Minerals

Lesson 2 by Ms. Astrid Rose Rosal

 Instructions

Identify the specific

kindInsert
oftextorganism
Insert text Insert

based from the given

clues /
Insert text Insert text Insert
characteristics.
 BRITTLE STAR
Scientific Name Reproductive Strategy
Text
Ophiactis savignyi Asexual (fission) and sexual

Class/Phylum Physical Characteristics

Echinodermata Arm are long, slender, wavy and

edged with short spines.

Habitat Unique Abilities

Tropical and sub-tropical ocean

Regeneration of a body part
habitat
 GRIZZLY BEAR
Scientific Name Reproductive Strategy
Text
Ursus arctos horribilis sexual

Class/Phylum Physical Characteristics

mammalia can weigh as much as 453.6 kg

very territorial

Habitat Unique Abilities

Great Plains of North

America large hump on their shoulders,
 Whiptail Lizard
Scientific Name Reproductive Strategy
Text
Aspidoscelis uniparens Asexual (parthenogenesis)

Class/Phylum Physical Characteristics

Reptilia long sleek bodies with lines that go

from nose to tail.

Habitat Unique Abilities

Grasslands females take turns playing male

during courtship and mating
 How did you identify the
specific organism?

Did the clues / characteristics

help you identify the correct
answers?

How many characteristics were

you able to consider before
getting the right answer?
 In the field of geology
and other specific fields
like mineralogy or
mining, the basis of
identifying rocks and
minerals is through
their physical and
chemical properties.
 Process Questions
1. Based from the video, what were the different test conducted to
identify whether the materials found were gold?
2. Describe or define each mineral property mentioned in the video
clip.
3. Do you think one test is enough to positively identify an unknown
mineral? Why? Why not?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uoEYCkLDzxY&t=17s
 What are Minerals?

Minerals are Together, the chemical

formula (the types and Minerals can be
naturally occurring, proportions of the chemical
inorganic solids with elements) and the crystal identified by their
a definite chemical lattice (the geometry of how physical
composition and a the atoms are arranged and characteristics.
crystal lattice bonded together) determine
the physical properties of
structure. minerals.
Keep in Mind!
Minerals are natural substances -- usually comprising
"inorganic element or compound, having an orderly internal
structure and characteristics, chemical composition, crystal form, and
physical properties" (NAMRIA-DENR, 1991).
 How are Minerals Identified?
Mineralogists are scientists
who study minerals. One of
the things mineralogists
must do is identify and
categorize minerals. While a
mineralogist might use a
high-powered microscope
to identify some minerals,
most are recognizable using Figure 1 Pyrite

physical properties. Also known as “Fool’s Gold, has shiny, gold,

cubic crystals with striations
 What is the mineral’s color?

Are the individual crystals

shiny or dull?

Are there striation running

Figure 1 Pyrite
across the mineral?
Also known as “Fool’s Gold, has
shiny, gold, cubic crystals with
striations
Physical Properties of Mineral

COLOR LUSTER STREAK HARDNESS

Streak,
Color, and Luster

SPECIFIC CRYSTAL
CLEAVAGE FRACTURE
GRAVITY SHAPE
Color
Color is often useful, but should not
be relied upon. Different minerals
may be the same color. Some
minerals come in many different
colors. Quartz, for example, may be
clear, white, gray, brown, yellow,
pink, red, or orange. So color can
help, but do not rely on color as the
determining property.
Color
Figure 3 shows one sample of
quartz that is colorless and
another quartz that is purple. A
tiny amount of iron makes the
quartz purple. Many minerals
Figure 3. Purple quartz, known as amethyst,
are colored by chemical and clear quartz are the same mineral

impurities. despite the different colors.

Luster
Luster describes the reflection of
light off a mineral’s surface.
Mineralogists have special terms to
describe luster. One simple way to
classify luster is based on whether
the mineral is metallic or
non-metallic. Minerals that are
opaque and shiny, such as pyrite,
have a metallic luster. Minerals such
as quartz have a non-metallic luster.
Table 1. Six types of non-metallic luster.
Luster Appearance
Adamantine Sparkly
Earthy Dull, clay-like
Pearly Pearl-like
Resinous Like resins, such as tree sap
Silky Soft-looking with long fibers
Vitreous Glassy
 Diamond
Table 1. Six types of non-metallic luster.

Luster Appearance

Adamantine Sparkly

Earthy Dull, clay-like

Pearly Pearl-like

Resinous Like resins, such as tree sap

Soft-looking with long

Silky
fibers

Vitreous Glassy Figure 4. (a) Diamond has an adamantine

luster.
 Quartz
Table 1. Six types of non-metallic luster.

Luster Appearance

Adamantine Sparkly

Earthy Dull, clay-like

Pearly Pearl-like

Resinous Like resins, such as tree sap

Soft-looking with long

Silky
fibers
Figure 4. (b) Quartz is not sparkly and has a
Vitreous Glassy vitreous, or glassy, luster.
 Sulfur
Table 1. Six types of non-metallic luster.

Luster Appearance

Adamantine Sparkly

Earthy Dull, clay-like

Pearly Pearl-like

Resinous Like resins, such as tree sap

Soft-looking with long

Silky
fibers

Vitreous Glassy Figure 4. (c) Sulfur reflects less light than

quartz, so it has a resinous luster.
Streak
Streak is the color of a mineral’s
powder. Streak is a more reliable
property than color because
streak does not vary. Minerals
that are the same color may have
a different colored streak.
The streak of hematite across an
unglazed porcelain plate is
red-brown.
Hardness
Hardness is the strength with which a
mineral resists its surface being scraped or
punctured. In working with hand samples
without specialized tools, mineral hardness
is specified by the Mohs hardness scale.
The Mohs hardness scale is based 10
reference minerals, from talc the softest
(Mohs hardness of 1), to diamond the
hardest (Mohs hardness of 10).
Cleavage
Cleavage is the tendency of a
mineral to break along certain
planes to make smooth surfaces.
Not all minerals have cleavage. A
cleavage represents a direction of
weakness in the crystal lattice A close-up view of sodium
chloride in a water bubble
aboard the International Space
Station.
Fracture
Fracture is a break in a mineral
that is not along a cleavage
plane. Fracture is not always the
same in the same mineral
because fracture is not
determined by the structure of
the mineral. All minerals have Chrysotile has splintery
fracture. Fracture is breakage, fracture.

which occurs in directions that

are not cleavage directions.
Crystal Shape
All minerals are crystalline, but only
some have the opportunity to exhibit the
shapes of their crystals, their crystal
forms. There are two complicating
factors to remember here: (1) minerals
do not always form nice crystals when
they grow, and (2) a crystal face is
different from a cleavage surface.
A crystal face forms during the growth of
the mineral. A cleavage surface is formed
when the mineral is broken.
 Classifying Minerals
Silicates Oxides
All silicate minerals are built of silicon-oxygen tetrahedra (SiO4)
bonding arrangements which create different crystal lattices.
4–
in different
Text
These are based on the oxygen anion, O2–. Examples include iron oxides
such as hematite, Fe2O3 and magnetite, Fe3O4, and pyrolusite, MgO.

Sulfides Halides
These are based on the sulfide ion, S2–. Some sulfides are mined as sources of These have a halogen element as the anion, whether it be fluoride, F–,
such metals as zinc, lead, copper, and tin. chloride, Cl–, bromide, Br–, iodide, I–, or astatide, At–. Halite, NaCl, is a halide
mineral.

Carbonates Sulfates
These are based on the carbonate ion, (CO3)2–. Calcite, CaCO3, and dolomite, These have the polyatomic sulfate ion, (SO4)2–, as the anion. Anhydrite,
CaMg(CO3)2, are carbonate minerals. CaSO4, is a sulfate.

Phosphates
These have the polyatomic phosphate ion, (PO4)3–, as the anion. Fluorapatite,
Ca5(PO4)3F, which makes your teeth hard, is a phosphate mineral.
What is a mineral
made up of?

Minerals are made up

of chemical elements.
Minerals are made up
of chemical elements.
 Check Your
Understanding
 Process Question
How has these minerals become part of your
daily life?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xmXT1YgfoTA&list=PL4pjpWSPmnw
tR0KvGJs1yh5tPmzxtVdUS&index=4
 Rocks
Lesson 2 by Ms. Astrid Rose Rosal
 How are minerals
related to rocks?

How would you define

/describe rocks?

What are the three types of

rocks?
 What are Rocks??

Rocks are made of The different colors

A rock is a collections of mineral and textures seen in
naturally formed, grains that are held this rock are caused
non-living earth together in a firm, by the presence of
material. different minerals.
 How is a rock different
from a mineral?
rocks are rocks are generally
identified made up of two of no definite shape
primarily by the more minerals,
minerals they mixed up through
contain and by geological processes
their texture.
Source: https://www.diffen.com/difference/Minerals_vs_Rocks
 Three Main Categories
of Rocks
Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks
Igneous rocks form
Igneous
from cooling magma.
Magma that erupts onto
Earth’s surface is lava.
The chemical
composition of the
magma and the rate at
which it cools determine
what rock forms as the
minerals cool and This flowing lava is molten rock that will harden into an
igneous rock.

crystallize.
Sedimentary rocks form by the Sedimentary
compaction and cementing
together of sediments, broken
pieces of rock-like gravel,
sand, silt, or clay. Those
sediments can be formed from
the weathering and erosion of
preexisting rocks. Sedimentary
rocks also include chemical
precipitates, the solid
materials left behind after a
liquid evaporates. This sedimentary rock is made of sand that is cemented
together to form a sandstone.
 Metamorphic

Metamorphic rocks form

when the minerals in an
existing rock are
changed by heat or
pressure within the
Earth.
Quartzite is a metamorphic rock formed when quartz
sandstone is exposed to heat and pressure within the Earth.
 Processes of the Rock
Cycle

crystallization erosion and metamorphism

sedimentation
COOLING WEATHERING HEATING

Several processes can turn one type of rock into another type of rock. The key processes of
the rock cycle are crystallization, erosion and sedimentation, and metamorphism.
 Sedimentation

Erosion
Sedimentary
Rocks

Igneous Rocks
Metamorphism

Crystallization
Metamorphic
Rocks

Melting Magma
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BgJ74KKZyD4
LET’S PONDER

What would the Earth

be like without rocks
and minerals?