Research Design in Accounting and Finance

CHAPTER -2
Research Design in
Accounting and Finance
Synopsis
1 Introduction, Meaning, Need, and Good researeh tesign.
2. Needef Researeh Design
3 Qualities of a Good Research Design
|4. Hypothesis
5. Formulation of Hypothesis
6. Sources of Hypothesis
|7. Importance of Hypothesis
8. Types of Hypothesis
9. Different Research Designs
Questions
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form lessness not of design the research Direction: Aonting
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employed offor and researcher of devoid aboutEfficiency aInaccuracy
staff,operations, current Uncertaintyresearcher Method
learning question can in bias plan
to to for Serve necessity is best hypothestesting hardware,
design be It Wastage
efforts.gives collecting is
design completeshould which that in time is being evaluation. ofand the unwanted is knownand anrl
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and conclusions. the
developing which
insignificant
to desien. from way : as It
of an knows subjectivity. made :
research reason, purpose and toAcquiring makes guides of of research Itimane
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thus is and
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this implemented a ward. hypothesis is software, idea research. in reduces
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problem analysis, advance
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toproject. operations. refer crucial the well-planned simply test Thi s provides
regardingthetypeof It path
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to research which research problerm
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avoid that keeping because uncertainty, kind theory, A
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of warrants makes asrender design the : iníorrnation :
ideas; the The for evidencepossible.
evidence overview in helpíul It to It
as The an they wastage lesign zrution helps /,
mind. It work just design
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for
elirninateshias an as
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while flaws.
a are is view efficientallows judge right íor It
isffirient
the
plan work ma y
undertaken. given is
not confusion
research involves resourcesrequiredintermsof
conclusions
obtained to be
testingoi condueting
people is of tocan
methd
fascinating
provides
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and
it
to direction. exDertsothergiven helpíul tirne. objective heornes 2et be
gives plan.
is lead as fo r or a
times purposepossible.the the a exetutionraifnum sieved
prepared appropriate to the problem andhelpful wav
programme
the etc WVhen anl is
A the to appropriate allows hvpothesi5 to
th at the in then casir fixed
an it. not critical less other
understanding
workresearcherrendering Because The
of
smooth
practical studv.
of kind Without colleciing marzinalerrors
research. the
rosearcher
out.
realized It conclusion. the useru are and and
on truth the means unamTiguous. exsers eificiency
plan design comments ordata of needed
design
the sailing researcher deining systernati clear.
details to the is of research data haphazard It to and a
design researcn
basis organizeshould this givespreciselv for defines
exciting research thev by advance and required
oi monev. Material ior
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and Data
of many many of tnei and The
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ot ma v and the the and ess the a is
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 Reseah Desgo in AonDg ndw
ste n
en0alprelminary steps
Ihesc tun dn, It is a entative answer to resCrh qu|estion A hypothesis is l tentative proposition

e
u'vehueo
teshendeaour
implebynentpiackitun,,
ateialize formulated for empirical testinp.
Definitions of Hypothesis
Iis d dedative statetnent ornb1ning onreot

thVNnehteNd bucge
h e D e e sbedon
lhe
corelly planncd
anae
collecton Mill has defined hypothesis as, "any supposstion whith
conclusions inacCordance with facts which are
vw mke in orclor to deduce
known to he resl"
According to Coffey,"A hypothesis Is an altenptat phenomenonrplanation: provisinal
Ce RESEARCH DESIGN study: supposition made in order to explain scientifically some facts or
GOOD research design
3.
QUAUTIES OF A qualities of a good systematically Goode and Hatt have defined a hypothests, "d propostion whih can he put to test to
The following are
some ofthe designwhen it is structured is that it is determine validity."

tstakenructuinre
good research good research According to George A. Lundberg "a hypothesis is a tentat1ve generalization, the
1. Astudh has a teristi 0! specilied steps are
nt chNA planned so that systematic validity of which remains to be tested".
ihe the esearh s set of rules. In a research ther
Sata ThN he that detined Iol. F. Rummel 'a statement capable of being listed and therehy veriicd or reeted is
nwOdance mththe conclusions.
arriving at hypothesis." Walter R. Borg has firmly believed that a hypothesis reílects the research
o v n d intuition in
it is structured
to be logical worker's guess as to the probable outcome of his experiment and they play clear and specific
ee research design when (reasoning from a part to
Astud has a
good induction he goals before the researcher and provides him with a basis for studying samples and research
2. logical process of to a
premise conclusion which procedures to meet these goals".
eaONing and the trom some good research
process of reasoning a
Whe and ceduction the
0Ows trom that \en
premise) are of great
meaningíul in
value incarrying
the context
out
of decision
making. Logical From these above definition we can enumerate the three characters of hypothesis.
" Every hypothesis is an attempt at obtaining facts.
mahes research more structured to be empirical No hypothesis is a final explanation of facts,
research design when it is
Eg
basis for external
3.
Astudyhas a gooddeals with concrete data that provides aone or more aspects of validity to
(a real
" Beingan explanation of facts hypothesis is an organic principle.
Agood research
Moreoer the research is
related basically to A hypothesis is not the same as theory though it is very closely related to theory. As
eseaTh results William H. George has rightly put it theory is elaborate hypothesis. The hypothesis actually
s tuation. that it is replicable
it is designed suchresults emerges from the theory. A hypothesis if verified becomes a theory. It is a generalization
research design when can be verified.
Astudy has a goodshould be replicable so that the research Ifa drawn tromthe theory itself and when it has been tested and found correct it becomes apart
Agood research basis for better decisions. to the theory itself. Thus theory itself in its early stages forms a hypothesis and the two are
research studv is replicable. it will help in building interdependent upon each other.
4. HYPOTHESIS 5. FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS
Meaning the hypothesis formulated. Minute attention is needo Once you have identified you research question, it is time to formulate your hypothesis.
The toundation of research live in While the research question is broad and includes all the variables youwant your study to
tor this. Let us understand this concept in
detail. you expect to find from vour
possiblity, a consider, the hypothes1S iS a statement that specific relationship
The term hpothesis has several meanings. It may be taken to medi d these variables. When formulating the hypothesis(es) for vour study. there are
dccept sometning as examination of
supposition or an assumption. In general it is taken as a proposal toor in accordance with a few things you need to keep in mind
It may seem contrary
true. It mav prove to be correct or incorrect. Good hypotheses meet the following criteria :
Iikely to be accepted as a scientific truth. If a man suffer.
Common sense. It is tentative and is an article suddenly shoot i) Identify the independent and dependent variables to be studied.
It the price of
trom iever we guess that he has drunk impure water.ThuS constantly we are making hypothesis ii) Specify the nature of the relationship that exists between these variables.
up we suppose that the merchants are hoarding it.
tentative suggestions expressed ii) Simple (often referred to as parsimonious). It is better to be concise than to be long
wthout being aware of it. Thus we can define hypothesis as winded. It is also better to have several simple hypotheses than one complicated
as proposition to explain an event.
forth as an hypothesis.
Hvpothesis may be defined as a proposition or a set of propositions set merely iv) Does not include reference tospecific measures.
occurrence of some specified group of phenomena either asserted
explanat on tor the
the v) Does not refer to specific statistical procedures that will be used in analysis.
eS aprois1onal conjecture to guide some investigation or accepted as highly probable in
ight ofestabl shed íacts. Quite often a research hypothesis is a predictive statement, capable vi) Implies the population that you are going to study.
Gi being tested hy scientific methods, that relates an independent variable to some vii) ls falsifiable and testable.
dependent variable. For example, consider statements like the following ones: As indicated above, it is better to have several simple hypotheses than one complex one.
Stucdent's irom Mumba1 niversity show agreater creativity than students from other However, it is also a good idea to limit the number of hypotheses you use in astudy to six or
Universities of Matharashtra" Or "HondaAmaze is performing as fine as Maruti Dezire." fewer. Studies that address more hypotheses than six will often be too time consuming to
These ate hypotheses capalile of being ohjectively verified and tested. Thus, we may keep participants interested, and uninterested participants do not take the importance of their
con ludethata hpuhes is states what we are looking for and it is aproposition which can responses as seriously. Another advantage to limiting the number of formal hypotheses you
be put to a test to determine its validity. formulate is that too many can make the discussion section of your paper very hard to write.
Aproposal intended to explain certain facts or observations. A hypothesis is a precise It is important to remember that you do not have to have a formal hypothesis to justity
testable statement pred:tion of what the researcher expects to find or prove. all comparisons and statistical procedures you might use. For instance, it is only when you
 Y.BCAE
n Acounting
andTmance (S (Sem.
NChAfethodology an
that gender is
findiinnlg.uencin the
realize Research Design in Accounting and nance
data that you that addressesthis 27
eploratoN analsiS of your hypothesis In fa
stat dong up and wite a
any statistical findings you feel d whose known heavenly bodies. So a new planet was supposed to exist in a particular position,
haeto back can report
tactor. )ou do nÍt INeSto not dothis. You addressed them. attraction explained the deviation. And such a planet was actually discovered later
beter in most hypothesis that and was called Neptune.
itis have a
or not vou above warrants additional mention. study, Agood hypothesis
elevant whether lsted your but is
must also
Thus we can see that even though there is no hard and fast rule to frame hypothesis,
cueion test tor in
The inal you can actually especially as a new researcher. Wa b circumstances, keen imagination, information and techniques contributeto thefornulationof
that is Nomething requirenent, Wap
to ignorethis studyto turn oul exaclly as we expect it to, that fruitfulhypothesisíor thescientistsand researchers.
Onh alble
1alsable.Itis tempting tor our
everything and that no prediction is W7. MPORTANCE OF HYPOTHESIS
gealthings, and
SO hdlk to tìnd pOssibilitythat we don't know
tend oisnoethehumans. Tvy to keep in mind that all rescarch is
wheher faorilsaíng directional. Research hypothesis can be present in research and it may not be but if it is
relevant.
something. Believe it or not,
For a new researcher, it is important to have a research hypothesis s0 as to be
nhen itOmes to
are uhat vou
eypect, you will find expected group
failing
differencec to iny present it can have following benefits.
\0ur findngs
studies diterences
that retumcan
results important
in opposition
be just as as finding In fac
to what we were hoping lor, or believed woul way in which you have to carry on the research. Methodology ofthe research depends
SOUP hoped (or ) Clarity : Hypothesis brings clarity to research. It makes your mind clear about the
studies than we could have
to manymore great
gcallh oCCUr often lead greatly on the research hypothesis. Clarity brings 50 % chances of success in research. At
SOURCES OF HYPOTHESIS each step, you need to be clear about every aspect and dimension. If you are not clear atbout
for the fornnation of hypothesis, there arç asingle thing you should not go forward, stay where ever you are and resolve the issue and
rules are enumerated possible hypothesis.
t\en though no set by suggesting They can b then move to the next step.
Cicumstances which favour discOvery ii) Focus : You formulate your research hypothesis and you get a
focal point in
asource of hypothesis. It is a common research. You need not go off the track and stay intact to the main objective which youyour
enumerated as tollows
Simple Enumeration : It is set
) Induction by water on heated stove it boils and when water in an for the hypothesis. Your research becomes organized and haphazard actions are minimized.
e\perience that whenever we place impossilble to uSo
evaporates. In thunder storm it is ii) Direction : Hypothesis sets a direction of research. This direction shows you what
open container is heated. it Sometimes scientists take such Common should be the objectives,
children ot blue eved parents are blue eyed. a methodology, mode of analysis and research design. With a
investigations. After observing large number o hypothesis, you have a confidence that whatever you have presumed
e\perience as the starting point for their will be tested rather
seariet iors that the are devoid of iagrance, we enumeration
Irame a nyponesis nat all scarle than testing something that is irrelevant to the research.
is a source of discove.
tlowers are devoid ot fragrance. Thus induction by sinmple iv) Objectivity : Every research requires objectivity but without hypothesis you may
i) Conversion of General Proposition : Sinple conversion ol gene proposition collect data which is not relevant to the research and hence decreases the gbiectiviy of the
Suggests a hy pothesis. The simple conversion oi the proposition, e e orar lead, research. When you know that your hypothesis only deals with a particular aspect of the
to the hvpothesis "Allmortals are men". When put to lest il nmay e dtcepor rejected phenomenonincreases.
you willnot collect data that is not reguired and the obiectivity and validity f
This is a wrong hypothesis. There are other animals that are mortal. All plants aIsO die. Thes the research
taCts lead to the tight hvpothesis.'All living organisms are subject to death'. v) Add to the Body of Knowledge : A hypothesis adds to the
available body of
iD Analogy :Analogy suggests iypothesis. I is asource of discovery. by noticing th knowledge. For example you stucdy diferent literature and you find out that this much wok
anslogy between the talling oi an apple and heavenly bodies Nevion discoverd the law a has already been done on this topic and you should concentrate on the gans that are vet to
gravitation. Copemican system as well as Newion's law of gravitation was helped b, be filed
analogies. From the resemblance between Mars and Earth we conclude that Mars also mai
by new research you formulate ahypothesis and keep your direcion towardsi.
vi) Hypothesis is needed because it :
be inhabited. Thus analogy is a source of hypothesis. Provides definite focus
iv) Method of Experiment: It also suggests hypothesis. When we find that two " Specifies sources of data
phenomena are coniirmed in a number of instances - other circumstances varying, wE "Determines data needs
conclude that there may be causal connection between them. We find large number o
instances in which female anopheles mosquitoes bite healthy persons of different ages " Suggests type of research
having diierent occupations, Iivingin diferentplaces, and they suffer malaria. Therefore we Technique of Analysis
conclude that female anopheles mosquitoes may be carriers of malarial bacilli. This " Development of theory
hypothesis may be veritied by experiment. Thus the methodof experiment suggests hypothesis Characteristics of Hypothesis
v) Method of concomitant Variation : It is vet another
tind that 2 phenomena vary constantly and the other
source of hypothesis. When we Hypothesis must possess the following characteristics :
circumstances remaining the same, we
suspect a causal connection. When we find the greater number of wine shops in a locality of i) Capable of Being Tested : Hypothesis should be capable of being tested. In a swamp
the greater the number ot crimes, we suspect a causal connection between untestable hypotheses, many a time the research programmes have bogged down. Some
criminality. This method also suggested a hypothesis. drunkenness and prior study may be done by researcher in order to make hypothesis a testable one. A
V) Methods of Residues : It also provides possible hy Dothesis Wben the oro ater nartoi
hypothesis "is testable if other deductions can be made from it which, in turn, can be
a complex confirmed or disproved by observation."
phenomenon is explained by some causes already known, we try to ii) Precise : Hypothesis should be clear and precise. If the hypothesis is not clear and
esicua pa of the phenomenon according to the known explain the
lay of oneration Some diations precise, the inferences drawn on its basis
were iound in the movement of cannot be taken as reliable.
Uranus. Thev could not be accounted for by the
attraction o
 oltionshu.

Variables :
hotbessshwuld
sate
speille
Ihrtwe vi) Alternate Hypothesis : istareot, aihir his apr, atter a null hypothess, is
Betucen hpothess and mIst be rejeted based on the test result
Relationship elatonal d
m) tthN)s oea n opeoelestable coour et
should be outed geeally Ix. I the ull hypothesss s that "here is io relationship hetwtirn the eye
anable thoheus autornati lly th alternativ: hypthesis is that
peifi: hhpothes e mos! husbands and wives", it is reeted then
IMuNt
)
eyhenbe that
nOWC
be toted as
s
possiblein
sinple " "there is relationship between the eye olour of husbantls
and MIves Is accepter "
a statistir al pooulation Thee
:thotheMsshouk vii) Statistical hypothesis : There ar statements about
Smple lerms gnicano knOwn derived from a sample. These are (quanitative ifn nature in that they are numeritally
t hits onsistent with most words
itfacts ,
do io ., "Group A is older than Group B."
that the to "measurable, c
has oth shouldbe In olher
) Consistent Fats :
hpothesIN
thasobstnual bok ot
esablshedlts.
lkely be
amenablo ,
should viii) Common sense Hypothesis : These represent th (ornrnn sense ideas. They state.
the existence of empirical uniformities percerved throughlower
army than
day t-tlay observations. "Solders
class rnen": "Fresh students
mustbe onNent thc mot Hypotlhesis should hypothesis, if tho CStin, from upper-class are less adjusted in the
deptasbeng Time : (NCellent collecting the conventions set up by seniors"
Reasonable San, conform to
Within a
) Testable Gannot spenda
lile-ime
gave
dala to lest
rise i ix) Complex Hypothesis : These aim at testing the e%istence of logically
derived
one
thelacls that to the Neo, relationships between empirical uniformities.
CNonalbletmeto must explain known
cannot be tested in
Reterence : pothesss hypothesis plus other
problem
and accepter For example, "The concentricgrowth circles characterize a city".
Empirical
tor
Vm)
eplanation, lhis mens
that by
using
be able
the
to deduce
the original condition. Thu X) Analytical Hypothesis : These are concerned with the relationship of analytic
ashould have empirical referenc wariables. These hypotheses occur at the highest level of abstraction. These speciy
genaizaions, one should wh.at it laimstoexplain;it relationship between changes in one property and changes in another.
hpothesis muslatuall eyplain
the Testing of Hypotheses
thal describe
8
TYPES OFHYPOTHESIS
i) Descriptive
hypothesis: These are
propositions
variable. The
distribution) of a
variable may be
an characteperson
objecl, ristic acceptThetheresearcher must test the hypotheses by adopting appropriate scientiic procedures &
negative and positive results in true scientific spirit of inquiry. He should have
Such as size, torm, or open mind and with a spirit of disinterestedness he should test them. He should not defencd
organization, situation or event. his hypotheses when facts prove them contrary.
that of
Some examples are: is higher than commerc
unemployment among arts graduates The process of testing hypotheses embodies the major part of the research process. t
The rate ot consists of operationalisation of the concepts, construction of data gathering tools, collection
graduates. centralized planning." of data, statistical analysis of data &drawing inferences from the results.
are more amenable for describe the
Public enterprises
ii) Relational hypothesis : These are propositions, which
relationshipsuggested may be
positive or negative relationshi,arejected and vice
correlation
Hypothesis statement must be constructed such that if one is accepted then the other is
a versa. Normally they are referred to as Null and AlternateHypothesis.If
betweentwo variables. The factsobserved byresearcherare inconsistentwith hypothesis, it is rejected. If facts confirm the
causal relationship. hypotheses, then they are accepted.
Some examples : for recreation." The decision may be correct in two ways :
"Families with higher incomes spend more productivity
work group, the higher the work a) Accepting the null hypotheses when it is true. b) Rejecting the null hypotheses when
The lower the rate of job turnover in aexistence of, or a change in,one variable caes it is false. The decision may be wrong in two ways :
that the
ii) Casual hypothesis : State the
is called
or leads to an effect on another
variables. The first variable
researcher must
independen
consider the direction i
a) Reject the null hypotheses when it is true.
b) Accepting the null hypotheses when it is false.
dependent variables the
variable, and the later the cause and which effect is.
which such relationships flow. ie. Which are Twotypes of error may occur while testing the hypotheses. These errors are called Type
iv) Working hypothesis : While planning the study of a probleiyponeses arl and lype lerrors. Every care must be taken to avoid both types of errors.
referred to as "Working
they are
formed. Initially theyare not be very specific. In such cases, The errors can be represented by the following table :
hypothesis "which are subject to modification as the investigation proceeds. Accept Rejcct
explicith
V) Null hypothesis : These are hypothetical statements denying what are H H,
indicated in working hypothesis. They are formed in the negative statement. His True Correct Typc 1
For example : "There is no relationship between families' income level and expenditurr Dccision Error
on recreation"
Null hypothesis are formulated for testing statistical significance. Since, this forrh is
convenient approach to statistical analysis. As the test would nullify the null hypothesis, the His Falsc Type II Correct
are so called. There is some justiíication for using null hypotheses. They conform to the ) Error Decision
qualities of detachment and objectivity to be possessed by a researcher.
The problem does not arise when he uses null hypotheses. Moreover, null
hypothese
are more exact. It is easier to reject the contrary of hypotheses than to
confirm it wit
complete certainty. Hence the concept of null hypothesis is found to be very
useful.
 inancae (S. Y.BC.AF),
AOuntingand
Atethodology m (Sem
Aeh 31
Research Design in Accounting and linane
the entireresearch
DIFFERENTRESEARCHDESIGNS describes how
30
framework that Cxploratory
des1gns - proj 4. Cross-sectional and longitudinal research
design.reseaU,rsesetting it is
research research If arescarcher decides that his/her rescarch is going to be done just one time in a single
9 is a broxd threetypes of causal)
rescarch design can be experimental(or sludy. known as cross-sectional rsearch. It is casier and it needs fewer budgets to
The Basically,there
Caticd out. rescarch design, and problemunder perform this type of research. But you cannot know how people change over time.
IS descriptive upon type of If aresearcher decides that his/her research needs to be done more than one session it is
eSgn, deepends
particularresearch designofeach of them: known as longitudinal rescarch. It is more costly and difficult to perform hut it allows the
glimpse generate possible
let us have
Research Design: ideas and insightsto emphasized to
1. Exploratory is followedto discover siluation.Itis,
This design the problemor pieces or sub-problem
explbreak
particularly, statements that
help
anatio researcher to study the change in people's attitudes with time.
a Droa, 5. Field setting, Laboratory and Simulation research

helpsin exploring
ague problem
statement into
smaller
abstract) statement
formin settingIfait researcher goes out to the natural setting, observes and analyzes data in that natural
is called field setting research.
study,aboutwe lag|
speculative, or the th If an artificial environment is created for research it is called laboratory research. All the
pectic hypothesis. conjectural (imaginary, initial state of
is a yariablcs. Naturally, inspecific hypothesis. variables are controlled by the researcher.
The hypothesis
relationship betwcn
two or

competitive
more
about problemto
sutticient understanding explanations of marketing
formulate a
Similarrelseary, c)m
phenomenon. Exploratory
compelitive
explanations.
Simulation research is the hybrid of field setting and laboratory. Attempt is made in
artificial setting to show that it is natural.
Other types
nave several establish priorities amongthose increase familiarity of the 6.
design is used to research design is used to when researcher is new in analyst wit a) Sampling design : In this design the total population is census and a random sample
The exploratory
problem under investigation.
This is
particularly true area, o is taken which denotes the entire population. There are two types of sampling design
Probability
when problem is of different type. following purposes : Non-probability
realize
This design is followed to defining problem b) Observational design : In this design the researcher plans how to take data for
concepts and
d) Clarifying for more precise
investigalion research.
b) Formulating problem familiarity with problem
) Increasing
researcher's c) Operationaldesign : In this deign the researcher design how the research is going to
be operated.
d) Developing hypotheses
further investigation d) Statistical design : In this design the statistical tools to usefor research are planned
e) Establishing priorities for characterized by flexibility to gain insights and develo by the researcher.
Exploratory rescarch design is sampling. It is based on
hypotheses. It does not follow a planned selected cases. Unstruclured interviewsliteratur
questionnaire or
are user QUESTIONS
Survey, experimental survey, and
analysis of and
No research project is purely solely bas, A. Answer the following.
to ofer respondents a great deal of freedom.
is used as complementary to descriptivce design and causal design. 1. What is research design? Explain the need of research design.
onthis design. It 2. Discuss the qualities of a good research design
2. Descriptive Research Design
Desrubive reerch desien is ypically concerned with describing problem and i3. Explain the meaning and definitions of hypothesis
are made foA
solution. I is more specific and purposive study. Before rigorous attempts study rests on on r
Discuss the process of formulation of hypothesis
descriptive study, the well-defined problem must be on hand. Descriptive Explain Sources of hypothesis
or more hypotheses. 6. Examine the importance of hypothesis
For exanmple, "our brand is not much familiar," "sales volume is stable," etc. It is mor Discuss the characteristics of hypothesis
precise and specific. Unlike exploratory research, it is not flexible. Descriptive research
requires clear specification of who, why, what, when, where, and how of the research."8. 9.
Explain the various types of hypothesis
Write a note on testing of hypotheses
Descriptive design is directed to answer these problenms.
3. Causal or Experimental Research Design 10. Discuss the different research designs
Causal research design deals with determining cause and effect relationship. ltB. State True or False.
Ivpically in form of experiment. In causal research design, attempt is made to measure 1 Research design offers the investigator an opportunity to carry out different
impact of manipulation on independent variables (like price, products, advertising and operation sefficiently. research
selling eitorts or marketing strategies in general) on dependent variables (like sales volume 2. Preparation of the design need not be carried out meticulously as any error in it may
profits, and brand image and brand loyalty). It has more practical value in upset the complete project.
matketing problems. We can set and test hypotheses by conducting resolving
experiments.
Test marketing is the most suitable example of experimental marketing in
3 Research désign reduces inaccuracy.
independent variable like price, product, promotional efforts, etc. are which the 4. Research design does not help to get maximum efficiency and reliability.
(changed) to measure its inpact on the dependent manipulated 5. Research design eliminatesbias and marginal errors.
lovalty, competitive strengths product variables, such as sales, profits, brand 6. Astudy has a good research design
ditterentiation and so on. 7.
when it is structured systematically.
A hypothesis is a tentative generalization, the validity of which remains to be tested.
 Recarch Methocoogyin Acounting and finance
(S.Y.B.C.A.F.
8. Hhpothesis is afinal eyplanation of lacts.
9. Sinple omersion ofgeneral proposition suggests ahypothesis. )(Sem
10. Hypotthesis brings clarity to rescarch.
11. Hhpothesis sets no dire tion of rescarch.
12. Hhpothesis should be capable of being tested.
I3. Hpothesis slhould be limited in scope
14. Relational hypothesis describes the relationship between two variables.
15. In Null hypothesis null means Yes.
l6. Statistical hypothesis is a statement about a statistical population.
17. Hypothesis must be constructed such that if one is accepted then the
and vice a versa. other is eytr
T8. The decision may be wrong if we accept the null hypotheses when it is true.
19. The decision
may be correct if we reject the null hypotheses when it is true.
20. Exploratory
research design is used to establish priorities among those
explanations.
21. Descriptive research design deals with determining cause and
22. If a effect relationshin compet
researcher goes out to the natural setting, observes and analyzes data in
setting it is called field setting research.
23. Causal research
that natu
design typically concerned with describing problem and its
24. Ifan artificial environment
is
25. Inoperational design the
is created for research it is called
laboratory research solutign
researcher design howthe research is going to be operated
|Ans.: True: 1,3,5,6,7,9,1
0,12,13,14,16,17,20,22,24,25
False: 2,4,8,11,15,18,19,21,23]
C. Match the
Following:
Group A Group B
1
Research design offers the investigator a) when it is
2.
Research design b) it is called
structured systematically,.
3
Research design eliminates c) how the
laboratory research
4. Astudy has a good
research design d)
research is going to be
operater
5. Ahypothesis is a establish priorities among tho
tentative
6. Simple conversion of generalgeneralization, competitive explanations.
7. Hypothesis brings proposition e) it is called field setting research.
8 f) if accept we the null hypotheses when
Hypothesis should be is true.
9. Relational hypothesis describes 8) an
opportunity to carry out differer
10. In Null hypothesis
11. If an artificial research operations efficiently.
environment is created for h) reduces inaccuracy.
research, i) bias and
12. In operational design the marginal errors.
design researchers) null means no.
13. Exploratory research design is k) the validity of which
remains to betester
14. If a researcher goes out to used to suggests a hypothesis
setting, observes and analyzesthe data
natural m) clarity to research.
in n) capable of
that natural sctting being
15. The decision may be o) describes the tested.
Correct variables. relationship between
|Ans.: (1 - 9), (2 - h), (3 - ), (4 a),
(11 -b), (12 -c), (13 - d), (5 - k), (6 - ), (7 - m),
(14 -e), (15 -)] (8 - n), (9 - ), (0