ADOLESCENCE AND ADULTS Dr. Aparajita Priyadarshini Assistant Professor P.G Department of Food Science Technology and Nutrition Sambalpur University rsDefinition of Adolescence Adolescence is a period of time between childhood and adulthood. It is a * unique period of dynamic change “growing up”. It is a critical period since development of the individual occurs at the physiological, psychological and social level. Adolescence phase: 13 to 19 years (teenage) In underdeveloped nations, this period of time is relatively short, and begins when children enter their reproductive years. It may be marked by a transitional ritual called a ‘rite of passage’. That might include a name change, a ceremony or ritual of some sort, or a physical challenge. It is a period that begins with the onset of puberty. At the end of adolescence, the individual has functional reproductive organs and has attained final physical growth. Puberty begins with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics (development of breast, beginning of menstruation period in girls and appearance of facial hair and development of genitals seen in boys)It is the parent’s responsibility to maintain control over their adolescent child’s decision-making while they become trust-worthy and mature enough to understand the long-term consequences of their decisions. The child, however, may not be aware of their own maturity level and ability to make good decisions. Therefore, the adolescent period becomes one of struggle: parent vs. child. THIS IS NORMAL. Some parents may ‘give up’, when the struggle escalates. It can drive a wedge between mothers and fathers if they don’t agree completely with each other.vvVvV Physical growth and puberty Sudden increase in height They begin to look like adults Growth spurt precedes menarche in girls and spermatogenesis in boys Noticeable increase in height and weight Puberty begins about 2 to 2.5 years earlier in girls than boys. Boys develop more muscle and their skeleton enlarges Girls will have more fat and less muscle than boys. Height may increase 18-39 cm in girls and 21-45 cm in boys. Peak velocity found at 14 yrs in boys and 12-13 years in girls.Nutrient requirement and Allowances Adolescence is divided into two groups as per ICMR 1. 13-15 years 2. 16-18 years Table 1: RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCES (RDA), 2010 eee Tae Guyer GLa [eens | USPS ea) kab ets) aie) lei | (ees | eae Energy (Kcal) 2190 2750 3020 2010 2330 2440 Protein (9) 39.9 543 61.5 404 519 555 Visible fat (9) 36 45 50 35 40 35 Iron (mg) 24 2 28 27 27 26 Vitamin C (mg) 40 40 40 40 40 40 Retinol (meg) 600 600 600 600 600 600 Beta-carotene (mcg) | _ 4800 4800 4800 4800 4800 4800 (Calcium (mg) 800 | 800. 800 800 800 800 |10-12 Years 13-15 Years 16-18 Years Food groups gPortion Girls. Boys Girls. Boys Girls. Boys _ Cereals & millets 30 8 10 1 14 1 15 Pulses 30 2 x 2s. 25 ES Milk & its products 100 5 5 5 5 5 Roots & tubers 100 1 1 4s 2 a Green leafy veg. 100 1 1 1 1 1 Other vegetables 100 2 2 2 2 Bo] Fruits 100 i 1 1 1 tw Sugar 5 6 Sis Beis ice, ea Fat/oil (visible) 5 7, 8 9 Za eea0 Source: Dietary Guidelines for Indians, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, 2011. Teenager is still growing so provide good breakfast before they go to school and give them nourishing packed lunch which is good attractive and tasty dishes made at home. > Avoid empty calorie food (carbonated beverages) > Iron rich foods are included to avoid anemia > Food should be colorful and attractive > Include fruits and vegetablesFactors influencing Adolescence Adolescents tend to be age-segregated. They interact mostly with their own age group, rather than with younger children and older adults. Adolescents are deeply affected by, and develop strong opinions about the events of the era and society in which they live. They tend to support idealism, and participate in movements toward social reform. They may be called upon to fight in a war and they support radical political and religious movements; they volunteer and support causes; they participate in riots and protests. Adolescents are heavily targeted and influenced by mass media. With rapidly developing physical and cognitive capacities, they are especially vulnerable to the counterculture aspects of media programming. They seek excessive stimulation, as they are bombarded with images and sounds of tragedy, sexuality, and brutality via magazines, the internet, TV, video games, loud musicNutritional Problems 1. Obesity 2. Sports 3. Acne (increased activity in sebaceous (oil-producing) glands which can cause skin breakouts) 4. Alcohol 5. Diabetes (Juvenile diabetes) 6. Pregnancy (Early Marriage) Lb] souEATING DISORDER Unlike children, however, adolescents monitor their development carefully. They constantly compare themselves with ideal standards or images, becoming embarrassed, fascinated or insecure. They then revise their self-image. How they and their parents deal with the N rapid changes of adolescence will impact their be — overall adjustment. WARNING: The reflection in this mirror may be distorted by socially constructed ideas of beauty.2, BULIMIA NERVOSA Physical sign: Near ideal weight, but with fluctuation Dental enamel erosion Irregular menstrual period Habits: Strict dieting ing eating from others Found in bathroom after eating a meal Avoiding social invitations because of food that might be served 1, ANOREXIA NERVOSA: Physical signs: Extremely thin Rapid loss of weight Loss of menstrual periods Habits: Cooking for others but not eating Avoiding specific foods (Dairy, meats, fats) Denying hunger, eating tiny portion of food Excessive exercise Psychological signs: Feeling fat Low self esteem Perfectionism Depression, moodiness Psychological signs: Excessive preoccupation with weight, food, exercise and dieting Feeling uncomforted in front of others Depression Abnormal eating pattern Feeling out of control when eating3. BINGE EATING DISORDER Physical signs: Overweight or obese Habits: Frequent eating Large amount in short time Avoid physical activity Psychological signs: Depression, loneliness, shame, guilt, emotional emptiness Eating to escape from emotions Out of control when eating To support positive adolescent development, we need to support and strengthen families, provide teens with activities in which they can be successful, encourage them to look beyond their own circumstances and help others, and teach them positive coping skills. Examples of positive coping skills: pursue hobbies, work hard at something (keep busy) or volunteer, express your feelings, state your needs and wants and develop the ability to say ‘no’, develop friendships, take advantage of community resources, set goals, plan for the future, set priorities, balance leisure and work, look at things from a different perspective, pursue physical fitness, take care of yourself (bathe, dress, rest, eat healthily), learn how and take time to relax, and/or find purpose and meaning for your life (develop spiritually, meditate).Suggested recipes during Adolescence 1. Samosa with channa 2. Uthapam 3. Basundi 4. Ladoos 5. Rice and Rajma 6. Vegetable fried rice 7. Pav Bhaji 8. OmletteADULTS Adulthood is a period beginning from 25 years to 60 years. As the age increases, the metabolic rate slowly decreases, so that adults need less calories to meet the basal energy needs of the body. As the body grows older, it is renewing less cells and tissues and therefore needs less energy to keep it going. Nutrition have great importance 1. To maintain body function 2. To prevent the development of diseases (heart disease, dabetes) * Age, occupation and level of activity can determine the nutrient needs of an adult.Age of adulthood Young Adulthood- Late teens to mid 40s Middle Adulthood- 45 through late 60s Older Adulthood- Age after 65rr Nutrient requirements of adults Body size, age, climate, extent of physical activity as well as altered physiological states such as Pregnancy and lactation. Women require less energy and other nutrients than men because they are smaller in size and lighter. Men have more muscle mass which is metabolically active and so they need more energy. On the other hand, women need less energy because they have more amount of adipose tissue. Woman have higher iron requirements than men because they lose some amount of iron through menstruation. Requirement for calcium, vitamin A and folic acid are the same for an adult man and woman.ene sification of Activity, Activity r “a ‘Sex Sedentary Moderate Heavy ; Male — Teacher, Tailor, Barber, Fisher man, Basketmaker, Stone cutter, Mineworker, Executive, Peon Potter, Goldsmith Wood cutter Teacher, Tailor, Executive House wife, Nurse, Wood cutter. iS Source: Gopalan C, Sastri B.V, & Balasubramanian S.C (2007)Particulars Body Net —Protein Visible Iron Calcium Zine Vitamin A wt energy gid Ftp mpd pid ke head od Retinolpg/d —B-Carotene weld Sedentary work 60 2320 0-25 1T O00 4800 Moderate work 2730 30 Heavy work 3490 40 Sedentary work 1900 0 20 Moderate work 2230 25 Heavy work 2850 30 Pregnant wornan +350 #22 30 Lactation 0-6 m +600 71930 612m +4520 72 30 Infants 0-6 months 2kcalhKeld L.16pkKe 6-12 months 8OkcalKgld 1.69phkehd 19 Children 1-3 years 1060 16227 4-6 years 1350 21 25 7-9 years 1690 295 30 Boys 10-12'Years 2190 399 35 Girls 10-12 years 2010 404 35 Boys 13-15 years 2750 54345 Girls 13-15 years 2330 S19 40 Boys 16-17 years 3020 61550 Girls 16-17 years 2440 issis aera ‘Source: ICMR (2008)Po ADULT MAN Foun PORTION SIZE No. of PORTION SIZE No. of (e) Portions (g) Portions Cereals and 30 12.5 30 9 millets \ Green leafy 100 a 100 | i Vegetables Fruits 100 1 100 = Dairy and 100 mi 3 100 | 3 Dairy | | products | Pulses 30 25 30 2 Fats and Oils, 5 | 5 ress 4 Sugars 5 : 4 Balanced diet for an adult man and woman (sedentary)Diet and social consideration Adults need less energy than children. But they have a lot of social obligations to fulfil and perform. > When guests are invited home (A lot of calorie rich foods prepared). > Many adults consume more energy than their bodies require. > Working adults get their food away from home (Lunch in restaurants). > Gain weight (Don’t go for enough exercise). > Complain of heartburn, constipation, lack of vitalitya Nutrient needs at different socio- economic levels ES (Ono One ee Low Income Group Middle Income —_High Income Group __ Group Cereals 12-14 10-12 8-10 Vegetarian Foods Dhal Pulses 25 2 13 Non-Veg Foods 0.5 1 1.5-2 | Ege 4 times week Fish linaweek | Meat 1in 15 days 1in7 days 1ina week Leafy vegetables 3 times/ week 3 times/week 3 times/week Oil 15g 25g 25g Sugar/Jaggery 25¢ 30g 308 |1.Cereals and cereals products '2.Protein Foods 3.Vegetables and Fruits 4.Oils, Fats and Sugar 5.Home produced Products (Dairy cattle, poultry, kitchen garden fruits and vegetables)Nutrient needs are only for maintenance since growth has already ceased. Energy needs and consequently requirements for thiamine, riboflavin and niacin will vary largely with energy expenditure. Physiological alternation in metabolism like pregnancy and lactation do increase nutritional needs. Foods must be selected carefully, if you have to meet nutritional needs within a limited food budget. Food intake must be such that people do not put on weight which becomes a risk factor for certain diseases.7 adult child ADOLESCENCE young person or adolescent CHILDHOOD