Three
Age and Sex Profile

3.1 Quality of Age and Sex Data

Age and sex characteristics of any population data are important and critical in demographic
analysis social functions and responsibilities and in supporting socio-economic data to support
development processes. They are vital for making key decisions in public administration such as
determining the segments of the population which qualify for school enrolment, voting, labour
force participation, pensions, provision of health services, food and shelter, and for population
forecasting. The age and sex data are also used to calculate levels of fertility and mortality which
are vital components of population dynamics and subsequently for population growth forecasting.

In many developing countries, the quality of data on age is affected by age misreporting mainly due
to ignorance of correct age, carelessness in reporting and recording, and age preferences. As was
the case with preceding censuses in Tanzania, the 2012 Census information on age and sex was
collected using both short and long questionnaires. All persons who spent the Census night in the
country were asked to state their sex and age in completed years.

The quality of age and sex data in the 2012 PHC was examined using an array of conventional
methods and indices, and was observed to have suffered non-negligible errors associated with age
misreporting. In particular, strong preference for ages ending in digits “0” and “5”, and avoidance
of ages ending in digits “1”, “3” and “9” was noted. Age misreporting was generally higher among
females compared to males, and more evident in Tanzania Zanzibar compared to Tanzania
Mainland. Nonetheless, this may not necessarily affect the quality of indicators derived from the
census data as there are recommended conventional procedures for correcting the anomalies. Age
misreporting is a regular feature of sub-Saharan African census data.

This chapter provides highlights of the Census data on age and sex distributions. The detailed
findings are presented in Volume II: Population Distribution by Age and Sex in Single and 5-year
age groups.

18
3.2 Age and Sex Profile

3.2.1 Population Distribution by Five Year Age Groups

Tables 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3 present the distribution of population by five year age groups, sex ratio and
place of enumeration.

Sex ratio by age groups provides an important index of possible age misreporting. Under normal
circumstances, the general trend of sex ratio is to gradually decline with increasing age, eventually
falling below 100, whereby the number of females begins to exceed the number of males and the
difference grows larger with advancing ages.

The overall sex ratio for Morogoro region was 97 males for every 100 females. For Morogoro rural,
the sex ratio was 99 and for Morogoro urban it was 93. This indicates an excess of female over
male population. However, the sex ratio for the population aged 5 -9 years was 100, indicating
equal distribution between males and females. Sex ratio was more than 100 for age groups 10-14,
35-59 and 75-79. It was above 100 in rural areas for age groups 10-19, 35 -54 and 75-79. On the
other hand, the Morogoro urban sex ratio is more than 100 for population aged 40 to 59 years.

Table 3.1: Population by Five Year Age Groups and Sex; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census
Both Sexes Male Female
Age Group Sex Ratio
Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage
Total 2,218,492 100.0 1,093,302 100.0 1,125,190 100.0 97.2
0–4 324,360 14.6 161,450 14.8 162,910 14.5 99.1
5–9 313,646 14.1 157,013 14.4 156,633 13.9 100.2
10–14 278,878 12.6 140,000 12.8 138,878 12.3 100.8
15–19 216,776 9.8 108,113 9.9 108,663 9.7 99.5
20–24 193,349 8.7 88,384 8.1 104,965 9.3 84.2
25–29 173,701 7.8 80,490 7.4 93,211 8.3 86.4
30–34 157,214 7.1 76,320 7.0 80,894 7.2 94.3
35–39 129,880 5.9 65,222 6.0 64,658 5.7 100.9
40–44 101,552 4.6 52,116 4.8 49,436 4.4 105.4
45–49 78,044 3.5 40,226 3.7 37,818 3.4 106.4
50–54 66,635 3.0 33,793 3.1 32,842 2.9 102.9
55–59 44,648 2.0 22,508 2.1 22,140 2.0 101.7
60–64 44,993 2.0 22,218 2.0 22,775 2.0 97.6
65–69 28,781 1.3 13,832 1.3 14,949 1.3 92.5
70–74 27,463 1.2 13,386 1.2 14,077 1.3 95.1
75–79 16,130 0.7 8,161 0.7 7,969 0.7 102.4
80+ 22,442 1.0 10,070 0.9 12,372 1.1 81.4

19
Table 3.2: Population by Five Year Age Groups and Sex; Morogoro Rural, 2012 Census
Both Sexes Male Female
Age Group Sex Ratio
Number Percentage Male Percentage Female Percentage
Total 1,582,434 100.0 786,087 100.0 796,347 100.0 98.7
0–4 245,831 15.5 122,363 15.6 123,468 15.5 99.1
5–9 238,320 15.1 119,722 15.2 118,598 14.9 100.9
10–14 205,145 13.0 104,435 13.3 100,710 12.6 103.7
15–19 144,857 9.2 74,883 9.5 69,974 8.8 107.0
20–24 125,740 7.9 57,718 7.3 68,022 8.5 84.9
25–29 113,816 7.2 53,128 6.8 60,688 7.6 87.5
30–34 105,375 6.7 51,136 6.5 54,239 6.8 94.3
35–39 89,329 5.6 44,948 5.7 44,381 5.6 101.3
40–44 71,361 4.5 36,523 4.6 34,838 4.4 104.8
45–49 55,579 3.5 28,705 3.7 26,874 3.4 106.8
50–54 47,950 3.0 24,353 3.1 23,597 3.0 103.2
55–59 32,348 2.0 16,163 2.1 16,185 2.0 99.9
60–64 33,565 2.1 16,496 2.1 17,069 2.1 96.6
65–69 21,915 1.4 10,503 1.3 11,412 1.4 92.0
70–74 21,231 1.3 10,500 1.3 10,731 1.3 97.8
75–79 12,494 0.8 6,458 0.8 6,036 0.8 107.0
80+ 17,578 1.1 8,053 1.0 9,525 1.2 84.5

Table 3.3: Population by Five Year Age Groups and Sex; Morogoro Urban, 2012 Census
Both Sexes Male Female
Age Group Sex Ratio
Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage
Total 636,058 100.0 307,215 100.0 328,843 100.0 93.4
0–4 78,529 12.3 39,087 12.7 39,442 12.0 99.1
5–9 75,326 11.8 37,291 12.1 38,035 11.6 98.0
10–14 73,733 11.6 35,565 11.6 38,168 11.6 93.2
15–19 71,919 11.3 33,230 10.8 38,689 11.8 85.9
20–24 67,609 10.6 30,666 10.0 36,943 11.2 83.0
25–29 59,885 9.4 27,362 8.9 32,523 9.9 84.1
30–34 51,839 8.2 25,184 8.2 26,655 8.1 94.5
35–39 40,551 6.4 20,274 6.6 20,277 6.2 100.0
40–44 30,191 4.7 15,593 5.1 14,598 4.4 106.8
45–49 22,465 3.5 11,521 3.8 10,944 3.3 105.3
50–54 18,685 2.9 9,440 3.1 9,245 2.8 102.1
55–59 12,300 1.9 6,345 2.1 5,955 1.8 106.5
60–64 11,428 1.8 5,722 1.9 5,706 1.7 100.3
65–69 6,866 1.1 3,329 1.1 3,537 1.1 94.1
70–74 6,232 1.0 2,886 0.9 3,346 1.0 86.3
75–79 3,636 0.6 1,703 0.6 1,933 0.6 88.1
80+ 4,864 0.8 2,017 0.7 2,847 0.9 70.8

20
3.2.2 Population Pyramid

A population pyramid shows the age structure of a population. Figures 3.1 to 3.3 show population
pyramids by five year age groups and place of enumeration. Figures 3.1 and 3.2 have broader bases
indicative of high fertility and mortality rates and a youthful age structure. These shapes are
representative of the age-sex composition of many other Sub-Saharan African countries. However,
a typical pyramid for major urban centres has a different structure. For example, the pyramid for
Morogoro urban (Figure 3.3) shows a bulge in age group 15–24, an indication of youth in-
migration from other regions and rural areas. The bulge in Morogoro urban pyramid is more
evident among the female population than that of the male population.

Figure 3.1: Population Pyramid for Five Year Age Groups, Morogoro Region, 2012 Census

21
Figure 3.2: Population Pyramid for Five Year Age Groups; Morogoro Rural, 2012 Census

Figure 3.3: Population Pyramid for Five Year Age Groups; Morogoro Urban, 2012 Census

22
3.3 Population Distribution by Selected Age Groups

The 2012 Census revealed a young population whereby 41 percent of Morogoro Region total
population was aged below 15 years of age and only four (4) percent of the population was aged 65
years and above (Table 3.4). This pattern is typical of many Sub Saharan African countries with
high fertility and mortality rates.

Table 3.4: Population by Key Age Groups; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census
Morogoro Rural Urban
Population Group
Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage
Total Population 2,218,492 100.0 1,582,434 100.0 636,058 100.0
Male 1,093,302 49.3 786,087 49.7 307,215 48.3
Female 1,125,190 50.7 796,347 50.3 328,843 51.7
Children (Under 1 year) 66,332 3.0 49,121 3.1 17,211 2.7
Male 32,933 3.0 24,416 3.1 8,517 2.8
Female 33,399 3.0 24,705 3.1 8,694 2.6
Children (0–4 years) 324,360 14.6 245,831 15.5 78,529 12.3
Male 161,450 14.8 122,363 15.6 39,087 12.7
Female 162,910 14.5 123,468 15.5 39,442 12.0
Young Population (0–14 years) 916,884 41.3 689,296 43.6 227,588 35.8
Male 458,463 41.9 346,520 44.1 111,943 36.4
Female 458,421 40.7 342,776 43.0 115,645 35.2
Young Population (0–17 years) 1,047,320 47.2 777,098 49.1 270,222 42.5
Male 525,157 48.0 393,534 50.1 131,623 42.8
Female 522,163 46.4 383,564 48.2 138,599 42.1
Youth Population (15–24 years) 410,125 18.5 270,597 17.1 139,528 21.9
Male 196,497 18.0 132,601 16.9 63,896 20.8
Female 213,628 19.0 137,996 17.3 75,632 23.0
Youth Population (15–35 years) 781,843 35.2 518,406 32.8 263,437 41.4
Male 374,194 34.2 251,470 32.0 122,724 39.9
Female 407,649 36.2 266,936 33.5 140,713 42.8
School-Age Population
Primary school (7–13 years) 407,961 18.4 304,996 19.3 102,965 16.2
Male 203,825 18.6 153,643 19.5 50,182 16.3
Female 204,136 18.1 151,353 19.0 52,783 16.1
Secondary School (14–17 years) 181,149 8.2 124,057 7.8 57,092 9.0
Male 92,146 8.4 65,711 8.4 26,435 8.6
Female 89,003 7.9 58,346 7.3 30,657 9.3
Working Age Population (15–64 years) 1,206,792 54.4 819,920 51.8 386,872 60.8
Male 589,390 53.9 404,053 51.4 185,337 60.3
Female 617,402 54.9 415,867 52.2 201,535 61.3
Women of Reproductive Age (15–49 years) 539,645 48.0 359,016 45.1 180,629 54.9
Elderly Population (60+ years) 139,809 6.3 106,783 6.7 33,026 5.2
Male 67,667 6.2 52,010 6.6 15,657 5.1
Female 72,142 6.4 54,773 6.9 17,369 5.3
Elderly Population (65+ years) 94,816 4.3 73,218 4.6 21,598 3.4
Male 45,449 4.2 35,514 4.5 9,935 3.2
Female 49,367 4.4 37,704 4.7 11,663 3.5
Age-Dependency Ratio 84 93 64

23
3.3.1 Young Population (0-14 Years)

The proportion of population below 15 years of age declined from 44 percent in 1988 Census to 42
percent in 2002 Census and to 41 percent in 2012 Census as shown in Figure 3.4. This marginal
decline indicates a slow pace of fertility decline in the region over the 24 years period.

Figure 3. 4: Percentage Distribution of Young Population (0-14 Years); Morogoro Region 1988,
2002 and 2012 Censuses

3.3.2 Youth Population (15-24 Years)

Figure 3.5 presents the youth population of Morogoro Region, Morogoro rural and Morogoro urban
for the 1988, 2002 and 2012 Censuses. The proportion of the youth population (15-24 years) in
Morogoro Region has increased from 18 percent in 1988 to 19 percent in 2012 census. The youth
proportion in rural areas has remained about the same at 17 percent in 1988 and 2012, though it
increased to 19 percent in 2002. The youth in urban areas increased from 21 percent to 22 percent
in the 2012 PHC.

24
Figure 3.5: Percentage Distribution of Youth Population (15-24 Years) Morogoro Region 1988,
2002 and 2012 Censuses

According to the 2012 PHC, the proportion of persons aged 15-35 years decreased slightly from 36
percent in 2002 to 35 percent in 2012 (Figure 3.6).

Figure 3.6: Percentage Distribution of the Youth Population (15-35 Years);

Morogoro Region 2002 and 2012 Censuses

25
3.3.3 Working Age Population (15-64 Years)

The percentage of Morogoro’s total population that constitutes the working age population (15-64
years) increased from 50.8 percent in 1988 Census to 54.4percent in 2012, increased from 49.4
percent in 1988 to 51.8 percent in 2012 Census for Morogoro rural and from 55.4 to 60.8 percent
for Morogoro urban over the same period, as shown in Figure 3.7.

Figure 3.7: Percentage Distribution of the Working Age Population (15-64 Years);
Morogoro Region 1988, 2002 and 2012 Censuses

3.3.4 Elderly Population

The proportion of elderly population aged 60 years and above in Morogoro region has decreased
from seven (7.0) percent in 1988 to about six (6.3) percent in 2012 PHC. The same trend is
observed in Morogoro rural. However, it remained about the same for Morogoro urban at about five
(5) percent over the same period (Figure 3.8).

26
Figure 3.8: Percentage Distribution of the Population Aged 60 Years and Above;
Morogoro Region 1988, 2002 and 2012 Censuses

3.3.5 Age Dependency Ratio

The 2012 Census revealed that Morogoro age dependency ratio was 84 (Figure 3.9), implying that
there were 100 people in age 15–64 supporting about 84 persons in age groups 0-14 and 65 years
and above. There was a gradual decline in age dependency ratio in Morogoro Region for both rural
and urban areas from 1988 to the 2012 PHC.

Figure 3.9: Age Dependency Ratio; Morogoro Region, 1988, 2002 and 2012 Censuses

27
 Chapter Four
Household Composition

4.1 Introduction

The 2012 PHC collected information from private and collective households. The information,
which was based on household characteristics and composition included the number of persons in
households, their sex and relationship to the household head.

According to the PHC, aprivate household was defined as a person or group of persons who reside
in the same homestead or compound but not necessarily in the same dwelling unit, having the same
cooking arrangements, and are answerable to the same household head. In consideration of the fact
that the 2012 PHC enumeration was de facto, some modifications were made to the above
definition. For instance, visitors were also included as members of the household if they were
present in the household on the census night. On the other hand, usual members of the household
were excluded if they had spent the census night outside the household, unless they were away on
night duty or were on fishing or hunting trip and the like.

Likewise, collective households are those with no household head and consist of persons not
necessarily related to each other, such as persons in students’ hostels, orphanages, prisons and
hospital wards. Analysis in this Chapter is based on private households only which constituted 99
percent of all households (506,289) covered by the Census.

4.2 Number of Households

According to the 2012 PHC, Morogoro Region had a total of 501,794 private households. Seventy
(70) percent of the private households (247,216 households) were in rural areas and 30 percent
(151,336 households) were in urban areas (Table 4.1). About seventy (69.5) percent and 30.5
percent of households were headed by males and females respectively.

28
Table 4.1: Total Number of Private Households by Rural-Urban, Age and Sex of Head of Household; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census
Total Rural Urban
Age
Group Both Both Both
Male Percent Female Percent Percent Male Percent Female Percent Percent Male Percent Female Percent
Sexes Sexes Sexes
Total 501,794 348,709 69.5 153,085 30.5 350,458 69.8 247,216 70.9 103,242 67.4 151,336 30.2 101,49 29.1 49,843 32.6
< 10 597 395 66.2 202 33.8 455 76.2 304 77.0 151 74.8 142 23.8 913 23.0 51 25.2
10-14 1,507 833 55.3 674 44.7 1,059 70.3 600 72.0 459 68.1 448 29.7 233 28.0 215 31.9
15-19 8,449 4,858 57.5 3,591 42.5 5,644 66.8 3,286 67.6 2,358 65.7 2,805 33.2 1,572 32.4 1,233 34.3
20-24 34,005 22,579 66.4 11,426 33.6 22,833 67.1 15,853 70.2 6,980 61.1 11,172 32.9 6,726 29.8 4,446 38.9
25-29 60,699 43,495 71.7 17,204 28.3 39,706 65.4 29,469 67.8 10,237 59.5 20,993 34.6 14,026 32.2 6,967 40.5
30-34 71,847 52,144 72.6 19,703 27.4 47,865 66.6 35,390 67.9 12,475 63.3 23,982 33.4 16,754 32.1 7,228 36.7
35-39 66,568 48,694 73.1 17,874 26.9 45,456 68.3 33,785 69.4 11,671 65.3 21,112 31.7 14,909 30.6 6,203 34.7
40-44 56,020 40,281 71.9 15,739 28.1 39,061 69.7 28,334 70.3 10,727 68.2 16,959 30.3 11,947 29.7 5,012 31.8
45-49 44,995 32,311 71.8 12,684 28.2 31,758 70.6 23,076 71.4 8,682 68.4 13,237 29.4 9,235 28.6 4,002 31.6
50-54 40,356 27,630 68.5 12,726 31.5 28,764 71.3 19,895 72.0 8,869 69.7 11,592 28.7 7,735 28.0 3,857 30.3
55-59 27,944 18,917 67.7 9,027 32.3 19,979 71.5 13,550 71.6 6,429 71.2 7,965 28.5 5,367 28.4 2,598 28.8
60-64 28,767 18,750 65.2 10,017 34.8 21,330 74.1 13,911 74.2 7,419 74.1 7,437 25.9 4,839 25.8 2,598 25.9
65-69 18,479 11,827 64.0 6,652 36.0 13,988 75.7 9,036 76.4 4,952 74.4 4,491 24.3 2,791 23.6 1,700 25.6
70-74 17,987 11,255 62.6 6,732 37.4 13,931 77.5 8,862 78.7 5,069 75.3 4,056 22.5 2,393 21.3 1,663 24.7
75-79 10,545 6,804 64.5 3,741 35.5 8,232 78.1 5,434 79.9 2,798 74.8 2,313 21.9 1,370 20.1 943 25.2
80+ 13,029 7,936 60.9 5,093 39.1 10,397 79.8 6,431 81.0 3,966 77.9 2,632 20.2 1,505 19.0 1,127 22.1

29
Results in Table 4.2 reveal that Kilosa, being the district with the largest population, had 20 percent
of the total number of private households in Morogoro Region while Gairo District had the smallest
population of the private households (7 percent). The district with the largest number of private
households in rural area was Morogoro District (95 percent) followed by Mvomero (88 percent),
while in urban areas, the largest number of private households was in Morogoro Municipal (97
percent).

Table 4.2: Number and Percentage Distribution of Private Households by District and Rural-
Urban; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census
Total Rural Urban
District/Council
Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage
Morogoro Region 501,794 100.0 350,458 69.8 151,336 30.2

Kilosa 102,443 20.4 72,077 70.4 30,366 29.6

Morogoro 67,671 13.5 64,332 95.1 3,339 4.9
Kilombero 93,331 18.6 70,608 75.7 22,723 24.3
Ulanga 53,290 10.6 45,641 85.6 7,649 14.4
Morogoro Municipal 76,039 15.2 2,328 3.1 73,711 96.9
Mvomero 72,013 14.4 63,453 88.1 8,560 11.9
Gairo 37,007 7.4 32,019 86.5 4,988 13.5

Figure 4.1 shows a slight increase in urban households in Morogoro from 29 percent in 2002 to 30
percent in 2012 Censuses while there is a slight decrease in rural households from 71 percent to 70
percent in the same period. Increased level of urbanization is mostly a result of rural–urban
migration and reclassification of some areas from rural to urban centres in recent years.

Figure 4.1: Percentage Distribution of Private Households by Residence and

Rural-Urban; Morogoro Region, 2002 and 2012 Censuses

30
4.3 Average Household Size

Average household size is the average number of persons per private household. Average
household size is obtained by dividing the total number of persons living in private households to
the total number of private households. Figure 4.2 and Table 4.3 show that the average household
size for Morogoro Region in the 2002 PHC was 4.4 persons, which is slightly higher compared to
4.3 persons in the 2012 PHC. Rural households with an average of 4.4 persons per household are
relatively larger than the urban ones (4.1 persons). The average household size varied notably
across districts, ranging from 4.0 persons in Morogoro Municipal to 5.2 persons in Gairo District.

Figure 4.2: Average Household Size by Regions; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census

Table 4. 3: Population Size, Number of Households and Average Household Size; Morogoro
Region, 2002 and 2012 Censuses
Population Number of Households Average Household Size
Administrative Area
2002 2012 2002 2012 2002 2012
Morogoro Region 1,707,425 2,175,011 388,072 501,794 4.4 4.3

Rural 1,244,930 1,558,113 274,155 350,458 4.5 4.4

Urban 462,495 616,898 113,918 151,336 4.1 4.1

31
 4.4 Household Headship

A household head is a person who is acknowledged as such by other household members. The 2012
PHC results revealed that about sixty nine (69.5) percent of the total private households in
Morogoro Region were headed by males and 30.5 percent were headed by females (Figure 4.3).

Figure 4.3: Percentage Distribution of Heads of Households by Sex and Residence; Morogoro
Region, 2012 Census

The proportion of male headed households has almost remained the same (70 percent) for both
years (2002 and 2012), while the proportion of female headed households has slightly increased
from 30 percent in 2002 Census to 31 percent in 2012 as shown in Table 4.4.

Table 4. 4: Proportion of Male and Female Headed Households; Morogoro Region, 2002 and
2012 Censuses
2002 2012
Administrative Area
Male Headed Female Headed Male Headed Female Headed
Morogoro Region 69.6 30.4 69.5 30.5

Rural 70.6 29.4 70.5 29.5

Urban 67.0 33.0 67.1 32.9

32
In the 2012 PHC, the average number of persons per household in female headed household was
7.2 compared with 3.1 for male headed households. The 2011/12 Tanzania Household Budget
Survey has shown that poverty rate increases with household size which implies that female headed
households are more likely to be poor compared with male headed households.

Table 4. 5: Number of Households and Average Household Size by Type of Headship;

Morogoro Region, 2012 Census
Household Headship Average Household Size
District/Council
Both Sexes Male Female Both Sexes Male Headed Female Headed
Morogoro Region 501,794 348,709 153,085 4.3 3.1 7.2
Rural 350,458 247,216 103,242 4.4 3.1 7.6
Urban 151,336 101,493 49,843 4.1 2.9 6.4
Kilosa 102,443 70,725 31,718 4.2 3.0 6.8
Morogoro 67,671 46,397 21,274 4.2 3.0 6.8
Kilombero 93,331 65,312 28,019 4.3 3.0 7.2
Ulanga 53,290 38,483 14,807 4.9 3.3 8.8
Morogoro Municipal 76,039 51,699 24,,340 4.0 2.8 6.6
Mvomero 72,013 51,411 20,602 4.3 3.0 7.5
Gairo 37,007 24,682 12,325 5.2 3.7 8.0

33
 Chapter Five
Marital Status

5.1 Introduction

The system of classifying population by marital status varies from country to country and from
society to society within a country in accordance with the prevailing laws and customs. The
information on marital status in most cases is collected from persons above a certain minimum age,
which is the lower limit of age at marriage in that particular country.

During the 2012 PHC, the marital status question was directed to all persons. Nevertheless,
analysis in this chapter is only based on persons aged 15 years and above. The six categories that
adopted to classify marital status of persons were: never married, married, living together,
separated, divorced and widowed.

5.2 Marital Status

Data on marital status for the 2012 PHC were disaggregated by age, sex, district, rural and urban
The data indicate the extent to which people of given ages were married, never married, living
together, separated, divorced or widowed.

Tables 5.1 to 5.10 present marital status of the population that was aged 15 years and above by age,
sex, residence and districts in Morogoro Region. Table 5.1 and Figure 5.1 show that about 34
percent of the people in Morogoro aged 15 years and above had never married, and 86 percent of
the people in age group 15–19 were never married. The Table also shows that 46.1 percent of the
people were married and three (3.2) percent were widowed. It is further shown that as age
increases, the proportion in the never married category decreases. For example, the proportion of
persons in the never married category decreases from 54 percent for persons of age 20–24 to 14
percent for those of age 80 years and above because marriage is almost universal in Tanzania.

34
Table 5.1: Percentage Distribution of Population Aged 15 Years and Above by Five Year Age
Groups and Marital Status; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census
Marital Status
Age Group Total
Never Married Married Living Together Divorced Separated Widowed
Total 1,267,534 33.9 46.1 12.3 3.5 1.0 3.2
15–19 212,165 85.7 11.6 2.6 0.1 0.0 -
20–24 184,454 53.8 32.8 10.7 2.5 0.2 0.1
25–29 168,192 30.0 50.4 17.6 1.3 0.5 0.0
30–34 153,054 19.4 57.0 17.6 5.0 1.0 0.1
35–39 126,814 15.1 61.1 16.9 5.4 1.4 0.2
40–44 99,209 12.9 64.1 15.5 4.2 1.6 1.7
45–49 76,365 9.7 65.1 13.9 4.7 2.0 4.6
50–54 65,370 11.1 63.9 12.0 5.3 2.3 5.3
55–59 43,916 11.5 58.5 13.1 7.8 2.3 6.7
60–64 44,329 12.9 58.4 11.1 6.9 2.4 8.3
65–69 28,432 8.8 57.8 12.0 7.1 2.2 12.1
70–74 27,121 12.4 50.8 9.2 7.0 1.9 18.6
75–79 15,932 11.1 40.3 6.1 4.4 1.9 36.1
80+ 22,181 13.6 31.0 4.4 3.3 1.4 46.3

Figure 5.1: Percentage Distribution of Population Aged 15 Years and Above by Marital Status
and Sex; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census

35
Tables 5.2 to 5.9 present marital status by sex, rural and urban areas by five year age group. Results
show that the proportion of never married males (36.6 percent) was slightly higher than that of
females (31.3 percent). However, the proportion of the widowed females (4.4 percent) was twice as
much as that of males (1.9 percent). Also, the tables indicate that the majority of the population in
the never married category decreases gradually as age increases in both rural and urban areas for
both sexes.

Table 5.2: Percentage Distribution of Male Population Aged 15 Years and Above by Five Year
Age Groups and Marital Status; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census
Marital Status
Age Group Total
Never Married Married Living Together Divorced Separated Widowed
Total 613,907 36.6 45.9 12.1 2.7 0.8 1.9
15–19 105,975 91.9 7.6 0.5 0.0 0.0 -
20–24 83,243 67.0 24.0 6.1 2.7 0.1 0.1
25–29 76,689 36.4 45.7 16.7 0.8 0.4 0.0
30–34 73,486 20.8 55.5 18.7 4.2 0.7 0.1
35–39 63,143 15.0 60.9 18.5 4.4 1.0 0.2
40–44 50,512 11.7 65.5 17.4 2.7 1.1 1.6
45–49 39,091 8.5 67.1 15.7 3.3 1.5 3.9
50–54 32,991 8.5 68.3 14.2 3.6 1.7 3.8
55–59 22,073 8.1 66.1 14.5 5.3 1.7 4.3
60–64 21,855 8.4 67.1 13.3 4.7 1.9 4.7
65–69 13,639 5.9 67.4 13.5 4.9 2.0 6.3
70–74 13,208 7.5 65.4 11.8 4.8 1.7 8.8
75–79 8,055 6.3 60.5 9.3 3.6 1.9 18.3
80+ 9,947 7.4 55.6 8.0 3.1 1.5 24.4

Table 5.3: Percentage Distribution of Female Population Aged 15 Years and Above by Five Year Age
Groups and Marital Status; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census
Marital Status
Age Group Total
Never Married Married Living Together Divorced Separated Widowed
Total 653,627 31.3 46.4 12.4 4.2 1.3 4.4
15–19 106,190 79.5 15.7 4.7 0.1 0.0 -
20–24 101,211 42.9 40.1 14.5 2.3 0.3 0.0
25–29 91,503 24.7 54.4 18.3 1.8 0.7 0.0
30–34 79,568 18.2 58.3 16.5 5.7 1.2 0.1
35–39 63,671 15.1 61.3 15.3 6.3 1.8 0.2
40–44 48,697 14.2 62.7 13.5 5.6 2.2 1.9
45–49 37,274 11.0 63.1 12.0 6.2 2.5 5.2
50–54 32,379 13.8 59.5 9.8 7.0 2.9 7.0
55–59 21,843 15.0 50.8 11.7 10.3 2.9 9.3
60–64 22,474 17.3 50.0 9.0 9.2 2.8 11.7
65–69 14,793 11.5 49.0 10.6 9.2 2.4 17.4
70–74 13,913 17.1 37.0 6.8 9.2 2.1 27.9
75–79 7,877 16.0 19.7 2.8 5.3 2.0 54.2
80+ 12,234 18.6 11.0 1.5 3.6 1.3 64.1

36
Table 5.4: Percentage Distribution of Population Aged 15 Years and Above by Five Year Age Groups
and Marital Status; Morogoro Rural, 2012 Census
Marital Status
Age Group Total
Never Married Married Living Together Divorced Separated Widowed
Total 875,165 31.6 47.7 12.6 3.7 1.0 3.4
15–19 142,290 84.1 12.9 2.9 0.1 0.0 -
20–24 121,002 50.3 35.9 11.1 2.4 0.2 0.1
25–29 111,171 27.3 52.9 17.6 1.5 0.6 0.0
30–34 103,341 17.9 58.2 17.7 5.1 1.0 0.1
35–39 87,819 14.1 61.6 17.2 5.6 1.3 0.2
40–44 70,129 12.2 64.2 16.0 4.4 1.5 1.6
45–49 54,626 9.3 64.7 14.8 4.9 1.9 4.3
50–54 47,207 10.7 63.4 12.9 5.6 2.3 5.2
55–59 31,962 11.4 57.8 14.1 7.9 2.2 6.6
60–64 33,161 12.7 58.1 11.8 7.1 2.3 8.0
65–69 21,705 8.6 58.0 12.5 7.1 2.2 11.6
70–74 20,991 12.1 51.5 9.6 7.0 1.9 17.9
75–79 12,365 10.7 42.1 6.4 4.3 1.9 34.5
80+ 17,396 13.5 32.2 4.7 3.4 1.4 44.8

Table 5.5: Percentage Distribution of Male Population Aged 15 Years and Above by Five Year Age
Groups and Marital Status; Morogoro Rural, 2012 Census
Marital Status
Age Group Total
Never Married Married Living Together Divorced Separated Widowed
Total 428,818 34.9 47.0 12.4 2.9 0.8 2.0
15–19 73,657 91.6 7.8 0.6 0.0 0.0 -
20–24 55,082 64.0 26.5 6.6 2.7 0.1 0.1
25–29 51,326 33.5 48.5 16.6 0.9 0.4 0.0
30–34 49,805 19.7 56.8 18.4 4.4 0.7 0.1
35–39 43,936 14.7 61.1 18.4 4.7 1.0 0.2
40–44 35,696 11.6 65.3 17.5 3.0 1.1 1.6
45–49 28,049 8.5 66.2 16.3 3.5 1.5 3.9
50–54 23,892 8.6 67.2 14.7 3.9 1.7 3.9
55–59 15,942 8.3 64.5 15.6 5.5 1.7 4.4
60–64 16,286 8.5 66.0 14.0 4.8 1.9 4.7
65–69 10,393 5.7 67.0 14.3 4.9 2.0 6.1
70–74 10,387 7.2 65.2 12.2 4.9 1.8 8.7
75–79 6,392 6.2 61.5 9.5 3.5 1.8 17.5
80+ 7,975 7.4 56.7 8.3 3.0 1.5 23.1

37
Table 5.6: Percentage Distribution of Female Population Aged 15 Years and Above by Five Year
Age Groups and Marital Status; Morogoro Rural, 2012 Census
Marital Status
Age Group Total
Never Married Married Living Together Divorced Separated Widowed
Total 446,347 28.4 48.3 12.9 4.5 1.3 4.6
15–19 68,633 76.2 18.3 5.4 0.1 0.1 -
20–24 65,920 38.8 43.8 14.9 2.2 0.3 0.0
25–29 59,845 22.0 56.8 18.5 2.0 0.7 0.0
30–34 53,536 16.3 59.5 17.1 5.9 1.2 0.1
35–39 43,883 13.4 62.1 16.0 6.6 1.7 0.2
40–44 34,433 12.9 63.1 14.4 5.9 2.0 1.8
45–49 26,577 10.3 63.1 13.2 6.3 2.3 4.8
50–54 23,315 12.9 59.4 11.0 7.3 2.8 6.6
55–59 16,020 14.5 51.0 12.6 10.3 2.8 8.8
60–64 16,875 16.8 50.5 9.6 9.3 2.7 11.1
65–69 11,312 11.3 49.7 10.8 9.2 2.3 16.7
70–74 10,604 16.9 38.1 7.1 9.1 2.0 26.9
75–79 5,973 15.5 21.4 3.1 5.2 2.0 52.8
80+ 9,421 18.6 11.5 1.7 3.8 1.3 63.1

Table 5.7: Percentage Distribution of Population Aged 15 Years and Above by Five Year Age
Groups and Marital Status; Morogoro Urban, 2012 Census
Marital Status
Age Group Total
Never Married Married Living Together Divorced Separated Widowed
Total 392,369 39.0 42.8 11.4 3.1 1.0 2.8
15–19 69,875 88.8 9.1 2.0 0.0 0.0 -
20–24 63,452 60.4 26.9 9.9 2.5 0.2 0.1
25–29 57,021 35.4 45.5 17.5 1.0 0.5 0.0
30–34 49,713 22.6 54.5 17.2 4.6 1.0 0.1
35–39 38,995 17.3 60.0 16.1 4.9 1.5 0.2
40–44 29,080 14.6 63.8 14.3 3.6 1.9 1.9
45–49 21,739 10.6 66.1 11.7 4.3 2.2 5.1
50–54 18,163 12.3 65.3 9.9 4.5 2.3 5.7
55–59 11,954 11.7 60.5 10.6 7.5 2.5 7.3
60–64 11,168 13.4 59.3 9.1 6.5 2.5 9.2
65–69 6,727 9.5 57.3 10.4 6.9 2.3 13.6
70–74 6,130 13.6 48.5 8.0 7.0 2.0 20.9
75–79 3,567 12.6 34.1 5.0 4.9 2.0 41.4
80+ 4,785 14.0 26.5 3.2 3.1 1.4 51.8

38
Table 5.8: Percentage Distribution of Male Population Aged 15 Years and Above by Five Year Age
Groups and Marital Status; Morogoro Urban, 2012 Census
Marital Status
Age Group Total
Never Married Married Living Together Divorced Separated Widowed
Total 185,089 40.4 43.3 11.6 2.4 0.7 1.6
15–19 32,318 92.6 7.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 -
20–24 28,161 72.8 19.3 5.1 2.7 0.1 0.1
25–29 25,363 42.2 40.2 16.8 0.5 0.3 0.1
30–34 23,681 23.1 52.8 19.4 3.8 0.7 0.1
35–39 19,207 15.8 60.4 18.6 4.0 1.0 0.2
40–44 14,816 12.0 65.8 17.1 2.2 1.2 1.6
45–49 11,042 8.5 69.2 14.1 2.7 1.5 4.0
50–54 9,099 8.5 70.9 12.9 2.7 1.6 3.5
55–59 6,131 7.4 70.3 11.8 4.7 1.7 4.0
60–64 5,569 7.9 70.1 11.1 4.3 1.8 4.8
65–69 3,246 6.4 68.7 11.0 4.8 2.1 7.0
70–74 2,821 8.5 66.1 10.3 4.4 1.6 9.0
75–79 1,663 7.0 56.8 8.3 4.1 2.1 21.6
80+ 1,972 7.5 51.2 6.6 3.4 1.5 29.8

Table 5.9: Percentage Distribution of Female Population Aged 15 Years and Above by Five
Year Age Groups and Marital Status; Morogoro Urban, 2012 Census
Marital Status
Age Group Total
Never Married Married Living Together Divorced Separated Widowed
Total 207,280 37.7 42.3 11.2 3.7 1.3 3.8
15–19 37,557 85.6 11.0 3.4 0.0 0.0 -
20–24 35,291 50.5 33.0 13.7 2.4 0.2 0.0
25–29 31,658 29.9 49.8 18.1 1.4 0.7 0.0
30–34 26,032 22.2 56.0 15.3 5.2 1.3 0.1
35–39 19,788 18.8 59.5 13.6 5.9 2.0 0.2
40–44 14,264 17.2 61.7 11.3 5.0 2.6 2.1
45–49 10,697 12.7 63.0 9.2 5.9 2.9 6.2
50–54 9,064 16.1 59.6 6.9 6.3 3.1 8.0
55–59 5,823 16.2 50.3 9.2 10.3 3.3 10.6
60–64 5,599 18.9 48.5 7.2 8.7 3.2 13.5
65–69 3,481 12.3 46.7 9.9 8.9 2.5 19.7
70–74 3,309 17.8 33.4 6.0 9.3 2.4 31.1
75–79 1,904 17.5 14.2 2.0 5.6 2.0 58.7
80+ 2,813 18.6 9.2 0.7 2.9 1.2 67.3

39
Table 5.10 highlights district variations in the never married category ranging from 30.4 percent in
Morogoro district council to 40.8 percent in Morogoro municipal council. For the married category
the range was from 40.5 percent in Ulanga district council to 53.6 percent in Gairo district council.
The proportion of the separated was about one (1) percent for all districts. Widowed category
ranged from two (2.4) percent in Morogoro municipal council to four (4.2) percent in Morogoro
district council. It is also observed that the proportion of those living together is higher in Ulanga
district compared to other districts.

Table 5.10: Percentage Distribution of Population Aged 15 Years and Above by District and
Marital Status; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census
Marital Status
District/Council Total
Never Married Married Living Together Divorced Separated Widowed
Morogoro Region 1,267,534 33.9 46.1 12.3 3.5 1.0 3.2
Rural 875,165 31.6 47.7 12.6 3.7 1.0 3.4
urban 392,369 39.0 42.8 11.4 3.1 1.0 2.8
Kilosa 248,447 32.4 48.0 11.4 3.7 1.1 3.4
Morogoro 163,380 30.4 47.4 12.3 4.6 1.1 4.2
Kilombero 237,858 33.9 45.0 13.5 3.2 1.1 3.3
Ulanga 145,651 34.4 40.5 17.8 3.1 1.0 3.2
Morogoro Municipal 201,670 40.8 43.3 9.7 2.9 0.9 2.4
Mvomero 174,465 31.4 47.6 12.8 3.9 1.2 3.1
Gairo 96,063 32.5 53.6 7.5 3.2 0.7 2.5

5.3 Mean Age at First Marriage

Mean Age at First Marriage is one of the proxy determinants of fertility. A population, in which age
at marriage is low, tends to have early childbearing and high fertility. Since there was no direct
question on age at first marriage in the 2012 PHC, the mean age at first marriage is estimated using
the Singulate Mean Age at First Marriage (SMAM). The Mean Age at First Marriage is defined as
the average length of single life expressed in years among those who marry before age 50.

The mean age at first marriage by sex is presented in Figure 5.2. The figure show that females are
getting married at a younger age than males. The figure further shows that the Mean Age at First
Marriage for females increased from 21.6 years in 2002 to 21.8 years in the 2012 PHC. During the
same period, the Mean Age at First Marriage for males slightly decreased from 26.5 years in 2002
Census to 25.5 years in the 2012 PHC. The Mean Age at First Marriage was higher in urban areas
compared to rural areas for both males and females for the 2012 PHC. As presented in Figure
5.3,shows that, the Mean Age at First Marriage for females in urban areas slightly decreased from
23.3 to 22.9 years and that of males decreased from 27.9 to 26.3 years. In rural areas, the Mean Age

40
at First Marriage for females increased from 20.8 to 21.1 years whereas that of males slightly
decreased from 25.9 to 25.1 years.

Figure 5.2: Mean Age at First Marriage by Sex; Morogoro Region, 2002 and 2012 Censuses

Figure 5.3: Mean Age at First Marriage by Rural-Urban and Sex; Morogoro Region, 2002 and
2012 Censuses

41
District variations in age at first marriage are presented in Figure 5.4. for both males and females
Morogoro Municipal council had the highest mean age at first marriage for both males and females
(26.7 years and 23.3 years respectively) followed by Kilombero town council (25.7 for males and
21.9 for females) and the district with the lowest mean age at first marriage was Gairo district
council (24.1 years for males and 20.7 for females).

Table 5.11: Mean Age at First Marriage for Males and females by District ; Morogoro Region,
2002 and 2012 Censuses
Both Sexes Male Female
District/Council
2002 2012 2002 2012 2002 2012
Morogoro Region 24.0 23.6 26.5 25.5 21.6 21.8
Rural 23.2 23.1 25.9 25.1 20.8 21.1
urban 25.6 24.6 27.9 26.3 23.3 22.9

Kilosa 23.9 23.1 26.4 25.1 21.6 21.2

Morogoro 23.1 23.5 26.1 25.5 20.6 21.6
Kilombero 23.9 23.7 26.5 25.7 21.4 21.9
Ulanga 23.4 23.4 25.6 25.4 21.4 21.4
Morogoro Municipal 26.3 25.0 28.6 26.7 24.0 23.3
Mvomero 23.3 23.1 26.0 25.0 20.7 21.3
Gairo 22.9 22.4 25.0 24.1 21.2 20.7

Figure 5.4: Mean Age at First Marriage by District; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census

42
 Chapter Six
Citizenship and Birth Registration

6.1 Citizenship

The 2012 PHC collected information on citizenship status of respondents. It was revealed that 89
percent of the enumerated population was in Morogoro region wereTanzanians (Table 6.1).
Majority of foreigners enumerated in the region were from Kenya, India and China. Other countries
with significant number of foreigners in the region were Great Britain and USA.

43
Table 6.1: Number and Percentage Distribution of Enumerated Population by Citizenship, Rural-Urban and Sex; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census
Total Rural Urban
Citizen of
Total Male Female Percent Total Male Female Percent Total Male Female Percent
Total Population 2,218,492 1,093,302 1,125,190 100.00 1,582,434 786,087 796,347 100.00 636,058 307,215 328,843 100.00
Tanzania 1,975,518 974,078 1,001,440 89.05 1,480,123 735,004 745,119 93.53 495,395 239,074 256,321 77.89
Angola 2,298 1,079 1,219 0.10 0 0 0 0.00 2,298 1,079 1,219 0.36
Botswana 57 26 31 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 57 26 31 0.01
Burundi 7,414 3,836 3,578 0.33 4,497 2,376 2,121 0.28 2,917 1,460 1,457 0.46
Comoro 1 1 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 1 1 0 0.00
Kenya 47,348 23,083 24,265 2.13 22,280 11,118 11,162 1.41 25,068 11,965 13,103 3.94
Lesotho 1 1 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 1 1 0 0.00
Malawi 4,848 2,498 2,350 0.22 2,983 1,593 1,390 0.19 1,865 905 960 0.29
Mauritius 598 318 280 0.03 0 0 0 0.00 598 318 280 0.09
Mozambique 13,094 6,713 6,381 0.59 10,762 5,484 5,278 0.68 2,332 1,229 1,103 0.37
Namibia 1,819 830 989 0.08 0 0 0 0.00 1,819 830 989 0.29
Rwanda 8,489 4,055 4,434 0.38 5,263 2,518 2,745 0.33 3,226 1,537 1,689 0.51
Seychelles 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00
Somalia 2,603 1,387 1,216 0.12 0 0 0 0.00 2,603 1,387 1,216 0.41
Swaziland 854 412 442 0.04 202 101 101 0.01 652 311 341 0.10
South Africa 6,229 3,064 3,165 0.28 1,806 895 911 0.11 4,423 2,169 2,254 0.70
Uganda 8,903 4,225 4,678 0.40 5,817 2,747 3,070 0.37 3,086 1,478 1,608 0.49
DRC 11,447 5,400 6,047 0.52 3,631 1,742 1,889 0.23 7816 3,658 4,158 1.23
Zimbabwe 2,300 1,158 1,142 0.10 1,315 693 622 0.08 985 465 520 0.15
Zambia 8,281 4,022 4,259 0.37 1,847 886 961 0.12 6,434 3,136 3,298 1.01
Other African Countries 6,802 3,366 3,436 0.31 1,109 606 503 0.07 5693 2,760 2,933 0.90
China 18,482 9,206 9,276 0.83 7,536 3,806 3,730 0.48 1,0946 5,400 5,546 1.72
India 26,270 12,600 13,670 1.18 8,391 4,119 4,272 0.53 1,7879 8,481 9,398 2.81
Pakistan 1,541 774 767 0.07 128 75 53 0.01 1,413 699 714 0.22
Other Asian Countries 6,405 3,137 3,268 0.29 1,618 829 789 0.10 4,787 2,308 2,479 0.75
Italy 2,922 1,448 1,474 0.13 1,257 630 627 0.08 1,665 818 847 0.26
Nordic Countries 4,717 2,352 2,365 0.21 3 3 0 0.00 4,714 2,349 2,365 0.74
Great Britain 14,886 7,468 7,418 0.67 3,450 1,754 1,696 0.22 11,436 5,714 5,722 1.80

44
 Total Rural Urban
Citizen of
Total Male Female Percent Total Male Female Percent Total Male Female Percent
Germany 5,377 2,498 2,879 0.24 1,207 579 628 0.08 4,170 1,919 2,251 0.66
Other European Countries 5,948 2,896 3,052 0.27 2,145 1,071 1,074 0.14 3,803 1,825 1,978 0.60
Canada 2,865 1,363 1,502 0.13 2,043 996 1,047 0.13 822 367 455 0.13
USA 13,306 6,598 6,708 0.60 8,081 4,020 4,061 0.51 5,225 2,578 2,647 0.82
Dual Citizenship 6,869 3,410 3,459 0.31 4,940 2,442 2,498 0.31 1,929 968 961 0.30

6.2 Birth Certificate

A birth certificate is a vital record that documents the birth of a child. The term "birth certificate" can refer to either the original document certifying the
circumstances of the birth or to a certified copy or a representation of the ensuing registration of that birth. Depending on the jurisdiction, a record of
birth may or may not contain verification of the event by a midwife or a doctor. In the 2012 PHC, respondents were asked to state if they had birth
certificates or notifications.

6.3 Birth Registration

Birth registration is the process by which a child’s birth is recorded in the civil register by a Government authority. It provides the first legal recognition
of the child and is generally required for the child to obtain a birth certificate and other legal documents and rights.

During the 2012 PHC, information on birth certificates was collected from all respondents regardless of their age. Table 6.2 reveals that eleven (11)
percent of Morogoro population had birth certificates while five (4.7) percent had not completed the registration process as they had birth notifications
only. Majority of respondents (81.6 percent) did not have birth certificates or even birth notification. The proportion of population with birth certificates
was relatively higher among younger population as compared with that of older population, indicating an improvement in the registration activities in
recent years.

45
 Table 6.2: Percentage Distribution of Population by Age Group, Status of Birth Certificate and Sex;
Morogoro Region, 2012 Census
Has no Birth
Has a Birth Certificate Has a Birth Notification Don't Know
Certificate/Notification
Age Group
Both Both Both Both
Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female
Sexes Sexes Sexes Sexes
Total 11.0 11.3 10.7 4.7 4.8 4.6 81.6 81.1 82.2 2.7 2.9 2.6
0-4 10.8 11.0 10.7 11.1 11.2 11.0 76.2 76.0 76.4 1.9 1.9 1.9
5-9 11.7 11.7 11.8 7.8 7.9 7.8 78.2 78.2 78.3 2.2 2.2 2.2
10 - 14 12.0 11.8 12.3 5.8 5.9 5.8 79.7 80.0 79.5 2.4 2.4 2.4
15 - 19 14.8 13.9 15.7 3.9 4.2 3.6 78.6 79.2 77.9 2.7 2.7 2.8
20 - 24 15.3 16.4 14.4 2.6 2.7 2.4 79.3 77.7 80.6 2.8 3.1 2.6
25 - 29 12.9 14.1 11.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 82.1 80.1 83.7 3.1 3.8 2.5
30 - 34 10.4 11.4 9.5 1.6 1.7 1.6 84.8 83.2 86.3 3.1 3.7 2.6
35 - 39 8.9 9.6 8.2 1.5 1.5 1.5 86.5 85.3 87.8 3.1 3.6 2.5
40 - 44 8.0 8.5 7.5 1.3 1.3 1.3 87.6 86.5 88.7 3.1 3.6 2.6
45 - 49 7.6 8.3 6.8 1.3 1.2 1.3 87.9 87.0 88.9 3.2 3.5 2.9
50 - 54 6.9 7.9 5.9 1.2 1.2 1.1 88.7 87.5 90.0 3.2 3.5 3.0
55 - 59 6.5 7.5 5.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 89.0 87.9 90.2 3.3 3.4 3.2
60 - 64 4.6 5.7 3.6 1.2 1.2 1.2 90.7 89.7 91.6 3.5 3.4 3.5
65 - 69 3.5 4.2 2.8 1.2 1.1 1.3 91.3 90.8 91.7 4.0 3.8 4.2
70 - 74 2.9 3.4 2.5 1.0 1.1 1.0 91.8 91.6 91.9 4.3 3.9 4.6
75 - 79 2.6 2.9 2.2 1.1 1.0 1.2 91.7 92.1 91.4 4.5 3.9 5.2
80+ 2.2 2.4 2.1 1.0 1.1 1.0 90.9 90.9 91.0 5.8 5.7 5.9

Tables 6.3 and 6.4 revealed that possession of birth certificates in Morogoro urban areas (26
percent) was almost six times that of Morogoro rural areas (5 percent).

Table 6.3: Percentage Distribution of Population by Age Group, Status of Birth Certificate and Sex;
Morogoro Rural, 2012 Census
Has no Birth
Has a Birth Certificate Has a Birth Notification Don't Know
Age Certificate/Notification
Group Both Both Both Both
Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female
Sexes Sexes Sexes Sexes
Total 5.1 5.3 4.8 4.7 4.9 4.6 87.5 87.1 88.0 2.6 2.7 2.6
0-4 5.9 6.1 5.7 10.4 10.5 10.3 81.7 81.4 81.9 2.0 2.0 2.0
5-9 5.9 5.9 5.9 7.9 7.9 7.8 84.0 84.0 84.1 2.2 2.2 2.2
10 - 14 5.5 5.5 5.5 6.0 6.0 6.0 86.2 86.3 86.1 2.3 2.3 2.3
15 - 19 6.0 5.7 6.2 4.2 4.5 3.8 87.3 87.2 87.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
20 - 24 6.5 7.2 5.9 2.8 3.0 2.6 88.1 87.1 88.9 2.6 2.8 2.6
25 - 29 5.6 6.4 4.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 89.6 88.2 90.7 3.0 3.4 2.5
30 - 34 4.5 5.1 3.9 1.6 1.6 1.5 91.1 90.1 92.1 2.8 3.2 2.5
35 - 39 3.8 4.3 3.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 91.9 91.0 92.8 2.8 3.2 2.4
40 - 44 3.6 3.9 3.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 92.4 91.6 93.1 2.9 3.2 2.6
45 - 49 3.4 3.9 2.9 1.2 1.1 1.3 92.4 91.8 92.9 3.0 3.1 2.9
50 - 54 3.3 3.8 2.7 1.1 1.2 1.1 92.5 91.8 93.2 3.1 3.2 3.1
55 - 59 3.0 3.6 2.4 1.2 1.1 1.2 92.5 92.0 93.0 3.3 3.3 3.3
60 - 64 2.4 3.1 1.8 1.2 1.2 1.2 92.9 92.4 93.3 3.5 3.3 3.7
65 - 69 2.0 2.5 1.5 1.1 0.9 1.2 92.7 92.5 92.9 4.2 4.0 4.4
70 - 74 1.9 2.1 1.6 1.0 1.1 0.9 92.7 92.7 92.6 4.5 4.1 4.8
75 - 79 1.7 2.2 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.2 92.7 92.9 92.4 4.5 3.9 5.1
80+ 1.4 1.7 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.0 91.5 91.4 91.6 6.2 6.0 6.3

46
 Table 6.4: Percentage Distribution of Population by Age Group, Status of Birth Certificate and Sex;
Morogoro Urban, 2012 Census
Has no Birth
Has a Birth Certificate Has a Birth Notification Don't Know
Age Certificate/Notification
Group Both Both Both Both
Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female
Sexes Sexes Sexes Sexes
Total 25.9 26.7 25.1 4.5 4.6 4.3 66.6 65.3 67.9 3.0 3.4 2.6
0-4 26.3 26.5 26.2 13.0 13.1 13.0 59.0 58.8 59.2 1.6 1.7 1.6
5-9 30.2 30.3 30.1 7.7 7.9 7.6 59.8 59.6 60.1 2.3 2.2 2.3
10 - 14 30.2 30.4 30.1 5.5 5.6 5.3 61.6 61.3 61.9 2.7 2.7 2.7
15 - 19 32.8 32.5 33.1 3.3 3.4 3.2 60.7 61.0 60.5 3.1 3.1 3.2
20 - 24 32.1 34.5 30.2 2.2 2.3 2.1 62.6 59.4 65.2 3.1 3.8 2.6
25 - 29 27.2 29.8 25.2 1.8 1.8 1.8 67.5 63.8 70.4 3.5 4.7 2.6
30 - 34 22.8 24.8 20.9 1.7 1.7 1.8 71.8 68.8 74.6 3.7 4.8 2.7
35 - 39 20.4 21.6 19.2 1.6 1.6 1.6 74.4 72.2 76.6 3.6 4.5 2.6
40 - 44 18.7 19.5 17.9 1.5 1.5 1.5 76.0 74.3 77.9 3.7 4.7 2.7
45 - 49 18.0 19.3 16.7 1.5 1.5 1.4 76.9 74.7 79.1 3.7 4.5 2.8
50 - 54 16.3 18.5 14.1 1.3 1.2 1.3 79.0 76.2 81.8 3.5 4.2 2.8
55 - 59 15.6 17.7 13.5 1.4 1.6 1.3 79.7 77.1 82.4 3.3 3.6 2.9
60 - 64 11.2 13.2 9.1 1.4 1.5 1.4 84.1 81.7 86.4 3.3 3.6 3.1
65 - 69 8.3 9.6 7.2 1.6 1.7 1.6 86.7 85.5 87.8 3.3 3.2 3.4
70 - 74 6.5 7.9 5.3 1.2 1.1 1.3 88.7 87.7 89.5 3.6 3.2 3.9
75 - 79 5.6 6.0 5.3 1.1 0.9 1.3 88.5 88.9 88.2 4.8 4.3 5.3
80+ 5.3 5.2 5.4 1.3 1.6 1.0 88.9 88.8 89.0 4.5 4.4 4.6

Table 6.5 indicates that there was a significant difference between districts in Morogoro Region
with regard to the level of population in possession of birth certificates. The district with the highest
level of population in possession of birth certificates was Morogoro Municipal Council (36 percent)
and the lowest was Gairo District Council (4 percent).

Table 6.5: Percentage Distribution of Population by Region, Status of Birth Certificate and Sex;
Morogoro Region, 2012 Census

Has no Birth
Has a Birth Certificate Has a Birth Notification Don't Know
Certificate/Notification
District/Council
Both Both Both Both
Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female
Sexes Sexes Sexes Sexes
Morogoro Region 11.0 11.3 10.7 4.7 4.8 4.6 81.6 81.1 82.2 2.7 2.9 2.6

Kilosa 9.0 9.3 8.7 6.9 7.1 6.7 81.0 80.3 81.7 3.1 3.3 2.9
Morogoro 5.6 6.0 5.3 3.8 3.9 3.7 87.0 86.5 87.4 3.6 3.7 3.5
Kilombero 7.0 7.3 6.6 1.9 1.9 1.9 89.7 89.2 90.2 1.4 1.6 1.3
Ulanga 5.5 5.9 5.2 2.9 3.0 2.8 89.7 89.2 90.2 1.9 1.9 1.8
Morogoro Municipal 35.7 36.5 34.9 3.0 3.1 2.9 58.1 56.7 59.4 3.2 3.7 2.7
Mvomero 8.1 8.4 7.8 4.6 4.6 4.5 84.3 83.8 84.7 3.1 3.2 3.0
Gairo 3.9 4.1 3.7 12.0 12.4 11.6 80.9 80.3 81.5 3.3 3.3 3.3

47
 Chapter Seven
Survival of Parents

7.1 Introduction

Information on survival of parents is usually collected in order to determine the extent of

orphanhood in a society. However, these data may have a problem of over-representation of parents
with several surviving children and the adoption effect, which arises when a child is orphaned at a
very young age and adopted by relatives. Relatives tend to regard these children as their true
biological children.

Generally, the term ‘orphan’ is understood to mean a person whose mother and father are both
dead. However,the United Nations definition that was adopted by the Tanzanian Government
identifies an orphan as a person or child who has lost one or both of his/her parents. Depending on
the society in question, the age limit for somebody to be called a child is predetermined. In
Tanzania, a child is defined as a person who is under 18 years of age thus an orphan is a child aged
0 - 17 years who has lost one or both of his/her parents.

7.2 Survival of Parents

In the 2012 PHC, information on the survival of parents was collected from a sample of 30 percent
of private households. Every person was asked to state if his/her mother and father were alive, dead
or if their survival status was unknown. Information was collected with respect to a person’s
biological parents and not his/her adopting or fostering parents.

Tables 7.1 to 7.3 present percentage distribution of population by survival of parents by age groups
for both sexes, male and female population. The tables indicate that 68 percent of all persons in
Morogoro and 93 percent of all children below age 18 years had both parents alive. However, the
percentage of persons reported to have both parents alive decreased as age increased. The same
pattern was observed for both males and females.

48
 Table 7.1: Population by Age Groups and Survival of Parents; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census

Father Alive Father Alive Father Dead Father Dead

Total
Age Group Mother Alive Mother Dead Mother Alive Mother Dead
Population
Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage
Total 2,174,964 1,482,848 68.2 106,285 4.9 289,385 13.3 296,447 13.6
<1 65,492 64,279 98.1 364 0.6 608 0.9 240 0.4
1–4 255,461 247,441 96.9 2,507 1.0 4,320 1.7 1,193 0.5
5–9 310,818 292,769 94.2 5,054 1.6 10,538 3.4 2,457 0.8
10–14 275,706 247,457 89.8 7,605 2.8 16,450 6.0 4,194 1.5
15–19 212,165 174,312 82.2 10,000 4.7 21,516 10.1 6,337 3.0
20–24 184,454 133,307 72.3 12,540 6.8 28,638 15.5 9,969 5.4
25–29 168,192 104,646 62.2 14,371 8.5 35,445 21.1 13,730 8.2
30–34 153,054 80,401 52.5 14,734 9.6 39,630 25.9 18,289 11.9
35–39 126,814 55,628 43.9 12,325 9.7 37,238 29.4 21,624 17.1
40–44 99,209 33,919 34.2 9,072 9.1 31,245 31.5 24,972 25.2
45–49 76,365 19,826 26.0 6,888 9.0 23,939 31.3 25,712 33.7
50–54 65,370 11,830 18.1 4,769 7.3 17,590 26.9 31,181 47.7
55–59 43,916 5,873 13.4 2,528 5.8 10,004 22.8 25,510 58.1
60–64 44,307 4,054 9.1 1,775 4.0 6,673 15.1 31,806 71.8
65+ 93,641 7,106 7.6 1,752 1.9 5,550 5.9 79,232 84.6
Total (Age 0-17) 1,035,482 959,244 92.6 21,204 2.0 43,578 4.2 11,456 1.1

Table 7.2: Male Population by Age Groups and Survival of Parents; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census
Father Alive Father Alive Father Dead Father Dead
Male Mother Alive Mother Dead Mother Alive Mother Dead
Age Group
Population
Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage
Total 1,067,694 733,627 68.7 52,122 4.9 141,239 13.2 140,706 13.2
<1 32,497 31,866 98.1 221 0.7 294 0.9 116 0.4
1–4 127,243 123,387 97.0 1,241 1.0 2,052 1.6 563 0.4
5–9 155,581 146,707 94.3 2,424 1.6 5,302 3.4 1,148 0.7
10–14 138,491 124,340 89.8 3,824 2.8 8,376 6.0 1,950 1.4
15–19 105,975 87,597 82.7 4,950 4.7 10,404 9.8 3,024 2.9
20–24 83,243 60,738 73.0 5,367 6.4 12,612 15.2 4,526 5.4
25–29 76,689 48,322 63.0 6,459 8.4 16,008 20.9 5,900 7.7
30–34 73,486 39,496 53.7 6,847 9.3 18,854 25.7 8,290 11.3
35–39 63,143 27,793 44.0 6,227 9.9 18,561 29.4 10,563 16.7
40–44 50,512 18,229 36.1 4,791 9.5 15,637 31.0 11,856 23.5
45–49 39,091 10,808 27.6 3,686 9.4 12,379 31.7 12,218 31.3
50–54 32,991 6,195 18.8 2,627 8.0 9,182 27.8 14,986 45.4
55–59 22,073 3,139 14.2 1,459 6.6 5,293 24.0 12,182 55.2
60–64 21,855 1,998 9.1 996 4.6 3,550 16.2 15,311 70.1
65+ 44,824 3,014 6.7 1,003 2.2 2,734 6.1 38,074 84.9
Total (Age 0-17) 519,413 481,427 92.7 10,643 2.0 21,870 4.2 5,473 1.1

49
Table 7.3: Female Population by Age Groups and Survival of Parents; Morogoro Region, 2012
Census

Father Alive Father Alive Father Dead Father Dead

Female Mother Alive Mother Dead Mother Alive Mother Dead
Age Group
Population
Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage
Total 1,107,270 749,221 67.7 54,163 4.9 148,146 13.4 155,74 14.1
<1 32,995 32,413 98.2 143 0.4 314 1.0 1241 0.4
1–4 128,218 124,054 96.8 1,266 1.0 2,268 1.8 630 0.5
5–9 155,237 146,063 94.1 2,630 1.7 5,236 3.4 1,309 0.8
10–14 137,215 123,117 89.7 3,781 2.8 8,074 5.9 2,244 1.6
15–19 106,190 86,715 81.7 5,050 4.8 11,112 10.5 3,313 3.1
20–24 101,211 72,570 71.7 7,173 7.1 16,026 15.8 5,443 5.4
25–29 91,503 56,324 61.6 7,912 8.6 19,437 21.2 7,830 8.6
30–34 79,568 40,905 51.4 7,888 9.9 20,777 26.1 9,999 12.6
35–39 63,671 27,835 43.7 6,098 9.6 18,677 29.3 11,061 17.4
40–44 48,697 15,691 32.2 4,281 8.8 15,609 32.1 13,117 26.9
4]/5–49 37,274 9,018 24.2 3,202 8.6 11,560 31.0 13,494 36.2
50–54 32,379 5,635 17.4 2,142 6.6 8,408 26.0 16,195 50.0
55–59 21,843 2,735 12.5 1,069 4.9 4,711 21.6 13,328 61.0
60–64 22,452 2,055 9.2 779 3.5 3,123 13.9 16,495 73.5
65+ 48,817 4,093 8.4 749 1.5 2,817 5.8 41,159 84.3
Total (Age 0-17) 516,069 477,817 92.6 10,561 2.0 21,708 4.2 5,982 1.2

Tables 7.4 to 7.8 show distribution of population in Morogoro region by district and survival of
parents by region, rural-urban and sex. Table 7.4 shows that survival of both parents was about 68
percent (68.2) while Tables 7.7 and 7.8 show that the survival of both parents was higher in rural
(69 percent) than in urban Areas (66 percent). The highest proportion of persons who reported
survival of both parents was observed in Gairo (77.0 percent) and Ulanga (70.2 percent) District
Councils. The lowest proportion was observed in Mvomero District (69.3 percent) and Kilosa (67.2
percent each). Generally, the proportion of persons who reported to have lost only their fathers was
almost four times (13.3 percent) of those who reported to have lost only their mothers (4.9 percent).

The proportion of persons who reported to have lost both parents was slightly higher in Morogoro
District Council (16.9 percent) followed by Kilosa District Council (14.4 percent) and the lowest
was in Gairo District Council (8.8 percent).

50
 Table 7.4: Percentage Distribution of Persons by Residence and Survival Status of Parents; Morogoro
Region, 2012 Census
Father Alive Father Alive Father Dead Father Dead
Total Mother Alive Mother Dead Mother Alive Mother Dead
District/Council
Population
Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage
Morogoro Region 2,174,964 1,482,848 68.2 106,285 4.9 289,385 13.3 296,447 13.6
Rural 1,558,113 1,073,424 68.9 71,469 4.6 198,903 12.8 214,317 13.8
Urban 616,851 409,423 66.4 34,817 5.6 90,481 14.7 82,130 13.3
Kilosa 428,386 287,737 67.2 21,584 5.0 57,538 13.4 61,528 14.4
Morogoro 282,777 181,402 64.2 13,781 4.9 39,692 14.0 47,902 16.9
Kilombero 398,379 266,440 66.9 20,490 5.1 55,856 14.0 55,593 14.0
Ulanga 258,867 181,768 70.2 11,928 4.6 32,441 12.5 32,731 12.6
Morogoro Municipal 307,904 205,149 66.6 17,735 5.8 45,254 14.7 39,765 12.9
Mvomero 307,257 213,035 69.3 13,834 4.5 38,337 12.5 42,052 13.7
Gairo 191,394 147,317 77.0 6,933 3.6 20,267 10.6 16,876 8.8

Table 7.5: Percentage Distribution of Males by Residence and Survival Status of Parents; Morogoro
Region, 2012 Census
Father Alive Father Alive Father Dead Father Dead
Total Mother Alive Mother Dead Mother Alive Mother Dead
District/Council
Population
Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage
Morogoro Region 1,067,694 733,627 68.7 52,122 4.9 141,239 13.2 140,706 13.2
Rural 772,160 536,685 69.5 35,490 4.6 97,941 12.7 102,044 13.2
Urban 295,534 196,942 66.6 16,633 5.6 43,297 14.7 38,662 13.1
Kilosa 212,880 143,226 67.3 10,756 5.1 28,867 13.6 30,031 14.1
Morogoro 138,281 90,716 65.6 6,569 4.8 19,056 13.8 21,940 15.9
Kilombero 196,771 132,792 67.5 10,078 5.1 27,233 13.8 26,668 13.6
Ulanga 128,042 90,733 70.9 6,043 4.7 15,741 12.3 15,525 12.1
Morogoro Municipal 147,096 98,285 66.8 8,476 5.8 21,517 14.6 18,818 12.8
Mvomero 152,283 105,959 69.6 6,879 4.5 19,484 12.8 19,961 13.1
Gairo 92,341 71,916 77.9 3,321 3.6 9,340 10.1 7,764 8.4

Table 7.6: Percentage Distribution of Females by Residence and Survival Status of Parents;
Morogoro Region, 2012 Census
Father Alive Father Alive Father Dead Father Dead
Total Mother Alive Mother Dead Mother Alive Mother Dead
District/Council
Population
Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage
Morogoro Region 1,107,270 749,221 67.7 54,163 4.9 148,146 13.4 155,741 14.1
Rural 785,953 536,739 68.3 35,979 4.6 100,962 12.8 112,273 14.3
Urban 321,317 212,482 66.1 18,184 5.7 47,184 14.7 43,467 13.5
Kilosa 215,506 144,512 67.1 10,828 5.0 28,670 13.3 31,497 14.6
Morogoro 144,496 90,686 62.8 7,212 5.0 20,636 14.3 25,962 18.0
Kilombero 201,608 133,647 66.3 10,412 5.2 28,624 14.2 28,925 14.3
Ulanga 130,825 91,035 69.6 5,885 4.5 16,700 12.8 17,206 13.2
Morogoro Municipal 160,808 106,864 66.5 9,260 5.8 23,737 14.8 20,947 13.0
Mvomero 154,974 107,076 69.1 6,955 4.5 18,852 12.2 22,091 14.3
Gairo 99,053 75,402 76.1 3,612 3.6 10,927 11.0 9,112 9.2

51
 Table 7.7: Percentage Distribution of Persons by Residence and Survival Status of Parents; Morogoro
Region, 2012 Census: Rural
Father Alive Father Alive Father Dead Father Dead
Total Mother Alive Mother Dead Mother Alive Mother Dead
District/Council
Population
Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage
Morogoro Region 1,558,113 1,073,424 68.9 71,469 4.6 198,903 12.8 214,317 13.8
Rural 772,160 536,685 69.5 35,490 4.6 97,941 12.7 102,044 13.2
Urban 785,953 536,739 68.3 35,979 4.6 100,962 12.8 112,273 14.3
Kilosa 306,054 207,928 67.9 14,699 4.8 39,944 13.1 43,483 14.2
Morogoro 270,013 173,275 64.2 13,067 4.8 37,775 14.0 45,895 17.0
Kilombero 304,241 204,869 67.3 15,283 5.0 41,106 13.5 42,983 14.1
Ulanga 226,321 160,098 70.7 10,258 4.5 27,645 12.2 28,320 12.5
Morogoro Municipal 9,778 6,561 67.1 451 4.6 1,386 14.2 1,380 14.1
Mvomero 272,857 189,278 69.4 11,997 4.4 33,858 12.4 37,724 13.8
Gairo 168,849 131,415 77.8 5,713 3.4 17,189 10.2 14,532 8.6

Table 7.8: Percentage Distribution of Persons by Residence and Survival Status of Parents; Morogoro
Region, 2012 Census: Urban
Father Alive Father Alive Father Dead Father Dead
Total Mother Alive Mother Dead Mother Alive Mother Dead
District/Council
Population
Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage
Morogoro Region 616,851 409,423 66.4 34,817 5.6 90,481 14.7 82,130 13.3
Rural 295,534 196,942 66.6 16,633 5.6 43,297 14.7 38,662 13.1
Urban 321,317 212,482 66.1 18,184 5.7 47,184 14.7 43,467 13.5
Kilosa 122,332 79,809 65.2 6,885 5.6 17,594 14.4 18,045 14.8
Morogoro 12,764 8,127 63.7 714 5.6 1,917 15.0 2,007 15.7
Kilombero 94,138 61,570 65.4 5,207 5.5 14,750 15.7 12,610 13.4
Ulanga 32,546 21,670 66.6 1,669 5.1 4,795 14.7 4,411 13.6
Morogoro Municipal 298,126 198,588 66.6 17,284 5.8 43,868 14.7 38,385 12.9
Mvomero 34,400 23,756 69.1 1,838 5.3 4,479 13.0 4,328 12.6
Gairo 22,545 15,903 70.5 1,220 5.4 3,078 13.7 2,344 10.4

Table 7.9 presents the percentage distribution of persons by selected age groups and survival of
parents. The results show that the proportion of persons whose both parents were alive decreases as
age increases while those with one parent alive increase with age. A similar trend is observed for
both males and females (Tables 7.10 and 7.11) and for both rural and urban populations (Table 7.12
and 7.13).

52
Table 7.9: Percentage Distribution of Persons by Selected Age Groups and Survival of Parents;
Morogoro Region, 2012 Census
Father Alive Father Alive Father Dead Father Dead
Total Mother Alive Mother Dead Mother Alive Mother Dead
Age Group
Population
Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage
Total 2,174,964 1,482,848 68.2 106,285 4.9 289,385 13.3 296,447 13.6
<1 65,492 64,279 98.1 364 0.6 608 0.9 240 0.4
1–4 255,461 247,441 96.9 2,507 1.0 4,320 1.7 1,193 0.5
5–9 310,818 292,769 94.2 5,054 1.6 10,538 3.4 2,457 0.8
10–14 275,706 247,457 89.8 7,605 2.8 16,450 6.0 4,194 1.5
15–19 212,165 174,312 82.2 10,000 4.7 21,516 10.1 6,337 3.0
20–24 184,454 133,307 72.3 12,540 6.8 28,638 15.5 9,969 5.4
25+ 870,868 323,282 37.1 68,214 7.8 207,315 23.8 272,057 31.2

Table 7.10: Percentage Distribution of Males by Selected Age Groups and Survival of Parents;
Morogoro Region, 2012 Census
Father Alive Father Alive Father Dead Father Dead
Total Mother Alive Mother Dead Mother Alive Mother Dead
Age Group
Population
Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage
Total 1,067,694 733,627 68.7 52,122 4.9 141,239 13.2 140,706 13.2
<1 32,497 31,866 98.1 221 0.7 294 0.9 116 0.4
1–4 127,243 123,387 97.0 1,241 1.0 2,052 1.6 563 0.4
5–9 155,581 146,707 94.3 2,424 1.6 5,302 3.4 1,148 0.7
10–14 138,491 124,340 89.8 3,824 2.8 8,376 6.0 1,950 1.4
15–19 105,975 87,597 82.7 4,950 4.7 10,404 9.8 3,024 2.9
20–24 83,243 60,738 73.0 5,367 6.4 12,612 15.2 4,526 5.4
25+ 424,664 158,993 37.4 34,095 8.0 102,198 24.1 129,379 30.5

Table 7.11: Percentage Distribution of Females by Selected Age Groups and Survival of Parents;
Morogoro Dodoma Region, 2012 Census
Father Alive Father Alive Father Dead Father Dead
Total Mother Alive Mother Dead Mother Alive Mother Dead
Age Group
Population
Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage
Total 1,107,270 749,221 67.7 54,163 4.9 148,146 13.4 155,741 14.1
<1 32,995 32,413 98.2 143 0.4 314 1.0 124 0.4
1–4 128,218 124,054 96.8 1,266 1.0 2,268 1.8 630 0.5
5–9 155,237 146,063 94.1 2,630 1.7 5,236 3.4 1,309 0.8
10–14 137,215 123,117 89.7 3,781 2.8 8,074 5.9 2,244 1.6
15–19 106,190 86,715 81.7 5,050 4.8 11,112 10.5 3,313 3.1
20–24 101,211 72,570 71.7 7,173 7.1 16,026 15.8 5,443 5.4
25+ 446,204 164,290 36.8 34,119 7.6 105,117 23.6 142,678 32.0

53
Table 7.12: Percentage Distribution of Persons by Selected Age Groups and Survival of Parents;
Morogoro Rural; 2012 Census
Father Alive Father Alive Father Dead Father Dead
Total Mother Alive Mother Dead Mother Alive Mother Dead
Age Group
Population
Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage
Total 1,558,113 1,073,424 68.9 71,469 4.6 198,903 12.8 214,317 13.8
<1 48,575 47,703 98.2 254 0.5 431 0.9 187 0.4
1–4 194,872 189,073 97.0 1,713 0.9 3,270 1.7 816 0.4
5–9 236,355 223,462 94.5 3,547 1.5 7,675 3.2 1,672 0.7
10–14 203,146 183,781 90.5 5,224 2.6 11,488 5.7 2,653 1.3
15–19 142,290 118,597 83.3 6,508 4.6 13,693 9.6 3,492 2.5
20–24 121,002 88,800 73.4 7,757 6.4 18,674 15.4 5,771 4.8
25+ 611,873 222,009 36.3 46,465 7.6 143,673 23.5 199,726 32.6

Table 7.13: Percentage Distribution of Persons by Selected Age Groups and Survival of Parents;
Morogoro Urban,
2012 Census
Father Alive Father Alive Father Dead Father Dead
Age Total Mother Alive Mother Dead Mother Alive Mother Dead
Group Population
Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage
Total 616,851 409,423 66.4 34,817 5.6 90,481 14.7 82,130 13.3
<1 16,917 16,576 98.0 110 0.7 178 1.1 53 0.3
1–4 60,589 58,368 96.3 794 1.3 1,050 1.7 377 0.6
5–9 74,463 69,308 93.1 1,507 2.0 2,863 3.8 785 1.1
10–14 72,560 63,676 87.8 2,381 3.3 4,961 6.8 1,542 2.1
15–19 69,875 55,715 79.7 3,492 5.0 7,823 11.2 2,845 4.1
20–24 63,452 44,508 70.1 4,783 7.5 9,964 15.7 4,197 6.6
25+ 258,995 101,274 39.1 21,749 8.4 63,642 24.6 72,331 27.9

7.3 Orphans in Morogoro Region

An orphan in Tanzania is a child under the age of 18 years who has lost one or both parents. Figure
7.1 presents he percentage of children 0-17 years old and the survival status of their biological
parents. Observation on the Figure 7.1 shows that about one percent (1.11 percent) of persons aged
less than 18 years had lost both parents and about seven (7) percent of them were orphans due to
the loss of one or both parents. The incidence of orphan hood is almost the same for female
children (7.41 percent) compared with male children (7.31 percent).

54
Figure 7.1: Percentage of Children below Age 18 Years by Survival of Parents;
Morogoro Region, 2012 Census

Table 7.14 shows variations in district distribution of children below 0-17 years by survival of
parents and sex. The Table shows that orphan hood incidences were relatively higher in Morogoro
Municipal (9.2 percent) and Morogoro District (8.1 percent) Councils.

Districts with the lowest incidences of orphan hood were Gairo District (5.0 percent) and Ulanga
District (6.4 percent). Generally, in Morogoro Region there were slightly more child orphans in
urban areas (9.1 percent) than in rural areas (6.7 percent).

55
Table 7.14: Percentage of Children below Age 18 Years by Region, Survival of Parents and Sex; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census
Total Population Aged 0-17 One or Both Parents are
Father Alive Mother Dead Father Dead Mother Alive Father Dead Mother Dead
Years Dead
District/Council Both Both Both Both Both
Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female
Sexes Sexes Sexes Sexes Sexes
Morogoro Region 1,035,482 519,413 516,069 2.0 2.0 2.0 4.2 4.2 4.2 1.1 1.1 1.2 7.4 7.3 7.4

Rural 769,311 389,657 379,654 1.9 1.9 1.8 4.0 4.0 3.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 6.7 6.8 6.7
Urban 266,171 129,756 136,415 2.6 2.5 2.6 5.0 4.9 5.0 1.6 1.5 1.7 9.1 8.9 9.3

Kilosa 204,186 103,129 101,057 2.1 2.2 2.1 4.2 4.5 3.9 1.1 1.1 1.1 7.4 7.7 7.2
Morogoro 133,868 68,607 65,261 2.1 2.0 2.2 5.0 5.2 4.7 1.1 1.0 1.2 8.1 8.1 8.1
Kilombero 184,103 92,561 91,542 2.3 2.2 2.3 4.6 4.4 4.7 1.2 1.1 1.2 8.0 7.8 8.2
Ulanga 128,686 64,890 63,796 2.0 2.0 1.9 3.7 3.7 3.6 0.8 0.7 0.9 6.4 6.5 6.4
Morogoro Municipal 127,754 61,539 66,215 2.6 2.6 2.6 4.9 4.4 5.3 1.7 1.5 1.8 9.2 8.6 9.8
Mvomero 149,887 75,651 74,236 1.8 1.9 1.7 3.8 3.9 3.7 1.1 1.1 1.2 6.8 6.9 6.7
Gairo 106,998 53,036 53,962 1.2 1.2 1.3 3.1 2.9 3.2 0.7 0.7 0.6 5.0 4.9 5.0

56
 Chapter Eight
Diaspora

8.1 Introduction

The 2012 PHC collected information on the number of Tanzanians living outside the country
(Diaspora) and if households received any remittances from them. Information was collected by
asking a direct question to the head of household if there was any former household a member of
the household who was living outside the country at the time of the Census. If the answer was Yes
then the head of household was asked to provide information on, the name of country in which that
particular person was living and if that particular household was receiving any remittance (cash or
in kind) from him or her.

8.2 Number of Persons Living in Diaspora

Table 8.1 presents information on number of households that reported to have at least one of the
former household members living outside the country by district. About one (0.5) percent of total
private households in Morogoro region reported to have at least one former household member of
the household living outside the country. The proportion of households with former household
members living in diaspora was higher in urban (1.1 percent) than in rural areas (0.3 percent). The
district with the highest percentage of households with diaspora was Morogoro Municipal Council
(1.3 percent).

Table 8.1: Number and Percentage Distribution of Households with Diaspora by District and
Rural-Urban; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census
Total Households Rural Urban
Percentage

Percentage

Percentage

Total Total Total

District/Council Total Household Total Househol Total Household
Households with Households d with Households with
Diaspora Diaspora Diaspora

Morogoro Region 501,794 2,660 0.5 350,458 1,070 0.3 151,336 1,590 1.1
Kilosa 102,443 486 0.5 72,077 230 0.3 30,366 256 0.8
Morogoro 67,671 216 0.3 64,332 191 0.3 3,339 25 0.7
Kilombero 93,331 450 0.5 70,608 304 0.4 22,723 146 0.6
Ulanga 53,290 166 0.3 45,641 110 0.2 7,649 56 0.7
Morogoro Municipal 76,039 1,026 1.3 2,328 19 0.8 73,711 1,007 1.4
Mvomero 72,013 257 0.4 63,453 186 0.3 8560 71 0.8
Gairo 37,007 59 0.2 32,019 30 0.1 4,988 29 0.6

57
Table 8.2 presents the number and percentage of households by the number of persons in the
diaspora. Most of the households had one person living outside the country (76 percent), followed
by 2-4 persons (22 percent).

Table 8. 2: Number and Percentage Distribution of Households with Diaspora by District and Number of
Persons; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census
1 Person 2-4 Persons 5-9 Persons 10+ Persons
District/Council Total
Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage

Morogoro Region 2,660 2,009 75.5 588 22.1 58 2.2 5 0.2

Kilosa 486 391 80.5 81 16.7 13 2.7 1 0.2

Morogoro 216 160 74.1 51 23.6 5 2.3 0 0.0
Kilombero 450 336 74.7 104 23.1 10 2.2 0 0.0
Ulanga 166 142 85.5 21 12.7 3 1.8 0 0.0
Morogoro Municipal 1,026 747 72.8 256 25.0 22 2.1 1 0.1
Mvomero 257 193 75.1 57 22.2 4 1.6 3 1.2
Gairo 59 40 67.8 18 30.5 1 1.7 0 0.0

58
Table 8.3 shows the distribution of persons living outside Tanzania by rural and urban from
Morogoro region. Results show that 43 percent of the diaspora were from rural areas and 57 percent
from urban areas.

Table 8.3: Number and Percentage Distribution of Tanzanians as Reported at Household Level
Living Outside Tanzania by Country of Residence and Rural-Urban; Morogoro Region,
2012 Census
Total Rural Urban
Country of Residence
Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage
Total 8,317 100.0 3,571 42.9 4,746 57.1
Angola 4 0.0 0 0.0 4 0.1
Botswana 67 0.8 23 0.6 44 0.9
Burundi 59 0.7 39 1.1 20 0.4
Comoro 130 1.6 107 3.0 23 0.5
Kenya 1,217 14.6 634 17.8 583 12.3
Lesotho 17 0.2 8 0.2 9 0.2
Malawi 506 6.1 377 10.6 129 2.7
Mauritius 17 0.2 0 0.0 17 0.4
Mozambique 523 6.3 196 5.5 327 6.9
Namibia 26 0.3 13 0.4 13 0.3
Rwanda 59 0.7 39 1.1 20 0.4
Seychelles 14 0.2 1 0.0 13 0.3
Somalia 7 0.1 1 0.0 6 0.1
Swaziland 40 0.5 9 0.3 31 0.7
South Africa 1,157 13.9 451 12.6 706 14.9
Uganda 220 2.6 96 2.7 124 2.6
Republic of Congo 97 1.2 44 1.2 53 1.1
Zimbabwe 29 0.3 8 0.2 21 0.4
Zambia 572 6.9 417 11.7 155 3.3
Other African Countries 159 1.9 56 1.6 103 2.2

China 88 1.1 18 0.5 70 1.5

India 189 2.3 81 2.3 108 2.3
Pakistan 30 0.4 10 0.3 20 0.4
Other Asian Countries 411 4.9 63 1.8 348 7.3

Italy 88 1.1 31 0.9 57 1.2

Nordic Countries 257 3.1 80 2.2 177 3.7
Great Britain 723 8.7 182 5.1 541 11.4
Germany 166 2.0 94 2.6 72 1.5
Other European Countries 229 2.8 78 2.2 151 3.2

Canada 234 2.8 106 3.0 128 2.7

USA 970 11.7 305 8.5 665 14.0
Not Reported 12 0.1 4 0.1 8 0.2

59
Table 8.4 shows the number and percentage of persons living outside the country by the country of
residence from Morogoro Region. The Census results show that out of 8,317 persons who were
living outside the country from Morogoro Region at the time of the Census in 2012, most of them
were living in Kenya (15 percent) followed by South Africa (14 percent) and USA (12 percent).

Table 8.4: Number and Percentage Distribution of Tanzanians as Reported at Household Level
Living Outside the Country by Country of Residence and Sex; Morogoro Region,
2012 Census
Both Sexes Male Female
Country of Residence
Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage
Total 8,317 100.0 4,994 60.0 3,323 40.0
Angola 4 0.0 4 0.1 0 0.0
Botswana 67 0.8 45 0.9 22 0.7
Burundi 59 0.7 29 0.6 30 0.9
Comoro 130 1.6 109 2.2 21 0.6
Kenya 1,217 14.6 597 12.0 620 18.7
Lesotho 17 0.2 10 0.2 7 0.2
Malawi 506 6.1 314 6.3 192 5.8
Mauritius 17 0.2 4 0.1 13 0.4
Mozambique 523 6.3 309 6.2 214 6.4
Namibia 26 0.3 14 0.3 12 0.4
Rwanda 59 0.7 45 0.9 14 0.4
Seychelles 14 0.2 8 0.2 6 0.2
Somalia 7 0.1 4 0.1 3 0.1
Swaziland 40 0.5 22 0.4 18 0.5
South Africa 1,157 13.9 885 17.7 272 8.2
Uganda 220 2.6 141 2.8 79 2.4
DRC 97 1.2 63 1.3 34 1.0
Zimbabwe 29 0.3 16 0.3 13 0.4
Zambia 572 6.9 335 6.7 237 7.1
Other African Countries 159 1.9 113 2.3 46 1.4

China 88 1.1 42 0.8 46 1.4

India 189 2.3 107 2.1 82 2.5
Pakistan 30 0.4 15 0.3 15 0.5
Other Asian Countries 411 4.9 216 4.3 195 5.9

Italy 88 1.1 62 1.2 26 0.8

Nordic Countries 257 3.1 146 2.9 111 3.3
Great Britain 723 8.7 412 8.2 311 9.4
Germany 166 2.0 86 1.7 80 2.4
Other European Countries 229 2.8 141 2.8 88 2.6

Canada 234 2.8 141 2.8 93 2.8

USA 970 11.7 549 11.0 421 12.7
Not Reported 12 0.1 10 0.2 2 0.1

60
Households were asked to state if they had received any remittance (in cash or in kind) from
persons living outside the country in the 12 months prior to the Census date. table reveals that only
17 percent of persons living abroad remitted something back home in the 12 months prior to the
Census date.

Table 8. 5: Diaspora and Number of Diaspora Remitting; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census

Percentage of
Country of Residence Total Diaspora Diaspora Remitting
those Remitting
Total 8,317 1,437 17.3
Angola 4 3 75.0
Botswana 67 20 29.9
Burundi 59 18 30.5
Comoro 130 7 5.4
Kenya 1,217 151 12.4
Lesotho 17 0 0.0
Malawi 506 46 9.1
Mauritius 17 0 0.0
Mozambique 523 74 14.1
Namibia 26 3 11.5
Rwanda 59 9 15.3
Seychelles 14 9 64.3
Somalia 7 1 14.3
Swaziland 40 16 40.0
South Africa 1,157 206 17.8
Uganda 220 22 10.0
Republic of Congo 97 19 19.6
Zimbabwe 29 4 13.8
Zambia 572 51 8.9
Other African Countries 159 32 20.1

China 88 18 20.5
India 189 26 13.8
Pakistan 30 10 33.3
Other Asian Countries 411 71 17.3

Italy 88 26 29.5
Nordic Countries 257 63 24.5
Great Britain 723 183 25.3
Germany 166 40 24.1
Other European Countries 229 45 19.7

Canada 234 52 22.2

USA 970 211 21.8
Not Reported 12 1 8.3

61
 Chapter Nine
Literacy and Education

9.1 Literacy

9.1.1 Introduction

Literacy is the ability to read and write with an understanding of a short simple sentence on
everyday life. It excludes the ability to only write or sign one’s own name or write memorized
phrases. The ability to read and write may be in any language.

The 2012 PHC collected information on literacy by asking individuals aged five years and above if
they could read and write in: Kiswahili Only, English Only, Both Kiswahili and English or Any
Other Language(s). No test was administered so as to verify those who were really literate.

The measure of literacy is obtained by calculating the literacy rate as the percentage of a specified
population, which is literate in specified language(s). Literacy rate in this publication is defined as
the percentage of a population that can read and write in Kiswahili, English, Both Kiswahili and
English or in any other language(s).

9.1.2 Literacy Status in Morogoro Region

Table 9.1 presents the population distribution for Morogoro Region by five-year age groups,
literacy and sex. Out of 1,854,058 persons age 5 years and above, 1,321,424 (71.3percent) were
literate. The literacy rate was higher among males (74.1percent) than females (68.6percent).
Literacy rates were higher among persons age 10 to 49 years (ranging from 80.4 to 79.3percent)
indicating a positive result of the recently Universal Primary Education campaigns.

Literacy rate in urban areas at 86.4 percent was significantly higher than in rural areas (65.1
percent). Males were more literate than females in both rural and urban areas as presented in Tables
9.2, 9.3 and Figure 9.1

62
Table 9.1: Population by Five Year Age Groups, Literacy and Sex; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census

Population Literate Literacy Rates

Age Group
Both Sexes Male Female Both Sexes Male Female Both Sexes Male Female
Total 1,854,058 907,979 946,079 1,321,424 672,807 648,617 71.3 74.1 68.6
5-9 310,818 155,581 155,237 124,478 59,228 65,250 40.0 38.1 42.0
10-14 275,706 138,491 137,215 221,790 108,747 113,043 80.4 78.5 82.4
15–19 212,165 105,975 106,190 180,410 89,796 90,614 85.0 84.7 85.3
20–24 184,454 83,243 101,211 151,115 70,391 80,724 81.9 84.6 79.8
25–29 168,192 76,689 91,503 131,790 62,868 68,922 78.4 82.0 75.3
30–34 153,054 73,486 79,568 121,947 61,286 60,661 79.7 83.4 76.2
35–39 126,814 63,143 63,671 101,157 52,885 48,272 79.8 83.8 75.8
40–44 99,209 50,512 48,697 79,206 42,680 36,526 79.8 84.5 75.0
45–49 76,365 39,091 37,274 60,590 33,737 26,853 79.3 86.3 72.0
50–54 65,370 32,991 32,379 46,752 27,556 19,196 71.5 83.5 59.3
55–59 43,916 22,073 21,843 30,006 18,068 11,938 68.3 81.9 54.7
60–64 44,329 21,855 22,474 27,166 16,717 10,449 61.3 76.5 46.5
65–69 28,432 13,639 14,793 15,966 9,996 5,970 56.2 73.3 40.4
70–74 27,121 13,208 13,913 13,299 8,627 4,672 49.0 65.3 33.6
75–79 15,932 8,055 7,877 7,607 5,107 2,500 47.7 63.4 31.7
80+ 22,181 9,947 12,234 8,145 5,118 3,027 36.7 51.5 24.7

Table 9.2: Population by Five Year Age Groups, Literacy and Sex; Morogoro Rural, 2012 Census

Population Literate Literacy Rates

Age Group
Both Sexes Male Female Both Sexes Male Female Both Sexes Male Female
Total 1,314,666 650,984 663,682 855,405 445,936 409,469 65.1 68.5 61.7
5-9 236,355 118,721 117,634 79,791 37,895 41,896 33.8 31.9 35.6
10-14 203,146 103,445 99,701 153,923 76,179 77,744 75.8 73.6 78.0
15–19 142,290 73,657 68,633 113,564 58,964 54,600 79.8 80.1 79.6
20–24 121,002 55,082 65,920 91,232 43,509 47,723 75.4 79.0 72.4
25–29 111,171 51,326 59,845 79,302 38,985 40,317 71.3 76.0 67.4
30–34 103,341 49,805 53,536 76,209 39,039 37,170 73.7 78.4 69.4
35–39 87,819 43,936 43,883 65,255 34,796 30,459 74.3 79.2 69.4
40–44 70,129 35,696 34,433 52,529 28,698 23,831 74.9 80.4 69.2
45–49 54,626 28,049 26,577 40,855 23,244 17,611 74.8 82.9 66.3
50–54 47,207 23,892 23,315 31,361 19,076 12,285 66.4 79.8 52.7
55–59 31,962 15,942 16,020 20,158 12,420 7,738 63.1 77.9 48.3
60–64 33,161 16,286 16,875 18,726 11,779 6,947 56.5 72.3 41.2
65–69 21,705 10,393 11,312 11,348 7,229 4,119 52.3 69.6 36.4
70–74 20,991 10,387 10,604 9,635 6,410 3,225 45.9 61.7 30.4
75–79 12,365 6,392 5,973 5,582 3,867 1,715 45.1 60.5 28.7
80+ 17,396 7,975 9,421 5,935 3,846 2,089 34.1 48.2 22.2

63
Table 9.3: Population by Five Year Age Groups, Literacy and Sex; Morogoro Urban, 2012 Census

Population Literate Literacy Rates

Age Group
Both Sexes Male Female Both Sexes Male Female Both Sexes Male Female
Total 539,392 256,995 282,397 466,019 226,871 239,148 86.4 88.3 84.7
5-9 74,463 36,860 37,603 44,687 21,333 23,354 60.0 57.9 62.1
10-14 72,560 35,046 37,514 67,867 32,568 35,299 93.5 92.9 94.1
15–19 69,875 32,318 37,557 66,846 30,832 36,014 95.7 95.4 95.9
20–24 63,452 28,161 35,291 59,883 26,882 33,001 94.4 95.5 93.5
25–29 57,021 25,363 31,658 52,488 23,883 28,605 92.1 94.2 90.4
30–34 49,713 23,681 26,032 45,738 22,247 23,491 92.0 93.9 90.2
35–39 38,995 19,207 19,788 35,902 18,089 17,813 92.1 94.2 90.0
40–44 29,080 14,816 14,264 26,677 13,982 12,695 91.7 94.4 89.0
45–49 21,739 11,042 10,697 19,735 10,493 9,242 90.8 95.0 86.4
50–54 18,163 9,099 9,064 15,391 8,480 6,911 84.7 93.2 76.2
55–59 11,954 6,131 5,823 9,848 5,648 4,200 82.4 92.1 72.1
60–64 11,168 5,569 5,599 8,440 4,938 3,502 75.6 88.7 62.5
65–69 6,727 3,246 3,481 4,618 2,767 1,851 68.6 85.2 53.2
70–74 6,130 2,821 3,309 3,664 2,217 1,447 59.8 78.6 43.7
75–79 3,567 1,663 1,904 2,025 1,240 785 56.8 74.6 41.2
80+ 4,785 1,972 2,813 2,210 1,272 938 46.2 64.5 33.3

Figure 9.1: Literacy for Persons Aged Five Years and Above by Sex, Rural and Urban Areas;
Morogoro Region, 2012 Census

64
9.1.3 Adult Literacy

Table 9.4 and Figure 9.2 present data on adult literacy status (persons aged 15 years and above).
The results show that adult literacy in Morogoro Region stands at 76.9 percent and it was higher in
urban areas (90.1percent) than in rural areas (71.0percent). Males were more literate than females
in both rural and urban areas. The results also revealed that literacy rate decreases as the age
increases.

Table 9.4: Literacy Status for Persons Aged 15 Years and Above by Five Year Age Groups,
Rural-Urban and Sex; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census
Total Rural Urban
Age Group
Both Sexes Male Female Both Sexes Male Female Both Sexes Male Female

Total 76.9 82.2 72.0 71.0 77.4 64.9 90.1 93.5 87.1
15–19 85.0 84.7 85.3 79.8 80.1 79.6 95.7 95.4 95.9
20–24 81.9 84.6 79.8 75.4 79.0 72.4 94.4 95.5 93.5
25–29 78.4 82.0 75.3 71.3 76.0 67.4 92.1 94.2 90.4
30–34 79.7 83.4 76.2 73.7 78.4 69.4 92.0 93.9 90.2
35–39 79.8 83.8 75.8 74.3 79.2 69.4 92.1 94.2 90.0
40–44 79.8 84.5 75.0 74.9 80.4 69.2 91.7 94.4 89.0
45–49 79.3 86.3 72.0 74.8 82.9 66.3 90.8 95.0 86.4
50–54 71.5 83.5 59.3 66.4 79.8 52.7 84.7 93.2 76.2
55–59 68.3 81.9 54.7 63.1 77.9 48.3 82.4 92.1 72.1
60–64 61.3 76.5 46.5 56.5 72.3 41.2 75.6 88.7 62.5
65–69 56.2 73.3 40.4 52.3 69.6 36.4 68.6 85.2 53.2
70–74 49.0 65.3 33.6 45.9 61.7 30.4 59.8 78.6 43.7
75–79 47.7 63.4 31.7 45.1 60.5 28.7 56.8 74.6 41.2
80+ 36.7 51.5 24.7 34.1 48.2 22.2 46.2 64.5 33.3

65
Figure 9.2: Adult Literacy Rates by Sex, and Rural-Urban; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census

Adult literacy rates vary across districts, from 93.1 percent in Morogoro Municipal to 62.2 percent
in Gairo District (Map 9.1). Districts with literacy rate above 70 percent were Kilombero District
(82.9percent), Kilosa District (75 percent), Mvomero District (74.3 percent) and Ulanga District
(73.9 percent).

66
Map 9. 1: Literacy Status for Persons Aged 15 Years and Above by District; Morogoro
Region, 2012 Census

67
Comparison between 2002 and 2012 (Table 9.5) shows that there is slight increase in adult literacy
rates in Morogoro Municipal from 69.7 percent in 2002 to 76.9 percent in 2012 and Morogoro
District Council from 57.7 percent in 2002 to 65.4 percent in 2012. Other districts show an increase
of literacy rate from 2002 to 2012 census; the percentage change in these districts ranges between
2.6 percent in Gairo and 8.2 percent in Kilosa District Council.

Between 2002 and 2012 (Figure 9.3), literacy rate increased from 64 percent to 71.3 percent for
persons of age 5 years and above; and from 69.9 percent to 76.9 percent for persons of age 15 years
and above (Figure 9.3). The same data also revealed that literacy rates among males and females of
age 5 years and above have also increased from 69 percent to 74.1 percent for males and from 61.7
percent to 72.0 percent for females.

Table 9.5: Comparison of Literacy Rates for Persons Aged 15 Years and Above by District
and Sex; Morogoro Region, 2002 and 2012 Censuses
Literate Rate
Percentage Change
District/Council 2002 Census 2012 Census
Both Sexes Male Female Both Sexes Male Female Both Sexes Male Female
Morogoro Region 69.7 78.2 61.6 76.9 82.2 72.0 10.4 5.1 16.9
Rural 64.2 73.9 55.0 71.0 77.4 64.9 10.6 4.7 18.1
Urban 83.2 88.9 77.7 90.1 93.5 87.1 8.3 5.1 12.0

Kilosa 66.8 74.2 59.2 75.0 80.0 70.1 12.3 7.7 18.5
Morogoro 57.7 71.6 45.7 65.4 74.9 56.8 13.4 4.7 24.3
Kilombero 75.0 83.6 66.4 82.9 88.5 77.6 10.5 5.8 16.8
Ulanga 71.1 81.1 62.0 73.9 80.1 68.0 4.0 -1.3 9.6
Morogoro 85.2 89.7 80.9 93.1 95.5 90.9 9.3 6.4 12.5
Mvomero 68.3 76.1 60.5 74.3 78.9 69.8 8.9 3.7 15.4
Gairo 59.6 65.5 54.5 62.2 66.7 58.3 4.3 1.7 7.1

Figure 9.3: Literacy Rates by Sex; Morogoro Region, 2002 and 2012 Censuses

68
9.1.4 Literacy in Different Languages

Table 9.6 and Figure 9.4 present the percentage distribution of population of age 5 years and above
by literacy status in different languages. Literacy rate was highest in Kiswahili only (60.9 percent)
followed by those literate in both Kiswahili and English (9.7 percent) and was lowest for other
languages (0.1 percent). With the exception of age groups 5–9 and 10-14, illiteracy rates increase
with age.

Table 9.6: Percentage Distribution of Population Aged Five Years and Above by Five Year Age
Groups and Literacy Status; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census
Literacy Status
Age Literacy In
Total Total
Group Kiswahili English Both English Other Illiterate
Literate
Only Only and Kiswahili Language(s)
Total 60.9 0.7 9.7 0.1 71.3 28.7 1,854,058
5-9 38.7 0.1 1.1 0.1 40.0 60.0 310,818
10–14 74.7 0.4 5.3 0.0 80.4 19.6 275,706
15–19 62.1 1.6 21.3 0.0 85.0 15.0 212,165
20–24 61.4 1.4 19.1 0.1 81.9 18.1 184,454
25–29 65.6 0.7 12.0 0.0 78.4 21.6 168,192
30–34 69.1 0.6 9.9 0.1 79.7 20.3 153,054
35–39 70.4 0.5 8.7 0.1 79.8 20.2 126,814
40–44 71.0 0.5 8.3 0.1 79.8 20.2 99,209
45–49 69.9 0.6 8.8 0.1 79.3 20.7 76,365
50–54 60.9 0.6 9.9 0.1 71.5 28.5 65,370
55–59 56.4 0.7 11.1 0.1 68.3 31.7 43,916
60–64 51.9 0.6 8.7 0.1 61.3 38.7 44,329
65–69 49.0 0.5 6.6 0.1 56.2 43.8 28,432
70–74 44.2 0.3 4.4 0.1 49.0 51.0 27,121
75–79 43.6 0.3 3.8 0.1 47.7 52.3 15,932
80+ 34.0 0.2 2.4 0.1 36.7 63.3 22,181

69
Figure 9.4: Percentage Distribution of Population Aged Five Years and Above by and
Literacy Status; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census

Table 9.7, Figures 9.5 and 9.6 present the information on literacy status by sex, rural and urban
areas for population age 5 years and above. The results show that literacy rates were considerably
higher in urban (64.5percent) than in rural areas (59.4 percent) and there were slightly more males
who were literate (62.2 percent) compared with females (59.6 percent).

Table 9.7: Percentage Distribution of Population Aged Five Years and Above by Sex,
Residence and Literacy Status: Morogoro Region, 2012 Census

Literacy Status
Literacy In
Total Total
Kiswahili English Both English Other Illiterate
Literate
Only Only and Kiswahili Language(s)
Morogoro Region 60.9 0.7 9.7 0.1 71.3 28.7 1854,058
Male 62.2 0.8 11.1 0.1 74.1 25.9 907,979
Female 59.6 0.6 8.3 0.1 68.6 31.4 946,079

Morogoro Rural 59.4 0.5 5.2 0.1 65.1 34.9 1,314,666

Male 61.7 0.5 6.2 0.1 68.5 31.5 650,984
Female 57.1 0.4 4.1 0.1 61.7 38.3 663,682

Morogoro Urban 64.5 1.2 20.7 0.1 86.4 13.6 539,392

Male 63.5 1.3 23.3 0.1 88.3 11.7 256,995
Female 65.3 1.1 18.2 0.1 84.7 15.3 282,397

70
Figure 9.5: Percentage Distribution of Population Aged Five Years and Above
by Literacy Status; Morogoro Rural, 2012 Census

Figure 9.6: Percentage Distribution of Population Aged Five Years and Above by
Literacy Status; Morogoro Urban, 2012 Census

71
. Illiteracy levels for Morogoro Region and Its districts are presented in Table 9.8 . It is revealing
that illiteracy levels differ among districts in Morogoro Region. The District Council with the
highest illiteracy rate was Gairo District Council (46.2 percent) followed by Morogoro District
Council (38.3 percent) and Ulanga District Council (32.6 percent). The district council with the
lowest illiteracy rate was Morogoro Municipal Council (10.0 percent) and Kilombero District
Council (22.0 percent).

Table 9.8: Percentage Distribution of Population of Aged Five Years and Above by Literacy
Status and District; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census
Literacy Status
Literacy In
District/Council Total Total
Kiswahili English Both English Other Illiterate
Literate
Only Only and Kiswahili Language(s)

Morogoro Region 60.9 0.7 9.7 0.1 71.3 28.7 1,854,058

Kilosa 61.3 0.6 7.5 0.0 69.4 30.6 363,704
Morogoro 56.0 0.4 5.3 0.0 61.7 38.3 240,365
Kilombero 67.7 0.6 9.6 0.1 78.0 22.0 344,691
Ulanga 60.6 0.4 6.3 0.1 67.4 32.6 219,038
Morogoro Municipal 62.8 1.4 25.7 0.1 90.0 10.0 270,469
Mvomero 60.7 0.6 6.8 0.1 68.2 31.8 259,536
Gairo 49.6 0.6 3.5 0.1 53.8 46.2 156,255

72
9.2 Education

9.2.1 Introduction

Education is one of the most important aspects of social and economic development. Education
improves capabilities and is highly associated with various socio-economic variables such as life-
styles, incomes and fertility for both individuals and societies.

During the 2012 PHC, all persons of age 4 years and above who were in the country during the
census night were asked questions on education. The respondent was asked to state if he/she was
attending, dropped out, completed, or had never been to school. For those who had dropped out or
completed school, a follow up question on the highest level of education attained was asked.

9.2.2 School Attendance Status

School attendance refers to attendance at any regular authorized or licensed educational institution
or programme for organized learning at any level of education at the time of the Census. Informal
training in particular skills which is not part of the recognized educational structure, for instance,
apprenticeship, was not considered to be school attendance.

Table 9.9 and Figure 9.7 presents the status of school attendance of the population of age 5 years
and above. Twenty-four (24) percent of 1.8 million people in Morogoro Region had never been to
school. They also show that there is a significant difference between sexes with more females (27.4
percent) having never been to school compared with males (21.7 percent). About 42 percent (41.9)
of population of age 5 years and above had completed school at different levels of education
system, 27 percent were attending and (6.5) percent had dropped out.

73
Table 9.9: Percentage Distribution of Population Aged Five Years and Above by Age, Sex and School Attendance Status: Morogoro Region, 2012
Census
Both Sexes Male Female
Age Drop Never Drop Never Drop Never
Total Attending Completed Total Attending Completed Total Attending Completed
Out Attended Out Attended Out Attended
Total 1,854,058 27.0 6.5 41.9 24.6 907,979 27.6 6.9 43.9 21.7 946,079 26.4 6.2 40.0 27.4
5 66,083 28.9 0.2 0.6 70.2 33,587 28.1 0.3 0.7 71.0 32,496 29.8 0.1 0.6 69.4
6 66,564 40.9 0.2 0.6 58.3 33,551 39.4 0.2 0.6 59.9 33,013 42.5 0.2 0.6 56.7
5-6 132,647 35.0 0.2 0.6 64.2 67,138 33.7 0.2 0.6 65.4 65,509 36.2 0.1 0.6 63.0
7 64,867 59.5 0.3 0.9 39.2 32,416 56.9 0.4 1.0 41.7 32,451 62.1 0.3 0.8 36.7
8 58,373 71.5 0.5 0.9 27.1 28,767 69.1 0.6 1.0 29.3 29,606 73.8 0.5 0.8 24.9
9 54,931 78.3 0.8 1.0 19.9 27,260 76.4 0.9 1.0 21.7 27,671 80.1 0.8 0.9 18.2
10 61,429 79.1 1.4 1.0 18.4 30,875 77.4 1.6 1.1 19.9 30,554 80.9 1.2 0.9 16.9
11 46,232 82.7 2.1 1.1 14.1 22,922 81.4 2.4 1.2 15.0 23,310 84.0 1.7 1.1 13.2
12 69,247 81.1 2.8 2.2 13.9 35,116 79.5 3.4 2.3 14.8 34,131 82.7 2.2 2.1 12.9
13 48,925 78.7 3.8 5.2 12.2 24,479 77.1 4.5 5.0 13.4 24,446 80.4 3.1 5.5 11.1
7-13 404,004 75.5 1.6 1.7 21.2 201,835 73.6 1.9 1.8 22.7 202,169 77.3 1.3 1.7 19.6
14 49,873 70.7 4.6 13.0 11.7 25,099 69.3 5.6 12.1 12.9 24,774 72.0 3.5 14.0 10.5
15 44,926 56.6 5.6 24.6 13.2 23,374 56.0 6.9 23.2 14.0 21,552 57.3 4.3 26.1 12.2
16 42,100 48.4 6.4 33.0 12.2 21,374 48.7 7.4 31.4 12.5 20,726 48.0 5.5 34.6 11.9
17 40,979 41.7 7.2 39.7 11.3 20,853 43.8 7.9 37.2 11.1 20,126 39.6 6.4 42.4 11.6
14 - 17 177,878 55.2 5.9 26.8 12.1 90,700 55.2 6.9 25.3 12.7 87,178 55.2 4.8 28.4 11.5
18 48,284 30.1 8.2 46.6 15.1 23,615 34.0 8.6 43.5 14.0 24,669 26.3 7.9 49.6 16.2
19 35,876 24.6 9.1 53.2 13.0 16,759 30.4 9.6 48.3 11.6 19,117 19.6 8.6 57.6 14.2
18 - 19 84,160 27.7 8.6 49.4 14.2 40,374 32.5 9.0 45.5 13.0 43,786 23.4 8.2 53.1 15.3
20 51,878 13.8 9.1 58.2 18.8 23,316 19.1 9.5 55.5 16.0 28,562 9.5 8.9 60.5 21.1
21 29,733 13.2 9.7 62.7 14.4 14,038 17.6 9.8 60.0 12.7 15,695 9.3 9.6 65.1 15.9
22 42,778 8.3 10.0 64.8 16.9 18,986 11.4 10.5 63.7 14.3 23,792 5.8 9.6 65.6 19.0
23 28,490 7.3 9.3 67.3 16.1 12,885 9.8 9.6 66.8 13.8 15,605 5.2 9.1 67.7 17.9
24 31,575 5.4 9.7 67.5 17.4 14,018 7.4 10.4 68.3 14.0 17,557 3.8 9.2 66.9 20.1
20 - 24 184,454 10.0 9.6 63.5 17.0 83,243 13.7 9.9 62.0 14.4 101,211 7.0 9.3 64.6 19.2
25+ 870,915 1.0 9.1 64.6 25.3 424,689 1.1 9.4 71.0 18.4 446,226 0.9 8.7 58.5 31.9

74
Figure 9.7: Percentage Distribution of Population Aged Five Years and Above by School
Attendance Status and Sex; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census

Tables 9.10, 9.11 and Figure 9.8 show school attendance status by rural and urban for population
age five years and above. The results indicate that 30.2 percent of the rural population had never
been to school compared with 11.1 percent of urban population. Likewise, percentage of drop-outs
was slightly higher in rural (7 percent) than in urban areas (5.4 percent). However, the proportion
of those who completed school was much higher in urban areas (51.6 percent) than in the rural
areas (37.9 percent). The same situation applies to those who were currently attending where 32
percent of the urban population was attending school compared to 24.9 percent in the rural areas.

75
Table 9.10: Percentage Distribution of Population Aged Five Years and Above by Age, Sex and School Attendance Status; Morogoro
Rural, 2012 Census
Both Sexes Male Female
Age Drop Never Drop Never Drop Never
Total Attending Completed Total Attending Completed Total Attending Completed
Out Attended Out Attended Out Attended
Total 1,314,666 24.9 7.0 37.9 30.2 650,984 25.3 7.5 40.5 26.7 663,682 24.6 6.5 35.4 33.5
5 50,671 22.7 0.2 0.6 76.5 25,832 21.9 0.4 0.6 77.1 24,839 23.5 0.1 0.5 75.9
6 50,686 33.6 0.2 0.5 65.6 25,562 32.0 0.2 0.5 67.3 25,124 35.3 0.2 0.5 64.0
5-6 101,357 28.2 0.2 0.5 71.1 51,394 26.9 0.3 0.6 72.2 49,963 29.4 0.1 0.5 69.9
7 49,371 52.8 0.4 0.8 46.0 24,709 50.0 0.4 0.9 48.7 24,662 55.7 0.3 0.6 43.4
8 44,395 66.0 0.5 0.7 32.7 21,947 63.2 0.5 0.9 35.4 22,448 68.8 0.5 0.6 30.0
9 41,232 73.8 0.9 0.9 24.4 20,671 71.7 1.0 1.0 26.4 20,561 75.9 0.9 0.8 22.5
10 46,571 75.1 1.5 0.9 22.4 23,556 73.2 1.7 1.0 24.1 23,015 77.1 1.4 0.8 20.7
11 34,147 79.1 2.3 1.1 17.6 17,033 77.6 2.6 1.2 18.6 17,114 80.5 1.9 1.0 16.6
12 51,286 77.6 3.1 2.1 17.3 26,356 75.8 3.7 2.2 18.3 24,930 79.6 2.3 1.9 16.1
13 35,398 75.6 4.2 4.7 15.4 18,051 73.4 5.1 4.8 16.7 17,347 78.0 3.3 4.7 14.0
7-13 302,400 70.9 1.8 1.5 25.8 152,323 68.7 2.1 1.6 27.5 150,077 73.1 1.4 1.4 24.1
14 35,744 67.3 5.1 12.6 15.0 18,449 65.1 6.4 12.2 16.4 17,295 69.7 3.8 13.0 13.5
15 31,596 51.9 6.3 24.7 17.1 17,159 50.5 7.5 24.3 17.6 14,437 53.6 4.8 25.2 16.4
16 28,029 41.8 7.4 34.3 16.5 14,907 41.5 8.4 33.8 16.3 13,122 42.1 6.2 34.8 16.8
17 26,738 33.2 8.4 42.7 15.7 14,249 35.2 9.3 40.7 14.9 12,489 31.0 7.4 45.0 16.6
14 - 17 122,107 50.0 6.7 27.3 16.0 64,764 49.2 7.8 26.6 16.3 57,343 50.9 5.4 28.0 15.7
18 32,523 22.9 9.2 47.4 20.5 16,204 26.5 9.8 45.3 18.4 16,319 19.3 8.7 49.5 22.5
19 23,404 18.9 10.4 52.7 18.1 11,138 24.4 11.0 48.7 15.9 12,266 13.9 9.8 56.3 20.0
18 - 19 55,927 21.2 9.7 49.6 19.5 27,342 25.7 10.2 46.7 17.4 28,585 17.0 9.2 52.4 21.4
20 35,152 9.5 10.1 55.4 25.0 15,877 14.0 10.7 54.3 21.1 19,275 5.9 9.6 56.3 28.3
21 19,225 8.9 10.8 60.5 19.8 9,167 12.5 11.3 58.7 17.4 10,058 5.5 10.4 62.1 22.0
22 28,246 5.1 11.0 61.0 22.9 12,671 7.6 11.6 61.4 19.4 15,575 3.1 10.4 60.7 25.8
23 17,908 4.1 10.5 62.9 22.5 8,180 5.9 11.2 63.4 19.6 9,728 2.6 10.0 62.4 25.0
24 20,471 3.1 10.9 62.4 23.6 9,187 4.4 11.9 64.8 18.9 11,284 2.0 10.1 60.5 27.4
20 - 24 121,002 6.5 10.6 59.8 23.1 55,082 9.5 11.3 59.8 19.5 65,920 4.0 10.0 59.8 26.1
25+ 611,873 0.6 9.8 58.8 30.7 300,079 0.7 10.4 66.0 22.9 311,794 0.6 9.2 51.9 38.3

76
Table 9.11: Percentage Distribution of Population Aged Five Years and Above by Age, Sex and School Attendance Status; Morogoro
Urban, 2012 Census
Both Sexes Male Female
Age Drop Never Drop Never Drop Never
Total Attending Completed Total Attending Completed Total Attending Completed
Out Attended Out Attended Out Attended
Total 539,392 32.0 5.4 51.6 11.1 256,995 33.4 5.2 52.4 8.9 282,397 30.7 5.6 50.8 13.0
5 15,412 49.6 0.1 0.9 49.4 7,755 48.8 0.1 0.7 50.3 7,657 50.4 0.1 1.0 48.5
6 15,878 64.1 0.1 0.9 34.9 7,989 62.9 0.2 0.7 36.2 7,889 65.3 0.1 1.0 33.5
5-6 31,290 57.0 0.1 0.9 42.1 15,744 56.0 0.1 0.7 43.2 15,546 58.0 0.1 1.0 40.9
7 15,496 80.9 0.2 1.4 17.5 7,707 79.1 0.2 1.3 19.3 7,789 82.7 0.2 1.5 15.6
8 13,978 88.9 0.5 1.3 9.4 6,820 88.1 0.6 1.4 9.8 7,158 89.6 0.3 1.3 8.9
9 13,699 91.9 0.5 1.4 6.3 6,589 91.4 0.5 1.3 6.8 7,110 92.3 0.5 1.4 5.8
10 14,858 91.6 1.1 1.3 6.0 7,319 91.0 1.3 1.4 6.4 7,539 92.3 0.8 1.2 5.6
11 12,085 93.0 1.4 1.3 4.2 5,889 92.3 1.7 1.4 4.6 6,196 93.8 1.2 1.3 3.8
12 17,961 90.9 2.1 2.8 4.2 8,760 90.8 2.3 2.7 4.2 9,201 91.1 1.8 2.8 4.2
13 13,527 86.9 2.7 6.5 3.8 6,428 87.6 2.9 5.6 3.9 7,099 86.3 2.5 7.4 3.8
7-13 101,604 89.1 1.2 2.3 7.4 49,512 88.5 1.4 2.1 8.0 52,092 89.6 1.1 2.4 6.9
14 14,129 79.1 3.2 14.2 3.6 6,650 81.1 3.6 11.9 3.4 7,479 77.3 2.8 16.2 3.7
15 13,330 67.8 4.1 24.2 3.8 6,215 71.1 5.0 20.0 4.0 7,115 65.0 3.4 27.9 3.7
16 14,071 61.4 4.5 30.4 3.7 6,467 65.1 5.0 25.8 4.0 7,604 58.2 4.1 34.2 3.5
17 14,241 57.7 4.9 34.2 3.2 6,604 62.5 4.8 29.7 3.0 7,637 53.6 4.9 38.1 3.4
14 - 17 55,771 66.5 4.2 25.8 3.6 25,936 70.0 4.6 21.8 3.6 29,835 63.4 3.8 29.2 3.6
18 15,761 44.8 6.2 45.0 4.0 7,411 50.3 6.1 39.5 4.1 8,350 40.0 6.3 49.8 3.9
19 12,472 35.4 6.7 54.2 3.6 5,621 42.4 7.0 47.4 3.2 6,851 29.7 6.5 59.9 3.9
18 - 19 28,233 40.7 6.4 49.1 3.8 13,032 46.9 6.5 42.9 3.7 15,201 35.4 6.4 54.4 3.9
20 16,726 22.8 7.1 64.3 5.8 7,439 30.0 6.8 58.2 5.1 9,287 17.1 7.4 69.2 6.3
21 10,508 21.2 7.6 66.7 4.5 4,871 27.1 6.9 62.3 3.8 5,637 16.1 8.2 70.6 5.1
22 14,532 14.5 8.1 72.1 5.3 6,315 19.2 8.3 68.4 4.1 8,217 10.9 7.9 75.0 6.2
23 10,582 12.7 7.3 74.8 5.2 4,705 16.7 6.7 72.8 3.7 5,877 9.5 7.7 76.5 6.3
24 11,104 9.6 7.6 76.9 5.9 4,831 12.9 7.5 75.0 4.6 6,273 7.1 7.7 78.3 6.9
20 - 24 63,452 16.7 7.5 70.4 5.4 28,161 21.9 7.3 66.5 4.3 35,291 12.5 7.8 73.6 6.2
25+ 259,042 1.9 7.3 78.2 12.6 124,610 2.2 7.0 83.2 7.7 134,432 1.7 7.6 73.6 17.1

77
Figure 9.8: Percentage Distribution of Population Aged Five Years and Above by School
Attendance Status, Rural and Urban; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census

78
Attendance status is presented in Table 9.12 by district councils. It is revealing that attendance status differs among districts in Morogoro region. The
District Council with the highest attendance rate was Morogoro Municipial Council (32.1 percent) followed by Kilombero District Council (29.8 percent)
and Ulanga District Council (27.5 percent). The district council with the lowest attendance rate was Morogoro District Council (23.8 percent) and Gairo
(21.2 percent).

Table 9. 12:Percentage Distribution of Population by Residence, Sex and School Attendance Status: Morogoro Region, 2012 Census
Both Sexes Male Female
District/Council Drop Never Drop Never Drop Never
Total Attending Completed Total Attending Completed Total Attending Completed
Out Attended Out Attended Out Attended
Morogoro Region 1,854,058 27.0 6.5 41.9 24.6 907,979 27.6 6.9 43.9 21.7 946,079 26.4 6.2 40.0 27.4

Kilosa 363,704 25.4 7.1 41.4 26.2 180,633 25.5 7.7 43.4 23.4 183,071 25.3 6.5 39.3 28.9
Morogoro 240,365 23.8 5.0 36.9 34.3 117,240 25.0 5.6 40.8 28.6 123,125 22.7 4.3 33.2 39.8
Kilombero 344,691 29.8 8.2 43.8 18.2 169,742 30.7 8.0 46.4 14.9 174,949 28.9 8.3 41.4 21.4
Ulanga 219,038 27.5 8.8 37.0 26.6 108,333 28.6 9.0 39.1 23.4 110,705 26.4 8.7 35.0 29.9
Morogoro Municipal 270,469 32.1 4.6 54.8 8.6 128,475 33.4 4.5 55.2 6.9 141,994 31.0 4.6 54.4 10.0
Mvomero 259,536 26.1 5.8 41.3 26.8 128,549 26.1 6.3 43.2 24.4 130,987 26.0 5.3 39.5 29.2
Gairo 156,255 21.2 5.3 32.1 41.4 75,007 20.8 6.0 33.0 40.2 81,248 21.5 4.8 31.2 42.5

79
9.2.3 Net and Gross School Enrolment

Enrolment ratios depict the proportions of children currently attending school which is important in
assessing access to education among the population. In primary education, Net Enrolment Rate
(NER) is defined as the number of children aged 7-13 years who are attending school divided by
the total number of children in that age group. The 7-13 year age group is the official primary
school age in Tanzania. On the other hand, Gross Enrolment Rate (GER) is defined as the number
of children attending primary school regardless of age divided by the total number of children of
age 7-13 years.

Figure 9.9 and 9.10 present Primary Schools’ net enrolment rate by sex, rural and urban areas for
2002 and 2012 Censuses. Results show an improvement in net enrolment rates after the 2002
Census. The overall NER increased from 58.3 percent in the 2002 Census to 75.5 percent in 2012
Census, improvement being more pronounced among females (from 69.5 to 77.3 percent)
compared with males (from 57.6 to 73.6 percent). The urban NER increased from 69.5 percent in
2002 to 89.1 percent in 2012 while the rural NER increased from 54.6 to 70.9 percent.

Figure 9.9: Primary School Net Enrolment Rates by Sex; Morogoro Region, 2002 and
2012 Censuses

80
Figure 9.10: Primary School Net Enrolment Rate by Rural and Urban Areas; Morogoro
Region, 2002 and 2012 Censuses

The gross enrolment ratio for primary schools is shown in Figure 9.11. At least nine in every ten
(92 percent) of the school age children were enrolled in schools (irrespective of the age of the
enrolled children). The GER was higher in urban areas (106.8 percent) than in rural areas (87.1
percent). There were slight differences in gross enrolment between sexes in both rural and urban
areas

81
Figure 9.11: Primary Schools Gross Enrolment Rate by Residence and Sex; Morogoro Region,
2012 Census

Table 9.13 and Map 9.2 present the net school enrolment rates in primary schools by districts. The
results revealed that there are marked differences across districts. NER ranges between 90.2 percent
in Morogoro Municipal Council and 56.2 percent in Gairo District. Districts with NER of 70
percent and above are Kilosa, Kilombero and Mvomero District Councils. Morogoro District
Council and Ulanga districts reported the lowest NER of 71.7 and 72.6 percent.

Table 9.13: Net Enrolment Rates in Primary Schools by Residence, Sex and Rural and Urban;
Morogoro Region, 2012 Census
Total Rural Urban
District/Council
Both Sexes Male Female Both Sexes Male Female Both Sexes Male Female
Morogoro Region 75.5 73.6 77.3 70.9 68.7 73.1 89.1 88.5 89.6
Kilosa 74.6 72.2 77.1 71.1 68.2 74.1 84.1 83.1 85.0
Morogoro 71.7 70.0 73.4 70.9 69.3 72.6 89.2 87.6 90.6
Kilombero 83.6 82.1 85.1 81.3 79.6 83.0 91.8 91.2 92.4
Ulanga 72.6 71.2 74.0 70.0 68.6 71.4 92.5 91.7 93.3
Morogoro Municipal 90.2 90.0 90.4 89.6 87.8 91.3 90.2 90.0 90.4
Mvomero 73.7 71.5 75.9 71.8 69.6 74.1 91.1 89.8 92.3
Gairo 56.2 52.7 59.6 52.9 49.0 56.6 83.8 83.1 84.5

82
Map 9.2: Net Enrolment Rates of Primary School Age Population (07–13 Years) by Region;
Morogoro Region, 2012 Census

83
9.2.4 Education Attainment

Educational attainment is the highest grade completed within the country’s educational system. A
grade is a stage of instruction usually covered in one year. Table 9.14 shows the number of persons
who attained different levels of education. The results show that out of 775,978 persons who
attained any level of education, 398,128 (51.3 percent) were males and 377,850 (48.7 percent) were
females. Primary education was the most dominant level with about 86.2 percent, followed by
secondary education (11.2 percent), university and others (1.4 percent). The results also show that
more females had attained primary education (87.7 percent) compared with males (84.8 percent).
However, at secondary level and above, the reverse was true whereby the population that had
attained secondary education was 11.2 percent and 1.4 percent for University or equivalent level.

Table 9.14: Population of Aged Five Years and Above by Level of Educational Attainment; Morogoro
Region, 2012 Census
Population Percent
Level of Education
Both Sexes Male Female Both Sexes Male Female
Total 775,978 398,128 377,850 100 100 100
Primary School 669,034 337,484 331,550 86.2 84.8 87.7
Training after Primary 4,801 2,494 2,307 0.6 0.6 0.6
Secondary School 86,920 48,613 38,307 11.2 12.2 10.1
Training after Secondary 4,266 2,315 1,951 0.5 0.6 0.5
University and Others 10,957 7,222 3,735 1.4 1.8 1.0

The improvement in the education attainment levels was observed from 2002 to 2012 Censuses.
Figure 9.12 presents that the proportion of population that had attained secondary education
increased from 7.17 percent to 11.2 percent and from 0.3 percent to 1.4 percent for University or
equivalent level. The remarkable increase in the percentage of population in secondary schools
relative to primary schools is attributable to the expansion of the number of secondary schools and
an increase in secondary school enrolment.

84
Figure 9.12: Population Aged Five Years and Above by Level of Educational Attainment;
Morogoro Region, 2002 and 2012 Censuses

85
 Chapter Ten
Economic Activity
10.1 Introduction

The importance of statistical data on economic activities of the population becomes clear when
addressing, among other things, the labour market in the country. For the purposes of economic
planning, it is important to ascertain the size and structure of the labour force and its distribution by
main occupation, industry and employment status. Such information is used by Government and
other stakeholders to plan and implement appropriate programs addressing labour force
participation.

The 2012 PHC collected information on both usual and current economic activities for all persons
aged 10 years and above.

In the 2012 PHC, six categories were used to classify working age groups, five among them
describing the unemployment status and distinguishing unemployment and economically inactive
status. The categories are;-
a) Working
b) Not Working but Looking for Work
Unemployed persons
c) Not Looking but Available for Work
d) Home Maintenance (cooking or hygiene or caring)
e) Full Time Student Economically inactive
2
f) Unable to Work (sick or too old or disability) .

10.2 Usual Economic Activity

In the 2012 PHC, usual economic activity was perceived as any activity in which the respondent
had been engaged during the 12 months prior to the Census night for the production of goods and
services.

Table 10.1 shows the percentage distribution of the total population aged 10 years and above by
five (5) year age groups and type of usual economic activity for Morogoro region in 2012. The
results show that a total of 1,052,192 (68 percent) out of 1,543,193 persons aged 10 years and
above, were employed in the 12 months prior to the Census night. Furthermore, a total of 491,001

2
Note: Readers should not confuse the unemployed persons stated in this chapter and unemployment rate. For the purpose of this
report, unemployed persons are simply expressed in terms of the total population which is in contrast with unemployment
rate which is normally expressed in terms of the labour force
86
people (32 percent) aged 10 years and above did not perform any economic activity over the same
period. The results also indicated that 38,367 persons (2.5 percent of the population aged 10 years
and above) were unemployed and 19 percent were full time students. Home maintenance workers
and those unable to work constituted seven (7) and three (3) percent of the population aged 10
years and above respectively.

Table 10.1: Percentage Distribution of Total Population Aged 10 Years and Above by Five Year
Age Groups and Type of Usual Activity; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census
Home Maintenance Full-time
Age group Total Employed Unemployed Unable
(cooking/hygiene/caring) Students
Total 1,543,193 68.2 2.5 7.4 18.7 3.2
10–14 275,706 19.1 0.4 10.0 67.5 2.9
15–19 212,165 48.3 1.9 9.5 38.1 2.3
20–24 184,454 73.8 4.0 9.6 11.7 1.0
25–29 168,192 84.8 5.8 8.6 - 0.8
30–34 153,054 89.2 3.5 6.6 - 0.8
35–39 126,814 91.0 2.6 5.6 - 0.8
40–44 99,209 92.0 2.4 4.8 - 0.9
45–49 76,365 92.8 2.0 4.2 - 1.0
50–54 65,370 92.3 1.8 4.0 - 1.9
55–59 43,916 91.5 1.7 4.0 - 2.9
60–64 44,307 86.8 1.6 4.4 - 7.2
65–69 28,419 83.6 1.4 4.2 - 10.8
70–74 27,121 73.7 1.3 4.0 - 21.1
75–79 15,920 67.3 1.6 4.6 - 26.5
80 + 22,181 49.1 0.0 0.0 - 50.8

Tables 10.2 to 10.5 present the information on the distribution of persons aged 10 years and above
who performed usual economic activity by sex, rural and urban. The results revealed that a higher
proportion of persons living in rural areas (73 percent) was employed compared with persons living
in urban areas (56 percent). On the other hand, a higher proportion of unemployed persons was
found in urban areas (5 percent) compared with persons in rural areas (2 percent). Tables 10.4 and
10.5 show the sex disparity among the employed persons, with regard to usual activity. The results
indicated that a higher proportion of males (71 percent) compared with females (65 percent) were
employed.

87
Table 10.2: Percentage Distribution of Total Population Aged 10 Years and Above by Five Year
Age Groups and Type of Usual Activity; Morogoro Rural, 2012 Census
Age Home Maintenance Full-time
Total Employed Unemployed Unable
group (cooking/hygiene/caring) Pupils/Students
Total 1,078,311 73.3 1.6 5.5 16.4 3.2
10–14 203,146 23.3 0.4 11.1 62.0 3.1
15–19 142,290 58.9 1.4 7.6 30.2 1.9
20–24 121,002 84.9 2.5 5.5 6.4 0.8
25–29 111,171 91.6 3.1 4.7 - 0.7
30–34 103,341 93.6 2.2 3.4 - 0.8
35–39 87,819 94.4 1.8 3.1 - 0.7
40–44 70,129 94.5 1.7 2.9 - 0.9
45–49 54,626 95.0 1.5 2.5 - 0.9
50–54 47,207 94.4 1.2 2.7 - 1.7
55–59 31,962 93.5 1.4 2.8 - 2.3
60–64 33,161 89.6 1.2 2.9 - 6.3
65–69 21,705 86.6 1.1 2.7 - 9.5
70–74 20,991 77.1 1.2 3.0 - 18.7
75–79 12,365 72.2 1.5 3.3 - 23.0
80 + 17,396 52.5 0.0 - - 47.5

Table 10.3: Percentage Distribution of Total Population Aged 10 Years and Above by Five Year
Age Groups and Type of Usual Activity; Morogoro Urban, 2012 Census
Age Home Maintenance Full-time
Total Employed Unemployed Unable
group (cooking/hygiene/caring) Pupils/Students
Total 464,882 56.2 4.6 11.8 24.0 3.4
10–14 72,560 7.3 0.4 7.1 82.8 2.4
15–19 69,875 26.6 3.0 13.2 54.1 3.1
20–24 63,452 52.7 6.8 17.2 21.8 1.4
25–29 57,021 71.7 11.1 16.3 - 1.0
30–34 49,713 79.9 6.1 13.2 - 0.8
35–39 38,995 83.3 4.4 11.3 - 1.0
40–44 29,080 85.7 4.1 9.3 - 0.9
45–49 21,739 87.2 3.3 8.2 - 1.3
50–54 18,163 86.7 3.4 7.5 - 2.4
55–59 11,954 86.1 2.4 7.3 - 4.2
60–64 11,146 78.4 3.0 8.9 - 9.7
65–69 6,714 73.8 2.3 9.1 - 14.8
70–74 6,130 62.2 1.5 7.1 - 29.2
75–79 3,555 50.2 2.0 9.3 - 38.6
80 + 4,785 37.0 - 0.0 - 63.0

88
Table 10.4: Percentage Distribution of Total Male Population Aged 10 Years and Above by Five
Year Age Groups and Type of Usual Activity; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census
Age Home Maintenance Full-time
Total Employed Unemployed Unable
group (cooking/hygiene/caring) Pupils/Students
Total 752,373 71.4 2.8 3.4 19.6 2.7
10–14 138,491 20.7 0.5 9.2 66.5 3.1
15–19 105,975 49.6 2.1 5.6 40.1 2.5
20–24 83,243 75.6 4.5 3.2 15.7 1.0
25–29 76,689 90.2 7.4 1.6 - 0.8
30–34 73,486 94.2 4.0 1.0 - 0.8
35–39 63,143 95.4 2.8 1.0 - 0.8
40–44 50,512 95.8 2.7 0.9 - 0.6
45–49 39,091 96.0 2.2 0.7 - 1.1
50–54 32,991 95.8 2.1 0.7 - 1.4
55–59 22,073 95.3 1.7 0.9 - 2.1
60–64 21,855 92.8 1.8 1.1 - 4.3
65–69 13,626 90.7 1.8 0.9 - 6.7
70–74 13,208 84.3 1.1 1.1 - 13.5
75–79 8,043 77.7 1.6 1.4 - 19.3
80 + 9,947 61.5 - - - 38.5

Table 10.5: Percentage Distribution of Total Female Population Aged 10 Years and Above by
Five Year Age Groups and Type of Usual Activity; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census
Home Maintenance Full-time Pupils/
Age group Total Employed Unemployed Unable
(cooking/hygiene/caring) Students
Total 790,820 65.1 2.1 11.2 17.8 3.8
10–14 137,215 17.5 0.4 10.9 68.4 2.8
15–19 106,190 46.9 1.7 13.3 36.0 2.0
20–24 101,211 72.3 3.5 14.8 8.4 1.0
25–29 91,503 80.3 4.4 14.5 - 0.8
30–34 79,568 84.5 2.9 11.7 - 0.8
35–39 63,671 86.6 2.3 10.3 - 0.8
40–44 48,697 88.0 2.0 8.8 - 1.1
45–49 37,274 89.4 1.8 7.8 - 1.0
50–54 32,379 88.7 1.5 7.4 - 2.4
55–59 21,843 87.6 1.6 7.1 - 3.6
60–64 22,452 80.9 1.5 7.6 - 10.0
65–69 14,793 77.1 1.1 7.3 - 14.5
70–74 13,913 63.7 1.4 6.6 - 28.3
75–79 7,877 56.7 1.6 7.9 - 33.8
80 + 12,234 39.1 0.0 0.0 - 60.9

Table 10.6 shows the distribution of total population aged 10 years and above by usual economic
activity and district. The results show noticeable district variations for employed persons aged 10
years and above in Morogoro Region. Results revealed that Morogoro District had the highest
proportion of employed persons (75.5 percent) while Morogoro Municipal Council had the lowest
proportion (50.9 percent).
89
Unemployment by district also shows some disparity. The unemployed persons ranged between
about one (0.9) percent of the population in Morogoro district and six (6.1) percent in Morogoro
Municipal Council while persons who were full-time students ranged between 13 percent of the
population in Gairo District to 26 percent in Morogoro Municipal Council. The home maintenance
(cooking or hygiene or caring) category ranged from four (4) percent of the population in Morogoro
to 14 percent in Morogoro Municipal Council. The proportion of persons who were unable to work
ranged from three (3) percent of the population in Mvomero District Council to four (4) percent in
Morogoro Municipal Council.

Table 10.6: Total Population Aged 10 Years and Above by Type of Usual Economic Activity (12 Months
prior to the Census Date) and District; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census

Home Maintenance Full-time

District/Council Total Employed Unemployed Unable
(cooking/hygiene/caring) Pupils/Students
Morogoro Region 1,543,193 68.2 2.5 7.4 18.7 3.2
Rural 1,078,311 73.3 1.6 5.5 16.4 3.2
Urban 464,882 56.2 4.6 11.8 24.0 3.4

Male 752,373 71.4 2.8 3.4 19.6 2.7

Female 790,820 65.1 2.1 11.2 17.8 3.8

Kilosa 302,216 73.0 1.5 6.7 15.9 2.9

Morogoro 199,862 75.5 0.9 3.8 16.1 3.6
Kilombero 288,917 65.2 2.6 6.8 22.3 3.2
Ulanga 179,946 69.9 2.0 5.6 18.9 3.6
Morogoro Municipal 235,595 50.9 6.1 13.6 25.6 3.7
Mvomero 213,763 74.3 1.6 5.9 15.6 2.6
Gairo 122,894 71.4 2.5 9.7 13.1 3.5

10.3 Current Economic Activity

Current economic activity is defined as the activities performed by the respondent in the production
of goods and services seven days prior to the Census night.

Table 10.7 provides information on the distribution of persons aged 10 years and above by current
economic activity. Among 1,543,193 persons aged 10 years and above, 996,997 (64.6 percent)
were employed while the remaining 35 percent did not perform any economic activity within seven
days prior to the Census night.

Furthermore, the results show that full-time students constituted 16 percent of the population, 12.4
percent were home maintenance workers and about four (3.6) percent were unable to work. The
90
unemployed persons (those who were not working but looking for work and those not looking for
work but available for work) accounted for about four (3.5) percent of all persons aged 10 years
and above.

Table 10.7: Percentage Distribution of Total Population Aged 10 Years and Above by Five Year Age
Groups and Type of Current Activity; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census

Home Maintenance Full-time

Age group Total Employed Unemployed Unable
(cooking/hygiene/caring) Pupils/Students
Total 1,543,193 64.6 3.5 12.4 16.0 3.5
10–14 275,706 19.0 0.8 19.4 57.4 3.3
15–19 212,165 46.0 2.7 15.6 33.0 2.7
20–24 184,454 69.2 5.2 14.1 10.3 1.1
25–29 168,192 80.1 6.9 12.1 - 0.9
30–34 153,054 84.2 4.8 10.1 - 0.9
35–39 126,814 86.1 4.0 9.0 - 0.9
40–44 99,209 87.0 3.6 8.4 - 1.0
45–49 76,365 87.9 3.3 7.5 - 1.3
50–54 65,370 87.7 3.1 7.3 - 2.0
55–59 43,916 87.0 2.6 7.2 - 3.2
60–64 44,307 81.2 3.0 8.3 - 7.5
65–69 28,419 78.9 2.4 7.6 - 11.1
70–74 27,121 69.3 2.2 7.2 - 21.3
75–79 15,920 63.4 2.3 7.6 - 26.7
80 + 22,181 46.4 0.0 0.0 - 53.5

Tables 10.8 and 10.9 show the distribution of persons aged 10 years and above by current economic
activity, rural and urban areas of Morogoro Region . The results show that the proportion of
employed persons was higher in rural areas (69.4 percent) than in urban areas (53.6 percent). The
proportion of unemployed population was almost the higher in urban area (5.4 percent) than that in
rural (2.7 percent).

91
Table 10.8: Percentage Distribution of Total Population Aged 10 Years and Above by Five Year Age
Groups and Type of Current Activity; Morogoro Rural, 2012 Census
Home Maintenance Full-time
Age group Total Employed Unemployed Unable
(cooking/hygiene/caring) Pupils/Students
Total 1,078,311 69.4 2.7 10.9 13.6 3.5
10–14 203,146 23.2 0.9 21.1 51.3 3.6
15–19 142,290 56.0 2.2 14.1 25.2 2.4
20–24 121,002 79.3 3.9 10.5 5.4 0.9
25–29 111,171 86.1 4.3 8.8 - 0.8
30–34 103,341 88.0 3.6 7.5 - 0.9
35–39 87,819 89.0 3.2 6.9 - 0.9
40–44 70,129 89.3 3.0 6.7 - 1.0
45–49 54,626 89.8 2.9 6.1 - 1.2
50–54 47,207 89.5 2.6 6.1 - 1.8
55–59 31,962 88.6 2.4 6.3 - 2.7
60–64 33,161 83.8 2.7 6.8 - 6.7
65–69 21,705 81.9 2.1 6.2 - 9.7
70–74 20,991 72.9 2.0 6.3 - 18.9
75–79 12,365 68.3 2.1 6.4 - 23.1
80 + 17,396 50.1 0.0 - - 49.9

Table 10.9: Percentage Distribution of Total Population Aged 10 Years and Above by Five Year
Age Groups and Type of Current Activity; Morogoro Urban, 2012 Census
Home Maintenance Full-time
Age group Total Employed Unemployed Unable
(cooking/hygiene/caring) Pupils/Students
Total 464,882 53.6 5.4 15.7 21.7 3.6
10–14 72,560 7.2 0.6 14.8 74.7 2.7
15–19 69,875 25.6 3.5 18.7 48.8 3.4
20–24 63,452 50.1 7.7 20.9 19.9 1.5
25–29 57,021 68.4 11.9 18.7 - 1.1
30–34 49,713 76.4 7.3 15.4 - 0.9
35–39 38,995 79.6 5.6 13.7 - 1.1
40–44 29,080 81.5 5.2 12.3 - 1.0
45–49 21,739 83.1 4.4 11.0 - 1.5
50–54 18,163 82.8 4.3 10.3 - 2.5
55–59 11,954 83.0 3.0 9.6 - 4.4
60–64 11,146 73.3 3.8 13.0 - 9.9
65–69 6,714 69.3 3.2 12.1 - 15.4
70–74 6,130 57.1 2.9 10.2 - 29.8
75–79 3,555 46.2 2.9 11.7 - 39.2
80 + 4,785 33.2 - 0.0 - 66.8

Table 10.10 and 10.11 reveal that employment was more prominent among males (68.7 percent)
compared with females, of whom only about 61 percent were employed. On the other hand, male
unemployed population was higher (4.2 percent) than that of female (2.8 percent).

92
Table 10.10: Percentage Distribution of Total Male Population Aged 10 Years and Above by Five Year
Age Groups and Type of Current Activity; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census

Age Home Maintenance Full-time

Total Employed Unemployed Unable
group (cooking/hygiene/caring) Pupils/Students
Total 752,373 68.7 4.2 7.2 16.9 3.1
10–14 138,491 20.5 0.9 18.3 56.6 3.6
15–19 105,975 47.9 3.1 11.0 34.8 3.1
20–24 83,243 72.4 6.4 6.2 13.8 1.2
25–29 76,689 86.6 9.0 3.4 - 1.1
30–34 73,486 90.6 5.8 2.7 - 0.9
35–39 63,143 91.6 4.6 2.8 - 1.0
40–44 50,512 91.8 4.4 3.0 - 0.8
45–49 39,091 92.4 3.8 2.4 - 1.4
50–54 32,991 92.4 3.8 2.3 - 1.6
55–59 22,073 92.1 3.1 2.4 - 2.5
60–64 21,855 87.9 3.7 3.4 - 5.0
65–69 13,626 86.9 3.1 2.8 - 7.2
70–74 13,208 80.3 2.4 3.0 - 14.2
75–79 8,043 73.2 2.5 4.1 - 20.1
80 + 9,947 58.4 - - - 41.6

Table 10.11: Percentage Distribution of Total Female Population Aged 10 Years and Above by Five
Year Age Groups and Type of Current Activity; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census

Home Maintenance Full-time

Age group Total Employed Unemployed Unable
(cooking/hygiene/caring) Students
Total 790,820 60.7 2.8 17.3 15.3 4.0
10–14 137,215 17.5 0.7 20.5 58.2 3.1
15–19 106,190 44.0 2.2 20.2 31.2 2.4
20–24 101,211 66.6 4.3 20.5 7.5 1.1
25–29 91,503 74.6 5.1 19.4 - 0.8
30–34 79,568 78.3 3.9 16.9 - 0.9
35–39 63,671 80.7 3.3 15.1 - 0.9
40–44 48,697 82.1 2.8 13.9 - 1.2
45–49 37,274 83.2 2.8 12.8 - 1.2
50–54 32,379 82.9 2.3 12.3 - 2.5
55–59 21,843 82.0 2.0 12.1 - 3.9
60–64 22,452 74.6 2.2 13.2 - 10.0
65–69 14,793 71.5 1.7 12.0 - 14.7
70–74 13,913 58.8 2.0 11.1 - 28.1
75–79 7,877 53.3 2.0 11.2 - 33.5
80 + 12,234 36.7 0.0 0.0 - 63.2

Table 10.12 shows the distribution of total population aged 10 years and above by current
economic activity and district. The results show noticeable district variations for employed persons
aged 10 years and above in Morogoro. Results revealed that Morogoro Municipal Council had the
lowest proportion of employed persons (50.7 percent) compared with other districts.

93
Unemployment by district also shows some disparities. The unemployed persons ranged from two
(1.6) percent of the population in Morogoro district to six (6.3) percent in Morogoro Municipal
Council while persons who were full-time students ranged from 11.1 percent of the population in
Gairo District to 23.8 percent in Morogoro Municipal Council. The home maintenance (cooking or
hygiene or caring) category ranged from about nine (8.6) percent of the population in Morogoro
district to 16.9 percent in Gairo District. The proportion of persons who were unable to work
ranged between 2.8 percent of the population in Mvomero District and 4.3 percent in Gairo District.

Table 10.12: Percentage Distribution of Population Aged 10 Years and Above by Type of Current
Economic Activity (7 Days prior to the Census date) by District; Morogoro Region, 2012
Census
Home Maintenance Full-time
District/Council Total Employed Unemployed Unable
(cooking/hygiene/caring) Pupils/Students
Morogoro Region 1,543,193 64.6 3.5 12.4 16.0 3.5
Rural 1,078,311 69.4 2.7 10.9 13.6 3.5
Urban 464,882 53.6 5.4 15.7 21.7 3.6

Male 752,373 68.7 4.2 7.2 16.9 3.1

Female 790,820 60.7 2.8 17.3 15.3 4.0

Kilosa 302,216 68.7 2.8 12.9 12.5 3.1

Morogoro 199,862 73.1 1.6 8.6 12.8 3.8
Kilombero 288,917 61.5 3.4 11.7 20.0 3.5
Ulanga 179,946 63.0 4.1 12.6 16.3 4.0
Morogoro Municipal 235,595 50.7 6.3 15.5 23.8 3.8
Mvomero 213,763 72.4 2.3 9.7 12.8 2.8
Gairo 122,894 63.5 4.2 16.9 11.1 4.3

10.4 Employment Status

The 2012 PHC used six categories mutually exclusive to describe the employment status of the
population, namely: employer, employee, agriculture worker, non-agriculture worker, contributing
family worker and apprentice.

The information on employment status was collected for all persons aged 10 years and above. The
results in Table 10.13 show that the greatest employer is own agriculture (71.4 percent), followed
by Own non-agriculture (13.3 percent) and employee (9.0 percent). Apprenticeship accounted for
only 0.2 percent of the working population.

94
Table 10.13: Employed Population Aged 10 Years and Above by Five Year Age Groups and
Employment Status; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census

Own Non - Own Family

Age group Total Employer Employee Apprentices Other
Agriculture Agriculture Worker
Total 996,997 0.4 9.0 13.3 71.4 5.4 0.2 0.2
10–14 52,387 0.1 2.9 4.7 29.2 61.8 0.3 1.0
15–19 97,557 0.3 6.5 10.7 75.3 6.1 0.7 0.4
20–24 127,692 0.3 9.1 14.1 72.9 3.1 0.4 0.2
25–29 134,727 0.3 11.2 16.4 69.6 2.1 0.2 0.2
30–34 128,863 0.4 11.1 16.8 69.8 1.6 0.1 0.2
35–39 109,209 0.4 10.1 15.9 71.6 1.7 0.1 0.2
40–44 86,329 0.4 9.8 14.7 73.6 1.3 0.1 0.1
45–49 67,134 0.4 10.5 12.7 74.7 1.5 0.0 0.1
50–54 57,301 0.4 11.5 11.4 75.0 1.4 0.1 0.1
55–59 38,226 0.4 11.2 11.4 75.3 1.5 0.1 0.2
60–64 35,964 0.3 5.1 10.3 82.5 1.5 0.1 0.2
65–69 22,430 0.4 3.8 9.0 84.8 1.7 0.2 0.1
70–74 18,792 0.3 2.1 7.8 87.8 1.5 0.1 0.3
75–79 10,087 0.3 2.2 7.8 87.4 1.9 0.1 0.2
80 + 10,300 0.4 1.5 7.8 88.0 2.0 0.1 0.2

Table 10.14: Employed Population Aged 10 Years and Above by Residence and Employment Status:
Morogoro Region, 2012 Census

Own Non - Own Family

District/Council Total Employer Employee Apprentices Other
Agriculture Agriculture Worker
Morogoro Region 996,997 0.4 9.0 13.3 71.4 5.4 0.2 0.2
Rural 747,880 0.3 4.0 8.1 81.2 6.1 0.1 0.2
Urban 249,116 0.5 23.9 29.1 42.2 3.5 0.5 0.4

Male 516,960 0.4 10.9 14.5 68.9 4.9 0.2 0.3

Female 480,037 0.3 6.9 12.1 74.2 6.0 0.2 0.2

Kilosa 207,607 0.4 7.5 12.6 73.8 5.4 0.2 0.2

Morogoro 146,128 0.3 4.1 9.9 79.2 6.3 0.1 0.2
Kilombero 177,621 0.3 7.0 9.5 79.4 3.4 0.2 0.2
Ulanga 113,388 0.3 3.6 6.9 83.1 5.8 0.1 0.2
Morogoro Municipal 119,376 0.4 32.8 38.8 24.0 3.0 0.6 0.4
Mvomero 154,860 0.5 6.7 9.8 75.8 6.7 0.1 0.3
Gairo 78,017 0.3 2.6 7.9 79.6 9.1 0.1 0.3

95
10.5 Main Occupation

Main occupation provides information on the jobs on which persons aged 10 years and above spent
most of their working time. In the process of the production of goods and services, the main
occupation has been broken down into 15 categories considered to cover almost all activities people
are engaged in the production of goods and services in Tanzania. Major ones include
administrators, professionals, technicians, farmers, small businesses, street vendors, shopkeepers,
livestock keepers and fishermen.

The results in Table 10.15 show that farming was the most common occupation among working
population in Morogoro region (71.2 percent) while fisherman categories constituted the lowest
proportion of working people (0.2 percent).

96
 Table 10.15: Employed Population Aged 10 Years and Above by Five Year Age Groups and Main Occupation; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census

Service Street
Technicians Crafts Plant Machine
Legislators Small Workers Vendors Other Occupatio
Age and and Livestock Operators and Elementary
Total Administrators Professionals Clerks Business Shop and and Farmers Fishermen Not n not
Group Associate Related Keepers Assemblers Occupations
and Managers Managers Stall Sales Related Specified Known
Professionals Workers including Drivers
Workers Workers

Total 996,997 1.4 1.3 4.4 0.9 0.8 4.4 1.9 3.3 71.2 1.9 0.2 0.7 4.1 3.1 0.3
10–14 52,387 - - - - - 4.0 2.0 1.1 66.5 5.5 0.1 0.1 5.2 14.1 1.4
15–19 97,557 - - - 0.7 0.5 4.7 1.5 2.2 73.2 3.3 0.1 0.3 4.5 8.7 0.4
20–24 127,692 1.3 0.9 4.6 0.8 0.8 4.9 2.2 3.7 71.1 1.9 0.1 0.8 4.5 2.1 0.3
25–29 134,727 1.4 1.6 5.5 1.1 1.1 5.4 2.3 4.4 67.6 1.7 0.2 0.9 4.4 2.0 0.2
30–34 128,863 1.7 2.0 5.5 1.0 1.1 5.3 2.4 4.4 67.5 1.5 0.2 1.0 4.1 2.0 0.3
35–39 109,209 1.9 1.6 5.2 0.9 1.0 5.0 2.4 3.9 69.4 1.4 0.2 0.9 4.1 1.8 0.2
40–44 86,329 1.8 1.6 5.3 1.0 1.0 4.4 2.1 3.7 71.1 1.4 0.2 0.8 3.7 1.6 0.2
45–49 67,134 2.1 1.6 5.5 1.2 0.9 3.9 1.6 3.5 72.0 1.4 0.2 0.8 3.7 1.3 0.2
50–54 57,301 2.1 1.9 6.2 1.3 0.7 3.2 1.2 2.8 73.0 1.2 0.2 0.7 3.6 1.6 0.2
55–59 38,226 2.3 2.4 6.2 1.2 0.6 2.8 1.2 2.7 73.1 1.5 0.2 0.5 3.2 1.8 0.3
60–64 35,964 1.6 1.1 4.0 0.6 0.6 2.1 0.9 2.1 79.5 1.3 0.1 0.2 3.9 1.6 0.3
65–69 22,430 1.4 0.5 4.3 0.7 0.5 2.1 1.0 1.8 81.5 1.3 0.2 0.2 2.9 1.6 0.2
70–74 18,792 1.4 0.3 4.0 0.7 0.5 1.4 0.7 1.4 83.7 1.1 0.0 0.0 3.0 1.6 0.1
75–79 10,087 1.1 0.3 4.4 0.9 0.2 1.6 0.5 1.4 83.8 0.8 0.2 0.2 2.8 1.6 0.2
80+ 10,300 0.6 0.2 3.4 0.7 0.4 1.1 0.8 1.6 84.1 1.4 0.1 - 2.8 2.5 0.4

97
Table 10.16: Percentage Distribution of Employed Population Aged 10 Years and Above by Residence and Main Occupation: Morogoro Region, 2012
Census
Service

Related Workers
Street Plant Machine

Occupation not
Technicians Workers

Professional

Fishermen
Crafts and

Other Not
Legislators Small Vendors Operators and

Livestock

Specified
Farmers

Keepers

Known
Clerks
and Shop and Elementary
District/Council Total Administrators Business and Assemblers
Associate Stall Occupations
and Managers Managers Related including
Professionals Sales
Workers Drivers
Workers
Morogoro Region 996,997 1.4 1.3 4.4 0.9 0.8 4.4 1.9 3.3 71.2 1.9 0.2 0.7 4.1 3.1 0.3
Rural 747,880 1.0 0.5 3.1 0.6 0.3 1.7 0.8 1.8 80.9 2.4 0.1 0.2 3.5 2.7 0.2
Urban 249,116 2.6 3.6 8.3 1.9 2.2 12.3 5.1 8.0 42.3 0.6 0.4 2.2 5.6 4.4 0.5

Male 516,960 1.6 1.4 4.5 0.9 0.8 4.0 1.9 4.6 69.1 2.2 0.2 1.2 4.1 3.1 0.3
Female 480,037 1.2 1.1 4.4 0.9 0.8 4.8 1.9 1.9 73.6 1.6 0.1 0.1 4.0 3.2 0.4

Kilosa 207,607 1.0 0.8 4.4 0.6 0.8 4.3 1.4 2.8 74.6 2.7 0.1 0.5 3.1 2.7 0.2
Morogoro 146,128 0.8 0.6 2.3 0.6 0.3 1.9 0.9 1.6 81.0 3.0 0.0 0.3 4.0 2.4 0.3
Kilombero 177,621 1.4 0.8 3.1 0.8 0.4 3.1 1.9 2.9 78.7 0.7 0.3 0.5 3.1 2.3 0.1
Ulanga 113,388 1.3 0.7 2.3 0.6 0.2 1.8 0.9 1.8 83.2 1.1 0.1 0.2 3.8 1.8 0.2
Morogoro Municipal 119,376 3.1 5.4 11.2 2.7 3.5 15.9 6.7 10.3 25.2 0.7 0.6 3.1 6.4 4.8 0.6
Mvomero 154,860 1.8 0.8 5.4 1.0 0.4 2.8 1.3 2.3 71.1 3.1 0.1 0.3 4.7 4.4 0.4
Gairo 78,017 0.5 0.3 2.4 0.3 0.3 1.5 0.8 2.3 80.4 1.4 0.0 0.2 4.5 4.5 0.6

98
10.6 Main Industry

Industry provides information on the main economic activities in which the working population is
employed. Main activities include agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining and quarrying, trade and
commerce, public administration and education.

Results in Table 10.17 reveal that commercial agriculture and food crops employed more persons
(70.7 percent) than any other industry, followed by ‘Trade and Commerce (6.2 percent) and
Domestic Services (3.4 percent). The industry that employed the least number of persons was
Information and Communication (0.3 percent).

99
 Table 10.17: Percentage Distribution of Employed Population Aged 10 Years and Above by Five Year Age Groups and Main Industry; Morogoro Region, 2012
Census

Commercial Fishing Services Health

Manufacturing
Services for Raw Food Financial Public

Construction
Agriculture, Hunting Mining Electricity Haulage for food and Other
Clean Water Sales Trade and Information and Institution Administration Education Domestic
Age Group Total Food Crops Livestock and Gas and and Hotels Social Activities
Sewage and (Uncooked Commerce Communication and and Security Services Services
and and Other Quarrying Steam Storage and Welfare not listed
Environment Food) Insurance Services
Forestry Related Lodges Services

Total 996,997 70.7 2.4 3.3 2.5 0.4 0.9 1.5 2.1 6.2 0.7 1.2 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.1 0.5 3.4 1.6
10–14 52,387 67.1 6.0 3.9 0.9 0.5 1.0 1.5 1.0 5.2 0.4 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.1 4.8
15–19 97,557 72.7 3.3 3.3 1.7 0.3 0.8 1.3 1.4 5.8 0.4 1.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.4 2.5
20–24 127,692 70.2 2.4 3.2 2.8 0.4 0.9 1.5 2.2 6.2 0.8 1.6 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.3 3.8 1.4
25–29 134,727 67.1 2.1 3.4 3.3 0.5 1.1 1.9 2.8 6.5 0.9 1.7 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.6 0.5 3.0 1.6
30–34 128,863 67.2 2.1 3.5 3.1 0.5 1.1 2.0 2.8 6.7 1.2 1.6 0.3 0.6 1.0 1.7 0.5 2.6 1.5
35–39 109,209 69.0 1.8 3.4 2.8 0.4 0.9 1.8 2.5 6.9 0.9 1.4 0.3 0.5 1.0 1.4 0.5 2.8 1.5
40–44 86,329 70.7 2.1 3.3 2.5 0.4 0.8 1.8 2.4 6.6 0.8 1.1 0.2 0.6 1.1 1.1 0.7 2.5 1.2
45–49 67,134 71.4 2.0 3.3 2.7 0.4 1.1 1.4 1.9 6.0 0.8 1.1 0.2 0.6 1.4 1.3 0.7 2.5 1.2
50–54 57,301 72.3 1.9 3.3 2.4 0.5 0.6 1.1 1.7 5.9 0.5 0.8 0.3 0.5 1.5 2.1 0.8 2.5 1.3
55–59 38,226 73.0 2.4 3.4 2.0 0.4 0.6 1.2 1.6 5.1 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.4 1.1 2.6 0.9 2.6 1.3
60–64 35,964 77.8 1.6 2.9 1.6 0.3 0.7 0.8 1.1 6.2 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.7 0.7 0.3 2.9 1.1
65–69 22,430 80.0 1.4 3.0 1.4 0.2 0.6 0.7 1.0 6.0 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.3 0.3 2.7 0.8
70–74 18,792 81.9 1.3 3.0 1.0 0.2 0.4 0.5 1.0 6.0 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.0 2.9 0.6
75–79 10,087 81.8 1.4 3.6 0.7 0.2 0.6 0.5 0.9 5.3 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 2.7 0.6
80+ 10,300 82.4 1.3 2.5 0.9 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.6 6.4 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.1 3.2 0.5

100
Table 10.18: Percentage Distribution of Employed Population of Age 10 Years and above by Residence, Sex and Main Industry: Morogoro Region, 2012 Census
Fishing
Commercial Services Health

Manufacturing
Hunting Services for Raw Food Financial Public

Construction
Agriculture, Mining Electricity for food and Other

Haulage and
Livestock Clean Water Sales Trade and Information and Institution Administration
District/Council

Education
Total Food Crops and Gas and Hotels Social Activities

Domestic
Services

Services
and Sewage and (Uncooked Commerce Communication and and Security

Storage
and Quarrying Steam and Welfare not listed
Other Environment Food) Insurance Services
Forestry Lodges Services
Related

Morogoro Region 996,997 70.7 2.4 3.3 2.5 0.4 0.9 1.5 2.1 6.2 0.7 1.2 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.1 0.5 3.4 1.6
Rural 554,784 66.9 2.8 2.1 1.6 0.3 0.6 1.9 2.2 5.0 1.0 0.6 0.2 0.6 0.5 1.9 0.5 8.2 3.0
Urban 167,601 29.2 2.7 3.4 6.8 1.0 2.3 4.9 9.1 10.5 3.0 3.9 1.0 2.1 3.0 3.8 1.6 6.9 4.9

Male 360,613 56.1 3.3 2.4 3.6 0.5 0.9 4.1 3.3 6.5 2.5 0.8 0.6 1.0 1.6 2.1 0.5 6.5 3.9
Female 361,773 60.3 2.4 2.3 2.0 0.4 1.1 1.2 4.3 6.1 0.5 1.9 0.2 0.9 0.6 2.6 1.0 9.4 3.0

Kilosa 207,607 74.9 3.0 3.2 1.8 0.3 0.9 1.5 1.8 5.2 0.6 1.1 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.8 0.3 2.3 1.4
Morogoro 146,128 78.3 3.2 2.1 0.9 0.2 0.4 0.9 1.2 5.4 0.4 0.7 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.7 0.2 3.8 1.3
Kilombero 177,621 76.7 1.1 1.7 1.9 0.3 0.6 1.2 1.6 7.2 0.4 0.8 0.2 0.4 0.6 1.0 0.5 2.8 1.1
Ulanga 113,388 82.8 1.5 1.9 1.0 0.1 0.3 0.9 0.8 4.4 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 0.4 2.7 0.7
Morogoro Municipal 119,376 23.8 2.7 6.8 9.3 1.5 3.2 4.9 7.3 11.5 2.6 4.4 1.4 1.8 3.4 3.7 1.2 6.1 4.2
Mvomero 154,860 74.6 3.2 5.4 1.9 0.3 0.9 0.9 1.3 4.8 0.6 0.8 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.4 2.3 1.3
Gairo 78,017 77.5 1.2 2.4 1.3 0.2 0.2 0.9 1.1 5.7 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.2 5.5 1.9

101
 Chapter Eleven
Disability

11.1 Introduction

Persons with disabilities were defined as persons with long-term physical, mental, intellectual or
sensory impairment which may hinder or limit their full and effective participation in society on an
equal footing with others.

In Tanzania the first attempt to collect disability statistics through Census in Tanzania was in 2002
PHC. The 2002 PHC had only two questions on disability. The first question asked if any member
of the household had any disability. If the answer to that question was “Yes”, the respondent was
asked to state the type of disability. These questions were too general and they captured severe
cases of disability only. More research and information is now available on how to collect more
comprehensive disability statistics through a census or survey.

In the 2012 PHC, all respondents were asked questions on disability. Persons with disabilities were
defined as persons with long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairment which may
hinder or limit their full and effective participation in society on an equal footing with others.
Disabilities included in the 2012 census questionnaire were albinism, difficulty in seeing, hearing
and walking. Other categories were difficulty in remembering, self-care and other types of
disability.

11.2 Persons with Disabilities

Table 11.1 shows the number of persons with disability by type of disability and district. Difficulty
in seeing was the most common type of disability (2.3 percent) and albinism was the least common
type of disability reported (0.04 percent).

102
Table 11.1: Number of Persons with Disability by Type of Disability and District; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census
Albino Seeing Hearing Walking Remembering Self-care Other Disability
District/Council
Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage

Morogoro Region 947 0.04 49,688 2.3 23,995 1.1 30,119 1.4 23,705 1.1 18,014 0.8 8,427 0.4
Kilosa 175 0.04 9,322 2.2 4,410 1.0 5,540 1.3 4,091 1.0 3,815 0.9 1,505 0.4
Morogoro 101 0.04 9,751 3.4 4,854 1.7 6,673 2.4 4,904 1.7 3,716 1.3 1,887 0.7
Kilombero 217 0.05 8,092 2.0 4,127 1.0 4,468 1.1 3,626 0.9 2,677 0.7 1,225 0.3
Ulanga 134 0.05 6,099 2.4 3,112 1.2 3,417 1.3 3,079 1.2 2,419 0.9 1,102 0.4
Morogoro Municipal 130 0.04 5,828 1.9 2,268 0.7 3,394 1.1 2,328 0.8 1,445 0.5 654 0.2
Mvomero 139 0.05 7,936 2.6 3,744 1.2 5,057 1.6 4,161 1.4 2,727 0.9 1,458 0.5
Gairo 51 0.03 2,660 1.4 1,480 0.8 1,570 0.8 1,516 0.8 1,215 0.6 596 0.3

11.2.1 Population with Albinism

Table 11.2 gives the number and percentage of persons with albinism by five year age groups and sex. Results show that out of all private household
population of 2,175,011 persons enumerated in Morooro region, 947 persons (0.04 percent) had albinism. Majority of the Albinos (217) were in
Kilombero district followed by 175 in Kilosa district. Prevalence of albinism is more or less equally distributed among age groups and sex.

103
Table 11.2: Number and Percentage Distribution of Persons with Albinism by Five Year Age Groups
and Sex; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census
Both Sexes Male Female Population Distribution
Age Group
Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage Both Sexes Male Female
Total 947 0.04 521 0.05 426 0.04 2,175,011 1,067,719 1,107,292
0–4 100 0.03 57 0.04 43 0.03 320,953 159,740 161,213
5–9 104 0.03 65 0.04 39 0.03 310,818 155,581 155,237
10 – 14 103 0.04 58 0.04 45 0.03 275,706 138,491 137,215
15 – 19 91 0.04 53 0.05 38 0.04 212,165 105,975 106,190
20 – 24 117 0.06 54 0.06 63 0.06 184,454 83,243 101,211
25 – 29 62 0.04 38 0.05 24 0.03 168,192 76,689 91,503
30 – 34 79 0.05 44 0.06 35 0.04 153,054 73,486 79,568
35 – 39 38 0.03 23 0.04 15 0.02 126,814 63,143 63,671
40 – 44 55 0.06 30 0.06 25 0.05 99,209 50,512 48,697
45 – 49 35 0.05 14 0.04 21 0.06 76,365 39,091 37,274
50 – 54 28 0.04 14 0.04 14 0.04 65,370 32,991 32,379
55 – 59 21 0.05 12 0.05 9 0.04 43,916 22,073 21,843
60 – 64 28 0.06 13 0.06 15 0.07 44,329 21,855 22,474
65 – 69 16 0.06 8 0.06 8 0.05 28,432 13,639 14,793
70 – 74 22 0.08 10 0.08 12 0.09 27,121 13,208 13,913
75 – 79 14 0.09 8 0.10 6 0.08 15,932 8,055 7,877
80+ 34 0.15 20 0.20 14 0.11 22,181 9,947 12,234

Table 11.3: Number and Percentage Distribution of Persons with Albinism by Five Year Age Groups and
Sex; Morogoro Rural, 2012 Census
Both Sexes Male Female Population Distribution
Age Group
Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage Both Sexes Male Female
Total 634 0.04 358 0.05 276 0.04 1,558,113 772,160 785,953
0–4 70 0.03 42 0.03 28 0.02 243,447 121,176 122,271
5–9 79 0.03 48 0.04 31 0.03 236,355 118,721 117,634
10 – 14 67 0.03 36 0.03 31 0.03 203,146 103,445 99,701
15 – 19 57 0.04 34 0.05 23 0.03 142,290 73,657 68,633
20 – 24 64 0.05 33 0.06 31 0.05 121,002 55,082 65,920
25 – 29 40 0.04 26 0.05 14 0.02 111,171 51,326 59,845
30 – 34 55 0.05 32 0.06 23 0.04 103,341 49,805 53,536
35 – 39 25 0.03 16 0.04 9 0.02 87,819 43,936 43,883
40 – 44 39 0.06 19 0.05 20 0.06 70,129 35,696 34,433
45 – 49 27 0.05 13 0.05 14 0.05 54,626 28,049 26,577
50 – 54 17 0.04 9 0.04 8 0.03 47,207 23,892 23,315
55 – 59 17 0.05 10 0.06 7 0.04 31,962 15,942 16,020
60 – 64 18 0.05 7 0.04 11 0.07 33,161 16,286 16,875
65 – 69 12 0.06 7 0.07 5 0.04 21,705 10,393 11,312
70 – 74 16 0.08 7 0.07 9 0.08 20,991 10,387 10,604
75 – 79 10 0.08 6 0.09 4 0.07 12,365 6,392 5,973
80+ 21 0.12 13 0.16 8 0.08 17,396 7,975 9,421

104
Table 11.4: Number and Percentage Distribution of Persons with Albinism by Five Year Age Groups and
Sex; Morogoro Urban, 2012 Census
Both Sexes Male Female Population Distribution
Age Group
Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage Both Sexes Male Female
Total 313 0.05 163 0.06 150 0.05 616,898 295,559 321,339
0–4 30 0.04 15 0.04 15 0.04 77,506 38,564 38,942
5–9 25 0.03 17 0.05 8 0.02 74,463 36,860 37,603
10 – 14 36 0.05 22 0.06 14 0.04 72,560 35,046 37,514
15 – 19 34 0.05 19 0.06 15 0.04 69,875 32,318 37,557
20 – 24 53 0.08 21 0.07 32 0.09 63,452 28,161 35,291
25 – 29 22 0.04 12 0.05 10 0.03 57,021 25,363 31,658
30 – 34 24 0.05 12 0.05 12 0.05 49,713 23,681 26,032
35 – 39 13 0.03 7 0.04 6 0.03 38,995 19,207 19,788
40 – 44 16 0.06 11 0.07 5 0.04 29,080 14,816 14,264
45 – 49 8 0.04 1 0.01 7 0.07 21,739 11,042 10,697
50 – 54 11 0.06 5 0.05 6 0.07 18,163 9,099 9,064
55 – 59 4 0.03 2 0.03 2 0.03 11,954 6,131 5,823
60 – 64 10 0.09 6 0.11 4 0.07 11,168 5,569 5,599
65 – 69 4 0.06 1 0.03 3 0.09 6,727 3,246 3,481
70 – 74 6 0.10 3 0.11 3 0.09 6,130 2,821 3,309
75 – 79 4 0.11 2 0.12 2 0.11 3,567 1,663 1,904
80+ 13 0.27 7 0.35 6 0.21 4,785 1,972 2,813

11.3 Persons with Disabilities

Table 11.5 shows the proportion of persons with disability by age and sex and , type of disability
for Morogoro Region.Difficulty in seeing was relatively the most reported disability by respondents
(2.3 percent), followed by difficulty in walking (1.4 percent) and difficulty in hearing and
remembering (1.1 percent each). In general, there were no marked differences between males and
females, although the percentage of female population with disability was slightly higher than that
of males. The 2012 PHC results reveal that the percentage of people with disability was
considerably higher among older persons compared with younger persons. For instance, the
percentage of population with problems of seeing ranges from 0.4 percent among population below
10 years to over 22 percent for those aged 70 years and above. Marked differences are observed in
all disability categories.

105
Table 11.5: Percentage Distribution of Persons with Disabilities by 10 Year Age Groups, Sex and Type of Disability: Morogoro Region, 2012 Census
Type of Disability
Both Sexes Male Female
Age Group
Self- Other Self- Other Self- Other
Seeing Hearing Walking Remembering Seeing Hearing Walking Remembering Seeing Hearing Walking Remembering
care Disability care Disability care Disability

Total 2.3 1.1 1.4 1.1 0.8 0.4 2.1 1.0 1.2 0.9 0.8 0.4 2.5 1.2 1.5 1.2 0.9 0.4
0–9 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 1.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 1.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 1.2 0.2
10 – 19 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.3
20 – 29 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.3
30 – 39 1.2 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.9 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.3 0.5 1.5 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.3 0.4
40 – 49 3.6 1.2 1.6 1.2 0.4 0.5 2.6 0.9 1.3 0.9 0.4 0.5 4.6 1.4 1.9 1.5 0.5 0.6
50 – 59 7.0 1.9 3.2 1.9 0.7 0.6 6.1 1.5 2.4 1.4 0.6 0.6 8.0 2.3 4.0 2.5 0.8 0.6
60 – 69 12.4 3.8 6.6 3.6 1.5 0.9 11.2 2.9 4.9 2.6 1.2 0.8 13.6 4.5 8.2 4.5 1.8 0.9
70+ 22.9 9.0 15.2 9.4 6.1 1.2 22.9 7.8 13.3 7.5 4.8 1.2 22.8 10.1 16.9 11.1 7.2 1.2

106
Figure 11.1: Percentage Distribution of Persons with Disabilities by Type and Sex; Morogoro
Region, 2012 Census

Tables 11.6 and 11.7 show percentage distribution of the population with disabilities by age groups
and place of residence in Morogoro Region . The Tables show that there are slight differences
between rural and urban population, with relatively higher percentage of population with
disabilities in rural than urban areas.

107
Table 11.6: Percentage Distribution of Persons with Disabilities by 10 Year Age Groups, Sex and Type of Disability: Morogoro Rural, 2012 Census
Type of Disability
Both Sexes Male Female
Age Group
Self- Other Self- Other Self- Other
Seeing Hearing Walking Remembering Seeing Hearing Walking Remembering Seeing Hearing Walking Remembering
care Disability care Disability care Disability
Total 2.4 1.2 1.5 1.2 0.9 0.4 2.2 1.1 1.3 1.0 0.9 0.5 2.6 1.3 1.6 1.4 1.0 0.4
0–9 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 1.4 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.7 1.4 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 1.3 0.2
10 – 19 0.6 0.9 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.9 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.4
20 – 29 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.3 0.4
30 – 39 1.3 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.3 0.5 1.0 0.7 0.9 0.7 0.3 0.5 1.6 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.4 0.5
40 – 49 3.7 1.3 1.7 1.3 0.5 0.6 2.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.6 4.7 1.5 2.0 1.7 0.5 0.6
50 – 59 7.3 2.1 3.3 2.1 0.7 0.7 6.3 1.7 2.5 1.5 0.6 0.8 8.3 2.6 4.1 2.7 0.8 0.7
60 – 69 12.7 4.0 6.5 3.7 1.6 0.9 11.6 3.1 5.0 2.8 1.2 0.9 13.7 4.8 8.0 4.6 1.9 1.0
70+ 23.2 9.3 15.0 9.5 6.2 1.3 23.4 8.0 13.4 7.6 5.0 1.2 23.0 10.6 16.6 11.2 7.5 1.4

Table 11.7: Percentage Distribution of Persons with Disabilities by 10 Year Age Groups, Sex and Type of Disability: Morogoro Urban, 2012 Census
Type of Disability
Both Sexes Male Female
Age Group
Self- Other Self- Other Self- Other
Seeing Hearing Walking Remembering Seeing Hearing Walking Remembering Seeing Hearing Walking Remembering
care Disability care Disability care Disability
Total 2.0 0.8 1.1 0.8 0.6 0.3 1.8 0.7 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.3 2.3 0.9 1.3 0.9 0.6 0.2
0–9 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.8 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.8 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.1
10–19 0.9 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.8 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.9 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.2
20–29 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.2
30–39 1.1 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.9 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.3 1.3 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.3
40–49 3.1 0.9 1.2 0.9 0.3 0.3 2.0 0.6 0.9 0.7 0.3 0.3 4.3 1.1 1.5 1.2 0.4 0.3
50–59 6.4 1.3 2.9 1.6 0.6 0.4 5.5 1.0 2.1 1.0 0.6 0.3 7.3 1.7 3.6 2.2 0.7 0.4
60–69 11.5 3.1 6.7 3.3 1.4 0.6 9.8 2.4 4.7 2.2 1.2 0.5 13.2 3.8 8.6 4.3 1.5 0.7
70+ 21.8 7.8 15.9 9.0 5.6 0.9 21.3 6.8 13.2 7.1 4.4 0.9 22.3 8.6 18.1 10.6 6.5 0.8

108
 Chapter Twelve
Housing Conditions, Household Assets and Amenities

12.1 Introduction

The 2012 PHC collected information on household characteristics and conditions as an indicator of
household prosperity. Information collected included ownership status of the main dwelling used
by the household, legal right over the ownership of land where the main dwelling is built, building
materials for the main dwelling (roofing, flooring and wall) and number of rooms available for
sleeping in the dwelling. The Census also collected information on availability of essential social
services, including main source of drinking water, main source of energy used for cooking and
lighting, availability of toilet facilities, mode of households refuse disposal, ownership of specified
assets, and household membership in social security schemes.

12.2 Ownership Status of the Main Dwelling Used by the Household

Table 12.1 presents information on ownership of the main dwelling used by the household in
Morogoro Region. The Census results indicate that 72.9 percent of private households in Morogoro
Region lived in privately owned dwellings. The proportion of households living in privately owned
dwellings was higher in rural (83.6 percent) than in urban areas (48.1 percent).

Table 12. 1: Percentage Distribution of Households by Ownership Status of the Main Dwelling by
Rural and Urban; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census

Living Rented by Owned Owned

Rented
Administrative Owned by without Rented Government by by
Total by
Area Household Paying Privately at Subsidized Employer Employer
Employer
any Rent Rent (Free) (Rent)
Morogoro Region 501,794 72.9 4.7 19.2 0.8 0.8 1.5 0.2
Rural 350,458 83.6 4.7 9.5 0.4 0.5 1.1 0.2
Urban 151,336 48.1 4.6 41.7 1.6 1.3 2.2 0.3

Table 12.2 presents information on tenure status by age of head of household. The results show that
most of the private house owners (55 percent) were of age 25 – 49 years. It was also found that
only 15 percent of senior citizens (65 year and above) were living in their own houses.

109
Table 12. 2: Percentage Distribution of Households by Age Group and Tenure Status: Morogoro
Region, 2012 Census
Rented by
Living Owned Owned
Age of Rented Government
Owned by without Rented by by
head of Total by at
Household Paying Privately Employer Employer
Household Employer Subsidized
any Rent (Free) (Rent)
Rent
Total 501,794 72.9 4.7 19.2 0.8 0.8 1.5 0.2
Below 15 1,924 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.0
15 – 19 8,314 1.4 3.0 2.4 2.4 1.6 1.8 1.9
20 – 24 34,823 5.2 10.5 12.3 10.3 13.5 7.3 11.9
25 – 29 61,033 9.4 14.4 21.6 15.6 16.6 13.0 17.1
30 – 34 71,520 12.1 15.7 21.6 18.2 21.4 15.0 13.5
35 – 39 66,083 12.6 12.6 15.4 15.7 16.3 13.4 13.2
40 – 44 56,200 11.6 10.2 9.8 11.5 10.8 11.3 9.7
45 – 49 43,931 9.5 8.0 5.9 8.1 7.1 11.8 9.5
50 – 54 40,360 9.2 6.2 4.1 7.0 3.8 10.4 9.0
55 – 59 28,126 6.5 4.5 2.4 5.4 3.8 6.1 4.8
60 – 64 29,756 7.2 4.7 1.8 2.6 2.1 4.1 3.2
65+ 59,725 15.0 9.4 2.3 2.1 2.3 5.4 6.3
Total 501,794 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

12.3 Legal Right on Ownership of Land where Main Dwelling is Located

Members of the households living in privately owned houses were asked to state the legal right of
the land where their main dwelling is built. About one-third of the households had no legal right
over the land and only 10 percent of households had title deed. Most of the ownership of land was
customary (50.1 percent) (Table 12.3). However, 28 percent of households in urban areas had title
deed over the ownership of land where their houses are built compared with five (5) percent in rural
areas.

Table 12.3: Percentage of Households by Type of Legal Rights over the Ownership of the Land
where the Main Dwelling is Located; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census

Administrative Title Residential Customary Registration No Legal

Total Offer Contract
Area Deed License Ownership (Zanzibar) Right
Morogoro Region 365,814 9.9 2.0 3.1 50.1 4.0 0.0 30.8
Rural 292,955 5.3 1.0 1.4 55.8 4.0 0.0 32.5
Urban 72,859 28.3 6.0 10.4 27.1 3.9 0.0 24.2

110
12.4 Roofing Materials

Table 12.4 shows that 64.8 percent of private households in Morogoro Region used iron sheets as
the main roofing material, followed by grass or leaves (29.7 percent) and mud and leaves (4.5
percent). About 93 percent of the private households in Urban Areas used modern roofing
materials (iron sheets, tiles, concrete and asbestos) compared with 54 percent in Rural Areas.
Significant variations were observed across districts. The proportion of private households with
modern roofing materials ranged between 42 percent in Ulanga district and 98 percent in Morogoro
Municipal.

Table 12.4: Percentage Distribution of Households by Residence and Type of Materials Used for
Roofing; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census
Roofing Materials of Main Dwelling Unit

District/Council Plastics
Iron Grass/ Mud and
Total Tiles Concrete Asbestos /Box Canvass
Sheets Leaves Leaves
Paper

Morogoro Region 501,794 64.8 0.4 0.0 0.4 29.7 4.5 0.1 0.1
Rural 350,458 53.1 0.2 0.0 0.3 40.0 6.1 0.1 0.1
Urban 151,336 91.8 0.8 0.1 0.6 5.7 1.0 0.2 0.0

Kilosa 102,443 60.7 0.5 0.0 0.9 32.5 5.2 0.1 0.1
Morogoro 67,671 53.4 0.1 0.0 0.2 41.1 5.0 0.1 0.1
Kilombero 93,331 64.5 0.2 0.0 0.6 31.3 3.2 0.2 0.1
Ulanga 53,290 41.3 0.1 0.0 0.3 50.8 7.1 0.2 0.1
Morogoro Municipal 76,039 96.9 1.2 0.1 0.0 1.0 0.6 0.2 0.0
Mvomero 72,013 62.2 0.1 0.0 0.2 33.1 4.2 0.1 0.1
Gairo 37,007 70.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 18.7 10.5 0.1 0.1

12.5 Flooring Material

Table 12.5 presents the percentage distribution of households by type of flooring materials used for
the main dwelling and district for Geita Region. The Table indicates that 64.3 percent of the total
private households used earth or sand as the main flooring materials, followed by cement (34
percent). In Urban Areas, cement was the most common flooring material used (68.8 percent),
followed by earth or sand (28.4 percent). On the other hand, 79.9 percent of the rural households
had used earth or sand as the main flooring material, followed by cement (18.9 percent). Across
districts, about 85 percent of the total private households in Morogoro Municipal were using
modern flooring materials (cement, ceramic tiles, terrazzo, vinyl or asphalt strips and parquet or
polished wood) followed by Kilombero District (35 percent) and Kilosa (31 percent).

111
Table 12.5: Percentage Distribution of Households by Residence and Main Material Used for
Flooring; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census
Floor Material of Main Dwelling Unit
District/Council Parquet or Vinyl or Palm/
Ceramic Wood Animal
Total Cement Polished Terrazzo Asphalt Bamboo Earth/Sand
Tiles Planks Dung
Wood Strips Planks
Morogoro Region 501,794 34.0 0.8 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.4 64.3 0.1
Rural 350,458 18.9 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.6 79.9 0.1
Urban 151,336 68.8 2.2 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.1 28.4 0.0

Kilosa 102,443 30.8 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.3 68.4 0.0
Morogoro 67,671 17.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.8 81.4 0.2
Kilombero 93,331 34.7 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 64.0 0.1
Ulanga 53,290 15.9 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.7 82.5 0.1
Morogoro Municipal 76,039 80.4 3.7 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.1 15.1 0.0
Mvomero 72,013 26.8 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.5 71.8 0.1
Gairo 37,007 15.9 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.3 83.0 0.0

12.6 Wall Materials

Observation on Table 12.6 shows that 45.1 percent of all private households in Morogoro Region
had their house walls built of baked bricks. Other materials commonly used for walls were poles
and mud (28.6 percent) and sundried bricks (13.5 percent). The table also shows that most of the
households in the Urban Areas used baked bricks (53 percent) as wall materials, followed by
cement bricks (30 percent), while in Rural Areas the main wall materials used were baked bricks
(42 percent), followed by poles and mud (38 percent).
Table 12.6: Percentage Distribution of Households by Residence and Type of Wall Materials Used;
Morogoro Region, 2012 Census
Wall Materials of Main Dwelling Unit
District/Council Cement Sundried Baked Timber and Poles
Total Stones Timber Grass Canvass
Bricks Bricks Bricks Iron Sheets and Mud
Morogoro Region 501,794 0.3 10.2 13.5 45.1 0.1 0.2 28.6 1.9 0.1
Rural 350,458 0.3 1.8 15.9 41.6 0.1 0.2 37.5 2.5 0.1
Urban 151,336 0.5 29.7 7.9 53.2 0.0 0.2 8.1 0.4 0.0

Kilosa 102,443 0.1 3.8 15.1 47.4 0.0 0.3 31.0 2.2 0.1
Morogoro 67,671 0.6 2.4 16.7 33.6 0.1 0.1 44.0 2.6 0.0
Kilombero 93,331 0.4 3.1 6.8 69.1 0.1 0.1 18.5 2.0 0.0
Ulanga 53,290 0.2 0.8 6.4 50.8 0.1 0.1 38.7 2.8 0.1
Morogoro Municipal 76,039 0.6 50.8 7.2 37.0 0.0 0.1 4.0 0.3 0.0
Mvomero 72,013 0.2 3.8 22.4 40.9 0.1 0.2 30.1 2.2 0.1
Gairo 37,007 0.1 2.4 26.4 15.8 0.5 0.4 53.1 1.1 0.1

112
12.7 Rooms for Sleeping

Room occupancy is vital information in estimating and understanding the requirements of

accommodation for households.

According to the 2012 PHC, a room for sleeping was defined as any space within the household
which is currently used for sleeping by the household members. Any space within the dwelling can
be termed as a room for sleeping if currently it is used by the household member for sleeping
purpose. By this definition it can also be any space used for other purposes like a sitting room,
dining room or even stores.

Figure 12.1 and Table 12.7 show that about 66 percent of the households in Morogoro region had
one or two rooms for sleeping and 19 percent had three rooms for sleeping. Only 15 percent of
households had more than three rooms for sleeping. The proportion of households with only one
room for sleeping is higher in urban (31.1 percent) than rural areas (29.9 percent).There is no
marked difference between male and female headed households in the average number of rooms for
sleeping.

Figure 12.1: Percentage Distribution of Households by Number of Rooms for Sleeping, Rural
and Urban; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census

113
Table 12.7: Percentage Distribution of Households by Residence, Average Household Size and
Number of Rooms for Sleeping: Morogoro Region, 2012 Census

Number of rooms for sleeping Average

Average
Number of
District/Council household Total
Rooms for
size 1 2 3 4 5 Sleeping

Morogoro Region 4.3 501,794 30.2 35.8 19.2 9.3 5.5 2.3
Male headed household 3.1 348,709 26.8 39.4 19.9 9.1 4.8 2.3
Female headed household 7.2 153,085 38.1 27.5 17.7 9.7 7.0 2.3

Rural 4.4 350,458 29.9 35.5 19.7 9.3 5.6 2.2

Urban 4.1 151,336 31.1 36.6 18.2 9.1 5.1 2.5

Kilosa 4.2 102,443 30.8 37.4 19.6 7.6 4.5 2.4

Morogoro 4.2 67,671 19.6 42.9 18.7 13.7 5.1 2.2
Kilombero 4.3 93,331 32.9 33.7 18.9 7.8 6.7 2.3
Ulanga 4.9 53,290 22.3 39.9 21.5 9.4 6.9 2.5
Morogoro Municipal 4.0 76,039 41.5 25.0 17.2 10.2 6.2 2.4
Mvomero 4.3 72,013 28.9 35.4 20.8 10.2 4.8 2.2
Gairo 5.2 37,007 32.3 41.1 18.1 5.3 3.2 2.0

12.8 Source of Drinking Water

During the 2012 PHC, households were asked to mention their main source of drinking water.
Table 12.8 shows that overall about 42 percent of private households in Morogoro Region used
piped water as the main source of drinking water (13 percent had water piped into their houses,
nine percent piped into yard and 20 percent used public tap). In urban areas, 73 percent of private
households used piped water as their main source of drinking water compared with 28 percent of
households in rural areas. Map 12.1 presents the proportion of private households that used piped
water as their main source of drinking water. The proportion of households using piped water
ranged from 24 percent in Morogoro District to 88 percent in Morogoro Municipal.

114
Table 12.8: Percentage Distribution of Households by Residence and Main Source of Drinking Water; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census
Main Source of Drinking Water
Improved Drinking Water Sources Non-Improved Drinking Water Sources

Piped Water into dwelling

Surface water (river dam

Piped Water to yard/plot

Total Non-Improved
Rain water collection
Unprotected dug well
Public tap/ standpipe

Tube well/ borehole

Unprotected Spring
Protected dug well

Total Improved
Protected Spring

Cart with small

Bottled water

Tanker truck
tank/drum

lake etc.)
Region Total

Morogoro Region 501,794 12.9 9.1 19.7 13.2 7.1 0.4 62.4 15.2 7.7 0.1 0.1 1.3 1.0 12.2 37.6
Male headed 348,709 12.5 8.9 19.2 12.9 7.1 0.4 61.0 16.0 7.9 0.1 0.1 1.2 1.0 12.8 39.1
Female headed 153,085 13.8 9.7 21.0 13.8 7.3 0.3 65.9 13.5 7.4 0.1 0.1 1.3 1.0 10.8 34.2

Rural 350,458 6.1 3.3 18.8 14.7 8.2 0.4 51.5 20.5 10.7 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.3 16.2 48.4
Urban 151,336 28.7 22.6 21.8 9.5 4.5 0.2 87.3 3.0 0.9 0.1 0.2 3.0 2.6 3.0 12.8

Kilosa 102,443 8.0 5.8 18.6 17.5 9.3 0.4 59.6 11.4 7.8 0.1 0.1 2.3 0.1 18.7 40.5
Morogoro 67,671 5.8 2.1 15.9 8.0 7.5 0.4 39.7 20.4 12.8 0.2 0.0 1.0 1.0 25.0 60.4
Kilombero 93,331 12.0 7.4 24.0 17.6 10.0 0.3 71.3 23.5 1.5 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 3.1 28.7
Ulanga 53,290 6.7 3.3 22.1 30.8 7.0 0.6 70.5 17.3 5.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 6.2 29.5
Morogoro Municipal 76,039 40.9 34.1 12.7 0.4 0.2 0.1 88.4 1.3 0.8 0.0 0.2 1.7 5.1 2.5 11.6
Mvomero 72,013 8.1 4.9 21.2 10.3 7.7 0.4 52.6 12.9 12.7 0.0 0.1 1.5 0.1 20.2 47.5
Gairo 37,007 2.9 0.6 27.3 5.8 6.4 0.4 43.4 25.8 21.8 0.0 0.2 1.7 0.1 6.9 56.5

115
Map 12. 1: Percentage Distribution of Households that Used Pipe Water as the Main Source of
Drinking Water by District; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census

Overall, 42 percent of private households in Morogoro Region had access to piped water as the
main source of drinking water in 2012 Census. Access to piped water was more common in
Morogoro urban areas (73 percent) than in rural areas (28 percent). The proportion of private
households in Morogoro urban areas decreased from 78 percent in 2002 to 73 percent in 2012.

116
Figure 12. 2: Percentage Distribution of Households Using Piped Water as Main
Source of Drinking Water and Residence; Morogoro Region, 2002 and
2012 Censuses

12.9 Source of Energy

The 2012 PHC collected information on households’ main source of energy for lighting and
cooking. The information collected indicates the access and availability to modern source of energy
(electricity, solar energy and gas) in Morogoro Region.

12.9.1 Source of Energy for Cooking

Table 12.9 shows percentage distribution of households by residence and main source of energy for
cooking is presented in Table 12.9. The results underscore the use of modern source of energy for
cooking in Morogoro Region was very low even in urban areas. The percentage of households
using modern sources of energy for cooking was only six (6) percent in urban areas. The majority
of households (96 percent) reported using wood-fuel (67 percent firewood and 29 percent charcoal)
as their main source of energy for cooking.

Although the use of charcoal for cooking ranks second in the main sources of fuel for cooking in all
districts, its use is relatively small in Morogoro district (9.9 percent) compared with other districts
(ranging from 11.7 percent in Gairo district to 30.9 percent in Kilombero district).

117
Table 12. 9:Percentage Distribution of Households by Sex of Head of Household, Residence and Main Source of Energy for Cooking; Morogoro
Region, 2012 Census
Main Source of Energy for Cooking
District/Council Total Electricity Generator/
Solar Gas Gas Electricity Wood/Farm Animal Not
(TANESCO/ Private Paraffin Coal Charcoal Firewood
Energy (Industrial) (Biogas) (Wind) Residuals Residuals Applicable
ZECO) Sources
Morogoro Region 501,794 1.5 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.1 28.7 67.2 0.3 0.0 0.3
Male headed household 348,709 1.5 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.1 28.0 67.7 0.2 0.0 0.4
Female headed household 153,085 1.5 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.1 30.3 66.1 0.3 0.0 0.1

Rural 350,458 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.1 13.1 85.2 0.4 0.0 0.2
Urban 151,336 4.7 0.1 0.2 0.9 0.0 0.0 2.8 0.2 64.8 25.5 0.0 0.0 0.6

Kilosa 102,443 1.0 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.1 25.7 71.3 0.1 0.0 0.3
Morogoro 67,671 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.1 9.9 89.0 0.1 0.0 0.2
Kilombero 93,331 1.7 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.1 30.9 65.7 0.1 0.0 0.3
Ulanga 53,290 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.1 17.7 80.3 0.1 0.1 0.2
Morogoro Municipal 76,039 5.7 0.1 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.0 4.5 0.2 70.7 16.4 0.0 0.0 0.7
Mvomero 72,013 0.7 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.1 20.1 77.7 0.1 0.0 0.1
Gairo 37,007 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.1 11.7 85.1 2.3 0.0 0.3

12.9.2 Source of Energy for Lighting

Table 12.10 presents the percentage distribution of households by district and main source of energy for lighting. It shows that about 65 percent of all
households used kerosene (wick lamp and lantern or chimney) as their main sources of energy for lighting followed by electricity (Tanesco/Zesco) (16
percent). Only 17 percent of households in Morogoro Region reported using electricity as the main source of energy for lighting. There are noticeable
variations between rural and urban areas. In urban areas, the main source was kerosene (lantern or chimney and wick lamps) (51 percent), followed by
electricity (42 percent). The same situation was observed in rural areas where kerosene was the main source (71 percent), followed by torch/rechargeable
lamps (17 percent).

118
Table 12. 10: Percentage Distribution of Households by Sex of Head of Household, Residence and Main Source of Energy for Lighting; Morogoro
Region, 2012 Census
Main Source of Energy for lighting

District/Council Total Electricity Generator/ Kerosene Kerosene Torch/

Solar Gas Gas Electricity
(TANESCO/ Private Acetylene (lantern/ (Wick Candles Firewood Rechargeable
Energy (Industrial) (Biogas) (Wind)
ZECO) Source Chimney) lamps) Lamps

Morogoro Region 501,794 15.9 0.8 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.6 18.8 45.9 0.9 1.1 13.4
Male headed household 348,709 15.9 0.9 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 18.7 44.8 1.0 1.1 14.3
Female headed household 153,085 15.9 0.6 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.7 18.9 48.2 0.9 1.1 11.2

Rural 350,458 5.3 0.9 0.6 0.01 0.02 0.0 2.9 14.9 55.8 0.9 1.5 17.1
Urban 151,336 40.4 0.7 0.7 0.04 0.0 0.03 1.9 27.6 22.9 1.0 0.2 4.6

Kilosa 102,443 11.7 0.7 1.1 0.02 0.01 0.0 2.7 20.3 51.5 0.8 1.1 10.0
Morogoro 67,671 4.4 0.5 0.4 0.01 0.0 0.00 2.6 12.6 66.9 0.8 1.6 10.2
Kilombero 93,331 14.4 0.7 1.2 0.01 0.03 0.1 2.8 15.1 46.2 1.2 1.0 17.3
Ulanga 53,290 4.7 1.0 0.7 0.03 0.05 0.05 2.6 17.0 40.8 1.1 1.7 30.3
Morogoro Municipal 76,039 52.0 0.8 0.2 0.01 0.00 0.03 1.5 28.7 13.6 0.8 0.2 2.2
Mvomero 72,013 9.7 0.6 0.3 0.05 0.02 0.02 3.0 21.1 55.6 1.0 1.3 7.3
Gairo 37,007 6.0 2.2 0.2 0.01 0.01 0.04 3.0 12.6 45.3 0.8 1.3 28.6

Use of electricity as a source of energy for lighting varies considerably across district (Map 12.2). Morogoro Municipal had the highest percentage of
households using electricity for lighting (53 percent) followed by Kilombero district Council (16 percent) and Kilosa district Council (14 percent).

119
Map 12. 2: Percentage Distribution of Households Using Electricity as their Main Source of
Energy for Lighting by District; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census

120
Figure 12.3 indicates that 17 percent of households in Morogoro Region reported using electricity
as the main source of energy for lighting; more households in urban areas reported using electricity
(42 percent) compared with rural households (7 percent).

Figure 12. 3: Percentage Distribution of Households Using Electricity as Main Source

of Energy for Lighting; Morogoro Region, 2002 and 2012 Census

12.10 Type of Toilet Facility

The 2012 PHC also collected information on the types of toilet facility used by households. Table
12.11 presents the percentage distribution of households by type of toilet facility and residence The
table shows that the most common toilet facilities in Morogoro Region were Pit Latrine without
Washable/ Soil Slab (34.2 percent) followed by Pit Latrine without Slab/open pit (29.4 percent).
About 3.4 percent of households in Morogoro Region had no toilet facility. The district with the
highest proportion of households with no toilet facility is Gairo (6.8 percent), followed by Ulanga
and Mvomero district (4.9 percent).

121
 Table 12.11: Percentage Distribution of Households by Sex of Head of Household, Residence and Type of Toilet Facility; Morogoro Region, 2012
Census
Main Type of Toilet Facility
Improved Toilet Facilities Non-Improved Toilet Facilities

Region Total Flush/Pour Flush/ Flush/ Pit Latrine Pit Latrine Pit No
Ventilated Flush/Pour Pit Latrine
water to Pour Pour with with Composting/ Latrine Facility/ Total
Improved Total water to without
Piped water to water to Washable Washable Ecoson without Bucket bush/ Non-
Pit Improved Somewhere Slab/Open
Sewer Septic Covered Slab with Slab without Latrine Washable/ field/ Improved
Latrine Else Pit
System Tank Pit Lid Lid Soil Slab beach

Morogoro Region 501,794 2.1 4.9 8.4 1.7 6.5 8.0 0.2 31.8 1.3 34.2 29.4 0.0 3.4 68.3

Male headed household 348,709 2.0 4.7 8.2 1.7 6.5 7.9 0.2 31.2 1.3 34.6 29.6 0.0 3.2 68.7
Female headed household 153,085 2.2 5.3 8.7 1.7 6.5 8.3 0.2 32.9 1.3 33.2 28.8 0.0 3.8 67.1

Rural 350,458 0.4 1 3.7 1.0 3.7 5.8 0.2 15.8 0.6 42.0 36.9 0.0 4.7 84.2
Urban 151,336 5.9 14 19.1 3.2 13.0 13.3 0.1 68.6 3.0 16.1 11.8 0.0 0.5 31.4

Kilosa 102,443 1.2 2.5 6.1 1.5 5.9 7.0 0.1 24.3 1.3 37.2 32.4 0.0 4.8 75.7
Morogoro 67,671 0.2 0.5 1.1 0.5 3.1 5.3 0.2 10.9 0.3 49.4 36.2 - 3.2 89.1
Kilombero 93,331 1.4 5.1 14.2 4.0 5.8 6.9 0.2 37.6 2.2 26.1 32.9 0.0 1.2 62.4
Ulanga 53,290 0.4 1.4 7.7 1.6 2.0 4.7 0.2 18.0 1.2 39.7 36.0 0.0 4.9 81.8
Morogoro Municipal 76,039 9.1 19.9 18.2 2.1 16.2 14.9 0.1 80.5 2.0 10.0 7.2 0.0 0.3 19.5
Mvomero 72,013 0.6 1.1 2.3 0.4 6.5 8.9 0.3 20.1 0.8 43.0 31.3 0.0 4.9 80.0

Gairo 37,007 0.5 0.9 5.8 0.5 2.3 7.7 0.2 17.9 0.5 42.8 32.0 - 6.8 82.1

Distribution of households by type of toilet facility in Morogoro Region revealed a decrease in the use of traditional pit latrines from 90 percent in 2002
to 78 percent in 2012 while households with flush toilets increased from four (4) percent to 17 percent in the same period. On the other hand, there was a
slight decrease in households with no toilet facility from 4 percent in 2002 to 3 percent in 2012.

122
Figure 12. 4: Percentage Distribution of Households by Type of Toilet Facility;
Morogoro Region 2002 and 2012 Censuses

12.11 Refuse Disposal

Percentage distribution of private households by type of refuse disposal in Morogorois presented in

Table 12.12. The table shows that 43.9 percent of the private households in Morogoro Region
reported burying/pit as the main method of refuse disposal followed by burnt (24.9 percent).
Regular collection of refuse is not common even in urban areas where only 18.4 percent of
households reported it as their main means of refuse disposal.

123
Table 12.12: Percentage Distribution of Households by Sex of Head of Household, Residence
and Type of Refuse Disposal; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census

Regularly Irregularly Roadside Burying/ Other

District/Council Total Burnt
Collected Collected Dumping Pit Dumping
Morogoro Region 501,794 5.6 2.0 24.9 1.0 43.9 22.6
Male headed household 348,709 5.3 1.9 24.9 0.9 44.2 22.7
Female headed household 153,085 6.3 2.2 25.0 1.1 43.2 22.3

Rural 350,458 0.1 0.1 26.7 1.0 43.1 29.0

Urban 151,336 18.4 6.3 20.8 1.0 45.7 7.9

Kilosa 102,443 0.8 0.6 27.8 1.2 47.4 22.2

Morogoro 67,671 0.1 0.0 28.5 1.0 31.8 38.7
Kilombero 93,331 0.8 0.4 22.0 0.8 67.5 8.5
Ulanga 53,290 0.2 0.1 29.8 0.6 54.8 14.5
Morogoro Municipal 76,039 34.1 11.4 19.1 0.6 28.8 6.0
Mvomero 72,013 0.7 0.2 25.7 1.4 30.8 41.1
Gairo 37,007 0.1 0.1 21.3 1.2 37.7 39.6

12.12 Ownership of Assets

The question on ownership of specified assets was aimed at establishing indicators for poverty
monitoring. Table 12.13 indicates that hand hoe was the most commonly owned asset. It was
owned by about 81 percent of all private households, followed by house (73.5 percent), land or
farm (70.8 percent), radio (63.4 percent) and mobile phone (61.4 percent). Ownership of houses,
land or farms, bicycles, and hand hoes was higher in rural than in urban areas. On the other hand,
ownership of mobile phones, radios, televisions, charcoal and electric irons was higher in urban
than in rural areas.

Ownership of essential assets was higher among male-headed households than female headed
households. For instance, the ownership of mobile phone was higher among male headed
households (64.6 percent) than female headed households (54.2 percent). Likewise, radios were
owned by 69.7 percent of male headed households compared with 48.9 percent of female headed
households. It was further observed that although bicycles were owned by 44.3 percent of all
private households, the asset was not common among female headed (29.1 percent) compared with
male headed households (51 percent).

124
Table 12.13: Percentage Distribution of Households by Sex of the Household Head, Residence and
Ownership of Assets: Morogoro Region, 2012 Census

Telephone Mobile Motor Motorcycle/

District/Council Total Radio Bicycle
(Land Line) Phone vehicle Vespa
Morogoro Region 501,794 63.4 1.0 61.4 44.3 1.9 5.0
Male headed household 348,709 69.7 1.0 64.6 51.0 2.1 6.0
Female headed household 153,085 48.9 0.8 54.2 29.1 1.4 2.9

Rural 350,458 61.9 0.7 53.1 44.9 0.6 3.8

Urban 151,336 66.7 1.6 80.8 42.9 4.9 7.9

Kilosa 102,443 62.9 0.6 59.4 49.0 1.1 5.1

Morogoro 67,671 60.7 0.5 50.4 28.9 0.4 3.2
Kilombero 93,331 65.3 1.0 68.8 61.4 1.1 4.2
Ulanga 53,290 63.9 0.8 53.5 51.9 0.6 3.2
Morogoro Municipal 76,039 68.1 2.1 85.6 32.8 7.4 8.4
Mvomero 72,013 64.1 1.0 53.0 38.7 1.0 5.4
Gairo 37,007 52.8 0.4 46.6 39.9 0.8 5.6

Table 12.13 (ctd): Percentage Distribution of Households by Sex of the Household Head, Residence
and Ownership of Assets: Morogoro Region, 2012 Census
Tri
Tricycle Electric Charcoal Refrigerator/
District/Council Total motorcycle Television
(Guta) Iron Iron Freezer
(Bajaji)
Morogoro Region 501,794 0.2 0.2 11.9 7.0 17.1 2.3
Male headed household 348,709 0.2 0.2 12.3 7.0 18.1 2.3
Female headed household 153,085 0.2 0.2 11.0 7.1 14.7 2.2

Rural 350,458 0.1 0.1 3.2 1.3 13.1 0.4

Urban 151,336 0.3 0.4 32.0 20.3 26.1 6.7

Kilosa 102,443 0.1 0.1 9.1 4.5 17.5 1.6

Morogoro 67,671 0.1 0.1 2.6 0.9 12.3 0.3
Kilombero 93,331 0.3 0.2 10.1 5.2 18.4 1.9
Ulanga 53,290 0.1 0.1 4.1 2.0 14.4 0.5
Morogoro Municipal 76,039 0.3 0.5 41.9 28.1 26.5 9.1
Mvomero 72,013 0.2 0.2 5.4 2.9 14.5 0.9
Gairo 37,007 0.2 0.1 3.2 1.3 10.6 0.3

125
Table 12.13 (ctd): Percentage Distribution of Households by Sex of the Household Head, Residence
and Ownership of Assets: Morogoro Region, 2012 Census

Cooker Computer Internet

District/Council Total Plough
(Electric or Gas) /Laptop Facility

Morogoro Region 501,794 5.8 2.1 2.3 2.1

Male headed household 348,709 5.8 2.3 2.4 2.4
Female headed household 153,085 5.9 1.7 2.1 1.4

Rural 350,458 1.1 0.4 1.0 2.8

Urban 151,336 16.9 6.1 5.3 0.5

Kilosa 102,443 4.0 1.1 1.9 1.0

Morogoro 67,671 0.8 0.3 1.1 0.6
Kilombero 93,331 4.3 1.4 1.2 3.3
Ulanga 53,290 1.3 0.8 1.4 4.8
Morogoro Municipal 76,039 23.6 9.1 7.9 0.2
Mvomero 72,013 2.4 0.6 0.7 0.3
Gairo 37,007 0.5 0.4 1.5 8.1

Table 12.13 (ctd): Percentage Distribution of Households by Sex of the Household Head, Residence
and Ownership of Assets: Morogoro Region, 2012 Census

Power Hand Wheel Donkey/ Land/

District/Council Total Oxen House
tiller hoe barrow Camel Farm
Morogoro Region 501,794 0.7 80.9 2.0 2.5 0.9 73.5 70.8
Male headed household 348,709 0.7 82.0 2.3 2.8 1.0 74.2 71.9
Female headed household 153,085 0.7 78.2 1.5 1.8 0.8 71.7 68.2

Rural 350,458 0.7 89.2 1.6 3.2 1.2 84.3 81.1

Urban 151,336 0.8 61.5 3.0 0.7 0.3 48.4 46.9

Kilosa 102,443 0.5 85.8 1.4 1.3 1.4 74.9 69.7

Morogoro 67,671 0.5 88.4 0.7 0.9 0.9 87.1 83.5
Kilombero 93,331 0.8 85.3 1.3 3.7 0.5 69.2 69.9
Ulanga 53,290 0.9 88.7 1.8 5.1 0.8 85.7 86.9
Morogoro Municipal 76,039 0.8 47.8 3.8 0.3 0.3 42.7 35.9
Mvomero 72,013 0.7 84.4 1.2 0.5 0.8 79.0 77.0
Gairo 37,007 1.0 91.9 6.1 9.7 2.7 90.0 89.1

126
12.13 Social Security Schemes

A social security fund provides household members with long and short terms financial security
which can be used as “social safety net” especially at older ages. Hence, households with members
in any of social security funds are likely to be more socially secured than those without.

According to the 2012 PHC, 11 percent of all private households in Morogoro region had at least
one member in a social security scheme. National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF) and Community
Health Fund (CHF) were the most popular social security schemes with five (5) percent of
households reporting to have at least one member of their household registered in those two
schemes. Districts with the highest proportion of households registered in social security schemes
were; Morogoro Municipal (20 percent) followed by Ulanga District (14 percent) and Kilombero
District (10 percent).

Table 12. 14: Percentage Distribution of Private Households by Residence and Membership of Social
Security Scheme: Morogoro Region, 2012 Census
Social Security Scheme
District/Council Total Other
NSSF ZSSF PPF PSPF GEPF LAPF NHF/CHF
Fund
Morogoro Region 10.6 2.7 0.03 1.3 1.8 0.2 0.4 5.3 1.3
Rural 7.2 1.0 0.02 0.4 1.1 0.1 0.2 4.4 1.4
Urban 18.5 6.6 0.08 3.5 3.5 0.5 0.8 7.3 1.2

Kilosa 9.0 2.3 0.02 1.0 1.6 0.2 0.4 5.1 0.7
Morogoro 8.7 0.6 0.01 0.2 1.3 0.2 0.2 6.7 1.0
Kilombero 9.5 2.7 0.03 1.0 1.6 0.2 0.2 3.2 2.5
Ulanga 14.1 0.8 0.0 0.3 1.7 0.2 0.4 11.6 1.4
Morogoro Municipal 19.8 8.0 0.11 4.6 3.9 0.6 0.9 6.5 0.9
Mvomero 6.7 2.1 0.03 1.2 1.3 0.1 0.2 2.0 1.4
Gairo 4.8 0.3 0.01 0.2 0.7 0.1 0.1 3.0 1.3

127
 Chapter Thirteen
Agriculture and Livestock

13.1 Introduction

The 2012 PHC collected information on agriculture for the purpose of obtaining a frame that can be
used in conducting future agriculture sample censuses and surveys. Information collected was
primarily aimed at determining the number of households involved in farming of major crops (such
as maize, paddy, cassava and bananas), livestock keeping (including cattle, goats, and sheep),
poultry and fish farming. Planners, policy makers, researchers and others involved in the
agricultural sector are expected to use the information obtained from the Census to plan and
conduct surveys aimed at improving the prevailing conditions in agricultural households in the
country.

13.2 Households Engaged in Agriculture

Table 13.1 presents the number of households engaged in crop production and the types of crops
grown by rural and urban households during the 2011/12 agricultural year. About 375,838 out of
501,794 households (about 75 percent) were engaged in agricultural activities. Most of these
households were in Kilosa District Council (80,772 households). Agriculture is also an economic
activity in urban areas whereby 20.9 percent of households (78,414 households) were involved in
agricultural activities in the 2011/12 agricultural year.

It was further revealed that district proportion of households involved in agriculture ranged from
36.8 percent in Morogoro Municipal to 87.8 percent in Gairo District Council.

Table 13.1: Total Number of Households Engaged in Agriculture by District, Rural and Urban
Residence During 2011/12 Agriculture Year; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census

Total Number of Households Engaged in Percentage of Households Engaged in Agriculture

District/Council
Households Agriculture Total Rural Urban
Morogoro Region 501,794 375,838 74.9 79.1 20.9

Kilosa 102,443 80,772 78.8 75.4 24.6

Morogoro 67,671 56,675 83.8 96.2 3.8
Kilombero 93,331 75,047 80.4 79.2 20.8
Ulanga 53,290 45,098 84.6 87.4 12.6
Morogoro Municipal 76,039 27,949 36.8 5.7 94.3
Council
Mvomero 72,013 57,806 80.3 90.7 9.3
Gairo 37,007 32,491 87.8 89.5 10.5

128
Figure 13.1: Percentage Distribution of Households Engaged in Agriculture by
Rural and Urban; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census

Maize is the main staple food for most households in Morogoro (rural and urban) Region. This is
confirmed by the overwhelming majority of the agricultural households (311,115 households) that
were engaged in maize growing during the 2011/2012 agricultural year as Table 13.2 depicts.

Table 13.2: Total Number of Households Engaged in Agricultural Activities by Rural and
Urban during 2011/12 Agricultural Year; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census

Household Engaged in Agriculture

Characteristics
Total Rural Urban
Morogoro Households 501,794 350,458 151,336
Engaged in Agriculture 375,838 297,424 78,414
Crop types
Household Grows Maize 311,115 250,147 60,968
Household Grows Paddy 205,924 164,520 41,404
Household Grows Cassava 118,561 106,586 11,975
Household Grows Banana 112,823 101,586 11,237
Household Grows Other Crops 194,304 169,477 24,827

Note:
(i) A household could grow more than one type of crop; hence total number of households engaged in agriculture
exceeds total number of private households in the region.

129
13.3 Livestock and Poultry

The livestock sector including poultry plays a significant role in the economy of agricultural
determines the household economic and social status in many communities. The 2012 PHC
collected information on the number of households involved in livestock keeping.

Table 13.3 presents the number of households that kept livestock and poultry in rural and urban
areas as of the Census night. It was revealed that out of 501,794 households in Morogoro Region,
37.8 percent (189,794 households) were keeping at least one type of livestock, of which 159,654
households (84.1 percent) were in rural areas and 30,140 households (15.9 percent) were in urban
areas.

Furthermore, it was noted that the district with the largest number of households involved in
livestock keeping was Kilosa District (37.8 percent) and the smallest district was Morogoro
Municipal Council (15.9 percent) of its total households.

Table 13.3: Households Keeping Livestock by District, Rural and Urban during 2011/12
Agriculture Year; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census

Total Number Total Households Percentage of households keeping livestock

District/Council
of Households keeping Livestock
Total Rural Urban
Morogoro Region 501,794 189,794 37.8 84.1 15.9

Kilosa 102,443 39,706 38.8 82.3 17.7

Morogoro 67,671 31,160 46.0 96.7 3.3
Kilombero 93,331 34,427 36.9 86.4 13.6
Ulanga 53,290 22,460 42.1 89.1 10.9
Morogoro Municipal 76,039 12,060 15.9 6.6 93.4
Mvomero 72,013 31,970 44.4 92.2 7.8
Gairo 37,007 18,011 48.7 93.4 6.6

130
Figure 13.2: Percentage Distribution of Households that Kept Livestock by
Rural and Urban; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census

Table 13.4 presents the number of households that reared cattle, sheep, goats or poultry by district,
rural and urban areas during the 2011/12 agricultural year. Poultry constituted the largest type of
livestock that is reared in Morogoro Region when is compared to other types of livestock kept in
the region. A similar pattern is observed in rural and urban areas.

Table 13.4: Total Number of Households Keeping Livestock by Rural and Urban during 2011/12
Agricultural Year; Morogoro Region, 2012 Census
Household Engaged in Raising Livestock
Characteristics
Total Rural Urban
Morogoro Households 501,794 350,458 151,336
Engaged in Raising Livestock 189,794 159,654 30,140
Type of Livestock
Cattle 24,889 22,115 2,774
Goats 39,019 35,165 3,854
Sheep 12,170 11,329 841
Poultry 178,836 150,927 27,909

Note:
i) A household could keep more than one type of livestock; hence “total” number of households engaged in
livestock keeping exceeds total number of private households in the region

131
Table 13.5 presents the total number of cattle, goats, sheep and poultry owned by livestock keeping
households as of 26th August 2012. Morogoro Region had 881,766 cattle, out of which 650,576
(73.8 percent) were kept in male headed households and 231,190 (26.2 percent) were kept in
female headed households.
Moreover, the total number of sheep in Morogoro as of the Census night was 128,360, of which 75
percent (95,698 sheep) were kept in male headed households and 25 percent (32,662 sheep) were
kept in female headed households.

The table further reveals that 75 percent of goats (368,510 goats) in Morogoro were kept in male
headed households, while 25 percent of goats Region were kept in female headed households. Out
of the 2,077,975 poultry owned by households, 77 percent (1,595,322 poultry) were kept in male
headed households and the remaining 23 percent (482,653 poultry) were kept in female headed
households. In general, male headed households kept more livestock than female headed
households.

132
Table 13. 5: Total Number of Cattle, Goats, Sheep and Poultry Owned by District and Male or Female headed households as of 26th August 2012
Total Male Headed households Female Headed Households
District/Council
Cattle Goats Sheep Poultry Cattle Goats Sheep Poultry Cattle Goats Sheep Poultry
Morogoro Region 881,766 489,060 128,360 2,077,975 650,576 368,510 95,698 1,595,322 231,190 120,550 32,662 482,653

Kilosa 192,548 121,467 27,400 398,567 136,280 89,435 18,230 301,657 56,268 32,032 9,170 96,910
Morogoro 129,195 88,211 20,623 330,210 87,341 67,484 15,845 252,595 41,854 20,727 4,778 77,615
Kilombero 133,791 27,081 15,002 401,591 112,317 22,623 11,310 311,201 21,474 4,458 3,692 90,390
Ulanga 123,691 37,054 28,942 278,034 107,905 29,502 23,307 220,695 15,786 7,552 5,635 57,339
Morogoro Municipal 24,509 18,074 2,742 223,726 12,181 14,880 2,116 161,016 12,328 3,194 626 62,710
Mvomero 172,705 124,925 23,603 322,644 110,576 86,079 17,054 254,819 62,129 38,846 6,549 67,825
Gairo 105,327 72,248 10,048 123,203 83,976 58,507 7,836 93,339 21,351 13,741 2,212 29,864

Table 13.6 presents the distribution of livestock and poultry in rural and urban areas as of the Census night. Results reveal that more than 89 percent of
the cattle (793,257 cattle) kept in Morogoro Region are found in rural areas. A similar pattern is observed in goats and sheep while for poultry the
percentage is slightly lower (80 percent).
Table 13. 6: Total Number of Cattle, Sheep, Goats and Poultry Owned by District, Rural and Urban as of 26th August 2012
Total Rural Urban
District/Council
Cattle Goats Sheep Poultry Cattle Goats Sheep Poultry Cattle Goats Sheep Poultry
Morogoro Region 881,766 489,060 128,360 2,077,975 793,257 444,611 120,918 1,664,454 88,509 44,449 7,442 413,521

Kilosa 192,548 121,467 27,400 398,567 173,356 108,420 25,013 315,412 19,192 13,047 2,387 83,155
Morogoro 129,195 88,211 20,623 330,210 125,352 83,772 19,942 318,246 3,843 4,439 681 11,964
Kilombero 133,791 27,081 15,002 401,591 110,449 25,332 14,517 353,881 23,342 1,749 485 47,710
Ulanga 123,691 37,054 28,942 278,034 121,147 35,292 28,321 252,473 2,544 1,762 621 25,561
Morogoro Municipal 24,509 18,074 2,742 223,726 373 967 25 9,980 24,136 17,107 2,717 213,746
Mvomero 172,705 124,925 23,603 322,644 160,359 121,843 23,235 300,745 12,346 3,082 368 21,899
Gairo 105,327 72,248 10,048 123,203 102,221 68,985 9,865 113,717 3,106 3,263 183 9,486

133
13.4 Fish Farming

Fish farming, as an economic activity is not commonly practiced in Tanzania. Table 13.7 presents
the total number of households involved in fish farming by rural and urban areas as of Census
night. Results show that out of 501,794 households in Morogoro Region, only 2,334 households
(0.5 percent) were involved in fish farming practices. Fish farming is mostly practiced in rural areas
and to a lesser extent in urban areas. It was further noted that about 81 percent of total households
involved in fish farming were in rural areas and 19 percent were in urban areas.

Table 13.7: Households Involved in Fish Farming by District, Rural and Urban; Morogoro Region,
2012 Census
Percentage of Households Engaged in Fish
Total Number Households Involved Farming
District/Council
of Households in Fish Farming Total
Rural Urban
Households
Morogoro Region 501,794 2,334 0.5 80.7 19.3

Kilosa 102,443 337 0.3 78.0 22.0

Morogoro 67,671 594 0.9 97.8 2.2
Kilombero 93,331 428 0.5 81.3 18.7
Ulanga 53,290 339 0.6 85.8 14.2
Morogoro Municipal 76,039 203 0.3 5.9 94.1
Mvomero 72,013 370 0.5 89.5 10.5
Gairo 37,007 63 0.2 92.1 7.9

134
References

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), 2003. The 2002 Population and Housing Census, General
Report, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), 2003. The 2002 Population and Housing Census, Age and Sex
Distribution Report, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), 2004. The 2002 Population and Housing Census, National
Basic Demographic and Socio-Economic Profile, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), 2006. The 2002 Population and Housing Census, Analytical
Report, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), 2008. The 2012 Population and Housing Census Management
and Implementation Strategy, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), 2013. The 2012 Population and Housing Census, Population
Distribution by Administrative Areas (Volume I), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), 2013. The 2012 Population and Housing Census, Population
Distribution by Age and Sex (Volume II), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Population Reference Bureau, 2011. PRB’s Population Handbook, (Sixth Edition), Washington
DC, USA

Population Reference Bureau, 2012. 2012 WORLD POPULATION Data Sheet, Washington DC,
USA

United Nations, 2008. Principles and Recommendations for Population and Housing Censuses,
New York, USA

135
Annexes: Questionnaires

Annex 1: Short Questionnaire

STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL PHCF 2
THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA
2012 POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS FORM NO. OF

SHORT QUESTIONNAIRE

A: IDENTIFICATION

Region ……………… District……………….. Ward/Shehia………........... Village/Street …….................. EA HOUSEHOLD NO.

B: ALL PERSONS
RELATIONSHIP TO DISABILITY
No. HOUSEHOLD THE HEAD OF SEX AGE
MEMBERS ALBINISM SEEING HEARING WALKING REMEMBERING SELF-CARE
HOUSEHOLD
Please state the names of What is the relationship of Is [NAME] a How old is [NAME]? Is [NAME] an Does (NAME) have Does (NAME) have Does [NAME] have Does (NAME) have difficulty Does (NAME) have difficulty
all persons who spent the [NAME] to the head of male or a albino? difficulty seeing, even if difficulty hearing, even if difficulty walking or remembering or concentrating? with self-care, such as washing
census night, that is Sunday the household? female? WRITE AND wearing glasses? using a hearing aid? climbing steps? all over or dressing?
26th August, 2012 in your SHADE AGE IN Yes = 1 No Difficulty = 1
household, starting with the Head = 1 MALE = 1 COMPLETE No = 2 No Difficulty = 1 No Difficulty = 1 No Difficulty = 1 Some Difficulty = 2 No Difficulty = 1
name of the head of Spouse = 2 FEMALE = 2 YEARS. Some Difficulty = 2 Some Difficulty = 2 Some Difficulty = 2 A lot of Difficulty = 3 Some Difficulty = 2
household Son/Daughter = 3 IF UNDER ONE A lot of Difficulty = 3 A lot of Difficulty = 3 A lot of Difficulty = 3 Unable to Remember = 4 A lot of Difficulty = 3
Parent = 4 YEAR WRITE "00" Unable to See = 4 Unable to Hear = 4 Unable to Walk = 4 Not Applicable = 5 Unable to Care = 4
Grand Child = 5 FOR 97 YEARS Not Applicable = 5 Not Applicable = 5 Not Applicable = 5 Not Applicable = 5
Other Relative = 6 AND ABOVE
Not Related = 7 WRITE '97'

(01) (02) (03) (04) (05) 06 (07) (08) (09) (10) (11)

If an extra Questionnaire has been used put an "X" in the box

136
 B: ALL PERSONS

No. DISABILITY WHERE RESPONDENT SPENDS

MARITAL STATUS CITIZENSHIP PLACE OF RESIDENCE BIRTH CERTIFICATE
OTHER DISABILITIES MOST OF THE DAY TIME

11A) What is current marital [NAME] is a citizen of which Which region/country does Where do you spend most of your time Does (NAME) has birth
Does, [NAME] have other type of disabilities/difficulties status of [NAME]? country? [NAME] usually live? during a day? certificate/notification?
among the following?
READ ALL IF TANZANIAN, WRITE CODE WRITE AND SHADE CODE WRITE AND SHADE REGION
READ ALL TYPES OF DISABILITIES/DIFFICULTIES RESPONSES TO 1 IN THE BOX ON THE LEFT FOR THE REGION AND AND DISTRICT CODES IF Yes birth certificate= 1
TO RESPONDENT. RESPONDENT DISTRICT IF LIVING IN SPENDS MOST OF THE DAY Yes birth notification= 2
WRITE CODE OF THE TANZANIA, OR THE TIME IN TANZANIA OR THE No = 3
Never Married = 1 COUNTRY IN THE TWO COUNTRY CODE COUNTRY CODE FOLLOWED BY Don't Know = 4
Married = 2 BOXES ON THE RIGHT. FOLLOWED BY "44" IF "444" IF OUTSIDE TANZANIA
Living together = 3 FOR DUAL CITIZENSHIP, LIVING OUTSIDE
Divorced = 4 WRITE CODE "98" TANZANIA. CODES FOR THE 5th BOX
Separated = 5 CODES ARE ON A SEPARATE Rural =1
Widowed = 6 SHEET Regional /District Headquarters =2
Not Stated = 7 Other Urban= 3
IF ANS WER IS NO, GO
(01) TO QUES TION 12
MULTIPLE RES PONS E IS ALLOWED
Mental health
Spinal befida

(12) (13) (14) (15) (16)

Cleft Palate

Spinal cord

Psoriasis
injuries
Yes

No

1 1 2 1 2 3 4 5

2 1 2 1 2 3 4 5

3 1 2 1 2 3 4 5

4 1 2 1 2 3 4 5

5 1 2 1 2 3 4 5

6 1 2 1 2 3 4 5

7 1 2 1 2 3 4 5

137
 C: EDUCATION: ALL PERSONS AGED 4 YEARS AND ABOVE

No. LITERACY EDUCATION ATTAINMENT LEVEL OF EDUCATION

Can [NAME] read and write Are you/Is [NAME] currently attending, partially What level of education has [NAME]
a short sentence in Kiswahili, attended, completed or never attended school? completed or is currently attending?
English, Kiswahili and English
or any other language? Now attending =1 WRITE AND SHADE THE
Partially attended =2 APPROPRIATE CODE.
Kiswahili = 1 Completed =3
English = 2 Never attended =4 CODES ARE IN SEPARATE
Kiswahili and English = 3 HANDBOOK
Other Languages = 4 IF THE ANSWER IS 'NEVER ATTENDED' SKIP TO
Illiterate = 5 SECTION D

(01) (17) (18) (19)

138
 D: GENERAL AND MATERNAL DEATHS

PLEASE RECORD INFORMATION ON DEATHS THAT OCCURRED IN THE HOUSEHOLD DURING THE LAST 12 MONTHS.
DO NOT FORGET CHILDHOOD MORTALITY

(20) Was there any death which occurred in this household during the last 12 months?

Yes = 1
IF THE ANSWER IS NO, SKIP TO SECTION E
No = 2

IF THE ANSWER IS YES, RECORD THE NUMBER OF DEATHS

IF DEATH IS OF WOMAN AGED BETWEEN 12 AND 49 YEARS

Was the How old was the deceased at the What was the cause
Death Serial Number

deceased a male time of death? of death?

or a female? Did the death occur during Did the death occur during Did the death occur during
WRITE AGE IN COMPLETED Road Accident = 1 pregnancy? childbirth the 6 weeks period following
Male =1 YEARS. IF UNDER ONE YEAR Other Injuries = 2 the end of pregnancy,
Female =2 WRITE "00" IF IS 97 YEARS Suicide = 3 Yes = 1 Yes = 1 irrespective of the way the
OR ABOVE WRITE '97' Violence = 4 No = 2 No = 2 pregnancy ended?
Sickness/Disease = 5
Martenal Death = 6 IF THE ANSWER IS YES, IF THE ANSWER IS YES Yes = 1
Other = 7 SKIP TO SECTION E SKIP TO SECTION E No = 2

(21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27)

If number of death is more than 8, use an extra questionnaire

139
 E: AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK

AGRICULTURE LIVESTOCK FISH FARMING

Has/is any member of this Which of the following crops did the Was any member of this How many cattle, goats or sheep were Is there any member of this
household operated/operating household grow? household engaged in raising available during the Census night? household who is currently
any land for agricultural cattle, goats, sheep or poultry IF NO, WRITE AND SHADE CODE engaged in fish farming?
purposes during 2011/12 up to the census night? "00000"
agricultural year? Yes = 1
Yes = 1 No = 2
Yes = 1 No = 2
No = 2
IF THE ANSWER IS NO,
IF THE ANSWER IS NO, SKIP TO QUESTION 32
SKIP TO QUESTION 30

(28) (29) (30) (31) (32)

Yes No
Maize 1 2 Cattle
Paddy 1 2 Goats
Cassava 1 2 Sheeps
Banana 1 2 Poultry
Other Crops 1 2

140
F: CITIZENS IN DIASPORA

33) Is there any person who was a member of this household currently living outside Tanzania?
Yes = 1
IF THE ANSWER IS NO, SKIP TO SECTION G
No = 2
M F
34) Write the number of males and females living outside Tanzania?

35) In which country are they living?

CODES ARE IN SEPARATE HANDBOOK

1st HH Member 6th HH Member

nd th
2 HH Member 7 HH Member

3rd HH Member 8th HH Member

th th
4 HH Member 9 HH Member

5th HH Member 10th HH Member

IF THE NUMBER OF DIASPORA IS MORE THAN 10, USE EXTRA QUESTIONNAIRE

36) Have you or anyone in this household received remitance in the form of cash or in kind from them
during the last 12 months? Yes =1, No =2

st th
1 HH Member 6 HH Member

2nd HH Member 7th HH Member

3rd HH Member 8th HH Member

th th
4 HH Member 9 HH Member

5th HH Member 10th HH Member

141
G: SOCIAL SECURITY FUNDS

37) Is there a person in this household who is a member of the following social security funds?

Yes = 1
IF THE ANSWER IS NO, GO TO SECTION H, MULTIPLE RESPONSE IS ALLOWED
No = 2

Fund
National Social Security Fund (NSSF) =1
Zanzibar Social Security Fund (ZSSF) =2
Parastatal Pension Fund (PPF) =3
Public Service Pension Fund (PSPF) =4
Government Employee Provident Fund (GEPF) =5
Local Authority Pension Fund (LAPF) =6
National Health Insurance Fund/Community Health Fund (NHIF/CHF) =7
Other Funds =8

H: TOTAL NUMBER OF PERSONS IN THE HOUSEHOLD

Males

Females

Total

DATE HOUSEHOLD ENUMERATED Day Month

NAME OF SUPERVISOR

DATE OF EDITING QUESTIONNAIRE Day Month

142
Annex 2: Long Questionnaire
PHCF 3

THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

2012 POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL

LONG QUESTIONNAIRE FO RM NO . OF

A: IDENTIFICATION
Region ……………………… District………………..… Ward/Shehia……………..………… Village/Street ………………. EA ..............................
HOUSEHOLD NO.

B: ALL PERSONS
No . RELATIONSHIP DISABILITY
HOUSEHOLD
TO THE HEAD SEX AGE
MEMBERS ALBINISM SEEING HEARING WALKING REMEMBERING SELFCARE
OF HOUSEHOLD
Please state the What is the Is [NAME] How old is [NAME]? Is [NAME] an Does (NAME) have Does (NAME) have Does [NAME] Does (NAME) have difficulty Does (NAME) have
names of all relationship of a male or a albino? difficulty seeing, difficulty hearing, have difficulty remembering or difficulty with self-care,
persons who spent [NAME] to the head female? WRITE AND Yes = 1 even if wearing even if using a walking or climbing concentrating? such as washing all over
the census night, of the household? SHADE AGE IN No = 2 glasses? hearing aid? steps? or dressing?
that is Sunday 26th Male = 1 COMPLETE No Difficulty = 1
August, 2012 in Head = 1 Female = 2 YEARS. No Difficulty = 1 No Difficulty = 1 No Difficulty = 1 Some Difficulty = 2 No Difficulty = 1
your household, Spouse = 2 IF UNDER ONE Some Difficulty = 2 Some Difficulty = 2 Some Difficulty = 2 A lot of Difficulty = 3 Some Difficulty = 2
starting with the Son/Daughter = 3 YEAR WRITE "00" A lot of Difficulty = A lot of Difficulty = A lot of Difficulty = Unable to Remember = 4 A lot of Difficulty = 3
name of the head Parent = 4 FOR 97 YEARS 3 3 3 Not Applicable = 5 Unable to Care = 4
of household Grand Child = 5 AND ABOVE Unable to See = 4 Unable to Hear = 4 Unable to Walk = 4 Not Applicable = 5
Other Relative = 6 WRITE '97' Not Applicable = 5 Not Applicable = 5 Not Applicable = 5
Not Related = 7

(01) (02) (03) (04) (05) '(06) (07) (08) (09) (10) (11)

If an extra Questionnaire has been used put an "X" in the box

143
B: ALL PERSONS
DISABILITY
No. MARITAL STATUS CITIZENSHIP
OTHER DISABILITIES
11A) What is current marital [NAME] is a citizen of which
Does, [NAME] have other type of disabilities/difficulties status of [NAME]? country?
among the following?
READ ALL IF TANZANIAN, WRITE
READ ALL TYPES OF DISABILITIES/DIFFICULTIES RESPONSES TO CODE 1 IN THE BOX ON
TO RESPONDENT. RESPONDENT THE LEFT

Never Married = 1 WRITE CODE OF THE

Married = 2 COUNTRY IN THE TWO
Living together = 3 BOXES ON THE RIGHT.
Divorced = 4 FOR DUAL CITIZENSHIP,
Separated = 5 WRITE CODE "98"
Widowed = 6 CODES ARE ON A
Not Stated = 7 SEPARATE SHEET

IF ANS WER IS NO, GO

(01) TO QUES TION 12
MULTIPLE RES PONS E IS ALLOWED (12) (13)
Spinal cord injuries

Mental health
Spinal befida
Cleft Palate

Psoriasis
Yes

No

1 1 2 1 2 3 4 5

2 1 2 1 2 3 4 5

3 1 2 1 2 3 4 5

4 1 2 1 2 3 4 5

5 1 2 1 2 3 4 5

6 1 2 1 2 3 4 5

7 1 2 1 2 3 4 5

8 1 2 1 2 3 4 5

144
 C: EDUCATION: ALL PERSONS AGED 4 YEARS AND
B: ALL PERSONS
ABOVE
WHERE
PLACE OF PLACE OF SURVIVAL OF EDUCATION LEVEL OF
No. RESPONDENT PLACE OF BIRTH BIRTH CERTIFICATE LITERACY
RESIDENCE RESIDENCE IN 2011 PARENTS ATTAINMENT EDUCATION
SPENDS MOST OF
Which region/country Where do you spend most In which region/country Where was [NAME] living Does (NAME) has birth Is [NAME]'s Can [NAME] read Are you/is [NAME] What level of
does [NAME] usually of your time during the was [NAME] born? in 2011? certificate/notification? Father alive? and write a short currently attending, education has
live? day? Is [NAME]'s sentence in Kiswahili, partially attended, [NAME]
WRITE CODE FOR THE WRITE AND SHADE Mother alive? English, Kiswahili and completed or never completed or is
WRITE AND SHADE WRITE AND SHADE REGION AND CODE FOR THE Yes birth certificate= 1 English or any other attended school? currently
CODE FOR THE REGION AND DISTRICT IF BORN IN REGION AND Yes birth notification= 2 Yes = 1 language? attending?
REGION AND DISTRICT CODES IF THE COUNTRY, OR DISTRICT IF LIVING IN No = 3 No = 2 Now attending =1
DISTRICT IF LIVING SPENDS MOST OF THE COUNTRY CODE THE COUNTRY, OR Don't Know = 4 Don't Know = 3 Kiswahili = 1 Partially attended =2 WRITE AND
IN TANZANIA, OR THE DAY TIME IN FOLLOWED BY "44" IF THE COUNTRY CODE English = 2 Completed =3 SHADE THE
THE COUNTRY TANZANIA OR THE BORN OUTSIDE FOLLOWED BY "44" IF Kiswahili and English = Never attended =4 APPROPRIAT
CODE FOLLOWED COUNTRY CODE TANZANIA. LIVING OUTSIDE 3 E CODE.
BY "44" IF LIVING FOLLOWED BY "444" TANZANIA. Other Languages = 4 IF THE ANSWER IS
OUTSIDE IF OUTSIDE CODES ARE IN Illiterate = 5 'NEVER CODES ARE
TANZANIA. TANZANIA. CODES SEPARATE FOR CHILDREN AGED ATTENDED' SKIP IN SEPARATE
ARE IN SEPARATE HANDBOOK '00' IN QUESTION 05 TO SECTION D HANDBOOK
HANDBOOK WRITE CODE '9798'
CODES ARE IN
SEPARATE CODES FOR THE 5th
HANDBOOK BOX
Rural =1
Regional /District
Headquarters =2
Other Urban= 3
(14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22)
Fathe r Mothe r

145
 E: FEMALES AGED 12 YEARS AND ABOVE
D: ECONOMIC ACTIVITY: ALL PERSONS AGED 5 YEARS AND ABOVE FERTILITY IN LAST 12 MONTHS
CHILDREN EVER BORN
FOR WOMEN AGED 12 TO 49 YEARS

EMPLOYMENT How many How many How many How many How many of the
No. ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OCCUPATION INDUSTRY male/female children male/female male/female male/female children male/female children
STATUS
In the week preceding
were born alive to children were children were were born alive to who were born alive
In the last 12 months, did Was [NAME] an What type of work What is the main
census’ night, did [NAME] employer, employee, [NAME] and are born alive to born alive to [NAME] in the last 12 to [NAME] in the last
[NAME] mainly…. did [NAME] do in activity at
mainly…. now living with [NAME] and are [NAME] and are months (i.e. 26 August 12 months are still
Worked for payment, own account worker the week preceding [NAME'S] place of
Worked for payment, you/her in this now living now 2011 - 25 August alive?
worked without payment, non-agriculture, own the census' night? work for the week
household? elsewhere? unfortunately 2012)?
worked for own benefit, not worked without payment, account worker preceding the
dead? IF THERE IS NO
worked but actively seeking worked for own benefit, agriculture, contributing WRITE AND census' night?
IF SHE IS NOT IF SHE HAS IF THERE IS NO CHILD SURVIVING
for work, available for work not worked but actively family worker, or an SHADE THE
seeking for work, available LIVING WITH NO CHILDREN IF NONE OF CHILD BORN WRITE AND
but not actively seeking for apprentice in the week APPROPRIATE WRITE AND
for work but not actively ANY OF HER LIVING HER ALIVE IN THE SHADE ''0''
work, household chores (e.g. preceding the census' CODE. SHADE THE
seeking for work, CHILDREN ELSEWHERE CHILDREN LAST 12 MONTHS
cooking), full time student or night? CODES ARE IN APPROPRIATE
household chores (e.g. WRITE AND WRITE AND HAS DIED WRITE AND
unable to work/sick/too SEPARATE CODE.
cooking), full time student SHADE ''00'' SHADE ''00'' WRITE AND SHADE ''0''. DON’T
old/disable WRITE AND SHADE HANDBOOK CODES ARE IN
or unable to work/sick/too SHADE ''00'' ASK FEMALES
old/disable THE APPROPRIATE SEPARATE
AGED 50 YEARS
WRITE AND SHADE THE CODE. HANDBOOK
AND ABOVE
APPROPRIATE CODE. WRITE AND SHADE CODES ARE IN
CODES ARE IN THE APPROPRIATE SEPARATE
SEPARATE HANDBOOK CODE. IF CODE HANDBOOK
GREATER THAN '3'
SKIP TO SECTION E
CODES ARE IN
SEPARATE
HANDBOOK
(23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) (29) (30) (31) (32)

M F M F M F M F M F
1

146
F: GENERAL AND MATERNAL DEATHS IN THE HOUSEHOLD
PLEASE RECORD INFORMATION ON DEATHS THAT OCCURRED IN THE HOUSEHOLD DURING THE LAST 12 MONTHS. DO NOT FORGET CHILDHOOD
MORTALITY

(33) Was there any death which occurred in this household during the last 12 months? YES=1 NO=2 IF THE ANSWER IS NO, SKIP TO SECTION G

RECORD THE NUMBER OF DEATHS

Was the deceased a How old was the deceased at the What was the cause of IF DEATH IS OF A WOMAN AGED 12 TO 49 YEARS
male or a female? time of death? death?
Did the death occur during pregnancy? Did the death occur during Did the death occur during
childbirth? the 6 weeks period following
Death Serial Number

Male =1 WRITE AGE IN COMPLETED Road Accident = 1 Yes = 1 the end of pregnancy,
Female =2 YEARS. IF UNDER ONE YEAR Other Injuries = 2
No = 2 Yes = 1 irrespective of the way the
WRITE "00" IF 97 YEARS OR Suicide = 3 No = 2 pregnancy ended?
ABOVE WRITE '97' Domestic Violence = 4 IF THE ANSWER IS YES SKIP TO IF THE ANSWER IS YES
Sickness/Disease = 5 SECTION G SKIP TO SECTION G Yes = 1
Martenal Death = 6
No = 2
Other = 7

(34) (35) (36) (37) (38) (39) (40)

If number of death is more than 8, use an extra questionnaire

147
 G: HOUSING CONDITIONS AND OWNERSHIP OF ASSETS

What is the ownership status of the main dwelling used

What are the main roofing
by the household? What legal right do you have What are the main flooring materials What are the main wall
materials used for the
over the ownership of this land used for the main building of this materials used for the main
main building of this
IF THE ANSWER IS CODE 2 OR ABOVE, SKIP where your house is built? household? building of this household?
household?
TO QUESTION 43

(41) (42) (43) (44) (45)

=1 =1 =1 =1 =1
Owned by household Title deed Iron sheets Cement Stones
=2 =2 =2 =2 =2
Lived in without paying any rent Residential Licence Tiles Ceramic tiles Cement bricks
Rented privately =3 Offer = 3 Concrete =3 Parquet or Polished wood =3 Sundried bricks =3
Rented by employer =4 Customary ownership = 4 Asbestos =4 Terazzo =4 Baked bricks =4
Rented by government at a subsidized rent =5 Contract = 5 Grass/Leaves =5 Vinyl or Asphalt strips =5 Timber =5
Owned by Employer - Free of charge =6 Registration (Zanzibar) = 6 Mud and Leaves =6 Wood Planks =6 Timber ana Sheets =6
Owned by Employer - With rent =7 No legal right = 7 Plastics/Box =7 Palm/Bamboo =7 Poles and Mud =7
Tent =8 Earth/Sand =8 Grass =8
Dung =9 Tent =9

1-Modern floor
0-Non modern floor

148
 G: HOUSING CONDITIONS AND OWNERSHIP OF ASSETS

How many rooms are available What is the main source of drinking water for What is the main source of energy used by What is the main source of energy used by
for sleeping in this household? this household? this household for cooking? this household for lighting?

(46) (47) (48) (49)

RECORD NUMBER OF =01 =01 =01

Piped water into dwelling Electricity (TANESCO/ZECO) Electricity (TANESCO/ZECO)
ROOMS FOR
SLEEPING =02 =02 =02
Piped water in the yard/plot Solar Solar
Public tap/standpipe =03 Generator/private sources =03 Generator (private source) =03
Tubewell/borehole =04 Cooking Gas =04 Gas (Industrial) =04
Protected dug well =05 Gas (Biogas) =05 Gas (Biogas) =05
Unprotected dug well =06 Electricity (Wind) =06 Electricity (Wind) =06
Protected spring =07 Paraffin =07 Acetylene lamp =07
Unprotected spring =08 Coal =08 Kerosene (lantern/chimney) =08
Rainwater collection =09 Charcoal =09 Kerosene (Wick lamps) =09
Bottled water =10 Firewood =10 Candles =10
Cart with small tank/drum =11 Wood/ residuals =11 Firewood =11
Tanker truck =12 Animal residuals =12 Torch/Rechargeable lamps =12

Surface water (river, dam, lake, pond, =13 Not Applicable =13
stream,charco, canal, irrigation channels)
Improved cooking fuel Have electricity
Non improved cooking fuel Have no electricity

Improved source
Non improved source

149
 G: HOUSING CONDITIONS
What is the main type of toilet facility used by this How is the household refuse Does your household have/own the following assets?
household? disposed of?
FOR "YES" ANSWER, THESE ASSETS SHOULD
BE IN WORKING CONDITION. SHADE THE
APPROPRIATE ANSWER FOR EACH ITEM

(50) (51) (52)

YES NO
Flush/pour flush to piped sewer system =01 Regularly collected =1 Radio 1 2
Flush/pour flush to septic tank =02 Irregularly collected =2 Telephone (Land Line) 1 2
Flush/pour flush to covered pit =03 Burnt =3 Mobile Phone 1 2
Flush/pour flush to somewhere else =04 Roadside dumping =4 Bicycle 1 2
Ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine =05 Burying/pit =5 Motor vehicle 1 2
Pit latrine with washable slab and with lid =06 Other dumping =6 Motorcycle/Vespa 1 2
Pit latrine with washable slab without lid =07 Tricycle (Guta) 1 2
Pit latrine with not-washable/ soil slab =08 Tri motorcycle (Bajaj) 1 2
Pit latrine without slab/ open pit =09 Television 1 2
Composting/ ecosan latrine =10 Electric Iron 1 2
Bucket =11 Charcoal Iron 1 2
No facility/bush/field/ beach =12 Cooker (Electric or Gas) 1 2
Refrigerator/Freezer 1 2
Improved 1 Computer /Laptop 1 2
Non improved 0 Internet Facility 1 2
Plough 1 2
Regarded as sanitation Power tiller 1 2
Hand hoe 1 2
Wheelbarrow 1 2
Oxen 1 2
Donkey/Camel 1 2
House 1 2
Land/Farm 1 2
1 At least two items out of the listed assets
0 Less than two items from the listed assets

150
 H: AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK

AGRICULTURE LIVESTOCK FISH FARMING

Has/is any member of this Which of the following crops did the household Was any member of this How many cattle, goats or sheep Is there any member of
household grow? household engaged in were available during the Census this household who is
operated/operating any land raising cattle, goats, sheep night? currently engaged in fish
for agricultural purposes or poultry up to the census IF NO, WRITE AND SHADE farming?
during 2011/12 agricultural night? CODE "00000"
year? Yes = 1
Yes = 1 No = 2
Yes = 1 No = 2
No = 2
IF THE ANSWER IS
IF THE ANSWER IS NO, NO, SKIP TO
SKIP TO QUESTION 55 QUESTION 57

(53) (54) (55) (56) (57)

Yes No
Maize 1 2
Paddy 1 2
Cassava 1 2
Banana 1 2
Other Crops 1 2

Cattle
Goats
Sheep
Poultry

151
I: CITIZENS IN DIASPORA K: TOTAL NUMBER OF PERSONS IN THE HOUSEHOLD

58) Is there any person who was a member of this household currently living outside Tanzania? Yes = 1 No = 2
IF THE ANSWER IS NO, SKIP TO SECTION J

M F
59) Write the number of males and females living outside Tanzania? Males

60) In which country are they living? Females

CODES ARE IN SEPARATE HANDBOOK
Total
st th
1 HH Member 6 HH Member

2nd HH Member 7th HH Member Day Month

DATE HOUSEHOLD ENUMERATED
3rd HH Member 8th HH Member

4th HH Member 9th HH Member

th th
5 HH Member 10 HH Member

IF THE NUMBER OF DIASPORA IS MORE THAN 10, USE EXTRA QUESTIONNAIRE

61) Have you or anyone in this household received remitance in the form of cash or in kind from them during the last 12 months?
Yes =1, No =2 NAME OF SUPERVISOR

1st HH Member 6th HH Member DATE OF EDITING QUESTIONNAIRE

Day Month

2nd HH Member 7th HH Member

3rd HH Member 8th HH Member

th th
4 HH Member 9 HH Member

th th
5 HH Member 10 HH Member
J: SOCIAL SECURITY FUNDS
62) Is there a person in this household who is a member of the following social security funds?
Yes = 1 No = 2 IF THE ANSWER IS NO, GO TO SECTION H. MULTIPLE RESPONSE IS
ALLOWED
Fund
National Social Security Fund (NSSF) =1
Zanzibar Social Security Fund (ZSSF) =2
Parastatal Pension Fund (PPF) =3
Public Service Pension Fund (PSPF) =4
Government Employee Provident Fund (GEPF) =5
Local Authority Pension Fund (LAPF) =6
National Health Insurance Fund/Community Health Fund (NHIF/CHF) =7
Other Fund =8

152