Studies in Indian Place Names ISSN: 2394-3114

(UGC CARE Journal) Vol.40-Issue.88-March, 2020

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF SLABS WITH INSERTION VOIDS FOR WEIGHT

MINIMIZATION

Nishigandha V. Mahamuni1, Aaditya C. Nadagouda2, Prashant M. Pawar1,Surekha M.

Jadhav1,Chaitali R. Abhangrao1, Sujata J. Ingale1 and Shubham M. Jadhav1
1
Department of Civil Engineering, SVERI’s College of Engineering, Pandharpur
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Walchand College of Engineering, Sangali

ABSTRACT
In building, the slab is one of the main structural members as well as the largest member consuming
concrete. Therefore by using the insertion of voids and by high-density polyethylene balls, the
consumption of concrete can be optimized. The advantages oh the voided slab are less energy
consumption in production, transportation, and less emission of exhaust gases. The main objective is
weight minimization. The range of study involves evaluating the maximum stress and maximum
deformation, and behavior voided slab and solid conventional slab by analytical and modeling.
Modeling is done by using ANSYS WORKBENCH 15.0. The slab specimens were of two types of
P.C.C.and R.C.C. In P.C.C. slab specimen modeling done with voids and without voids having the
dimension of 3150mm X 4200mm X 210 mm and diameter of voids in voided P.C.C. slab of 120mm
diameter used. In this analysis only thickness varying with similar dimension and obtained maximum
stress and deformation. In R.C.C. slab specimen modeling done with voids of HDPE Balls and without
voids having the dimension of 750mm X 450mm X 150 mm and diameter of voids in voids of HDPE
Balls R.C.C. slab of 120mm diameter used. In this analysis grade of concrete varying with similar
dimension and obtained maximum stress and deformation. From the results, it can be concluded that by
insertion of voids the weight of slab minimized and also maximum stress and maximum deformation
with the permissible limit.
Keywords- Voided slab, High-Density Polyethylene, ANSYS WORKBENCH, Direct Optimization,
P.C.C., R.C.C., Weight Minimization

1. INTRODUCTION
A slab is a structural element, made of concrete, which is applied to create flat horizontal surfaces such
as floors, roof decks, and ceilings. The slab is one of the main parts which consume large concrete. The
high weights of concrete cause problems for the concrete slab and also decrease the span length. Voids
are used to eliminate the undesirable concrete and reduce the weight of the slab, which improves the
structural capacity of the slab and also increase the span length. For the self-weight and raise the
stability of the slab we use voids in the slab. This is a technique of almost eliminating concrete, which
does not play any structural purpose, thus overcoming the structural dead weight. The various systems
of voided slab Bubble Deck, Cobiax, U-Boot Beton, Airdeck, Bee Plate System is available. The voided
slabs are slabs in which voids allow to reduce the amount (volume) of concrete. The major
developments of reinforced concrete have focused on enhancing the span reducing the weight or
overcoming concrete’s natural weakness. In a general way, the slab was designed only to resist the
vertical load. However recently due to more use at domestic level slabs are subjected to more noise and
vibration, so to minimize it there is a need to increase the thickness which ultimately results in
increased weight of the slab. Increasing the slab thickness makes the slabs heavier, and will increase
column and foundation size. Thus, it makes buildings consuming more materials such as concrete and
steel reinforcement. To avoid these disadvantages which were caused by increases in the self-weight of
slabs, the voided slab system is used.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Pandharipande and Pathak[1]: explained the voided slab by using HDPE balls. The article explained the
range of the studies including assessing the flexural strength and performance of voided slab and
conventional slab by analytical and experimental work. The slab specimens cast and with 3 kinds
Traditional slab, Bubble deck slab of 50mm dia. and a Bubble deck slab of 100mm dia. of dimension
750mm X 500mm X 150mm. Specimen of M25 graded tested on UTM. Analysis of slab specimens was
done by ANSYS WORKBENCH 16.0 of FEM analysis. It was shown that the B.D.S in practice more
beneficial in saving the concrete because of weight reduction and load-carrying capacity were less than
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that of the conventional slab. The advantages of bubble deck slab are less energy consumption both in
production, transport, and less emission of exhaust gases.
Tandale et.al[2]: This paper reviewed several studies done on the voided slab method. All technical
parameters of the voided slab method on which experimental studies carried out by authors were listed
in this paper systematically. In this paper, the authors compared self-weight of the conventional slab
and voided slab with U-Boot Beton respectively. And also analysis was done by ETABS software under
a similar situation to get out the deformation due to self-weight.The finding achieved afterward was
concrete usage reduced & voids the cement used was decreased and allows a reduction in global CO2
emissions. So that finally this technology environmentally green and sustainable.
Ghalimath et.al[3]: This article explained the behavior of the voided slab by the U-Boot Beton. This
section briefly described U-Boot Beton, parts of U-Boot, size of U-Boot. It included two different types
of Betons. They were single U-Boot Beton and double U-Boot Beton. The size of U-Boot Beton differs
based on the mode of work and based on the load acting on the Beton. The general working c/s
dimensions were adopted for the U-boot Beton was 53*53cms. The study was focused on the
comparison of several variants of lightweight slab solutions from a construction cost point of view.
Garg et.al[4]: The document discussed the tests conducted for analyzing the conventional and bubble
deck slab by using the hollow elliptical balls. The graphical description for comparison between weight,
cost, the flexural strength of conventional and bubble deck slab was explained in this section. Bubble
deck slabs and conventional slab were cast and tested and the machine used was a UTM with capacity
600 KN. Bubble deck slab better load-bearing capacity because hollow elliptical balls were used.
Bubble Deck can be provided with a wide range of cost and construction benefits.
Saranya & Sankaranarayanan[5]: This article presented the ultimate load-carrying capacity of slabs with
high volume fly ash replacement and also the incorporation of plastic balls in it. This also decreases the
overall cost of construction. In this article, the material was used for the experimental analysis was the
steel of Fe 500 grade, 65mm dia. plastic ball and high volume fly ash (HVFA) concrete with 53 grade
OPC and class C category fly ash used. The mix design was done according to IS 10262; the 2009 M40
mix is designed with high volume fly ash replacement. The flexural strength of the slab was obtained.
Traditional systems of building a structure were through concreting. A traditional system not
recognized as environmentally friendly due to the consumption of high amounts of cement.
Shinde et.al[6]: This document discussed the comparative research of Flat Plate Slab and Voided Slab
Lightened with U-Boot Beton. In this section the design process for flat plate slabs was compared with
voided slabs lightened with U-Boot Beton through a design comparison of total slab area of 21 m by 21
m having panels of 7 m by 7 m and also the deformation of both types of slabs is analyzed by ETABS
Software. Nowadays the flat plate slab popularity among architects. There is also improvement in the
construction speed and cost savings from using this system which requires only simple formwork.
Design calculations for self-weight were described for both slabs respectively.
Pande et.al[7]: The report discussed the different structural behavior of voided slab of bubble deck slab
and their structural benefits over a traditional concrete slab. Bubble deck slab is a method of virtually
eliminating all concrete from the middle of a floor slab, which is not doing any structural function,
thereby dramatically decreasing structural dead weight. Bubble deck slab and flat slab self-weight
calculation are calculated manually with an approximated cost. The voided slab is economical when the
slab construction is relatively large and becomes costly for very small construction.
3. OBJECTIVES
1. To design slabs approximately with voids configurations.
2. To perform structural analysis to understand the stress patterns of modified voids slabs.
3. To study standard slab and voided slabdeformation behavior.
4. METHODOLOGY
1. Review previous research papers related to the subject of voided slab designing and
modeling.Deciding the property of P.C.C., R.C.C., and voided Slab.

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2. Calculation of weight of P.C.C. slaband R.C.C. Slab with & without voids.
3. Designing and modeling of P.C.C. slab and R.C.C. with and without voids by using ANSYS
Workbench Software. The ANSYSWorkbench Software also used to understand the stress and
deflection pattern both cases of the slab.
4. Comparative study PCC slab with and without voids with varying thickness.
5. Comparative study of R.C.C. slab with and without HDPE balls for M20 grade concrete & Fe415
Steel
5. MATERIAL DESCRIPTION AND PROPERTIES
TABLE 1: MATERIAL PROPERTIES
Sr. No. Name of Material Property Value
Modulus of Elasticity (E) in MPa. 22630
1. P.C.C. Density of Concrete(ρ) in Kg/m3 2400
(M15 grade) Poisson’s Ratio(µ) 0.167
P.C.C.Compressive Ultimate Strength in MPa. 15
2. Concrete Modulus of Elasticity (E) in MPa. 22360.679
I)For M20 Grade Density of Concrete(ρ) in Kg/m3 25000
Poisson’s Ratio(µ) 0.2
Compressive Ultimate Strength in MPa 20
4. Steel Modulus of Elasticity (E) in MPa. 20000
I)Fe415 Grade Density of Concrete(ρ) in Kg/m3 7850
Poisson’s Ratio(µ) 0.3
Tensile Yield Strength in MPa 415
5. HDPE Balls Modulus of Elasticity (E) in MPa. 950
Density of Concrete(ρ) in Kg/m3 1030
Poisson’s Ratio(µ) 0.4
6. ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATION
A) FOR WEIGHT CALCULATION
Case I: FOR P.C.C. SLAB
Problem Statement:
The effective dimension of the P.C.C. slab is 3150mmX4200mmX210mm and for voided slab No. of
voids=9 with the same dimension. And the diameter of the void is 120mm. With the slab fixed
supported at four edges and presure applied on slab 0.014 MPa in both cases.Assume the density of
concrete is 2400 Kg/m3.Calculation of the weight of concrete and compare in both cases.
a) Without Voids Calculation:
Dimension Of Slab : 3150mmX 4200mm = 3.15m X4.20m
Thickness: 210mm=0.21m
Volume of P.C.C. Slab Without Voids (V1) = L X B X t = 3.15X4.20X0.21 = 2.7783m3
b) With Voids Calculation:
Dimension Of Slab : 3150mmX 4200mm = 3.15m X4.20m
Thickness: 210mm=0.21m
No of Voids in P.C.C. Slab = 9No’s.
The diameter of Each Voids=120mm.
Volume of Voids in the Slab (V2) = 9X (П/4) X d2 X 4.2 = 9X (П/4)X 0.122 x 4.2= 0.4275m2.
Volume of P.C.C. Slab With Voids V = (V1-V2) = 2.7783-0.4275

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Volume of P.C.C. Slab With Voids=2.3508m3

Weight Calculation:
Weight of P.C.C. Slab Without Voids (W1) = (ρc) X V1= 24 X 2.7783 = 66.6792KN =6667.92 Kg.
Weight of P.C.C. Slab With Voids(W2) = (ρc) X V= 24 X 2.3508 =56.4190KN =5641.90Kg.
Weight Reduction in the P.C.C. Slab in % :
Weight Reduction = 100 - (W2/W1) X 100= 100 - (5641.90/6667.92) X 100
Weight Reduction= 15.387%
 Similarly, in case of RCC slab the effective dimension 750mm X 470mmX150mm and for voided
slab No. of Balls (HDPE)=15 with the same dimension. And the diameter of the void is 120mm.
With the slab fixed supported at four edges and pressure applied of 0.012 MPa in both cases.The
density of concrete is 2500 Kg/m3. The weight reduction of Concrete in slab 25.65%
 From the above analysis it is found that by using the voids in case of P.C.C. Slab and HDPE balls
as voids in R.C.C.slab reduced the weight of concrete considerably.
B) ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATION BY ANSYS WORKBENCH 15.0
Steps involved in Ansys: Engineering Data > Geometry > Model > Meshing>Applying boundary
condition > Solution >Processing of result > Post processing.
Two cases of slabs without voids and with voids of P.C.C and R.C.C slab modeling ANSYS
WORKBENCH with dimension and other required that below:
I)For P.C.C. Slab
Statement: Theeffective dimension of P.C.C. slab (3150X 4200X 210)mm &s fixed supported with all 4
sides&pressure intensity applied 0.014 MPa similar in both cases.The Max. Equivalent Stress and Max.
Total Deformation obtained by ANSYS WORKBENCH Software.Engineering Properties and
Dimensions of P.C.C. Slab.
TABLE 2: ENGINEERING PROPERTIES AND DIMENSIONS OF P.C.C. SLAB
Dimension Void Diameter C/C Distance betn No. Of Voids
(mm) (mm) Voids (mm)
3150X 4200 120 210 9
Poisson’s Comp. Ultimate Young’s Density of P.C.C.
Ratio Strength (MPa) Modulus(MPa) (Kg/m3)
0.167 15 22630 2400

Step 1: Engineering Data

Fig.1. Engineering Data for P.C.C. Slab without and With Voids
Step 2: Geometry with Extrude

Fig.2. Geometry of P.C.C. Slab

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Step 3: Modelling

Fig.3. Meshing
Step 4: Boundary Condition and Loading

Fig.4. Pressure of 0.014 MPa& Fixed Support

The Results obtained of the P.C.C. slab With & without Voidsspecimen as follow: a) Equivalent Stress

Fig.5. Results the Equivalent Stress in MPa Without & With Voids in P.C.C. Slab
b)Total Deformation

Fig.6. Results the Total Deformation in mm Without & With Voids in P.C.C. Slab
 Similar results with varing thickness are given in table below:

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TABLE 3: MAXIMUM EQUIVALENT STRESS(MPA) & MAXIMUM TOTAL DEFORMATION (MM) IN PCC
SLAB(WITH AND WITHOUT VOIDS) WITH VARYING THICKNESS OBTAINED BY ANSYS WORKBENCH.
P.C.C . Slab with Varying Thickness
Without voids With Voids
Thick Equivalent Total Equivalent Total
Sr.N
ness(m Stress Deformation Stress Deformation
o.
m) Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum
(MPa) (mm) (MPa) (mm)
1 190 1.2 0.1944 1.4264 0.2224
2 200 1.206 0.1738 1.3159 0.1964
3 210 1.06 0.1563 1.2486 0.1754
4 220 0.967 0.1366 1.1185 0.1524
5 230 0.917 0.1242 1.0608 0.1381
II) For R.C.C Slab
Statement: The effective dimension of R.C.C. slab 750mm X 470mm X150mm and slab with fixed
supported with all four sides and pressure intensity of 0.012 MPa in both cases with& without
voids(HDPE Balls).And Maximum Equivalent Stress and Maximum Total Deformation obtained by
ANSYS WORKBENCH Software.Engineering Properties and Dimensions of R.C.C. Slab is given
below table.
TABLE 4: ENGINEERING PROPERTIES AND DIMENSIONS OF R.C.C. SLAB
Dia. of
Effective Slab Thickness of Slab HDPE Balls C/C Distance betn
Steel Bars
Dimension size(mm) (mm) Diameter (mm) HDPE Balls(mm)
(mm)
750 X 470 150 120 140 10
Density Young’s Modulus
ConcreteFor Poisson’s Ratio Comp. Ultimate Strength (MPa)
Concrete(Kg/m3) (MPa)
M20 Grade
2400 22360.679 0.2 20
Young’s Modulus
Density Steel (Kg/m3) Poisson’s Ratio Tensile Yield Strength (Mpa)
Steel (MPa)
7850 20000 0.3 415
Density HDPEBalls Young’s Modulus
HDPE Balls Poisson’s Ratio
(Kg/m3) (MPa)
As Voids
950 1030 0.4
Steps for analysis of the R.C.C. Slab similar to P.C.C. Slab. Only Geometry view changed is given
below:

Fig.7.Geometry with Extrude of R.C.C. Slab Without and With HDPE Balls as Voids
The Results obtained of the R.C.C. slab With & without HDPE Balls as Voids Specimen as Follow: a)
Equivalent Stress

Fig.8. Results the Equivalent Stress in MPa Without & with HDPE Balls as Voids in R.C.C. Slab
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b) Total Deformation

Fig.9. Results the Total Deformation in mm Without & With HDPE Balls as Voids in P.C.C. Slab
The Results value of the R.C.C. slab with and without HDPE Balls as voids for M20 grade concrete and
Fe 415 Steel by using Ansys Workbench the Maximum Total Deformation and Eqivalent Stress given
below
TABLE 5: MAXIMUM EQUIVALENT STRESS(MPA) & MAXIMUM TOTAL DEFORMATION (MM) OF
THE R.C.C SLAB (WITH AND WITHOUT HDPE BALL AS VOIDS)
Grade of Concrete
Without Voids of HDPE Balls With Voids of HDPE Balls
and Steel
Total
Equivalent Stress Equivalent Stress Total Deformation
Deformation
M20 & Fe415 Maximum (MPa) Maximum (MPa) Maximum (mm)
Maximum (mm)
0.088602 0.00046354 0.087502 0.00047354
7. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
I. Comparison of Weight of Concrete in Both Cases P.C.C. Slab Without & with Voids and R.C.C. Slab
Without & with HDPE Balls as Voids.
Case I) P.C.C. Slab: The dimension of the slab is 3150mm x4200mm x210mm the weight of concrete
with and without voids in tabularform.
Case II)R.C.C. Slab: The dimension of the slab is 750mm X 470mmX150mm the weight of concrete
with and without HDPE balls as voids in tabular form.
TABLE 6: WEIGHT OF CONCRETE
P.C.C. Slab Without & With Voids R.C.C. Slab Without & With HDPE Balls as Voids
Weight of P.C.C. Weight of Weight Weight of Weight of Concrete
Weight
Without Voids P.C.C. With Difference Concrete Without With HDPE Balls
Difference
(W1) Voids (W2) HDPE Balls (W2) in Kg.
6667.92 Kg 5641.90Kg. 1026.02 Kg 132.1875Kg 98.2707Kg. 33.9168
 As the voids insert in slab the weight of the slab is reduced, due to the reduction of concrete.
Thusthe slab reduces the cement productionand reduces the cost of construction.
II. Comparisonof Maximum Equivalent Stress & Maximum Total Deformation in P.C.C.Without
& With Voids Analysis by using ANSYS Workbench.
The dimension of slab is 3150mm x 4200mm x 210mm the Maximum Equivalent Stress (MPa) and
Maximum Total Deformation (mm) analysed by ANSYS Workbench in the case of P.C.C Slab with and
without voids in with varying thickness graphical form.

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Fig. 10 Thickness Varying

 As thickness increases the Equivalent Stress decreases but in the case of the voids with comparing
of without voids the stress level increases. And as thickness increases Total Deformation decreases
but in the case of voided slab it increases.
III. Comparisonof Maximum Equivalent Stress & Maximum Total Deformation in R.C.C. Slab
Without & With HDPE Balls as Voids Analysis by using ANSYS Workbench.
The dimension of the slab is 750mm X 470mmX150mm the Maximum Equivalent Stress (MPa) and
Maximum Total Deformationanalysed by ANSYS Workbench in the case of R.C.C Slab without and
with HDPE Balls as voids for M20grade of concrete and Fe415 steel below in the figure no. 11

Fig.11. M20 and Fe415 Steel Grade Results

 For M20 grade of concrete & Fe 415 Steel , from the analysis Maximum Equivalent Stress more
in the case of Slab without HDPE Balls as voids.The Maximum Total Deformation less in the case
of tSlab without HDPE Balls as voids.
8. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
Conclusion
The following are the various conclusion occurs in this study as per analysis:
1. The voided slab technology is very advanced, economical, and fastest method of construction of a
slab. The usage of this technology is very rare due to a lack of awareness in our country.
2. The weight of concrete in P.C.C. slab by insertion of voids along length reduces the weight up to
15.387%. Due to Concrete usage is reduced, this avoids the cement production. And also reduces
the cost of cement.
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3. The weight of concrete in R.C.C. slab by insertion of HDPE Balls as voids reduces the weight up
to 25.65%. Due Concrete usage is reduced, by Recycled HDPE plastic balls replaces the concrete.
This avoids the cement production and allows a reduction in global CO2 emission. Hence this
technology is environmentally green and sustainable. And Step towards Green Building.
4. The Stress and deformation coming on the voided slab in P.C.C. and R.C.C. slab are within the
permissible limit. The deformation of the voided slab is found to be more than the solid slab in
both P.C.C. and R.C.C. slab.
5. The ideal solution for creating slabs with great load-bearing capacity.
Future Scope
 Voided slab allows architectural freedom of design with non - rectilinear plan forms. Instead of
rectangular and square old shape slabs, we got the liberty to design any shape as per our desire thus
enhancing the aesthetic view of the structure.
 The ideal solution for creating slabs with large span.
 It is particularly suited for structures that required considerable open spaces, such as executive,
commercial and industrial buildings as well as public, civil and residential structures.
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