PETROLEUM REFINING

PETROCHEMICAL PRODUCTION
NATURAL GAS PROCESSING
VARIAN, INC. ALTERNATIVE FUELS

Analysis Solutions for Hydrocarbon Processing

2009 Edition
 Introduction

What is the purpose of this booklet?

We created this booklet as a convenience for people who work in the petroleum, natural gas processing,
petrochemical and alternative fuels industries and require high quality organic and inorganic analytical
measurements. We know that time is very precious. So we’ve assembled information about our key industry
analyzers, key products and solutions so that it is easier for you to determine how our company can help you.
If you would like additional detailed information, please visit our web site at www.varianinc.com or contact your
local Varian representative or approved dealer. (See list at the back of this booklet.)

Varian Solutions for the Hydrocarbon Processing Industry

Whether you are involved in crude oil refining, natural gas production or one of the myriad of petrochemical
processing or alternative fuels companies, being able to reliably identify and quantify organic and inorganic
components is at the core of your ability to get your job done confidently day after day.

Varian recognizes this, and we have made a commitment to customers to provide the broadest array of state-
of-the-art analytical chromatography and spectroscopy products possible to meet or exceed your needs, be they
simple or highly complex.

Varian has a Wide Range of Product Categories

Gas Chromatography
Liquid Chromatography
Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC)
Mass Spectrometry
Atomic Spectroscopy
Molecular Spectroscopy
Chromatography Data Handling Systems
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
X-ray Crystallography
Columns and Consumables
Dissolution

Additional information can be found by visiting our web site; www.varianinc.com.

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 Table of Contents

Page
Varian Product Overviews
Introduction 2

Varian Gas Chromatography Products 6

450-GC – Flexible, multi-channel gas chromatograph 6
430-GC – Single channel gas chromatograph 7
4900 – Micro-GC 8
4900 – Micro-GC with Differential Mobility Detector (DMD) 9
Varian Galaxie™ Chromatography Data Handling Software 11
Varian GC Columns 16
- FactorFour™ columns 16
- CP-PLOT columns 17
- Select™ columns 19
- Packed columns 19
Recommended columns for use with ASTM methods 20

Varian GC Analysis Solutions 24

Standard Method Summary Table 24
Varian Standard Analyzers for Hydrocarbon Processing 26
Refinery Gas 27
Simulated Distillation 32
Detailed Hydrocarbon Analysis (DHA) 36
Hydrocarbon Analysis by Group (PIONA+) 41
Oxygenates 45
- Gasoline – ASTM D4815 45
- Gasoline – alcohol and ethers (Gasohol) 49
- Low level oxygenates (LOWOX) 51
Natural Gas Analysis 55
Biodiesel Analysis 62
Pre-Defined Hardware Configurations 68
Custom Analyzers 70

Varian Liquid Chromatography Products (LC) 71

920-LC – Scalable from Analytical to Semi-Preparative 71
940-LC – Semi-Preparative LC 73

Varian Gel Permeation Chromatography Products and Consumables 74

PL-GPC 50 Plus – Low molecular weight hydrocarbon analysis 74
PL-GPC 220 – High molecular weight polyolefin analysis 76

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 Table of Contents

Page
Spectroscopy Products 78
Comparing Atomic Spectroscopy Techniques 78
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AA) 79
Inductively Coupled Plasma – Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) 80
Inductively Coupled Plasma – Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) 82
Varian (FT-IR) Oil Analyzer 83

Selected Applications 84
General Gas Chromatography Related 84
- Permanent gases and CO2 using tandem PLOT columns (Fixed Gases, CO, CO2) 90
- Hydrocarbons and H2S in fuel gas (C1-C5 Hydrocarbons, H2S) 84
- Analysis of PH3 and AsH3 in C1–C3 hydrocarbons (C1-C3 Hydrocarbons, Phosphorous, Arsine) 86
- C1–C4 alcohols and C6-C7 aromatics in gasoline (Alcohols, Aromatics) 87
- Impurities in 1,2 butadiene (C1-C4 Hydrocarbons, Olefins) 88
- Separation of C8 olefins (Olefins) 89
- Hydrocarbons on a PoraPLOT Q (Light Hydrocarbons, Olefins, Aldehydes, Ethylene Oxide) 90
- 165+ hydrocarbons via CP-Sil PONA CB Column (C4-C12 Hydrocarbons, DHA) 91
- Analysis of high purity ethylene (C1-C4 Hydrocarbons, Ethylene, Olefins) 94
- Polywax 500 / gasoil (Waxes) 95
- Analysis of carnuba wax (Waxes) 96
- Petroleum Wax (Waxes, C20-C60-Hydrocarbons, Terpines) 97
- Impurities in cis-2-butene (C1-C6 Hydrocarbons, Olefins) 98
- Fast analysis of ethylene reactor gases (Gases, Hydrocarbons, Olefins, Ethylene Chloride) 99
- Simulated distillation of reference gas oil (ASTM D2887) (Simulated Distillation) 100
- Cyclopropane in propylene (C1-C4 Hydrocarbons, Cyclopropane, Olefins) 101
- Impurities in propylene (C1-C4 to Hydrocarbons, Cyclopropane, Olefins) 102
- Analysis of volatile amines in process streams (Amines) 103
- Analysis of FCC feed (Heavy Hydrocarbons) 104
- Sulfur compounds in a hydrocarbon stream (Sulfur Compounds) 105
- Trace methanol in 1,3 butadiene (Methanol, Olefins) 106
- Fast analysis of acetylene in ethylene (C1-C3 Hydrocarbons, Olefins) 107
- Methanol in crude oil (ASTM D7096) (Oxygenates) 108
- Oxygenates in LPG (Oxygenates) 111
- Trace oxygenates (Oxygenates) 112
- Impurities in 1,3 butadiene (C1-C4 Hydrocarbons, Olefins) 113
- Amines and ammonia (Amines, Oxygenates, Methanol) 114
- Sulfur in propylene stream (Sulfur Compounds, Propylene) 115
- Analysis of palm oil (Biodiesel, Triglycerides) 116

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 Table of Contents

Page
Micro-GC Related 117
- Impurities in ethylene oxide 117
- Neon, oxygen and nitrogen 118
- Oxygen, nitrogen and CO 119
- C2 hydrocarbons and CO2 120
- Air, H2O, CO2 and ethylene 121
- Impurities in a vinyl chloride stream 122
- Impurities in nitrogen (Argon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Methane) 123

Spectroscopy Related 124

- The determination of lead in unleaded gasoline by flame AA 124
- The analysis of trace metals in petroleum, crude and residual fuel oils, 126
refined fuel, lubricating oils and wear metals by flame AA
- Analysis of organic solvents including naphtha by ICP-MS 132
- The determination of wear metals and lubricating oils by radial ICP-OES 135
- Lead in unleaded gasoline by ICP-OES 138
- Determination of S, P, Ca, Mg, Na and K plus 15 Additional Elements 142
in Biodiesel using Radial ICP-OES
- Varian oil analyzer – customizing analysis method 146

Varian Contact Information 149

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 Varian Gas Chromatography Products

450-GC - Flexible, Multi-channel Gas Chromatograph

This GC is the ideal choice for laboratory environments

where you are never quite sure what you may be asked
to do tomorrow and, as a result, need a high degree of
flexibility. The 450-GC can be conveniently configured
for one, two, or three channel operation and has a
wide array of inlets, detectors and automated sample
introduction devices from which to choose.

Available Injection Ports: Key Attributes:

4 Isothermal split/splitless capillary 4 Large easy access column
4 Large volume (LVI) 4 3 channels can be configured and operated
4 On column/530 µm capillary/packed simultaneously
4 Flash vaporizing 530 µm capillary/packed injector 4 Available with UltiMetalTM surface deactivation for
improved performance for reactive components
Available Detectors: 4 Fast oven temperature ramping; up to 100 °C/min
4 Flame Ionization (FID); hydrocarbon response and very rapid oven cool down for fast cycle times
4 Thermal Conductivity (TCD); universal response and high throughput
4 Electron Capture (ECD); halogen specific 4 Full digital pneumatic control
4 Thermionic Selective (TSD); selective for N and P 4 Can accommodate up to 8 valves for simple to
4 Pulsed Flame Photometric (PFPD); selective for complex analysis needs
S and P and up to 28 other elements 4 High resolution color touch screen control
4 Pulsed Discharge Helium Ionization (PDHID); interface/easy to read/very ease to use
universal response high sensitivity 4 Compatible with the full line of Varian automated
4 Mass spectrometer (mass fragmentation; samplers
the ultimate selective detector) 4 High pressure injection ports (up to 150 psi) to
4 Other detectors available upon request reduce analysis time
4 Powerful Galaxie Chromatography Data Handling
Software

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 Varian Gas Chromatography Products

430-GC - Single Channel Gas Chromatograph

This GC is a high throughput instrument designed

to meet routine analysis requirements. It is a single
channel, fixed configuration GC that incorporates all of
the state of the art technology contained in the 450-GC,
but in a much smaller package. It is exceptionally easy
to set up and use. The 430-GC is the ideal replacement
system for aging large multi-channel GCs that are only
used in single channel mode.

Available Inlets: Key Attributes:

4 Isothermal split/splitless capillary 4 Small laboratory bench footprint
4 On column 0.53 mm/packed injector (12.5 in/32 cm wide)
4 Simple/intuitive icon based keypad for instrument
Available Detectors: control
4 Flame Ionization (FID); hydrocarbon response 4 Conveniently sized oven; uses industry standard
4 Thermal Conductivity (TCD); universal response 7 in/17.5 cm diameter capillary columns
4 Pulsed Discharge Helium Ionization (PDHID) 4 Full digital pneumatic control pneumatics
4 Convenient rollback style cover provides easy
access for routine maintenance
4 Can accommodate a gas or liquid sampling valve
4 Compatible with the full line of Varian automated
samplers

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 Varian Gas Chromatography Products

4900 - Micro-GC

This system employs advanced micro-machining Key Attributes:

technology to obtain outstanding analytical 4 Small size and weight (15 cm wide and 5.2 kg)
performance and high speed analysis in one of the 4 Individual“plug and play”channels/modules each
smallest instrument packages available today. contain an injector, column and detector
The Micro-GC is an excellent choice for crude oil 4 Fixed or variable volume injectors
refining, natural gas production and petrochemical 4 Thermal Conductivity Detector is available for
processing applications where the analysis of gases universal response
or gaseous streams is required (exs. fixed gases, 4 Differential Mobility Detector is available for
determining calorific value of natural gas and selective and sensitive (sub-ppm) response
refinery gas). It can be configured with one to four 4 Controlled via laptop or PC with Galaxie software
independent channels each consisting of an injector, 4 Both analog and digital I/O (RS-232, RS-485,
capillary column and detector. Analysis times range Ethernet) for connectivity to external systems
from just a few seconds for a fixed gas analysis to two (ex. process control computers)
minutes for a complex refinery gas analysis. 4 “PRO”version available for completely unattended
use; ex. remote monitoring, process monitoring
Although the 4900 Micro-GC can be used in laboratory and control; no PC required
environments, its diminutive size, weight and power
consumption make it quite practical to take wherever
an analytical measurement is required. For example,
to a remote plant location to monitor stack emissions,
or to a well head site to determine gas calorific (BTU)
value.

8
 Varian Gas Chromatography Products

4900 - Micro-GC with Differential Mobility Detector (DMD)

The Varian CP-4900 Differential Mobility Detector This gives the user greater improvement in process
(μ-DMD) is a revolutionary instrument detector control and proven quality of the end product.
technology for unique analytical solutions.
The μ-DMD is fully integrated into the basic CP-4900
The micro-machined Differential Mobility Detector Micro-GC hardware. The Micro-GC operates under
is a tunable ion filter, which selects the ion species standard conditions, using helium, hydrogen,
allowed to pass through it. The filtering mechanism argon or nitrogen as the carrier gas. All pneumatics
is governed by the interaction between the ion and are controlled by Electronic Gas Control (EGC). The
the net applied field that alternates between high and μ-DMD uses nitrogen or ‘Zero’- Air as the transport gas
low electric field strength. Ions that collide with the at a typical flow-rate of 400 ml/min. The operating
electrode are neutralized and have a net movement to conditions are integrated into the software as part
the electrodes. (see Figure above). of the total method. This eliminates any peripheral
instrumentation and complex method development.
The interaction between the ions and the changing
high frequency electric field over the transport tube,
enables the μ-DMD to be extremely selective and to
detect specific ions while eliminating all other ions
including the matrix. The electrometers at the end
of the drift tube are sensitive to both positive and
negative ions, so they can be detected simultaneously.

In many applications, current GC detection

technology is insufficient for (multiple-) target
component analysis. The μ-DMD detects specific
target components with increased sensitivity,
compared to standard detection techniques.

9
 Varian Gas Chromatography Products

The CP-4900 DMD uses dual detection technology in The CP-4900 DMD is available for selected
which the μ-TCD and the μ-DMD are connected applications, fully tested, factory set and completely
in series. The workstation software processes both documented, with single part numbers for
signals of the system, providing trace component pre-configured determined analytical solutions.
information (μ-DMD), as well as matrix information
(μ-TCD) within one analysis.

The μ-DMD offers the capability of performing a GC

analysis that can detect components even while they
are co-eluting. The unique selectivity of the μ-DMD
makes even trace analysis possible when co-eluting
with bulk components. This enables the user to obtain
an improved process control environment, resulting in
The μ-DMD
a higher quality of end product.

A Chromatogram from a Micro-GC/DMD channel showing the analysis of

H2S, Methyl Mercaptan and TBM (~ 5 ppm each)

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 Varian Gas Chromatography Products

Varian Galaxie™ Chromatography Data Handling Software

GalaxieTM Software supports every step in the

Petrochemical process, providing chromatographic
solutions for exploration, production and distribution.

Key Benefits: 4 Smart software - Maximum reliability. Galaxie

4 Ultimate instrument control - Varian GC Software automatically adapts the integration
Analyzers and Varian Custom Solution GCs are to the retention time (RT) shift using the unique
the preferred solution for most Industry standard SmartTimeUpdate feature. Combined with the
methods. Only Galaxie Software controls both method independent calibration Galaxie gives you
Varian’s and other vendors’ in-line, routine and the correct result, every time.
R&D GCs, giving you a single interface to all your 4 Increase efficiency through flexible calculations -
instruments. GalaxieSoftwarecomeswiththepowerfulembedded
4 Special needs - Industry driven tools. Galaxie calculation editor, which eliminates the need for
Chromatography Software provides integrated spreadsheets. We have finally brought you the tool
software enabling you to calculate & report you were always looking for!
accordingtoyourIndustrystandardmethodologies. 4 Integrate your reporting - Galaxie software
Among our solutions are: Simulated Distillation, and Galaxie Scheduler will send the data, both
Detailed Hydrocarbon Analysis, PIONA and Multi standard and your embedded calculations, to your
Channel Reporting. site computers, eliminating the need for manual
4 Automate your workflow and improve actions.
productivity - Galaxie Scheduler allows you to
automate the scheduling and running of samples
on any GC in your laboratory, from any LIMS
directly to single, easily accessible sequence.
Results are automatically transferred to the LIMS
eliminating errors. Transform your laboratory into
a push-driven analysis results factory with Galaxie
Scheduler!

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 Varian Gas Chromatography Products

Control all instruments through one simple interface Theeasy-to-useGalaxieSoftwarecanbeconfiguredtoonly

Varian provides the Petrochemical industry with many showthoseoptionsyouroperatorsuse.Thecomprehensive
powerful GC solutions ranging from Industrial in-line GCs user interface can be stripped to a bare minimum, simply
for gas analysis, GC analyzers, Varian Custom Solution by defining different user profiles, preventing user errors
GCs to GCs for routine analysis and R&D GCs. All these byenforcingspecificuserbehavioranddramaticallyreducing
instruments are controlled by the GalaxieTM Software. training, costs and time.
Galaxie Software is also capable of controlling most
GCs from other vendors, especially those common in Industry driven solutions help you with regulation
Petrochemicallaboratoriesenablingyoutohavefullcontrol Varian GC Analyzers and Varian Custom Solution GCs are
of your entire instrument pool. the preferred solution for most Industry standards. Galaxie
Software provides integrated software enabling you to
controltheseinstrumentsandcalculate&reportaccording
to these standards.

The Varian PIONA+ Analyzer software enables you to

characterizethecompletehydrocarbonamplecomposition
complying with ASTM, DIN, ISO, EN and IP standard test
methods. The software is fully integrated in the Galaxie
Softwareforinstrumentoperation,automationandreport
generation.

Galaxie Software multiple vendor instrument control

We even offer the option to collect data from instruments

that date from the pre-control era. The MIB 800 interface
can acquire up to four analog channels and enables you to
programuser-definedtriggeringofvalvesorexternaltimed
events through the Galaxie Software.

Connect multiple GCs to a single computer. You need to

grow? Your system will grow with you, providing you with
a scalable solution that will enable you to control all your Galaxie SimDist Software
GC instruments and process your data from any PC in
your network. Get maximum flexibility with a minimum of The Varian SimDist Analyzer determines true boiling point
effort! distribution, the fully integrated simulated distillation
software streamline setup, operation and reporting. The
Galaxie SimDist software comes with all ASTM, DIN, IP and
ISO methods predefined and enable you to perform D 86
and D 1160 correlation.

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 Varian Gas Chromatography Products

Other integrated tools include: Detailed Hydrocarbon ManagePriorities,MaximizeProductivity.Manageprioritiesfor

Analysis (DHA), Peak Matching and Multi Channel all of your samples from a single screen. Change the priorities
Calculator. Varian, the solution provider for the ofsamplesusingtheSoonerorLaterbuttons.Urgentsamples
Petrochemical industry, continuously develops industry can be run ahead of other samples without interrupting
driven solutions for our GalaxieTM Software. scheduled operations. Samples requiring several tests on
different instruments can be scheduled in a single operation.
Automate your workflow with Galaxie Scheduler All your instruments in a single view. Galaxie Scheduler
Galaxie Scheduler is a multi-instrument, open-access makes viewing the activities of a large multi-instrument
software application that provides a seamless link between lab easy. Organize sample or instrument information any
a Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) and way you want. Group the display by instrument, sample,
Varian’s Galaxie Software. Designed for the Petrochemical status (running, scheduled, ended, etc.). Sort samples in any
industry, Galaxie Scheduler can be used in any routine order or filter samples to only display selected information.
chromatography laboratory environment to automate Automated Results. Results are calculated automatically
the scheduling and running of samples on any designated by Galaxie Software, generating a file that can be read by
instrument in a laboratory, all from a single, easily accessible the LIMS system. The content and format of this file is fully
sequence as shown in the next Figure. configurable, and it can be exported to a directory that the
LIMS automatically scans for results. Galaxie Scheduler puts
you one step closer to complete automation of your routine
chromatography analysis process. It is compatible with
any GC instrument supported by the Galaxie Software and
virtually any LIMS available.

Reliability; the right answer... Every time

Even Varian’s outstanding capillary columns experience
column deterioration resulting in shifting retention times.
Laboratoriesspendasignificantamountoftimeadjustingfor
retention time shifts. Galaxie Software automatically adapts
the integration to the shift using the unique Galaxie Column
Aging feature. Galaxie Column Aging does not influence
Galaxie Scheduler Software your instrument settings, ensuring that the operational and
most likely validated instrument settings are not changed
Automation Eliminates Incorrect Entries. Sample test by the software. Changing the instrument settings like
information is entered into a LIMS and automatically
the column pressure to force peaks to maintain the same
transferred to Galaxie Scheduler through a standardized
retention time can result in an analysis where the column
XML file to be scheduled on the appropriate instrument.
performance is outside the validated envelope resulting in
A sample is loaded into the auto sampler and the process
begins. Galaxie transfers completed test results back to the non-validatedresults.GalaxieColumnAgingadjustsboththe
LIMS system. There is no possibility for incorrect entries. integration parameters and the expected retention times of
thecomponentsinthepost-processingpartofthemethod,to
correct for the expected shift due to column deterioration
or column replacement, resulting in reliable integration

13
 Varian Gas Chromatography Products

and identification of your components without changing Ultimate flexibility: calculate the results the way you
the experimental parameters, allowing you to increase want them
efficiency by eliminating the need to reprocess data. Galaxie Software comes with the most powerful and user-
Such compensation for change can be made irrespective of friendly embedded calculation editor ever, enabling you
instrument type or whether there is chromatograph control. to calculate the results the way you want them. Eliminate
spreadsheet calculations after your analysis.

The calculation editor gives you component-, group- and

global-calculations.Globalcalculationswillgiveyouananswer
to calculations that concern the whole detector channel.
GroupandComponentcalculationsrespectivelygiveresulton
groupedcomponentsandsinglecomponents.Forexample,the
ratio between two peaks is a global result, while the mol% of
propane is a component result. The editor uses MS-Excel like
formulasandcomeswithsyntaxcontrolpreventingcalculation
errors.

GalaxieTM SmartTimeUpdate

Galaxieaddressesthedifferentintegrationandcalculation
requirements needed for complex petrochemical
samples. More than 40 timed integration events can be
used to correctly process any chromatogram without
user intervention. Slice integration has been designed
especially for the analysis of Mineral oil, providing reliable Galaxie Embedded Calculation Editor
identification and quantification of mineral oil fractions.
While most software comes with the capability to perform Examples of specific calculations sets possible are ASTM D
tangent skimming, Varian’s Galaxie Software also offers 3588, ISO 6976, ASTM D 4815, ASTM D 5263, IP 391 and
exponential skimming ensuring far more accurate results Mol% by reference.
when analyzing peaks on the slope of large peaks.
In order to make complex calculations possible, the
calculation editor allows for user-input on both Global
and component level enabling you to add the necessary
properties into your Galaxie software methods.

14
 Varian Gas Chromatography Products

User input can be made mandatory ensuring the correct This will ensure quality without extra effort by operators.
input before each analysis. The peak table in the GalaxieTM Statistical tools can be used to validate methods or to
Software can show all user defined values for each peak, monitor production by visualizing key analysis results of
making it easy to maintain the correct values. the product.

The calculations that you design are fully integrated in

the Galaxie Software. The calculation is automatically
available in the suitability testing wizard, allowing you
to make your own tests. Without any special actions
the calculated results can be exported together with
the standard calculations enabling you to send the
final data to your LIMS without having to go through
elaborate post run spreadsheets. It is even possible to
send your designed calculations to the summary report
enabling you to watch for trends or out-of-control
behavior of your analysis. All calculations are fully
integrated into the Galaxie Software report editor.
Galaxie Summary Report
Reporting, the art of processing data in your
organization Galaxie Software can export the analysis results in
As has been described, Galaxie Software is powerful, many different formats allowing your business platform
flexible and reliable; it also has many options to ensure to import these results. The scope for human error is
data is available in the format required. Galaxie Software dramatically reduced.
offers great reporting features ranging from a flexible
report editor to the fully automated transfer of data to
LIMS.

The flexible report editor enables single or multi page

reports to be designed by simply dragging and dropping
objects onto the page. Truly What You See Is What You
Get. Design QC reports highlighting specific information
or develop comprehensive reports showing all available
data from the analysis including all user defined
calculations. The powerful integrated trend & control
charts will illustrate the results over time and enable
the user to be automatically notified, or even stop the
instrument if the results are outside predefined limits.

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 Varian Gas Chromatography Products

Varian GC Columns
Varian offers a complete selection of the highest quality capillary GC columns with the most demanding quality
assurance specifications in the industry. This is because we control the entire manufacturing process in-house -
from the production of the fused silica tubing and stationary phase, through column manufacturing and quality
assurance, design and technology. Varian columns are the most reproducible on the market, which is reflected in
our published specifications.

Varian FactorFour™ Columns lower than comparable competitive products.

The FactorFour columns are available in the following
phases
- VF-1ms - VF-17ms
- VF-5ms - VF-35ms
- VF-5ht - VF-200ms
- VF-Xms - VF-23ms
- VF-624ms - VF-DA
- VF-1301ms - VF-Pesticides
- VF-1701ms - VF-WAXms

The VF-1ms, VF-5ms and VF-Xms are available

with Varian’s EZ-Guard™ guard columns; the fully
Highly Inert Capillary Columns with the Lowest Bleed integrated guard column protection for easy, trouble
Specifications - Guaranteed free operation.

4 Accurate peak identification – achieving more With the advancements in stationary phase technology,
reliable results silica surface deactivation and our state-of-the-art
4 Superior response for traces – better quantification production process, with control of the entire
4 Enhanced detector performance – increasing manufacturing process in-house, FactorFour has
productivity and reducing costs quickly become the industry standard for high
4 Faster stabilization – longer instrument uptime, performance capillary columns.
so increasing your productivity
4 Longer column lifetime – reducing costs per All FactorFour columns come with an EZ-GRIP™,
analysis simplifying installation, coupling and operation of
capillary columns. For guaranteed performance the
The Varian FactorFour family of capillary columns retention index, efficiency, selectivity and bleed are
provides a complete range of stationary phases suitable measured and specified on the test report supplied
for industrial, toxicology, chemical and environmental with each column.
applications. FactorFour highly inert ultra-low bleed
columns offer a bleed specification up to four-fold

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 Varian Gas Chromatography Products

Varian CP-PLOT Columns Examples of application fields areas:

- Prevention of catalyst contamination by
oxygenates
- Process/on-line applications
- Portable GC applications

CP-Al203
AluminumoxidePLOTcolumnsaredesignedspecifically
for C1-C10 hydrocarbon analysis in the Chemical and
Petrochemical industry. The high selectivity of the
CP-Al2O3 PLOT columns makes it possible to analyze
ppm levels of any C1-C5 hydrocarbon in a matrix of
C1-C5 hydrocarbons. CP-Al2O3 PLOT columns offer
improved analytical efficiency compared to extra-thick
Porous Layer OpenTubular (PLOT) capillary columns are film liquid stationary phases.
capillary columns where the stationary phase is based
on an adsorbent or a porous polymer. This allows users Aluminum oxide PLOT columns are available with KCl
to experience the benefits of high resolution capillary or Na2SO4 deactivation. The aluminum oxide PLOT
gas chromatography when analyzing a wide range columns are deactivated using very small salt crystals,
of gases and volatiles. Varian’s PLOT columns deliver providing a reproducible and stable deactivation up to
superiormechanicalandtemperaturestabilityandallow 200 °C. Depending on the type of deactivation salt, the
for increasingly fast methods. Varian has been the world CP-Al2O3 column will show a specific selectivity. KCl
leader in PLOT column technology for over 20 years. salt deactivation results in a relatively non-polar Al2O3
surface, while Na2SO4 deactivation results in a polar
CP-Lowox surface, where unsaturated compounds like ethylene,
The CP-Lowox offers a unique solution to the Chemical acetylene (ethyne) and methylacetylene (propyne) are
and Petrochemical industries. With the CP-Lowox it is retained longer.
possible to analyze trace level oxygenate impurities in
gas and liquid hydrocarbon streams. A unique “Multi- 4 Shortest analysis times for hydrocarbons at
layer”column coating process has resulted in a column temperatures above ambient
that exhibits extremely high polarity and column 4 High resolution
stability. It is this high polarity that makes the column 4 Available in both fused silica and UltiMetalTM
ideal for the measurement of oxygenated compounds.
4 Accurate analysis of ppm/ppb level oxygenates in Typical components analyzed with this phase include:
C1-C10 hydrocarbons C1-C10 and impurities in hydrocarbon
4 Extremehighpolarityandcolumnstability(Tmax350°C) mainstreams, benzene and toluene.
4 High selectivity for a wide range of oxygenates
from methanol to C4 alcohols
4 No particle loss

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 Varian Gas Chromatography Products

CP-SilicaPLOT Varian bonds the porous polymer to the column so

The CP-SilicaPLOT is a bonded silica-based column there are no loose particles to cause detector spiking
that offers unique selectivity for a wide range of or valve columns.
compoundsincludinghydrocarbons,sulfurcompounds,
and CFCs. Its stable retention times even in the 4 The CP-PoraBOND Q column replaces the porous
presence of water and other polar compounds makes polymer Q columns.
the CP-SilicaPLOT ideal for high-throughput lab
and online process applications. The CP-SilicaPLOT Typical components analyzed with the CP-PoraBOND
separates all C1-C4 isomers in the presence of water. Q include:
- Alcohols, free fatty acids, gases, glycols,
4 No influence of water on retention times halogenated compounds, hydrocarbons, C1-C9,
4 Elution of CO2 and sulfur gases at ppm levels ketones, solvents and sulfur compounds
4 Separates cyclopropane from propylene
4 No decomposition of pentadienes or CFCs Varian Select™ Columns

Typical components analyzed with the CP-SilicaPLOT

include:
- COS in ethylene, freons/CFCs, hydrocarbons,
propylene and sulfur gases

CP-PoraBOND Q
One of Varian’s recent biggest PLOT developments is
the BONDED PLOT column. This new generation of
highlystablebondedcapillarycolumnsoffersimproved
reliability in the analysis of volatile solvents and
hydrocarbons.

CP-PoraBOND Q, the long term solution for analyzing Varian offers a wide selection of columns that provide
aqueous samples and solvents. The CP-PoraBOND Q specific separation solutions and offer guaranteed
porous polymer PLOT column is the most stable column performance for specific methods and applications,
of its kind and withstands repeated water injections. Varian Select™ columns. All Select columns are
Due to our in-situ manufacturing techniques, the manufactured and tested under our stringent quality
porous polymer is very pure and has virtually no assurance specifications to ensure they meet the
catalytic activity. This means that the CP-PoraBOND specific demands for their specific application. Varian
Q can be used up to temperatures of 320 °C without columns are routinely fitted with EZ-GRIP™ for
decomposition. The use of bonding technology in the enhanced ease-of-use. Varian Select columns are
CP-PoraBOND Q means that bleed has been reduced designed to meet the needs of the Environmental, Food
by 5-7 times. The reduction of bleed provides lower & Fragrance, Chemical and Chiral markets.
detection limits and faster stabilization.

18
 Varian Gas Chromatography Products

Varian Select columns for petrochemical and chemical analysis:

Alcohols in gasoline CP-TCEP for alcohols in gasoline C1-C6 alcohols, aromatic C6-C10
Amines CP-Sil 8 CB for Amines C3-C20 amines, alkanol amines
CP-Volamine C1-C6 amines, alcohols, NH3, water, solvents,
ethanol amines
CP-Wax for volatile amines C3-C8 amines & diamines
and diamines
CP-Wax 51 for amines C4-C10 amines, diamines & aromatix amines
Biodiesel Biodiesel for Glycerides Glycerides acc. to ASTM D6584, EN-14105
Biodiesel for FAME FAME acc. to EN-14103
Biodiesel for Methanol Methanol acc. to EN-14110
Glycols, diols and alcohols CP-Wax 57 CB for glycols and C1-C10 alcohols & solvents
alcohols
Hydrocarbons CP-Squalane C1-C12 hydrocarbons
MethylAcetyleneandPropadiene Select™ Al2O3 MAPD C1-C10 hydrocarbons
MTBE in reformulated gasolines. CP-Select CB for MTBE Oxygenates and solvents
Permanent gases and CO2 Select Permanent Gases/CO2 H2, He, O2, Av, N2, CO, CH4, C2H6, CO2, C2H4, C2H2
Pona CP-Sil Pona CB for ASTM D 5134-9 Paraffins, aromatics, naphthenes & olefins C4-C20
CP-Sil Pona CB Paraffins, aromatics, naphthenes & olefins C4-C20
Propylene oxide CP-Propox Volatile oxygenates and halogenated
hydrocarbons
Silanes Select Silanes Polarandnon-polarvolatilecompounds,especially
chlorosilanes with different substituents.
Simulated distillation CP-SimDist Fused Silica C5-C100 SimDist
CP-SimDist UltiMetalTM C5-C120 SimDist
Volatile sulfur compounds CP-Sil 5 CB for sulfur Hydrogen,sulfide,carbonylsulfide,methanethiol,
ethanethiol and thiophenes in LPG
Xylene isomers CP-Xylenes Xylenes & aromatic compounds up to C11

GC Packed Chromatography

Varian has over 25 years’ experience with GC packed

chromatography.GCpackedcolumnsaremanufactured
in-house and the manufacturing process is ISO
certified, guaranteeing the best GC packed columns.
Custom options for packed columns, packing and
support materials are available.

19
 Varian Gas Chromatography Products

Recommended Capillary Columns for ASTM Methods

Within ASTM methodology you have the possibility to use high resolution capillary columns to do your analysis.
Below you will find a list of recommended capillary columns for each ASTM method.

ASTM Application Recommended capillary column Cat. no.

method

D1945 Natural gas 10 m x 0.53 mm CP-Molsieve 5Å, df = 50 µm CP7537

10 m x 0.53 mm CP-PoraPLOT Q-HT, df = 20 µm CP7558
D1946 Reformed gas 10 m x 0.53 mm CP-Molsieve 5Å, df = 50 µm CP7537
10 m x 0.53 mm CP-PoraBOND Q, df = 10 µm CP7353
D1983 FAME (fatty acid methyl esters) Analysis 50 m x 0.25 mm CP-Sil 88 for FAME, df = 0.2 µm CP7488
D2163 Liquefied petroleum gases 50 m x 0.53 mm CP-Al2O3/KCl PLOT, df = 10 µm CP7518
and propylene concentrations
D2245 Oils and oil acids in 50 m x 0.25 mm CP-Sil 88 for FAME, df = 0.2 µm CP7488
solvent-reducible paints
D2267 Aromatics in light naphthas 50 m x 0.25 mm CP-TCEP, df = 0.40 µm CP7525
and aviation gasolines
D2268 Analysis of n-heptane 50 m x 0.21 mm CP-Sil PONA CB, df = 0.5 µm CP7531
and iso-octane (high purity)
D2306 Xylene isomers 60 m x 0.25 mm CP-Wax 52 CB, df = 0.25 µm CP8748
D2426 Butadiene and styrene 30 m x 0.53 mm VF-1ms, df = 1.5 µm CP8970
in butadiene concentrates
D2427 C2-C5 hydrocarbons in gasolines 50 m x 0.53 mm CP-Al2O3/KCl, df = 10 µm CP7518
D2456 Polyhydric alcohols in alkyd resins 30 m x 0.53 mm CP-Wax 52 CB, df = 1.0 µm CP8738
D2504 Non-condensable gases 30 m x 0.53 mm CP-Molsieve 5Å, df = 15 µm CP7544
in C1-C3 hydrocarbons
D2505 Ethylene, Hydroc, CO2 25 m x 0.53 mm CP-CarboBOND, df = 10 µm CP7374
in high purity ethylene
D2580 Phenols in water 30 m x 0.32 mm VF-5ms, df = 0.5 µm CP8956
25 m x 0.53 mm CP-FFAP CB, df = 1.0 µm CP7486
D2593 Butadiene purity 50 m x 0.32 mm CP-Al2O3/KCl, df = 5.0 µm CP7515
and hydrocarbon impurity 50 m x 0.53 mm CP-Al2O3/KCl, df = 10 µm CP7518
D2600 Aromatic traces in light saturated 50 m x 0.25 mm CP-TCEP, df = 0.4 µm CP7525
hydrocarbons 25 m x 0.32 mm CP-Wax 52 CB, df = 1.2 µm CP7763
D2743 Oil and oil acids 50 m x 0.25 mm CP-Sil 88 for FAME, df = 0.2 µm CP7488
D2800 FAME analysis 50 m x 0.25 mm CP-Sil 88 for FAME, df = 0.2 µm CP7488
D2804 Purity of methyl ethyl ketone 30 m x 0.32 mm CP-Wax 52 CB, df = 0.5 µm CP8763
30 m x 0.53 mm CP-Wax 52 CB, df = 1.0 µm CP8738
D2820 C1-C5 hydrocarbons 25 m x 0.53 mm CP-Al2O3/KCl, df = 10 µm CP7515
in the atmosphere
D2887 SimDist analysis 5 m x 0.53 mm CP-UltiMetal SimDist, df = 0.88 µm CP7570
of petroleum fractions 10 m x 0.53 mm CP-UltiMetal SimDist, df = 2.65 µm CP7582
>>>>> Extended SimDist 5 m x 0.53 mm CP-UltiMetal SimDist, df = 0.17 µm CP7532

20
 Varian Gas Chromatography Products

ASTM Application Recommended capillary column Cat. no.

method

D2908 Volatile organics in water 30 m x 0.32 mm CP-Select 624 CB, df = 1.8 µm CP7414
25 m x 0.53 mm CP-Select 624 CB, df = 3.0 µm CP7417
30 m x 0.32 mm CP-Wax 52 CB, df = 0.5 µm CP8763
30 m x 0.53 mm CP-Wax 52 CB, df = 1.0 µm CP8738
D2998 Polyhydric alcohols in alkyd resins 30 m x 0.32 mm VF-1ms, df = 1.0 µm CP8926
D2999 Monopentaerythritol 30 m x 0.53 mm VF-1ms, df = 1.5 µm CP8970
in commercial pentaerythritol
D3009 Composition of turpentine 30 m x 0.32 mm CP-Wax 52 CB, df = 0.5 µm CP8763
30 m x 0.53 mm CP-Wax 52 CB, df = 1.0 µm CP8738
D3054 Purity and benzene content
of cyclohexane 100 m x 0.25 mm CP-Squalane, df = 0.2 µm CP7520
D3168 Polymers in emulsion paints 30 m x 0.32 mm VF-1ms, df = 1.0 µm CP8926
30 m x 0.53 mm CP-Sil 5 CB, df = 1.5 µm CP8735
D3271 Solvent analysis in paints 25 m x 0.53 mm CP-PoraBOND Q, df = 10 µm CP7354
30 m x 0.53 mm CP-Wax 52 CB, df = 1.0 µm CP8738
D3304 PCBs in environmental materials 50 m x 0.25 mm CP-Sil 8 CB for PCB’s, df = 0.12 µm CP7482
D3328 Comparison of waterborne 30 m x 0.32 mm CP-Sil 5 CB, df = 3.0 µm CP8687
petroleum oils 30 m x 0.53 mm CP-Sil 5 CB, df = 3.0 µm CP8677
D3329 Purity of methyl isobutyl ketone 60 m x 0.53 mm CP-Wax 52 CB, df = 1.0 µm CP8798
D3371 Nitriles in aqueous solutions 25 m x 0.32 mm CP-PoraBOND Q, df = 5 µm CP7351
25 m x 0.53 mm CP-PoraBOND Q, df = 10 µm CP7354
D3416 Total hydrocarbons, methane and CO in air 10 m x 0.32 mm CP-PoraPLOT Q, df = 10 µm CP7550
10 m x 0.53 mm CP-PoraPLOT Q, df = 20 µm CP7553
10 m x 0.32 mm CP-Molsieve 5Å, df = 30 µm CP7535
10 m x 0.53 mm CP-Molsieve 5Å, df = 50 µm CP7537
D3432 Toluene Diisocyanates 30 m x 0.32 mm CP-Sil 5 CB, df = 1.0 µm CP8760
in Urethane Pre-Polymers 30 m x 0.53 mm CP-Sil 5 CB, df = 1.5 µm CP8735
D3447 Purity of Trichlorotrifluoroethane (CFC-113) 50 m x 0.53 mm CP-Sil 5 CB, df = 5.0 µm CP7685
D3452 Identification of rubber 30 m x 0.53 mm VF-1ms, df = 1.0 µm CP8969
D3457 FAME (fatty acid methyl esters) Analysis 50 m x 0.25 mm CP-Sil 88 for FAME, df = 0.2 µm CP7488
D3465 Purity of monomeric plasticizers 30 m x 0.32 mm VF-1ms, df = 0.5 µm CP8925
30 m x 0.53 mm VF-1ms, df = 1.5 µm CP8970
D3476 Bis (chloromethyl) Ether in air 25 m x 0.32 mm CP-PoraPLOT Q, df = 10 µm CP7551
25 m x 0.53 mm CP-PoraPLOT Q, df = 20 µm CP7554
D3524 Diesel fuel diluent 30 m x 0.53 mm VF-1ms, df = 1.5 µm CP8970
in used diesel engine oils
D3525 Gasoline diluent 30 m x 0.53 mm VF-1ms, df = 1.5 µm CP8970
in used gasoline engine oils
D3545 Alcohol content 30 m x 0.53 mm CP-Select 624 CB, df = 3.0 µm CP7416
and purity of acetate esters
D3606 Benzene and toluene 50 m x 0.25 mm CP-TCEP, df = 0.4 µm CP7525
in finished motor and aviation fuel 15 m x 0.25 mm VF-1ms, df = 0.25µm CP8907
D3612 Gases dissolved 25 m x 0.53 mm CP-Molsieve 5Å, df = 50 µm CP7538
in electrical insulating oil 25 m x 0.53 mm CP-CarboBOND, df = 10µm CP7374
D3687 Analysis of organic compound vapors 30 m x 0.53 mm CP-Select 624 CB, df = 3.0 µm CP7416
D3695 Volatile alcohols in water 30 m x 0.53 mm CP-Wax 52 CB, df = 1.0 µm CP8738
by direct aqueous injection

21
 Varian Gas Chromatography Products

ASTM Application Recommended capillary column Cat. no.

method

D3710 Boiling range distribution 10 m x 0.53 mm, CP-SimDist Ultimetal, df = 2.65 µm CP7582
of gasoline and gasoline fractions
D3725 Fatty acids in drying oils 30 m x 0.53 mm, VF-23ms, df = 0.5 µm CP8831
D3749 Vinyl Chloride in PVC 10 m x 0.32 mm CP-PoraPLOT Q, df = 10 µm CP7550
10 m x 0.53 mm CP-PoraPLOT Q, df = 20 µm CP7553
D3760 Analysis of cumene 50 m x 0.53 mm CP-Xylenes CP7428
D3792 Water in water reducible paints 25 m x 0.32 mm CP-PoraPLOT Q, df = 10 µm CP7551
25 m x 0.53 mm CP-PoraPLOT Q, df = 20 µm CP7554
D3797 Analysis of o-xylene 60 m x 0.32 mm, CP-Wax 52, df = 0.5 µm CP8773
D3798 Analysis of p-xylene 60 m x 0.32 mm, CP-Wax 52, df = 0.5 µm CP8773
D3871 Purgeable organic compounds 75 m x 0.53 mm, CP-Select 624 CB, df = 3.0 µm CP7417
in water using headspace
D3876 Methoxyl and hydroxypropyl substitution 30 m x 0.32 mm CP-Sil 5 CB, df = 1.0 µm CP8760
in cellulose ether products 30 m x 0.53 mm CP-Sil 5 CB, df = 1.5 µm CP8735
D3893 Purity of methyl amyl ketone 30 m x 0.53 mm, CP-Select 624 CB, df = 3.0 µm CP7416
and methyl isoamyl ketone
D3962 Impurities in styrene 25 m x 0.53 mm CP-FFAP CB, df = 1.0 µm CP7486
D3973 Low-molecular weight 30 m x 0.53 mm, CP-Select 624 CB, df = 3.0 µm CP7416
halogenated hydrocarbons in water
D4059 PCBs in insulating oil 50 m x 0.25 mm, CP-Sil 8 for PCB, df = 0.25 µm CP7482
D4275 Butylated hydroxy toluene in ethylene 30 m x 0.32 mm CP-Sil 5 CB, df = 3.0 µm CP8687
and ethylenevinylacetate polymers
D4322 Acrylonitrile in styreneacrylonitrile- 25 m x 0.53 mm CP-PoraPLOT Q, df = 20 µm CP7554
copolymers and nitrile rubber
D4367 Benzene in hydrocarbon solvent 15 m x 0.25 mm CP-Sil 5 CB low bleed/MS, df = 0.1 µm CP7811
50 m x 0.25 mm CP-TCEP, df = 0.4 µm CP7525
D4384 Acrylonitrile monomer (residual) 25 m x 0.53 mm CP-PoraPLOT S, df = 20 µm CP7574
D4415 Determination of dimer in acrylic acid 30 m x 0.32 mm, CP-Wax 52 CB, df = 0.25 µm CP8843
D4420 Aromatics in gasoline 15 m x 0.25 mm VF-1ms, df = 0.1 µm CP8906
50 m x 0.25 mm CP-TCEP, df = 0.4 µm CP7525
D4424 Butylene Analysis 25 m x 0.53 mm CP-Al2O3/Na2SO4, df = 10 µm CP7567
D4443 Residual vinyl chloride 30 m x 0.53 mm, CP-Select 624 CB, df = 3.0 µm CP7416
monomer content in ppb range in
vinylchloride homo- and co-polymers
by headspace
D4492 Analysis of benzene 50 m x 0.25 mm CP-TCEP, df = 0.4 µm CP7525
D4509 Acetaldehyde contents of PET bottles 25 m x 0.32 mm CP-PoraPLOT Q, df = 10 µm CP7551
25 m x 0.53 mm CP-PoraPLOT Q, df = 20 µm CP7554
D4534 Benzene content of cyclic products 50 m x 0.25 mm CP-TCEP, df = 0.4 µm CP7525
D4735 Determination of trace thiophene 30 m x 0.53 mm, CP-Wax 52, df = 1.0 µm CP8738
in refined benzene
D4768 Phenol and cresol inhibitors in insulating oils 25 m x 0.53 mm CP-Wax 58 (FFAP) CB, df = 1.0 µm CP7614
D4773 Test method for propylene glycol 30 m x 0.53 mm, CP-Sil 8 CB, df = 5.0 µm CP8756
monomethyl ether, Dipropylene glycol
monomethyl ether and Propylene glycol
monomethyl ether acetate

22
 Varian Gas Chromatography Products

ASTM Application Recommended capillary column Cat. no.

method

D4815 Determination of MTBE, ETBE, 30 m x 0.53 mm, CP-Sil 5 CB, df = 5.0 µm CP8775
TAME, DIPE, tert-amyl alcohol
and C1 to C4 alcohols
D4864 Traces of methanol in propylene 30 m x 0.53 mm, CP-Wax 52 CB, df = 1.0 µm CP8738
D4947 Chlordane and heptachlor 30 m x 0.53 mm, VF-5ms, df = 1.5 µm CP8976
residues in indoor air 30 m x 0.53 mm, VF-17ms, df = 1.5 µm CP9002
D5060 Impurities in high purity ethylbenzene 60 m x 0.32 mm, CP-Wax 52, df = 0.5 µm CP8773
D5075 Nicotine in indoor air 30 m x 0.32 mm, VF-5ms, df = 1.0 µm CP8957
D5134 Detailed analysis of petroleum 50 m x 0.21 mm, CP-Sil PONA for ASTM D5134-90, CP7531
naphthas through n-C9 df = 0.5 µm
D5135 Analysis of styrene 60 m x 0.32 mm, CP-Wax 52, df = 0.5 µm CP8773
D5399 Boiling point distribution 10 m x 0.53 mm, CP-SimDist UltiMetal, df = 2.65 µm CP7582
of hydrocarbon solvents
D5504 Sulfur compounds in natural gas 30 m x 0.32 mm CP-Select CB for sulfur, df = 4.0 µm CP7529
and gaseous fuels by GC and SCD
(sulfur chemiluminescence)
D5580 Aromatics in Finished Gasoline 15 m x 0.25 mm CP-Sil 5 CB low bleed/MS CP7811
50 m x 0.25 mm CP-TCEP, df = 0.4 µm CP7525
D6584 Biodiesel/glycerides analysis 15 m x 0.32 mm, Select™ Glycerides CP9078
(includes preconnected 2 m x 0.53 mm retention gap
E202 Analysis of ethylene glycols 30 m x 0.53 mm, CP-Select 624 CB, df = 3.0 µm CP7416
and propylene glycols
E475 Assay of di-tert-bytyl peroxide 30 m x 0.53 mm, CP-Sil 8 CB, df = 5.0 µm CP8756
E1100 Analysis of denatured ethanol 25 m x 0.53 mm CP-Wax 57 CB: df = 0.5 µm CP7617
25 m x 0.53 mm CP-PoraPLOT Q, df = 20 µm CP7554
E1616 Analysis of acetic anhydride 50 m x 0.32 mm, VF-1ms, df = 0.4 µm CP8915
E1863 Analysis of acrylonitrile 60 m x 0.32 mm, CP-Wax 52, df = 1.0 µm CP8773

23
 Varian Gas Chromatography Products

Varian Standard Method Summary Table

Analyzer Type Natural Gas Refinery Gas PIONA+

Standard Methods GPA 2177, GPA 2186, ASTM D1945, ASTM D1319,
GPA 2261, GPA 2286, ASTM D1946, ASTM D4815,
ASTM D1945, IP 345, ASTM D2597, ASTM D5443,
ISO 6974 UOP 539, ASTM D6293,
DIN 51666 ASTM D6839,
DIN 51448-1,
DIN 51448-2,
EN 14517, IP 382,
UOP 870

Natural Gas X
Refinery Gas X
Light Naphtha
Naphtha X
Heavy Naphtha X
Reformate X
FCC (Light) X
FCC (Middle) X
FCC (Heavy) X
Visbreaker X
Alkylate X
Gasoline X
Oxygenated Gasoline X
Jet Fuel
Diesel Fuel
Residual Fuel Oils
Lubricants
Crude Oil
Greases
Waxes

24
 Varian GC Analysis Solutions

Analyzer Type Detailed Hydrocarbon Oxygenates Simulated Distillation

Standard Methods ASTM D5134, ASTM D4815, ASTM D2887,

ASTM D6623, ASTM D7059, ASTM D2887 Extended D6417,
ASTM D6729, EN 13132, ASTM D3710/D7096,
ASTM D6730, UOP 569, ASTM D5307, ASTM D5442,
ASTM D6733, LOWOX, ASTM D6352, ASTM D6417,
IP 344-88 (95), Gasohol ASTM D7096, ASTM D7169,
ASTM D7213,
Fast DHA,
ASTM D7500 (proposed),
DHA Front End DIN 51435, DIN-51581 MOV,
EN-15199-1 (2,3), IP 406,
IP 480, IP 507, IP 545, ISO 3924

Natural Gas
Refinery Gas X

Light Naphtha X

Naphtha X

Heavy Naphtha X

Reformate X

FCC (Light)
FCC (Middle)
FCC (Heavy) X

Visbreaker X

Alkylate X

Gasoline X X
Oxygenated Gasoline X
Jet Fuel X
Diesel Fuel X
Residual Fuel Oils X
Lubricants X
Crude Oil X
Greases X
Waxes X

25
 Varian GC Analysis Solutions

Varian Standard Analyzers for Hydrocarbon Processing

Crude Oil and Distillates Gases Naphtha and Gasoline

Simulated Distillation Refinery Gas CO/CO2 Detailed Hydrocarbons

ASTM D2887 UOP 539 and 709 ASTM D2505 ASTM D5134
ASTM D2887 Extended ASTM D1945 ASTM D6729
ASTM D3710 ASTM D1946 Permanent Gases ASTM D6730
ASTM D5307 ASTM D2597 ASTM D6733
ASTM D5442 O2/N2 IP 344-88 (95)
ASTM D6352 Rapid Refinery Gas ASTM D2504 FAST DHA
ASTM D6417 UOP 539 and 709
ASTM D7096 ASTM D1945 Light Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Group
DIN 51435 ASTM D1946 ASTM D2502 Characterization
IP 406 ASTM D2597 ASTM D2712 (PIONA+)
IP 507 ASTM D6159 ASTM D1319
IP 545 Natural Gas ASTM D4815
ISO 3924 ASTM D1945 Trace Sulfur ASTM D5443
GPA 2186 ASTM D5504 ASTM D6293
Fast Simulated GPA 2261 ASTM D6228 ASTM D6839
Distillation GPA 2286 DIN 51448-1
ASTM D2887 IP 345 DIN 51448-2
ISO 6974 EN 14517
IP 382
Hydrogen UOP 870
ASTM D2504
Simulated Distillation
ASTM D3710

Oxygenates
ASTM D4815
ASTM D7059
EN 13132
UOP 569
LOWOX
Gasohol

Aromatics
ASTM D3606
ASTM D5580
EN 12177

26
 Varian GC Analysis Solutions

Refinery Gas Analyzers

A Family of Optimized GC Analysis Solutions

The source and composition of refinery gases varies

considerably. Measuring gas composition precisely
and accurately is a significant challenge in today’s
refinery operations. Varian’s refinery gas analyzers are
designed to deliver superior, reliable results for a wide
rangeofsourcesandanalysisthroughputrequirements.

Key Analyzer Capabilities: 4 Operational procedures are fully documented.

4 A complete range of refinery gas analysis (RGA) All Varian RGA analyzers not only incorporate
solutions. Varian offers three RGA solutions to proven GC hardware and software but also arrive
meet the broadest range of stream sample types pre-loaded with analysis methods and include
and throughput requirements. documentationspecifictotheapplicationrequired.
4 A powerful, easy to use GC solution. Varian’s 4 A comprehensive, single vendor solution. Varian
450-GC or 4900 Micro-GC, and Galaxie™ provides complete solutions without the use of
Chromatography Data Handling software is a very third parties. The hardware, software, application
powerful combination designed to achieve the optimization, documentation, installation and
best possible results. In addition, these powerful performance verification are all provided byVarian,
systems do not require a high degree of operator offering an all inclusive, convenient analysis
skill to be used. solution.
4 A highly flexible solution for analysis. All Varian’s
RGA solutions can be configured to analyze gas
and pressurized liquids (LPG) through the use of a
fully integrated Micro-Gasifier, giving the flexibility
to accommodate a wide range of stream types.

27
 Varian GC Analysis Solutions

Overview Since the micro-packed columns are installed in a

Typical sources for refinery gases include atmospheric separate heated zone, the capillary columns located
or FCC overheads, ethylene, propylene production, in the GC oven can be temperature programmed in a
fuel gas, stack gas and off gas from desulfurization. more aggressive manner. This provides a substantial
The physical stream types range from gas to highly reduction in overall analysis time from up to 25 minutes
pressurized gas or liquid. Varian’s refinery gas to 5 minutes (or 7 minutes with H2S) for high sample
analyzers (RGA) are ‘turnkey’ systems pre-configured analysis demand.
and tuned at the factory to conform to industry
standard methods including: UOP 539, DIN-51666 and However, because micro-packed columns have
ASTM D2163. The RGA systems are based either on the reduced sample capacity, streams containing a high
Varian 450-GC or 4900 Micro-GC. concentration of some components (e.g. propylene
steam) may require some hardware tuning by Varian.
All analyzers employ a proven and optimized multi- 8
10
channel approach to determine the concentration of 7 9

individual saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon

12

components up to and including C5 (C6 and higher

components as a composite peak) and all permanent
gases, including hydrogen and hydrogen sulfide in a
single analysis. Included in every system is Varian’s
powerful Galaxie™ Software to provide complete
14 19
23
26
analyzer control, data acquisition and flexible report 13 17 8
18 20
21
24
25
generation. 11
15
16 22

Varian offers three RGA systems to meet the widest

range of analysis requirements: 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 Min. 28

4 Standard RGA: A three channel 450-GC with The separation of light hydrocarbons using the Standard RGA
a multi-valve design using both capillary and analyzer. (Please refer to the Peak Identification key on page 30.)
packed columns. The first channel is optimized
for the analysis of permanent gases, the second 4 7
7

is designed for light hydrocarbons, and the third

specifically for hydrogen. The system is configured 3

and fully tested in accordance with industry 3

standard methods. Total analysis time for all

components is less than 25 minutes. 5
2

11 6
4
4 Rapid RGA: A three channel 450-GC that utilizes
a multi-valve design in which the packed columns
used in the Standard RGA have been replaced by 0 1 2 3 4 5
Min.
6

micro-packed columns in both the hydrogen and Analysis of the permanent gases using a Rapid RGA.
permanent gas channels. (Please refer to the Peak Identification key on page 30.)

28
 Varian GC Analysis Solutions

7 9

10

8
12

14 19 23
24 25
26 13 15 17 18 20 21
11 16 21
22

0 1 2 3 4 Min. 5

The analysis of light hydrocarbons using the Rapid RGA.

Note: Complete separation in less than five minutes.
(Please refer to the Peak Identification key on page 20.)
1 2

Picture 1 shows a ‘traditional’ RGA with all columns mounted

in oven. Picture 2 shows the micro-packed columns mounted
in the separate heated zone in the Rapid RGA.

Table 1. Varian RGA Analyzer Characteristics

Analyzer Characteristics Standard RGA Rapid RGA Micro-GC RGA

No. of Channels/Detectors used 3 3 4
No. of Column Ovens 1 2 4
Analysis Time 25 min. 5 min. (7 with H2S) 2.5 min.
Repeatability <1 % <1 % <1 %
Linear Bench Space Required 66 cm / 26 in. 66 cm / 26 in. 15 cm / 6 in.
Minimum Component Detection 0.01 % all components 0.01 % all components 0.01 % all components
Level except H2S = 0.05 % except H2S = 0.05 % except H2S = 0.05 %
Suitability for following stream types:
Typical Refinery Gas Excellent Excellent Excellent
Impurities in Bulk Ethylene Excellent Excellent Good
Impurities in Bulk Propylene Excellent Excellent Not Recommended
Impurities in Bulk C4 Good Good Not Recommended

29
 Varian GC Analysis Solutions

Multiple channels of data are conveniently combined into a single analysis report.

Peak No. Peak Name Channel RT (min.) Result (g/l) Norm. (%) Area (uV/Sec.)
1 CO2 Front (TCD) 2.6000 0.1000 0.0632 13376
2 C2H4 Front (TCD) 2.9550 29.9800 18.9449 4139442
3 C2H6 Front (TCD) 3.5367 17.9900 11.3682 2867688
4 C2H2 Front (TCD) 5.0283 0.5020 0.3172 49786
5 O2 Front (TCD) 9.9200 0.0000 0.0000 37325
6 N2 Front (TCD) 10.3267 1.1990 0.7577 2122071
7 CH4 Front (TCD) 11.1917 11.9900 7.5767 1394584
8 CO Front (TCD) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0
9 H2 Middle (TCD) 1.6967 36.0300 22.7681 390257
10 C5+ Rear (FID) 2.9217 0.1000 0.0632 58164
11 Methane Rear (FID) 3.7350 11.9900 7.5767 1492388
12 Ethane Rear (FID) 4.1283 17.9900 11.3682 4480322
13 Ethylene Rear (FID) 4.7217 29.9800 18.9449 7411134
14 Propane Rear (FID) 6.1933 0.1990 0.1258 71402
15 Propylene Rear (FID) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0
16 i-Butane Rear (FID) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0
17 n-Butane Rear (FID) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0
18 Propadiene Rear (FID) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0
19 Aceylene Rear (FID) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0
20 t-2-Butene Rear (FID) 18.5050 0.0990 0.0626 138647
21 1-Butene Rear (FID) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0
22 i-Butene Rear (FID) 19.5167 0.0990 0.0626 44492
23 cis-2-Butene Rear (FID) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0
24 1,3-Butadiene Rear (FID) 22.1367 0.0000 0.0000 16165
25 Methyl Rear (FID) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0
actylene

Totals 158.2480 100.0000 22817242

30
 Varian GC Analysis Solutions

4 Micro-GC RGA: A four channel, multi-dimensional 3 7

system based on the 4900 Micro-GC. Channel 1 -

The 4900 Micro-GC incorporates a novel micro- Permanent gases
electrical mechanical system (MEMS) based inlet
and detector with high performance capillary 2
columns in four individual channels. Each channel 4
is optimized for specific RGA analytes, yielding a
total analysis cycle time of less than three minutes.
20 40 60 80 100 Sec. 120

Due to the use of MEMS components in the Micro-GC,

its sample capacity is reduced in comparison to the 9
450-GC based systems. Therefore, it is more suitable Channel 2 -
for sample streams with low sample component C2 Hydrocarbons, CO2, H2S
concentration. 5

8 16

10 15 20 25 30 35 Sec. 40

10 12

Channel 3 -
C3-C5 Hydrocarbons
14

19
6 15
The 4900 Micro-GC RGA is extremely small at only 6 inches wide. 13
17 18
20
24
24
23

22

40 60 80 100 Sec. 120

Peak Identification
21
1. Hydrogen 14. n-Butane
2. Oxygen 15. Propadiene
3. Nitrogen 16. Acetylene Channel 4 -
4. Carbon monoxide 17. trans-2-Butene 22
C5 and Higher Hydrocarbons
5. Carbon dioxide 18. 1-Butene 26
6. Hydrogen sulfide 19. iso-Butene
7. Methane 20. cis-2-Butene
8. Ethane 21. iso-Pentane
9. Ethylene 22. n-Pentane
10. Propane 23. 1,3-Butadiene
11. Cyclopropane 24. Propyne
.
Sec60
12. Propylene 25. Butyne 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55

13. iso-Butane 26. C6+ (e.g. n-Hexane)

31
 Varian GC Analysis Solutions

Simulated Distillation

Key Benefits:
4 Accurate boiling point distribution up to 750 0C.
The Varian SimDist Analyzer range tests a variety
of distillates, blends, fuels, residues and crude oil,
ranging from carbon number C1 to C120 and higher.
This enables refinery processes to be monitored
and controls product quality with fast, accurate
boiling points versus mass distributions up to
750 0C.
4 Integrated standard test methods. Varian, Inc.
offers SimDist analyzers with built-in applications
to help monitor refinery processes and control
product quality. These applications fully comply
A Full Range of Simulated Distillation
with ASTM, IP, DIN and ISO standard test methods
Solutions used globally. New methods will be added to
Varian’s SimDist software as they are approved and
Varian’s range of Simulated Distillation Analyzers released.
provide boiling point distribution up to 750 0C.
Designed to meet all industry standard methods, 4 Complete, single vendor solution. Varian’s single
Varian’s analyzer software includes both ASTM D86 vendor approach includes the latest hardware,
and ASTM D1160 correlations. software and column technologies. Our solutions
maximize uptime and increase the speed of data
A gas chromatographic (GC) technique, Simulated generation.
Distillation (SimDist) reproduces the physical 4 Complete control from initial setup to final
distillation of petroleum materials and products by report. The SimDist analyzers are controlled by
determining boiling point distribution. Used for Varian’s advanced Galaxie Workstation Software
controlling refinery operations, Varian’s range of package. The SimDist software is fully integrated
SimDist analyzers delivers fast, accurate standard test into Galaxie for system operation, automation,
method results. calibration and report generation.

Varian’s highly automated 450-GC, GalaxieTM software, 4 ASTM D86 and ASTM D1160 correlation. SimDist
and integrated SimDist software are designed to meet software includes both ASTM D86 and ASTM
worldwide industry standard test methods. D1160 correlations. Dedicated to a sample type,
these correlations are crude independent. With
the fully automated Varian SimDist Analyzer, data
is generated rapidly and with increased precision,
making ASTM D86 and ASTM D1160 correlations
faster and easier.

32
 Varian GC Analysis Solutions

Operational Simplicity For All SimDist Methods Once the preferred industry standard method is
Varian’s GalaxieTM Software has pre-programmed selected, Varian’s SimDist software automatically
settings which streamline instrument setup, analysis corrects any offset to the baseline signal and removes
and reporting to ensure outstanding data precision and the blank analysis to provide a corrected net area
reproducibility. and precise boiling point data. In addition, users
may choose to modify individual settings to suit their
specific requirements.

Easy-to-use Industry standard test methods are fully The intuitive interface enables easy adjustments of integration
integrated into Varian’s SimDist software parameters, and result overlays.

33
 Varian GC Analysis Solutions

ASTM D86 and ASTM D1160 Correlation Editor Built-in Reports

As the composition of raw materials and intermediates Varian’s SimDist software provides a wide variety
changes, the ability to modify the ASTM D86 or of report options to meet specific lab requirements
ASTM D1160 variables to improve correlation results including:
is required. The Correlation Editor also allows new • Chromatogram with merged corrected blank analysis
correlation data at the 40 %, 60 % and 95 % cut-off and IBP/FBP marks versus retention time.
points to be generated for additional information • Table with boiling point versus percentage of sample.
between the two methods. • Table and plot with retention time
versus boiling point.
• Table with D86 and D1160 correlations.
• DIN Noak and motor oil volatility reports.
• Table with cutpoints and fractions.
• Residue analysis with recovery calculation up to C120.

Simplified, Accurate Analysis

In order to obtain accurate results:
• Run a blank to obtain an accurate baseline signal.
• Run a standard configuration to obtain retention
time versus boiling point calibration.
• Run the reference sample to validate system
ASTM D86 and ASTM D1160 Correlation Editor, to customize,
performance and to determine the response factor.
and add correlation data
• Analyze samples.

The integrated Galaxie™ SimDist software for

calibration, and analysis

34
 Varian GC Analysis Solutions

SimDist Analyzer Specifications

Hardware
• Gas Chromatograph: Varian 450-GC
(single or dual channel) or 430-GC (for single
channel operation only).
• Injector: temperature controlled on-column injector
for capillary columns with full Electronic Flow
Control (EFC).
• Column oven: with CO2 sub ambient cooling.
• Detector: FID with EFC control.
• Computer: with monitor.
• Autosampler: CP-8400 or CP-8410 autosampler with
carousel heating and cooling plate.

Software Diesel fuel analysis with fast 2887 SimDist method reduces
• Varian’s GalaxieTM system control, data acquisition analysis time by a factor of five compared to ASTM D2887 (6
rather than 30 minutes).
and report generation software.
• Varian’s Galaxie SimDist application software
(fully integrated).

Varian, Inc. SimDist Analyzer Configurations Applicability

Seven standard configurations are available for the test methods listed in Table 1. Optional mode kits are also
available to facilitate the change from one standard configuration to another. Each mode kit contains all the
necessary components, including column and standard samples for a given configuration.

Configuration Method Sample Type

1 ASTM D3710, ASTM D5399 Gasoline
2 ASTM D5399 Solvents
3 ASTM D2887, ISO 3924, IP 406 Petroleum Fractions
4 Fast ASTM D2887 Petroleum Fractions
5 Extended ASTM D2887, DIN 51.435 Petroleum Fractions
6 ASTM D6352, IP 480, IP 507, IP MP CF Petroleum distillates, residuals, crude oil
7 ASTM D5307 Crude petroleum

ASTM D2887, D2887 Extended, ASTM D3710, ASTM D5307, ASTM D5442, ASTM D6352,
ASTM D7096, ASTM D7169, ASTM D7213, ASTM D7500 (proposed), ASTM D6417, DIN 51435,
DIN-51581 MOV, EN-15199-1 (2,3), IP 406, IP 480, IP 489, IP 507, IP 545, IP PM CF/98,
ISO 545 and ISO 3924

35
 Varian GC Analysis Solutions

Detailed Hydrocarbon Analysis (DHA)

Optimized Solutions for Detailed

Hydrocarbon Analysis

The Varian DHA Analyzer is a complete high resolution

gaschromatographysolutionfortheanalysisofhydrocarbons
in petroleum streams. It is capable of performing all of the
standardmethodsincludingtheanalysisoflightpetroleum
streams and crude oil light end.

Key Benefits: 4 Single vendor solution. Varian’s GC analyzers

4 Compliant with all industry standard methods. are built and tested at Varian’s factory, as well
Be confident using Varian’s DHA Analyzers, which as installed and performance-verified on-site
are configured in accordance with all the established by Varian trained and certified engineers. Rest
standard methods including ASTM D6729, D6730, assured that our analyzers can meet or exceed your
D6733, D5134, D6623, IP 344/DHA “Front End” needs throughout the instrument’s lifetime.
and “Fast DHA”.
4 Complete and fully integrated solution. Varian
DHAAnalyzerscomecompletewitheverythingyou
need to be up and running quickly.
4 Powerful and easy-to-use analyzer. With
relatively little training, operators can generate
outstanding analysis results day after day.
4 Save time. Easily generate reports with a few
mouse clicks and reduce analysis time using “Fast
DHA”, increasing laboratory productivity.

36
 Varian GC Analysis Solutions

Detailed hydrocarbon analysis is often the preferred co-elute. Varian’s GalaxieTM Software includes a unique
technique to fully characterize petroleum streams. Peak Asymmetry Correction Algorithm to overcome this
Thetechniqueisbasedontheidentificationofindividual challenge. It accurately predicts the peak identity even if
components using high performance, high resolution there is a large concentration change. This dramatically
capillary gas chromatography. simplifies the operator’s job because a single analysis
method/retention index database can be used for widely
Software Ensures Accurate Identification different stream and concentration types.
To successfully apply gas chromatography to detailed
hydrocarbon analysis (DHA), the analyzer must be able Column overloading has
caused a retention time
to correctly identify a large number of component shift by almost 15 seconds.
peaks (many eluting very closely to one another) in a But with Galaxie’s unique
complex chromatogram. The identification is based on peakasymmetrycorrection
algorithm, the retention
a comparison of their individual retention index values time is correctly predicted
to those in a pre-established database. Therefore, it is allowing the use of a single
extremely important that the analyzer functions in a database.
highly repeatable manner. As the concentration of some
of the individual components can vary considerably from
stream to stream, the retention times for those peaks
can shift slightly. This “shift” can lead to component
misidentification, particularly with peaks that elute
extremely closely together or those that may partially

Detailed hydrocarbon analysis

C4 i-C5 C5 C6
of a C7
reformate sample. 1-Methyl-3-ethylbenzene
1-Methyl-4-ethylbenzene
2,3-Dimethylheptane 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
1-Methyl-3-ethylbenzene
C4 i-C5 C5 C6 C7 1-Methyl-2-ethylbenzene
1-Methyl-4-ethylbenzene
Toluene 2,3-Dimethylheptane 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
1-Methyl-2-ethylbenzene
Toluene
p,m-Xylene

p,m-Xylene o-Xylene
Benzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
o-Xylene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene
Benzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene
4-Ethylheptane

4-Ethylheptane
2-Methylheptane

2-Methylheptane 1,2,3,5-Tetramethylbenzene
3-Methylheptane
Propylbenzene C11
1,2,3,5-Tetramethylbenzene
3-Methylheptane
Propylbenzene C11
C8
Naphthalene
iso-Propylbenzene
C8
Naphthalene
iso-Propylbenzene C12 C13

C1 C9 C10 C12 C13

C1 C9 C10

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Min. 160

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Min. 160

37
 Varian GC Analysis Solutions

Although each DHA analyzer is configured, tested and

certified at the factory for a standard method specified
by the customer, Galaxie DHA software permits the
operator to utilize any of the other popular standard
methods as well. And, because of the outstanding
performance and flexibility of the 450-GC and Galaxie
software design, Varian is able to quickly modify the
existing methods or add new ones if required as a
result of the on-going “dynamic” industry standard
Selecting Individual Peaks and Updating the processes.
Database
GalaxieTM DHA includes a Peak Select and Database
Update function to make identification of unknown
peaks as straightforward as possible. The system
automatically provides the operator with detailed
comparative retention index information for each
“unknown” peak including a highlighted “best fit”
indicator, making it easy for the operator to determine
the ID.

Choosing a preferred standard method is easy with Galaxie.

Powerful reporting built into Varian’s DHA software

includes several report options to accommodate the
standard methods and/or to meet the customer’s
special needs. These include:

• Carbon number distribution

• PIONA report; (weight and volume percentage by
Galaxie provides an easy-to-use graphical means to select hydrocarbon group)
peaks and update the database. • Physical properties calculations; specific gravity
and molecular weight
Integrated Standard Test Methods • True distillation profile
Varian’s DHA Analyzers are compliant with the • RON/MON specification
following methods:

• ASTM D6729 • ASTM D6623

• ASTM D6730 • “Fast” DHA
• ASTM D6733 • IP 344 “Front end“
• ASTM D5134

38
 Varian GC Analysis Solutions

Choosing report options is simple.

DHA Analyzer Includes These Key Components:

• Varian 450-GC high performance gas
chromatograph equipped with:
- Split/splitless capillary injection port
- High performance capillary column (dependent
on specified method on order)
- Flame ionization detector (FID)
- Full electronic flow control (EFC) of all gases
• CP-8400 or CP-8410 automatic liquid sampler
• GalaxieTM Software for system control, data
acquisition and report generation
• Galaxie DHA application software
• Computer/monitor
• Pre-loaded standard methods
• Factory test
• Reference chromatogram
• Reference standard for use in conducting on-site
performance verification

Physical properties and detailed hydrocarbon report.

39
 Varian GC Analysis Solutions

Reduce Sample Analysis Time With “Fast DHA”

8
5
5

0 5 10 15 Min 20

0 20 40 60 Min 80

These chromatograms illustrate the decreased analysis time using the“Fast DHA”method. Chromatogram of a naphtha sample
run on a 40 m x 0.10 mm x 0.2 µm film CP-Sil PONA CB using the“Fast DHA”method (above). Chromatogram of the same sample,
but run on a 100 m x 0.25 mm ID x 0.5 µm film CP-Sil PONA CB column using standard method D6729 (under). Note reduced
analysis time from ~80 minutes to ~20 minutes; almost four-fold.

40
 Varian GC Analysis Solutions

Hydrocarbon Analysis by Group (PIONA+™)

Characterization of Engine Fuels
by Hydrocarbon Group Type

Varian’s innovative PIONA+ Analyzer provides a highly

flexible GC analysis platform to obtain comprehensive
characterization and quantitative information,
including hydrocarbon group types, oxygenates and
carbon number distribution for spark emission fuels.

Key Analyzer Capabilities:

4 Unparalleled operational flexibility. The inherent 4 A single vendor solution. All of Varian’s GC
flexibility of the analyzer’s design allows the analyzers are built and tested at our factory using
operator to conduct analyses in any one of a all Varian components. On-site installation and
number of different operational modes including performance verification is then performed by
PNA, PONA, PIONA, O-PONA and O-PIONA. Varian trained and certified engineers.
4 Compliant with industry standard methods. Due 4 A powerful analyzer yet very easy to use. Varian’s
to the outstanding operational flexibility of the high performance 450-GC, ultra-stable
analyzer, it can be utilized for any of the following columns and traps and powerful Galaxie data
established standard methods: ASTM D6839, ASTM system with built-in PIONA+ software all contribute
D6293, ASTM D5443, ASTM D1319, IP-382, IP-526, to the analyzer’s ability to generate outstanding
EN 14157, UOP 870 and DIN-51448. analysis results day after day. However, a powerful
4 A complete and fully integrated solution. Varian’s system does not necessarily have to mean that only
PIONA+ Analyzer is based on the powerful highly skilled operators are able to use it.
450-GC gas chromatograph and comes complete
with ultra high performance columns and traps, PIONA is the preferred technique today to characterize
GalaxieTM chromatography data handling software, petroleum streams by hydrocarbon group type. The
dedicated PIONA+ data analysis and report technique is based on the separation of individual
generation software, factory test/certification, hydrocarbon groups by utilizing a complex yet fully
calibration/referencestandards,PIONA+manualand automated multi-dimensional gas chromatography
on-site installation/performance verification. approach.

41
 Varian GC Analysis Solutions

Analysis Challenge Table 1a: Example of a Mass% Report.

Since the first description of PNA (hydrocarbon type) Group
group analysis in the 1980s, the “multi-dimensional” Carbon Paraffins Naphthenes Olefins Cyclic Aromatics
Number Olefins
gas chromatography based technique has gone
1 0.00
through continuous improvement and change. 2 0.00 0.00
Although the technique has evolved and is now 3 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00
4 0.91 0.00 0.09 0.00
commonly used to obtain hydrocarbon group-type 5 16.84 0.43 0.46 0.15
information for paraffins, iso-paraffins, naphthenes, 6 9.85 2.18 1.09 0.24 0.84
7 7.14 3.59 0.66 0.30 6.37
olefins, aromatics and oxygenated components (see 8 6.94 0.49 0.67 0.13 15.45
Tables 1a & 1b) by refinery laboratories worldwide, the 9 1.17 0.15 0.17 0.10 11.26
basic chromatographic selectivity required to do so has 10 0.28 0.03 0.00 0.00 3.74
Total 43.16 6.87 3.14 0.92 37.66
remained fundamentally unchanged.
BP>185 °C 1.01

Oxygenates O-content
From a gas chromatography hardware standpoint, MTBE 7.24 1.32
several different approaches have been used in the Tot.Oxygen 1.32
past, but the exchange of columns and traps within
the multi-dimensional system has always been the Table 1b: Example of Volume% Report.
most problematic aspect of the analysis. Recent Group
developments in thermal management techniques Carbon Paraffins Naphthenes Olefins Cyclic Aromatics
and mechanical interconnection devices by Varian Number Olefins
1 0.00
have enabled the development of a new class of 2 0.00 0.00
hydrocarbon group analyzer based on the 450-GC. 3 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00
4 1.17 0.00 0.11 0.00
5 20.00 0.43 0.52 0.17
The analyzer is not only fully capable of performing a 6 11.07 2.13 1.19 0.26 0.70
complete analysis as described in ASTM D6839 (and 7 7.72 3.51 0.69 0.32 5.44
8 7.30 0.47 0.69 0.14 13.19
similar methods) but provides unprecedented analysis 9 1.20 0.14 0.17 0.10 9.55
flexibility and simplified operation through the use of a 10 0.29 0.02 0.00 0.00 3.12
Total 48.80 6.70 3.37 0.99 32.00
novel approach to column/trap heating and exchange
(see Figure 1). BP>185 °C 0.89

Oxygenates
MTBE 7.24

Reduced Analysis Time and Increased Sample

Throughput Efficiency through the Use of
“Concurrent” Heating
A unique aspect of the design of the Varian 450 PIONA+
system is the ability to independently heat the individual
traps. As shown in Figure 2, when the PIONA+ system is
Figure 1. Traps are easily accessible and do not require any operated in the “normal” mode, a total analysis time of
tools to install or replace. 180 minutes is required to elute all of the component
groups.

42
 Varian GC Analysis Solutions

However, as shown in Figure 3, a reduction in total naphthene and iso-paraffin counterparts. However,
analysis time from 180 minutes to 95 minutes can be the elution integrity of the component groups remains
obtained. Such a reduction in analysis time is achieved intact with no negative influence on either naphthene
by carefully optimizing the temperature settings of the or iso-paraffin groups, (see Figure 3 inset for a close up
varioustrapsandcolumns,andindependentlyheatingthe view of the resulting elution sequence). By employing
Molsieve traps. This is referred to as“concurrent”heating. thistechnique,samplethroughputcanbenearlydoubled
This approach enables a“fast”PIONA mode, which results compared to systems that do not offer this unique
in the elution of the paraffins immediately after their capability.
Figure 2. Chromatogram
of a calibration mix in
conventional PIONA+ mode.

P6/P10 A6/A8 >200 °C C6/C12 A8/A10 >200 °C O6/O8 O6/O7

n+i +pN nP c+i n

min

Figure 3. Chromatogram
of a calibration mix using
concurrent heating in “fast”
PIONA+ mode.

C5/C11 >200 °C pN >200 °C C6/C8 A6/A10 >200 °C

N+I+P A6/A7 O+cO+iO

min

43
 Varian GC Analysis Solutions

PNA PONA PIONA O-PONA O-PIONA The Varian 450-GC PIONA+ Analyzer includes:
EN 14517 X
4 Varian 450-GC high performance gas
ASTM D6839 X x
chromatograph equipped with:
ASTM D6293 X x
- Split/splitless capillary injection port
DIN 5148-2 X x x
- Varian high performance capillary column(s)
ASTM D1319 (FIA) X x x x
(dependent on method specified at the time
DIN 5148-1 X x x x x
ASTM D5443 X x x x x
of order)
UOP 870 X x x x x - PIONA+ column/trap/valve cabinet
IP 382 X x x x x - Flame ionization detector (FID)
- Full electronic flow control (EFC) of all gases
= Compliant with Method = Reports Available - CP-8410 automatic liquid sampler

Determining Total Olefin Content is Now Practical 4 GalaxieTM data system software for system control,
The stability, sample loading and lifetime for all of the data acquisition and report generation
criticalchromatographiccomponentshavebeenimproved 4 GalaxieTM PIONA+ application software
and thoroughly optimized in the Varian 450 PIONA+ 4 Computer/monitor
Analyzer. However, the most noteworthy improvement 4 Pre-loaded standard methods
has been increasing the sample loading capacity of the 4 Factory test
“olefin” trap. As a result, it is now possible to analyze 4 Reference chromatogram
streams with olefin content as high as 35-40 % or more. 4 Reference standard for use in conducting onsite
This makes it quite practical to employ a single analytical performance verification
methodtoobtaintotalolefincontent(seeexamplereport
in Table 2).

Table 2. Example weight % report for a gasoline sample with very high olefinic content; in this case 46 % (highlighted in red).

Saturates Unsaturates
Carbon Cyclic Iso Normal Cyclic Iso Normal Aromatics Oxygenates Total
3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
4 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.03 0.54 0.00 0.00 0.64
5 0.31 11.33 2.98 0.87 9.91 7.57 0.00 0.03 32.99
6 3.17 9.95 1.40 2.40 8.58 4.40 1.72 0.04 31.67
7 4.31 6.77 0.00 2.14 4.76 1.91 7.46 0.00 27.35
8 1.42 3.12 0.00 0.39 2.06 0.00 0.07 0.00 7.05
9 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.10
10 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.13
11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total 9.23 31.17 4.43 5.93 25.36 14.46 9.29 0.07 99.93

44
 Varian GC Analysis Solutions

Oxygenates
Gasoline - ASTM D4815

The Varian 4815 GC Analyzer provides a highly cost

effective solution for the analysis of oxygenates
in gasoline, according to the widely used industry
standard method ASTM D4815. The combination of
Varian’s extremely reliable GC hardware, powerful
software and industry leading pre- and post sales
support teams make this analyzer package the most
comprehensive solution available today.

Key Benefits:
4 Optimizedforanalysisofoxygenatedcompoundsin 4 An efficient, cost-effective and time-saving
gasoline by ASTM D4815. The system is configured solution. All Varian GC analyzers not only include
and fully tested at the factory to ensure data proven GC hardware and software but are also pre-
provided is in compliance with the requirements of loaded with analysis methods and documentation
the standard method. Varian will install the system specific to the method required. Operational
and check its performance in the laboratory. procedures are fully documented.
4 An easy to use, sophisticated solution. Varian’s 4 Complete, comprehensive single vendor solution.
450-GC and Galaxie Chromatography Data Varian provides complete solutions without
Handling Software are a powerful combination and relying on third parties. The hardware, software,
key to generating reliable results. The Varian 4815 application optimization, documentation,
GC Oxgenates Analyzer yields excellent results, installation and support services are all supplied by
regardless of the operator’s skill level. Varian. This solution allows analyses to be carried
out quickly and efficiently, delivers effective
troubleshooting and gives peace of mind from one
complete, dependable, professional supplier.

45
 Varian GC Analysis Solutions

Oxygenated compounds can be present in various The analysis works as follows:

hydrocarbonmatriceseitherbecausetheywerepurposely 4 The sample is introduced to the system via the split/
added (e.g. gasoline) or because they are naturally present splitless capillary inlet, vaporized and transferred to
or formed during catalytic processes, such as polymer thefirstcolumn(TCEP;micro-packed)wherethelower
production. Ingasoline,oxgenatedcompoundsareadded boiling/non-polar components are separated from
as ‘anti-knock’ agents to increase the octane number and higher boiling/polar components. The lower
decreaseemissionsbyreplacingorgano-leadcompounds. boiling components (those eluting prior to methyl-
cyclopentane) are then flushed to the vent.
The type and concentration of oxygenated compounds 4 At a pre-determined time, the valve is switched and
must be measured in reformulated gasolines as part of the higher boiling/polar components retained on
ongoing product quality assessment, and to confirm the the first column are back-flushed onto the second
oxygenated components have been added in the correct (capillary) column (CP-Sil 5CB) which is placed in the
amounts according to regulatory requirements (e.g. analysis path. The components of interest are then
California Air Resources Board). ASTM D4815 is frequently eluted by the second column and separated based on
chosen as the standard method for the determination of individual boiling point and detected via the flame
oxygenated compounds. ionization detector (FID).

Individual ethers and alcohols are quantified in gasoline Once benzene and TAME have fully eluted, the second
including: MTBE, ETBE,TAME, DIPE, C1-C4 alcohols and tert- column is back-flushed and the remaining components
amyl alcohol. Individual ether components are measured are vented. Electronic flow control is used to increase the
from 0.1 to 20.0 mass %. The individual alcohols are column pressure to accelerate elution of the remaining
measured from 0.1 to 12.0 mass %. components as a composite peak, helping to reduce
the overall sample analysis time. See 4815 - typical
chromatogram.

4815 - Typical Chromatogram

t-Butanol

Note: Operational parameters, including

iso-Propanol

gas flows, are controlled electronically to

Ethanol

greatly simplify the analysis.

n-Propanol

tert-Amyl Alcohol
sec-Butanol

Benzene
iso-Butanol

TAME
Methanol

n-Butanol
MTBE

DIPE

c
ETBE

DME

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Min 16 18

46
 Varian GC Analysis Solutions

Calibration is performed using several concentrations Reference

of a multi-component standard mixture with varying ASTM D4815, Standard Test Method for the
measured amounts of each of the oxygenated Determination of MTBE, ETBE, TAME, DIPE, tertiary-
compound. DME (1,2-dimethoxyethane) is added Amyl Alcohol and C1 to C3 Alcohols in Gasoline by
to each of the calibration mixtures as an internal Gas Chromatography; American Society forTesting and
standard. The system automatically generates a Materials, Philadelphia, PA.
calibration curve for each analyte and computes
linearity data. The samples are analyzed, each of the
oxygenates are automatically quantified and a results
report is printed at the end of each analysis cycle, as
shown in Table 1.

Typical repeatability for analysis of 15 consecutive samples.

Total mass % oxygen report generated using Varian’s GalaxieTM custom calculation and reporting function.

Peak Area Counts per Target Analyte

Analysis Run
Number ETBE MTBE DIPE TAME Methanol Ethanol
1 1091607 1055853 1006944 2723971 2314775 4502637
2 1092548 1056604 1006333 2729622 2314607 4508744
3 1089694 1053480 1003985 2722182 2311682 4504657
4 1075404 1040368 989958 2689793 2288325 4457518
5 1094391 1057769 1008441 2737793 2327095 4521321
6 1082492 1047466 994728 2710139 2302127 4488649
7 1081258 1046027 995978 2706787 2306457 4489523
8 1086955 1051162 1001150 2721315 2321677 4505866
9 1078448 1043422 992506 2701805 2302820 4485725
10 1078209 1043115 992645 2703248 2310069 4485939
11 1097805 1058447 1011330 2745709 2361642 4548321
12 1095479 1058130 1009374 2741334 2344727 4540612
13 1074047 1039164 989716 2691657 2292032 4450770
14 1070283 1035161 984098 2677596 2294149 4452828
15 1074517 1035223 988866 2695103 2292921 4452076
Mean
Area Count 1084209.133 1048092.733 998403.4667 2713203.6 2312340.333 4493012.4
Std. Dev. 8971.9 8435.5 8833.6 20479.8 20227.0 30748.1
RSD (%) 0.83 0.80 0.88 0.75 0.87 0.68

47
 Varian GC Analysis Solutions

GalaxieTM Hydrocarbon Report ASTM D4815

Automatic
Sampler
System: 103241 Acquired: 21/9/2006 09:08:36
Method: 103241_astm4815 Processed: 10/10/2007 09:54:31
Carrier in User: Bill Macpherson Printed: 10/10/2007 09:57:49
via EFC
Capillary
Inlet Sample Description: N/A
Split Vent Chromatogram: 103241_astm4815_21-9-2006 9_07_01_
141_channel1
Column B - TCEP

t-Butanol
Aux EFC

iso-Propanol
Flow in

Ethanol

n-Propanol

tert-Amyl Alcohol
sec-Butanol

Benzene
iso-Butanol

TAME
Methanol

n-Butanol
Vent 1
Column A -

MTBE
CP-Sil 5CB

DIPE
c

ETBE

DME
NV-1
High Temperature

Flame Out Buffer 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Min 16

Peak Report
Time Area Quantity Volume
Index (Min) Name (μV.Sec) (g/L) (%)
FID 1 2.88 Methanol 13281183.2 7.30 7.76
2 3.39 Ethanol 21207159.1 7.30 7.79
3 3.91 Isopropanol 23693528.8 7.30 7.83
The 4815 utilizes Varian’s 450-GC system.
4 4.40 tert-Butanol 33903279.7 7.20 7.70
5 5.02 n-Propanol 28492571.8 7.30 7.65
6 5.65 MTBE 15176064.0 4.00 4.54
7 6.24 Sec-Butanol 29684299.4 7.30 7.62
8 6.72 DIPE 16193644.0 4.00 4.65
9 7.22 i-Butanol 33914281.2 7.30 7.67
10 7.46 ETBE 16477060.7 3.90 4.43
11 7.87 tert-Pentano 36553240.2 7.20 7.46
12 8.38 DME 2192221.0 5.99 5.82
13 8.93 n-Butanol 31759056.6 7.29 7.59
14 9.25 Benzene 32670524.5 5.00 3.53
15 10.36 TAME 31550613.7 7.30 7.97
Total 376748727.8 95.67 100.00

Total mass % oxygen report generated using Varian’s Galaxie

custom calculation and reporting function.

48
 Varian GC Analysis Solutions

Gasoline - Alcohol and Ethers (Gasohol)

Varian offers a range of GC analyzers to measure

oxygenates in various hydrocarbon streams. Varian’s
Gasohol Analyzer provides refineries with the ability
to optimize gasoline production by measuring alcohol
and ether content more rapidly and with increased
confidence.

Key Benefits:
4 The ideal choice for the analysis of oxygenated 4 Dual mode operation. Varian’s Gasohol Analyzer has
additives in gasoline. The Varian Gasohol Analyzer two modes of operation. The wide range mode
is a‘turnkey’solution for the analysis of oxygenated measures ethers (MTBE, TAME) and all C1 to C4
additives in gasoline. All operational parameters alcohols with BP up to 100 °C and is most suitable
including gas flows are tuned and set at the factory for gasoline with low olefinic content.
and the system is shipped with the actual method. The ‘MTBE’ mode is more suitable for highly
The analyzer is suited to the analysis of ethers and olefinic gasoline with optimized separation of
alcohols in gasolines and light naphtha. MTBE and low boiling oxygenates.
4 A comprehensive, single vendor solution. Varian 4 Unrivalled repeatability and retention times.
provides complete solutions without the use of By using either the 8400 or 8410 automatic liquid
third parties. The hardware, software, application samplers, not only is a high degree of run-to-run
optimization, documentation, installation and repeatability obtained but also high sample analysis
performance verification are all provided byVarian, throughput to keep up with the demands placed on
offering an all inclusive and convenient analysis today’s refinery laboratory.
solution.
4 Based on outstanding hardware, software and
column technology. The Gasohol Analyzer
incorporates Varian’s popular 450-GC, GalaxieTM
data handling software and its advanced capillary
column technology in a system that is very powerful
but extremely easy to use.

49
 Varian GC Analysis Solutions

Figure 1 depicts a separation of alcohols and ethers Accuracy: The methods either use external or
in high olefinic gasoline. By operating the Gasohol internal standard calibration. Internal standard is
Analyzer in wide range mode, the ethers (MTBE, TAME) recommended (1,4 dioxane or MEK may be used as
and all C1-C4 alcohols are determined. However, when internal standard). Therefore, analytical accuracy is
utilizing the MTBE mode, MTBE and lower boiling point related to the accuracy and quality of the calibration
oxygenates (with the exception of TAME and 1-butanol) standard sample and the repeatability of the analyzer.
can be determined.
Repeatability: Retention time repeatability is typically
Specifications: better than 0.03 mins. RSD (using an automatic liquid
Analysis Time: Up to 20 minutes. sampler) and peak area count repeatability typically 2 %
RSD or better at 1 % concentration level.
Minimum Detectability: Typically 100 ppm per
component. Hardware Configuration:
- Single channel, multi-dimensional, capillary column
Dynamic Range: 106. Please note, due to the possibility configuration, based on the 450 chromatograph
of column overload, the maximum concentration for - Injector: split/splitless capillary injector
individual oxygenated components is limited to 30 %. - Detection: Flame Ionization Detector (FID)
For critical separations at extremely high levels, some - Full Electronic Flow Control (EFC)
loss in peak resolution can be expected. - CP-8400 or CP-8410 Autosampler (highly
recommended)

Figure 1. Separation of alcohols and ethers in high olefinic gasoline.

Peak Identification
1. Cyclo-Hexane 8. MEK (normally used
2. MTBE as Internal Standard)
3. TAME 9. 2-Butanol 2
4. Methanol 10. 1-Propanol 5 11
8
5. t-Butanol 11. iso-Butanol 6 9 10
4 7
6. iso-Propanol 12. 1-Butanol
7. Ethanol
MTBE mode

1
2
3 5 8
6 9 10 11
4 7
12

Wide range mode

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
min

50
 Varian GC Analysis Solutions

Low Level Oxygenates (LOWOX)

The determination of sub to high ppm levels of

ethers, alcohols, aldehydes and ketones in different
hydrocarbon matrices is a recurring challenge in the
petroleum refining and petrochemical industry.
The Varian Low Level Oxygenates Analyzer is an easy to
use ‘turnkey’ solution to meet this analysis challenge.

Key Benefits:
4 Factory optimized to ensure excellent analysis 4 A cost effective, time-saving solution. All Varian
results. The system is configured, optimized GC analyzers not only include proven GC hardware
and tested at the factory to analyze oxygenated and software but are also pre-loaded with analysis
components at concentrations as low as 100 ppb in methods and documentation specific to the
streams with a final boiling point of up to method required. All operational procedures are
250 °C and no interference from the hydrocarbon fully documented.
matrix. An optimized system for the analysis of 4 A comprehensive, single vendor solution. Varian is
oxygenates at trace level. the only GC supplier to provide complete solutions
4 A powerful GC solution, yet extremely easy to without relying on third parties. The hardware,
operate.The 450-GC and GalaxieTM Chromatography software,applicationoptimization,documentation,
Data Handling Software from Varian, is a very installation and support services are all provided by
powerful combination and is key to the system’s Varian, allowing analysis to be carried out quickly
ability to generate reliable results. The system can and efficiently by one dependable supplier.
be used sucessfully without a high level of operator
skill.
4 A flexible, economical analysis solution. The
analysis system is configured to accommodate gas,
liquid and liquified petroleum gas (LPG) streams.
With both a gas and a liquid sampling valve, both
substances can be analyzed by any hardware
reconfiguration.

51
 Varian GC Analysis Solutions

Introduction An optional ‘pressure station’ can be added to eliminate

Oxygenated compounds can be present in hydrocarbon the possibility of losing sample due to evaporation when
streams for a variety of reasons. For example, methanol analyzing LPG.
is added to crude oil to reduce the formation of hydrates
during transportation and storage. Unfortunately, the The450-GCiscontrolledviatheGalaxieTMChromatography
presenceofmethanolindownstreamoperationsishighly Data Handling Software from Varian, which acquires data,
problematic. processes it and generates analyses reports.

Clean-up processes like hydro-treating are used in an The gas or liquid sample is injected via a gas or liquid
attempt to remove oxygenated compounds. However, sampling valve onto the first of two columns (CP-Sil 5CB
even at trace levels (sub ppm), oxygenates quickly and Lowox™). A fluidic switch is positioned between
degrade or destroy expensive process catalysts (e.g. the two columns. The ‘lighter’ fraction (containing the
polymer production). oxygenates) is separated from the rest of the stream
components on the CP-Sil 5CB column.
Although there are a number of industry standard
methods for the analysis of oxygenated compounds in The ‘heavier’ components are then back-flushed to
use today (ASTM D4815 or D5599, EN 13132 or 1601 vent. The fraction containing the ‘lighter’ components
and DIN 51413-7), none are suitable for the analysis of is transferred onto the second column (Lowox) using the
oxygenates at sub ppm levels. To meet this need, Varian fluidic switch. The Lowox column is used to separate
has developed the Low Level Oxygenates Analyzer. the individual oxygenated components from the bulk
hydrocarbons.TheLowoxcolumnwasspeciallydeveloped
Analyzer Overview by Varian in the 1990s for the trace analysis of oxygenates
The Varian Low Level Oxygenates Analyzer is designed in hydrocarbon streams. It offers unequalled selectivity for
and optimized to quantify ppm and sub ppm levels oxygenated compounds.
of ethers (e.g. DME, MTBE, ETBE, DIPE), alcohols (e.g.
methanol, ethanol, propanol), ketones (e.g. acetone, Due to its high selectivity, large amounts of sample can
MEK) and aldehydes in various hydrocarbon matrices. be introduced onto the Lowox column which, through the
use of the sensitive FID, enables the system to achieve the
In general, all oxygenated components with a boiling required low detection levels for oxygenated compounds.
point of up to 100 °C can be analyzed. The sample can
be a gas, LPG or liquid under ambient conditions with a
final boiling point up to 250 °C.

The system comprises aVarian 450-GC configured with

gas and liquid sampling valves, two high performance
capillary analysis columns, digitally controlled The analyzer includes
both gas and liquid
pneumatics including a ‘fluidic’ switch and Flame sample valves for
Ionization Detector (FID). maximum flexibility.

52
 Varian GC Analysis Solutions

A typical chromatogram showing a wide range analysis of a liquid sample stream

75000
18
70000

65000

60000 7
3
55000 4

8
50000

45000
17
40000
19
35000

30000
5
25000

1 15
20000
12
16
15000
9 10
10000 13
14
6
5000 2
11
0

-5000

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
Min

Calibration is performed using several concentrations Peak Identification

of a multi-component standard mixture with varying 1. Diethylether 11. Methanol
2. Acetaldehyde 12. Acetone
known/measured amounts of each oxygenated
3. Ethyl tert. Butyl ether 13. Isovaleraldehyde
compound. The system automatically generates a 4. Methyl pert. Butyl ether 14. Valeraldehyde
calibration curve for each analyte. The samples are 5. Diisopropylether 15. 2-Butanone
analyzed, each of the oxygenates are automatically 6. Propanal 16. Ethanol
7. Tert. amyl methyl ether 17. 1-Propanol
quantified and a report of the results is printed at
8. Propylether 18. Tert. butanol
the end of each analysis cycle. (Typical performance 9. Isobutyraldehyde 2-Methyl 1-propanol
results are depicted in Table 1.) 10. Butyraldehyde 19. 1-Butanol

Typical chromatogram showing a MTBE range analysis of

4 a gas stream
102000 18

92000

82000 1

72000 9

62000

17
52000 15

42000
10 12
6
16
32000

22000
11
12000 2

2000

-8000

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
Min

53
 Varian GC Analysis Solutions

Table 1. Typical repeatability in the analysis of oxygenates in a gas stream.

ETBE MTBE Methanol Aceton MEK Ethanol 1-Propanol
Run 1 579554 490771 59388 224339 338840 129250 224083
Run 2 578838 491908 59310 224407 339195 129779 225111
Run 3 585890 481217 60135 225063 340116 131457 227596
Run 4 579313 491673 59663 224583 339338 130075 225695
Run 5 578500 492449 59897 224743 339606 131011 227058
Run 6 577796 493989 59766 224583 339482 130628 226651
Run 7 579844 490743 59879 224593 339622 130645 226309
Run 8 580253 487207 59800 224570 339470 130874 226918
Run 9 580592 484805 59856 224539 339556 130808 226284
Run 10 578693 487272 59946 224530 339893 131131 226630
N 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Mean 579927 489203 59764 224595 339512 130566 226234
Std. Dev. 2142.60 3775.30 238.60 187.10 334.20 637.80 975.60
RSD % 0.37 0.77 0.40 0.08 0.10 0.49 0.43

Table 2. Typical analyzer performance.

Minimum Detection Level 100 ppb/Weight
System Linearity 100 ppb to 500 ppm
Typical RSD % For gas streams; < 2 % for MTBE, methanol and ethanol.
For liquid streams; < 2.5 % for MTBE, methanol and ethanol.

54
 Varian GC Analysis Solutions

Natural Gas Analysis

A Family of Optimized GC Solutions

Natural gas is bought and sold as a bulk commodity

with price based on its energy content. It is very
important for all stakeholders in the natural gas
supply and consumer chain to accurately determine
the heating value of their streams. Varian offers a full
range of GC based solutions for the analysis of natural
gas. The analyzer family is designed to offer superior
results through the use of industry proven hardware,
software, optimized columns and consumables, and
is backed by a team of global sales and support
specialists.

Key Benefits
4 A complete range of natural gas analysis (NGA) 4 Completely autonomous operation. The 4900 Micro-
solutions. Varian offers many different NGA gas GC PRO has unique In Board Data Handling (IBDH)
chromatography analyzers to meet the broadest software, allowing ‘energy meter’ measurements
range of stream sample types and throughput needs, to be obtained around the clock in a wide variety
whether the analysis is conducted in a laboratory, of environments without the need for operator
at-line or in the field. intervention.
4 Easy to operate, powerful GC solutions. Varian’s 4 Operational procedures are fully documented. All
450-GC or 4900 Micro-GC both with GalaxieTM Varian NGA analyzers not only incorporate proven
Chromatography Data Handling Software form a GC hardware and software, but arrive with the
powerful analysis combination and do not require a pre-loaded analysis method(s) and documentation
high degree of skill to be used successfully. specific to the application.
4 Complete, comprehensive single vendor solution. 4 Flexibility to analyze natural gas, liquified petroleum
Varian provides complete solutions without relying gas or natural gas liquids (NGL). Varian’s 450-GC
on third parties. The hardware, software, columns, based NGA analyzers can be configured to measure
applicationoptimization,documentation,installation the composition of LPG or NGL streams through
and support services are all supplied by Varian. This the use of specialized sample conditioners, ensuring
solution allows analyses to be carried out quickly sample integrity is consistently maintained.
andefficiently,deliverseffectivetroubleshootingand
givespeaceofmindfromonecomplete,dependable,
professional supplier.

55
 Varian GC Analysis Solutions

Basic NGA (System A)

This is the simplest of all available natural gas analysis
systems. As shown in the diagram to the right, the system
employs a single valve column designed for simplicity, a
Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD) and
Flame Ionization Detector (FID). The TCD is used for
the determination of O2, N2, CH4, CO2 and hydrocarbons,
whiletheFID,connectedinseries,determineshydrocarbons
in low concentrations, i.e. C3-C5 and C6+ back-flushed
grouping peak (late back-flush).
A single unheated 4 port Liquid Sampling Valve (LSV) is
available for LPG type samples.

NGA/Natural Gas Liquids (System B)

The Varian 450-GC based Natural Gas Analyzer This system is optimized to analyze natural gas or de-
methanized hydrocarbon matrices. For natural gas, the
Overview components of interest are typically: oxygen, nitrogen,
Gas chromatography offers a proven means to carbon dioxide, methane, ethane, propane, butane, iso-
determine the composition and heating value of natural butane, pentane, hydrogen sulfide, and C6+ as a composite
gas and related streams quickly and cost effectively. peak. For de-menthanized streams (natural gas liquids),
Varian’s natural gas analyzers (NGAs) are standard the components of interest are typically carbon dioxide,
‘turnkey’ systems pre-configured and tuned at the ethane, propane, butane, iso-pentane, hexane and C7+ as a
factory to ensure their compliance with standard composite peak.
methods used to determine the heating value of natural
gases and related streams. They can also be specially The system is configured with a 10 and 12 port valve
configured to determine other components of interest (third; liquid sampling valve is added if liquid streams are
(e.g. sulfur compounds), to ensure the suitability to be analyzed) and three analysis columns connected to
for use in downstream processes. The analyzers are TCD and FID detectors (see diagram on next page). The
based on either the Varian 450-GC or 4900 Micro-GC systemsimultaneouslyinjectsthestreamontotwocolumn
gas chromatograph platforms and Varian’s GalaxieTM systems: MolSieve column for the determination of O2 and
Chromatography Software. All systems employ a N2 without the use of coolants, and short/long DC 200/500
provenandoptimizedmulti-channel/multi-dimensional for the analysis of hydrocarbons and CO2. The DC 200/500
approach to determine the heating/calorific value of columns are set up for early back-flush, which optimizes
natural gas, as well as quantify individual components. sensitivity while reducing run time (from 25 minutes using
the‘A’configuration, to less than 15 minutes). An example
Varian offers several NGA systems to meet the widest chromatogram is shown on the next page. An automated
range of analysis needs: 4 port LSV is available for LPG samples.

56
 Varian GC Analysis Solutions

Chromatogram of natural gas sample from System configuration schematic for

‘System A’ TCD Channel. Natural Gas Analyzer ‘B’.
2
Sample OUT
Sample IN
1.1. Oxygen
Air
2. Methane Sample loop
2.3.4. Methane
Carbon dioxide Helium
Ethane flow
3.6.5. Carbon dioxide
Hydrogen Sulfide
Propane
OPTIONAL 1
4.7.8. Ethane
iButane
nButane
10
2
1 9. iPentane Liquid sample OUT W 9
5.10.Hydrogen
nPentane sulfide LSV - FILL V-1 3
11. nHexane 8
6. Propane Liquid sample IN S
7
4

7. i-Butane P C 6 5

8. n-Butane Helium
flow
4
9. i-Pentane Sample loop
6
10. n-Pentane
7 8 Column A
11. n-Hexane
Molesieve 13 X
3

5 9 10 11
12 1
2
11 Vent
3
10
Min V-2 Digital
4
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 9
Flow Controller
8 5

Column B - DC - 200/500 Chrom.

7 6

Column C - DC-200/500 Chrom.

System configuration schematic diagram
for Natural Gas Analyzer ‘A’.

Carrier gas 1 IN
Packed Injection
Port Flame Out
Sample loop Buffer
Sample IN
V-2
Sample OUT
FID TCD
1
8
2
7
V-1
3
6
Chromatogram of natural gas samples from ‘System B’
4
5 TCD channel. Note separation of oxygen and nitrogen.
3 5
1. Oxygen
Flame Out
2. Nitrogen
Hayesep Column 2
Buffer 3. Methane
4. C6+ composite
7
5. Methane
6. Carbon dioxide
7. Ethane
8. Hydrogen sulfide
9. Propane
TCD Reference
9 10. i-Butane
1 11. n-Butane
12. i-Pentane
6 11
TCD FID 10 13. n-Pentane
4 13
8 12

Min
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

57
 Varian GC Analysis Solutions

NGA/Natural Gas Liquids - Extended Analysis Chromatogram showing natural gas sample from
(System C) ‘System C’ FID channel. Note individual separation
This system is specifically designed to analyze ‘rich’ of C6+ components.
natural gas or natural gas liquid streams by offering 1
the ability to separate all hydrocarbon components 2
3
up to C16. Like System B, it is able to separate and
quantify oxygen and nitrogen, as well as measure 5
6
hydrogen sulfide down to ~100 ppm.

The system is configured with a 14 port valve and

6 port valve. The 14 port valve enables the system 8
12
to introduce the sample stream simultaneously to 7
9 11 13
16 17
three independent columns with automated detector 4
10
18 20
14
switching which provides high sensitivity detection of 15 19 21

all components of interest. The valves are installed 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Min. 8

in the multi-valve oven for flexible operation of the

conventional column oven. Two of the sample paths Peak Identification
1. Propane 9. Methylcyclopentane 17. m- + p-Xylene
flow onto MolSieve and porous polymer columns to 2. iso-Butane 10. Benzene 18. o-Xylene
separate oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide, ethane, 3. n-Butane 11. Cyclohexane 19. n-Nonane
4. neo-Pentane 12. 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 20. 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
methane, ethane and H2S and the other via a ‘splitter’ 5. iso-Pentane 13. n-Heptane 21. n-Decane
onto a high performance CP-Sil 5CB capillary column 6. n-Pentane 14. Toluene
7. Cyclopentane 15. n-Octane
to separate the hydrogen components up through 8. n-Hexane 16. Ethylbenzene
C16. The 6 port valve is used to direct the separated
components fraction to the
TCD detector while components System schematic for Natural Gas Analyzer ‘C’.
remaining on the MolSieve column Gas sample OUT
Gas sample IN
are flushed to vent. If natural gas liquids Helium flow IN
Helium
flow in
are to be analyzed, a third valve, Liquid sample
IN LSV
Sample loop 250 µL
Sample loop 250 µL

(liquid sampling) is added to the V-1 P C 14 1 2

3
Liquid sample W S 13
12
4

configuration described above. OUT V -1

5
11
S W 6
10
C 7

An automated dual unheated LSV is

P 9 8

available for injection of LPG samples. Helium flow

IN

Sample loop Capillary

Injection
Column A - ‘Delay’ Split vent
1 Port
6
Column C Molesieve

Column D - CP-Sil 5CB

Column B - Hayesep P V -2
5
3
13 X

Vent 1

TCD FID

TCD Reference

58
 Varian GC Analysis Solutions

The Micro-GC PRO is also available, utilizing built-in

‘In Board Data Handling’ (IBDH) software to analyze
the natural gas and provide all key parameters (ISO
6976, ASTM D3588 and GPA 2172) around the clock in
a fully autonomous manner.

The 4900 Micro-GC requires no intervention and

provides the fastest analysis available, without the
need for local operators.

Natural Gas Report - ‘System C’ generated using Varian’s

GalaxieTM Chromatography Data Software.

4900 Micro-GC NGA: the fastest, smallest and

easiest to use system The diminutive 4900 Micro-GC with its multi-channel
capability.
The design of the 4900 Micro-GC with its
1-4 channel architecture utilizes Micro-Electrical
Mechanical (MEMS) components (injector and TCD)
and ‘micro-columns’ making it the perfect choice for
very fast analysis cycle times (typically less than 60
seconds). It has a very small instrument footprint, the
ability to perform measurements in non-traditional
(remote) environments and operational simplicity.

The Micro-GC is available with Varian’s powerful

Galaxie Data Handling Software for comprehensive
instrument control and the ability to generate
customized calculations and reports.

The 4900 Micro-GC PRO with its embedded in-board data

handling capability and available‘Energy Meter’software and
LCD display.

59
 Varian GC Analysis Solutions

Chromatogram showing natural gas from Micro-GC Chromatogram showing ‘extended’ natural gas
‘fixed gas channel’. analysis from Micro-GC hydrocarbon channel.

Propane
Methane

iButane

Butane

Nitrogen iPentane

CO2 Pentane Hexane

Ethane

Sec 0 30 60 90 120 150 Sec 180

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Sulfur components in Natural Gas The Micro-GC, with its miniaturized TCD can detect
There are several methods specifically used for the naturally occuring sulfur components (e.g. H2S, COS,
analysis of sulfur components in natural gas, e.g. ASTM as well as sulfur additives - oderants). However, the
D5504, ASTM D6228. Varian’s 450-GC based natural TCD detector is generally unable to measure sulfur
gas system configurations can be modified to analyze components < 25 ppm. Through the addition of the
sulfur components through the addition of an extra, optional Differential Mobility Detector (DMD), the
fully inert channel, dedicated for the determination of detection level is lowered by as much as 10 times or
low level sulfur components only. This sulfur channel greater, making low ppm measurements possible. As
will be equipped with a sulfur specific detector such as the DMD is selectively ‘tunable’ for target compounds,
the Pulsed Flame Photometric Detector (PFPD) or Sulfur analyses can be performed easily despite possible
Chemiluminescence Detector (SCD). Systems can also interferences from non-target compounds.
be configured and tested exclusively for the analysis
of sulfur components as per standard methods, or MES

enterprise specific requirements.

THT

TBM
MeSH

EtSH

H2S
H2S COS

CH3SH
CH3CH2SH

TBM

Min
0 4 8 12 16 20 Min 24 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2

Detection of trace level sulfur components using the 450-GC, The analysis of various mercaptans at 5 ppm (v/v).
specially treated with UltiMetalTM surface deactivation and
Pulsed Flame Photometric Detector (PFPD).

60
 Varian GC Analysis Solutions

Varian Base Natural Gas Analysis Systems

4900
450-GC 450-GC 450-GC 4900 Micro-GC
Analyzer Characteristic System ‘A’ System ‘B’ System ‘C’ Micro-GC PRO
Gas Components Measured
O2, N2, CO2, CH4 YES YES YES YES YES
Ethane,Propane,Butane,Iso-butane,Neo-pentane,
YES YES YES YES YES
Pentane, Iso-pentane
C6+ as a composite peak YES YES YES YES YES
C7+ as a composite peak YES YES YES YES YES
O2/N2 Separation YES (1)
YES YES YES (2)
YES(2)
He/H2 Separation NO YES (3)
YES (3)
NO NO
Max. hydrocarbon number speciated C6 C7 C16 C10 C10
LPG YES(4) YES(4) YES(4) YES(5) YES(5)
De-methanized natural gas / natural gas liquids NO YES YES Not Not
Recommended Recommended
Typical analysis to analysis repeatability % RSD <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0
Analysis time 30 min 14 min 15-20 min <60 seconds <60 seconds
Standard Gas Methods
IP-345 YES
GPA 2172 YES
GPA 2177 YES
GPA 2261 YES
GPA 2286 YES YES YES YES
GPA 2186 YES YES
ISO 6974 Contact Varian, several configuration possibilities
ISO 6976 Contact Varian, several configuration possibilities
ASTM D5504 YES(6)
ASTM D6228 YES(6)
GOST-22667 YES

Notes:
(1)
Requires liquid nitrogen or liquid CO2 oven cooling (4)
Requires LSV to be additionally installed
(2)
Requires 3rd dedicated channel (5)
Requires use of ‘Micro-Gasifier’
(3)
Requires additional channel including valve, (6)
This method is specifically for sulfur components in
columns and TCD natural gas, therefore, a sulfur selective detector must be
used such as a PFPD or SCD.

61
 Varian GC Analysis Solutions

Biodiesel Analysis
A Family of Comprehensive Solutions

Biodiesel is one of the most promising alternative fuel

sources available today. Unlike conventional diesel
fuel derived from crude oil, biodiesel comes from
vegetable oils and animal fats. Compared to its fossil
fuel based counterpart, biodiesel is safe, renewable,
biodegradable,cleanerburningandiscompatiblewith
today’s diesel engines. However, like its petroleum
based counterpart, biodiesel can present a significant
analysis challenge.

Key Benefits
4 Extremely powerful, easy to use analysis solutions. It is therefore possible to conduct more than one
Varian’s flexible 450-GC or single channel standard GC analysis method, on a single system
430-GCandGalaxieTMChromatographyDataHandling without the need for any hardware reconfiguration or
Software,combinedwithabroadrangeofapplication lengthy start up/equilibration times.
optimized columns and comsumables, provides the 4 A broad range of application optimized consumables
analytical power needed to perform all biodiesel columns specifically designed for biodiesel analysis
analysismethodsandensuresthatconductingthemis and long life time. All consumables included in these
simple and straightforward. biodiesel analysis solutions have been carefully
4 A complete range of GC based biodiesel solutions. selected to ensure both high performance and
Varian offers comprehensive solutions for the reliability. Furthermore, a range of high performance
analysisofbiodieselbygaschromatographybasedon capillary columns has been developed specifically for
‘standard’methods.Theseinclude:EN-14105(freeand biodiesel applications, including the unique Varian
total glycerol, mono, di and tri-glycerides content), SelectTM Biodiesel Glycerides metal column, which
EN-14103 (total FAME and linolenic acid methyl providessuperiorseparationperformance,extremely
esters), EN14106 (free glycerol), EN-14110 (residual lowphasebleedperformanceandunequalledcolumn
methanol) and ASTM-6584 (free and total glycerin). lifetime.
4 Outstanding multi-channel flexibility of the 450-GC. 4 Complete, comprehensive single vendor solution.
Depending on your analysis and throughput Varian provides complete solutions without relying
requirements, two or more standard methods can be on third parties. The hardware, software, columns,
accommodated with a single 450-GC system. Both applicationoptimization,documentation,installation
an automated liquid and headspace sampler can be and support services are all supplied by Varian. This
installed on a single 450-GC. solution allows analysis to be carried out quickly and
efficiently, delivers effective troubleshooting and
gives peace of mind from one complete, dependable,
professional supplier.

62
 Varian GC Analysis Solutions

Introduction for either of these methods, a severe reduction in

There are a variety of ways to determine biodiesel useful column lifetime occurs as a result. This is due to
compositionandquality. BothASTM(AmericanStandard structural failure of the fused silica column coating itself,
and Testing Methods) and CEN (Comite Europeen leading to‘shattering’. To combat this problem,Varian has
de Normalisation) have implemented methods to developed a new, specifically designed capillary column:
characterize biodiesel and ensure it conforms to their SelectTM Biodiesel. The column is constructed using high
standard specifications: EN-14214 or ASTM D6751. tensile strength metal to eliminate the possibility of
Of all biodiesel standard methods in use today, those column failure. Like all Varian’s line of high performance
employing GC are the most commonly used. These capillary columns, phase bleed is extremely low and
methods are listed and summarized below. separation efficiency is maximized. Furthermore, the
column is extremely easy to install because it has the
Analysis of Free Glycerine and Total Glycerol; retention gap pre-coupled and is thoroughly leak tested
EN-14105, ASTM D6584 at the factory.
The analysis of glycerine in biodiesel is extremely
important because excessive amounts can make long
term storage problematic, or cause the formation of
unwanted deposits, leading to injector fouling and
accelerated engine wear. The analysis of free glycerine
and total glycerol requires the use of on-column
injection with a high resolution capillary column
operated at a very high temperature (> 350 °C).
Although there are several factors which can negatively
impact the performance of a GC, the most significant
associated with these particular methods is stress placed
on the capillary column as it is subjected to repetitive high
TheVarian450-GCandGalaxieTM chromatographyworkstation
temperature thermal cycling of the oven. team to provide a powerful analysis platform for biodiesel
If conventional fused silica capillary columns are used analysis by GC.

Summary of Varian GC based biodiesel analysis solutions.

Standard Method Analytes Injector Type Recommended Varian GC Time per Analysis

ASTM D 6584 Free & total Glycerine On-Column 450-GC 32 mins

EN-14103 Ester & linoleic acid Split / Splitless 450-GC or 430-GC 30 mins
methyl esters
EN-14105 Free and total Glycerine & On-Column 450-GC 35 mins
Mono, Di & Tri-glycerides
EN-14106 Free Glycerol Split / Splitless 450-GC or 430-GC 10 mins

EN-14110 Methanol Headspace with Split / 450-GC or 430-GC 10 mins

Splitless

63
 Varian GC Analysis Solutions

Purification Methanol Quality Methyl

Catalyst Recovery Control Ester
Catalyst
Mixing
Methanol
Pharmaceutical
Grade Glycerine
Recycled
Methanol
Vegetable
Oil, Cooking Crude Glycerine
Oils, Animal Transesterification Biodiesel Purification
Fats

Neutralizing Neutral- Phase Reneutral- Methanol Crude

Acid ization Separation ization Recovery Glycerine

Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) are created from feedstock, e.g. vegetable oils, animal fat and palm oil,
via the ‘transesterifcation’ process.

Chromatogram of B-100 biodiesel obtained via EN-14105 method

1150000.0 400
o
C
C 18:0 C 18:1 C 18:2
C 16:0

1050000.0
350

1. Glycerol 300
C 20:0 C 20:1

950000.0
2. Butanetriol IS1
3.Monoacylglycerides
250
4. Tricaprin IS2
850000.0
5. Diacylglycerides
6. Tricylglycerides 200
C 24:0 C 24:1

4
C 22:0 C 22:1

750000.0

150

650000.0
3 100
2
1 3 5 6
550000.0
3
50

450000.0 0
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0
Time (min)

64
 Varian GC Analysis Solutions
0.044

SelectTM Biodiesel Glycerides column for robust, 0.043

0.042
Glycerol
Avg. 0.0394 % (m/m) RSD 0.070 %

superior performance 0.041

0.040

% (m/m)
0.039

The structural integrity of the column at very high 0.038

0.037

temperatures is not the only measure of operational 0.036

0.035

robustness. The column must also provide reproducible 0.950

0.900
results (see Figure 1). Varian’s unique Select Biodiesel 0.850
Monoglycerides
Avg. 0.790 % (m/m) RSD 0.65 %

% (m/m)
Glycerides columns have been specially deactivated 0.800

0.750

using a proprietary process, and coated with an ultra 0.700

stable stationary phase. They are optimized specifically 0.650

0.170

for the analysis of the glycerol and glycerides content of 0.165 Diglycerides
Avg. 0.155 % (m/m) RSD 1.58 %

biodiesel according to ASTM D6584 (15 M column) and

0.160

% (m/m)
0.155

EN-14105 (10 M column length). Figure 1 compares 0.150

0.145

where the bleed of the Select Biodiesel Glycerides 0.140

column was with an available ‘high performance/low 0.640

0.590 Triglycerides
bleed’ fused silica capillary column. It is also important Avg. 0.520 % (m/m) RSD 0.86 %

% (m/m)
0.540

to note that due to thermal cycling in the GC oven, the 0.490

coating on the fused silica column deteriorated after 52 0.440

0.390
hours, leading to catastrophic failure, while the Select 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Injection Number
column was producing consistent high performance
Figure 1. Typical repeatability results of 13 sequential
after nearly 700 hours of continuous operation. injections of a spiked biodiesel sample using an UltiMetalTM
Glycerides column. Yellow lines represent the maximum
variation allowed using the EN-14105 method.
30.0
Bleedlevel [pA]

25.0

20.0 Fused silica column

disintegrated after UltiMetal columns at 400 °C
15.0 52 hrs at 400 °C. show excellent stability,
reproducibility (n=3) and
10.0
outstanding structural
stability, compared to fused
silica columns.
5.0

0.0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Time @ 400°C [hrs]

Select Biodiesel Glycerides column with 0.53 mm ID retention Phase bleed comparison between Varian Select Biodiesel
gap to facilitate automated on-column injection; each column Glycerides column and conventional ‘ultra low bleed’ fused
is pre-coupled and leak tested prior to shipment. silica column.

65
 Varian GC Analysis Solutions

Description ASTM EN-14103 EN-14105 EN-14106 EN-14110

D 6584
Free and total Ester and Linoleic Free and total Free Glycerol Methanol
glycerine acid methyl esters glycerine and
Mono, Di and
Tri-glycerides
GC Columns
Select™ Biodiesel for Glycerides UltiMetal™, CP9078
15 m x 0.32 mm x 0.1 µm + 2 m x 0.53 mm ID retention gap
Select™ Biodiesel for Glycerides UltiMetal™, CP9079
15 m x 0.32 mm x 0.1 µm
Select™ Biodiesel for Glycerides UltiMetal™, CP9076
10 m x 0.32 mm x 0.1µm + 2 m x 0.53 mm ID retention gap
Select™ Biodiesel for Glycerides UltiMetal™, CP9077
10 m x 0.32 mm x 0.1µm
Select™ Biodiesel for FAME Fused Silica, CP9080
30 m x 0.32 mm x 0.25 µm
Select™ Biodiesel for Methanol Fused Silica, CP9083
30 m x 0.32 mm x 3.0 µm
CP-PoraPLOT® Q, 10 m x 0.32 mm x 10 µm CP7550
UltiMetal Column Accessories
UltiMetal™ retention gap methyl deactivated, 2 m x 0.53 mm ID CP6530 CP6530
UltiMetal™ tube cutter CP8099 CP8099
Replacement blade for UltiMetal™ tube cutter CP736832 CP736832
End straightener for UltiMetal™ tubing CP8098 CP8098
Column Connectors for Retention Gap / Pre-column
High temperature column connector ID = 0.5 mm CP4795 CP4795
Ferrules for HT column connector graphite for CP4733 CP4733
tube size = 0.5 mm OD (0.32 mm ID) 10 st
Ferrules for HT column connector graphite for CP4734 CP4734
tube size = 0.8 mm OD (0.53 mm ID)
Siltite ferrules for Varian GC Injector / Detector 0.32 mm ID SG073301 SG073301
Siltite ferrules for Varian GC Injector / Detector 0.53 mm ID SG073302 SG073302
Other Column Accessories
Tungsten carbide glass knife CP22674 CP22674 CP22674
Column cage support 393305701 393305701 393305701 393305701 393305701
Filters and Gas Management
Helium leak detector (American version 110 V) CP87610 CP87610 CP87610 CP87610 CP87610
Helium leak detector (British version 240 V) CP83610 CP83610 CP83610 CP83610 CP83610
Helium leak detector (European version 230 V) CP80610 CP80610 CP80610 CP80610 CP80610
Connecting unit for 2 filters 1 / 8 in. CP738407 CP738407 CP738407 CP738407 CP738407
Connecting unit for 4 filters 1 / 8 in. CP736520 CP736520 CP736520 CP736520 CP736520
Gas Clean Oxygen Filter CP17970 CP17970 CP17970 CP17970 CP17970
Gas Clean Moisture Filter CP17971 CP17971 CP17971 CP17971 CP17971
Gas Clean Charcoal Filter CP17972 CP17972 CP17972 CP17972 CP17972
Injector / Detector Accessories
Graphite ferrule for FID burner tip (10 / pk) CR211200 CR211200
BTO Septa (50 / pk) CR298777 CR298777 CR298777 CR298777 CR298777
Metal capillary nut for use with Varian GCs CP959468 394955100 CP959468 394955100 394955100

66
 Varian GC Analysis Solutions

Chromatogram of B-100 biodiesel using Varian SelectTM Biodiesel for FAME column
according to EN-14103.

C17:0 C18:1
C18:2
C16:0 C18:0
C18:3

C20:1

C20:0

C14:0

C22:0
C22:1 C24 isomers

0 5 10 15 20 25 Min. 30

450-GC with automated headspace sampler for the

analysis of methanol via EN 14110.

67
 Varian GC Analysis Solutions

Pre-Defined Hardware Configurations

Pre-Defined Hardware Configurations

Over the years we have designed, tested and delivered
a very wide range of specially requested hardware
configurations to address the specific needs of
customers.These configurations typically include special
plumbingtoproperlyconnectindividualGCcomponents
like injectors, valves and detectors. Many of these
configurations require special testing to ensure desired
performance.

All of these special hardware configurations have

been documented and assigned a unique part number
to simplify the ability of a customer and his/her
sales representative to quickly pick and choose the
appropriate combination to meet specific analytical
needs.
Example - Gas and liquid sampling
We have listed the most popular configurations below.
valve connected to capillary inlet
Please contact your Varian sales representative or
(#CS-000104-00)
approveddealerforpartnumberandpricinginformation.
Straight system for capillary columns with injector and detector
Straight system for packed/wide columns with injector and detector
Gas sampling valve with injector for capillary columns
Gas sampling valve with injector for packed/wide bore columns
Gas sampling valve for packed/wide bore columns
Gas sampling valve with injector for heavy samples for packed/wide bore columns
Gas and liquid sampling valve with injector for capillary columns
Liquid sampling valve with injector for capillary columns
Liquid sampling valve with injector for packed/wide bore columns
Liquid sampling valve for packed/wide bore columns
Liquid sampling valve for heavy samples for packed/wide bore columns
Backflush to detector for packed/wide bore columns
Backflush of stripper column to vent for packed columns
Sequence reversal without backflush for packed columns
Sequence reversal with backflush of column 1 to detector for packed columns
Backflush to vent with same carrier to column for packed columns
Backflush to vent with same carrier to detector for packed columns
Capillary injector with backflush of pre-column to vent
Capillary injector with backflush of pre-column to second detector
Capillary injector with pre-column to vent and backflush to second column

68
 Varian GC Analysis Solutions

Gas and liquid sample valve with sequence reversal and backflush of column 1 to detector for packed columns
Injector with sequence reversal with backflush of column 1 to vent for packed/wide bore columns
Alternate injection into two packed columns, both columns with backflush to vent
Packed injector with backflush of pre-column to analytical column
Gas sampling valve with backflush to detector for packed columns
Gas sampling with backflush of pre-column to vent for packed columns
Gas sampling with backflush to vent for packed columns
Gas sampling valve with backflush to vent for packed/wide bore columns
Gas sampling valve with backflush to vent for packed/wide bore columns including injector
Gas sampling valve with series/bypass column isolation option for packed/wide bore columns
Gas sampling valve with sequence reversal and backflush of column 1 to detector for packed columns
Gas sampling valve with sequence reversal and fore flush of column 1 to detector for packed columns
Gas sampling valve with series/bypass column isolation option for packed/wide bore columns including injector
Injector with backflush to vent for packed/wide bore columns
Gas sampling valve with backflush to series/bypass valve for packed/wide bore columns
Gas sampling valve to series/bypass and backflush to vent for packed/wide bore columns including injector
Gas sampling valve with backflush to vent with series/bypass valve for packed/wide bore columns
Gas sampling valve and injector for capillary columns with backflush to detector
Gas sampling valve with capillary injector and backflush of pre-column to vent
Gas sampling valve for packed/wide bore columns to vent or detector selection valve
Alternate injection for two streams into the same packed/wide bore column
Alternate injection for one stream into two packed/wide bore columns including two injectors
Alternate injection for one stream into a packed/wide bore column and capillary column including two injectors
Alternate injection for one stream into two capillary columns including two injectors
Gas sampling valve for one stream into two packed/wide bore columns including two detectors
Gas sampling valve for one stream into two packed/wide bore columns
Gas sampling valve for one stream into two capillary columns including two injectors
Gas sampling valve for one stream into one capillary and one packed/wide bore column including two injectors
Alternate injection for two streams into the same packed/wide bore column including one injector
Gas sampling valve for one stream into a capillary injector to detector and one stream into a packed/wide bore
injector in series with a series/bypass column to detector
Series/bypass valve with column isolation option for packed/wide bore columns
Gas sample flush option
Series/bypass valve for methanizer column
Methanizer with serial connection to FID detector
TCD detector with serial connection to methanizer/FID detector
Methanizer with serial connection to FID and series/bypass valve for the methanizer
TCD detector with serial connection to methanizer/FID and series/bypass valve for methanizer
Two detectors connected in parallel
TCD detector serially connected to a second detector
Single injector to a selection valve between two detectors for packed/wide columns
Gas sampling valve with injector to a selection valve between detector and vent for capillary columns
Deans switching for capillary columns with injector and two detectors
Deans switching for capillary columns with gas injection valve, injector and two detectors

69
 Varian GC Analysis Solutions

Custom Analyzers

As we’ve noted, Varian offers a broad array of The bottom line is that Varian is fully committed
“standard” analyzers (configured and tested systems to meet or exceed your GC analysis requirements
to meet industry standard protocols), as well as pre- regardless of how simple or complex they might be.
defined systems (GC hardware configurations that have If you are unsure whether a GC can do the job, all you
been repeatedly implemented in the past for particular have to do is ask us. Rest assured Varian is prepared
analytical needs). to do whatever we can to ensure your success.

However, we recognize that in some cases that is not Please contact your local sales representative or
enough. We know from much experience that there authorized dealer for more details regarding Varian
will be times when you have a very specific application Custom GC Solutions.
need and a “standard” analyzer or pre-defined
hardware system may not be able to meet or exceed it.
Or, perhaps you need to have the system tested with
your specific sample or stream, then validated to meet
or exceed special requirements prior to shipment.

In order to meet such needs, we established a Custom

Solutions Group at our factory in Middelburg, The
Netherlands, over 20 years ago. The sole purpose of
this group is to work with our sales representatives
and customers worldwide to identify the best way
to meet specific GC analysis needs. Once a special
configuration has been defined, the system is
assembled and rigorously tested at our factory to meet
the specific requirements. Complete documentation
is then provided and, if necessary, special installation
instructions provided to service personnel and special
training (if required) to install and support custom
solutions.

70
 Varian Liquid Chromatography Products (LC)

920-LC - Scalable from Analytical to Semi-Preparative

Integrating Performance and Reliability

The Varian 920-LC analytical high performance liquid

chromatograph is a fully integrated, pre-configured
and pre-tested system. Designed to get you quickly up
and running, the automated Varian 920-LC is easy to
customize, install and use.

Flexible Enough For All Your Applications

Whether you need a robust HPLC for routine analysis,
productivity for high-throughput applications, or
flexibility and sensitivity to develop analytical methods,
High performance“integrated”920-LC with powerful the Varian 920-LC has many options to create the
GalaxieTM Chromatography Workstation system that works best for you.

Take Advantage of Fast LC Outstanding Detection

We have extended the boundaries of HPLC Whether you require UV-Vis detection for traditional
performance with Fast LC, for faster method analyses or information rich detection using
development, reduced solvent consumption, photodiode array (PDA) technology, Varian has a
and increased sensitivity. solution for you. You can also add a fluorescence
detector for more sensitive and selective detection,
Superb Solvent Delivery and for non-UV-Vis absorbing compounds you have
The Varian 920-LC delivers virtually pulse-free low the option of a refractive index or evaporative light
pressure, quarternary solvent flow for outstanding scattering detector.
performance with built in Degasser™ to eliminate
bubble formation. Accurate Column Temperature Control
A heated column compartment ensures rapid heating
Automated Sample Handling of the mobile phase to provide outstanding analysis
Use the built-in autosampler to run up to 200 samples repeatability.
on your system.

71
 Varian Liquid Chromatography Products (LC)

Software That Drives Productivity

With Varian GalaxieTM Chromatography Software,
control one or multiple Varian LCs, GCs, or third
party chromatographs from a single PC. With an
updated look and simple controls, Galaxie is easier
than ever to use.

Instrument Maintenance Scheduling

The Galaxie Instrument Maintenance window
displays parameters such as pump strokes, number
of injections and lamp intensity. As these parameters
change, you can make informed decisions about
when to perform maintenance on your instrument
for maximum uptime and peace of mind.

Easy access to all of the 920-LC components simplifies routine

maintenance and reduces downtime.

72
 Varian Liquid Chromatography Products (LC)

940-LC - Semi-Preparative LC
Fully Scalable Analytical to Preparative
HPLC System

The Varian 940-LC high performance liquid

chromatograph is a fully integrated, pre-configured
and pre-tested system. A complete solution in a
compact footprint, the automated Varian 940-LC
meets all your analytical and preparative
chromatography needs today, and into the future.

Seamless Scale-Up — Two Instruments in One

The Varian 940-LC provides you with seamless
analytical to preparative scale-up, while maintaining
performance and reliability. A software-controlled
The 940-LC was specifically designed to offer a fully scalable Scale-Up Module automatically switches between
system to meet both analytical and preparative HPLC needs. analytical and preparative columns, for easy and
reliable transition.

Trouble-free Injections and Collections

The built-in autosampler and reliable and versatile
fraction collector, combined with complete software
and valve automation makes preparative work easy.

Adaptable by Design
The Varian 940-LC liquid chromatograph has a range
of built-in features and options for adapting to your
laboratory’s future needs. Pumping systems deliver
isocratic or gradient operation from 10 mL/min to
200 mL/min with pressure capability to 6000 psi,
enabling you to use small particle packing materials.
Scale-Up Module dramatically simplifies the change over from
analytical to preparative scale analysis and the time to do so.

73
 Varian Gel Permeation Chromatography Products and Consumables

PL-GPC 50 Plus - Low Molecular Weight Hydrocarbons Analysis

Low molecular weight hydrocarbon-based materials, Key Features of the PL-GPC 50 Plus:
such as engine fuels and cooking oils, are important 4 Complete instrumentation solution to gel
worldwide commodities. Research into new products, permeation chromatography at temperatures up to
especially in the development of alternative fuels 50 ˚C
from sustainable sources, is an increasing area of 4 Includes pump, injection valve and a column /
interest. The PL-GPC 50 Plus integrated system for detector oven
gel permeation chromatography (GPC) is a dedicated 4 Fitted with a differential refractive index detector as
instrument capable of analyzing the molecular weight standard
distribution of the range of low molecular weight 4 Can be modified by the addition of further detectors
hydrocarbons in a wide variety of solvents. A fully to expand on the GPC experiment
integrated system, the PL-GPC 50 Plus includes all the 4 Extras, such as an online degasser and a robotic
components needed for GPC, with a heated column/ autosampler, are available to complement the GPC
detector oven capable of temperatures up to 50 ˚C system
for use with solvents such as toluene. A simple but 4 Supported by a comprehensive range of
powerful software package completes the system. consumables, such as columns and standards
4 Full control of all components through a simple and
intuitive software interface
4 Full automation of the injection and data collection
possible
4 Full automation of data analysis possible through
the Cirrus™ and GalaxieTM products

74
 Varian Gel Permeation Chromatography Products and Consumables

Gel Permeation Chromatography Consumables for Hydrocarbon Analysis

To complement the PL-GPC 50 Plus system, a range

of consumables for gel permeation chromatography
is available. Featuring a wide range of columns and
standards, the Varian product line is extensive and
well established. For the analysis of low molecular
weight hydrocarbons high resolution PLgel columns
are recommended, as well as narrow distribution
polystyrene standards for the calibration of the
relationship between retention time on column and
molecular weight.

Key Features of the PL-GPC 50 Plus:

4 Complete range of GPC columns for use in every
common solvent
4 The columns are focussed for specific application
areas to give optimum performance
4 A wide range of polymer standards is available to
suit all column types
4 Expert advice for column selection and analysis
methodology is readily available

Columns and standards suitable for hydrocarbons

analysis:
4 PLgel 3 μm MIXED-E columns with resolution up to
30,000 g/mol
4 PLgel 5 μm 100Å and PLgel 3 μm 100Å with
resolution up to 4,000 g/mol
4 Polystyreneindividualstandardsandcalibrationkits

75
 Varian Gel Permeation Chromatography Products and Consumables

PL-GPC 220 - High Molecular Weight Polyolefin Analysis

Polyolefins, such as polyethylene and polypropylene, With a robust design and integrated key safety
are among the highest tonnage polymers produced features, such as independent temperature circuits and
worldwide, and they find use in a wide range of solvent sensors, the PL-GPC 220 is the ideal system for
commercial applications. As a result, the development high temperature gel permeation chromatography of
of new materials with tailored physical properties polyolefins.
attracts a great deal of interest. For polymers such
as these, the molecular weight distribution of the Key Features of the PL-GPC 220:
material is key to many end-use physical properties, 4 Complete instrumentation solution to gel
such as flow and strength characteristics. Gel permeation chromatography at temperatures up to
permeation chromatography is widely recognized as 220 ˚C
the best methodology for determining the molecular 4 Includes pump, injection valve, degasser, column /
weight distribution of polymers. Unfortunately, detector oven and heated dual-zone autosampler
polyolefins are difficult to analyze by gel permeation 4 Fitted with a differential refractive index detector as
chromatography due to their high crystallinity, which standard
renders them insoluble at temperatures below 4 Can be modified by the addition of additional
120 ˚C. The PL-GPC 220 high temperature gel detectors to expand on the GPC experiment
permeation chromatography system has been 4 Extras, such as a heater sample and filtration
specifically designed with this application in mind. preparation device, complement the system
Featuring a temperature capability up to 220 ˚C, the 4 Supported by a comprehensive range of
PL-GPC 220 has fully heated sample-handling systems, consumables, such as columns and standards
maintaining the temperature of the sample through all 4 Full control of all components through a simple and
stages of the analysis. intuitive software interface
4 Full automation of the injection and data collection
possible
4 Full automation of data analysis possible through
the CirrusTM and GalaxieTM products

76
 Varian Gel Permeation Chromatography Systems and Consumables

Gel Permeation Chromatography Consumables for Polyolefin Analysis

The analysis of polyolefins using the PL-GPC 220 at
high temperature is a demanding application. For
this reason, only the best columns and standards
will give the required performance. Varian has
been manufacturing columns for high temperature
GPC of polyolefins for many years and has recently
complemented its range with a new column, PLgel
Olexis, specifically designed for polyolefin analysis.
Coupled with the PL-GPC 220 and the wide range of
polystyteneandpolyethylenestandardsforcalibration,
Varian offers the most comprehensive range of
products for polyolefin analysis.

Key Features of the PL-GPC 50 Plus: Columns and standards suitable for hydrocarbons
4 Wide range of GPC columns for various types of analysis:
polyolefin 4 PLgel Olexis columns with resolution up to
4 PLgel Olexis columns are dedicated to polyolefin 100,000,000 g/mol are ideal for all types of
analysis polyolefins
4 A wide range of polymer standards is available to 4 PLgel 10 μm MIXED-B and PLgel 20 μm MIXED-A
suit all column types columns for general polyolefin analysis
4 Expert advice for column selection and analysis 4 Polystyrene and polyethylene individual standards
methodology is readily available and calibration kits

77
 Spectroscopy Products

Comparing Atomic Spectroscopy Techniques

Inorganic measurements are equally important Atomic spectroscopy products are designed to
in the overall analysis picture. Obtaining high measure metals and metal species. There are three
quality and timely inorganic analysis can make or basic techniques used: Flame or Furnace Atomic
break your organization’s ability to operate key Absorption Spectrometry (AAS), Inductively Coupled
processes efficiently and profitably. Varian offers Plasma – Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES)
a comprehensive range of atomic and molecular and Inductively Coupled Plasma – Mass Spectrometry
spectroscopy products to make sure that you have (ICP-MS).
the best means to obtain the results that you need
regardless of the complexity of the sample matrix or
detection level sought.

ICP-MS ICP-OES Flame AAS Furnace AA

No. of elements 75 73 68 50

Sample throughput 2 - 5 min/sample 1 - 5 min/sample 5 - 15 sec/element 1 - 2 min/ element

Linear range 109 106 103 102

Precision
Short term <3% <2% <1% <5%
Long term (4 hrs)

Isotopes Yes No No No

Dissolved solids
(max. conc.) 0.2 % 30 % 10 % 20 %

Sample usage Low-moderate Low-moderate High Very low

Operator skill level Medium/high Medium Low Medium

Unattended operation Yes Yes No Yes

Cost of ownership Medium/high Medium Medium Medium

Table 1. Top level comparison of atomic spectroscopy techniques.

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 Spectroscopy Products

Atomic Absorption (AA) Spectrometry

Atomic Absorption (AA) spectrometry is the most Varian’s top performance AA240 FS and AA280 FS
common atomic spectroscopy technique used today. are true double beam spectrometers that incorporate
AA systems are relatively inexpensive and are usually our patented Fast Sequential technology. Using FS
the choice for routine assays when few elements have AA, all desired elements are determined in a single
to be analyzed. sample before the next sample is introduced to the
system. This unique feature dramatically improves the
Varian has a full range of AA products from manually analytical throughput of an AA system.
operated flame-based instruments to fully automated
systems with graphite furnace capability for low parts The Fast Sequential technique is only possible with all
per billion detection limits. of the following components:

• A very fast, rugged and reliable wavelength drive

system capable of scanning at 2000 nm/min.

• Hollow cathode lamps are installed in a fixed

location and a fast motor driven mirror selects the
operating lamp during measurement.

• All lamps are operated simultaneously.

• Our patented Hammer programmable gas control

selects programmed flows for each element within
30 ms, ensuring optimum sensitivity.
Varian AA240FS Atomic Absorption System
• Intelligent software controlling all aspects of
instrument operation.

Advanced Optical Bench of the AA240FS System

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 Spectroscopy Products

Inductively Coupled Plasma – Optical Emission Spectrometers (ICP-OES)

Inductively Coupled Plasma – Optical Emission

Spectrometersarethechoicewhenyouhavetoanalyze
a large number of elements (typically 30-60) in a
great many samples. It is particularly useful when the
concentration range varies from ppb to % levels, due
to its large dynamic range and good linearity.

Varian‘s 700-ES series ICP-OES systems are designed

to deliver the ultimate in productivity, flexibility and
sensitivity.Thesetruesimultaneousbenchtopsystems
are capable of meeting every application requirement.

The high performance 720-ES series feature Varian’s

patented Charge Coupled Detector (CCD) and high
730-ESSystemfittedwiththeproductivityboostingSwitching resolution Echelle polychromator which provides
Valve System continuous wavelength coverage and the capability
to measure both trace and major level analytes with
a single determination.The thermally stabilized optics
ensure excellent long-term stability, giving you the
capability and confidence to measure any sample at
any time.

The fully optioned 730-ES series has been specially

configured for maximum productivity. This features
the fully automated Switching Valve System (SVS).
The SVS provides more efficient sample introduction
with faster wash-out. With up to 33% improvement
in productivity and a 25% reduction in argon
consumption, this delivers the sample throughput you
need to maintain the competitive edge.

One of the many innovative tools available for The 700-ES series features a highly efficient 40 MHz
the Varian 700-ES series, FACT (Fast Automated Curve-fitting free-running RF generator, crucial to plasma stability
Technique), removes complex organic background structures when aspirating organic solvents.
providing accurate determination of low level sodium in oils.

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 Spectroscopy Products

The Varian RF system features Direct Serial Coupling accessory is required to simplify analysis and actually
(DISC) of the power supply to the plasma. This improvedetectionlimitsbyminimizingmolecularband
eliminates inefficient secondary matching networks, structures from carbon emissions.
ensuring more energy is coupled to the plasma. This
ensures a stable, robust plasma that provides good Whatever 700-ES system you select, you can be
tolerance and excellent stability with many common sure you get the right answers first time, every time
organic solvents. without the need for expensive shear gases, multiple
detectors or dual entrance slits.
The radial plasma configuration is the accepted
standard for many organic based applications. The
radial plasma orientation allows direct venting of
combustion products, thereby reducing carbon build-
up on the torch.

An alternative for organic applications is to use the

axial plasma configuration. If utilizing the axial plasma
configuration, the use of the AGM-1 oxygen addition

Illustration of Direct Serial Coupling of Plasma to Power Tube Resulting in 85% Efficiency of the Plasma Conditions

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 Spectroscopy Products

Inductively Coupled Plasma – Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)

Inductively Coupled Plasma – Mass Spectrometry is

the technique of choice when the lowest possible
detection levels are required.

Varian 820-MS ICP-MS System

Varian’s ICP-MS is the world’s first system to

incorporatetunablegigahertzsensitivity,providingone
thousand million counts per second for every part per Unique ion mirror reflects analyte ions through
million. Core to this is Varian’s patented high-efficiency 90 degrees while neutrals and photons pass through,
90 degree ion optics and double off-axis quadrupoles providing the highest signal-to-noise and lowest
delivering exceptionally low background noise and detection limits possible.
unmatched sensitivity.

The novel and patented Collision/Reaction Interface

(CRI) eliminates spectroscopic interferences quickly
and simply, allowing you to tackle any application with
ease. An all digital extended range detector provides 9
orders of magnitude of linear dynamic range from sub
parts-per-trillion to high parts-per-million.

The Varian 800-MS Series sets the benchmark for

analytical performance in ICP-MS.

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 Spectroscopy Products

Varian (FT-IR) Oil Analyzer

Developed to fit real-world needs, the Varian Oil

Analyzer presents no complications and accepts no
compromises. A compact instrument, it provides
the sensitivity and flexibility of larger and more
sophisticated spectrometers. Easy to operate,
the Varian Oil Analyzer offers its user an amazing
range of information without requiring elaborate user
training or supervision.

Performance overview
The power of the Varian Oil Analyzer is embedded in its
design. An instrument that was developed for routine
use by maintenance people — not researchers — the
Varian Oil Analyzer is the only turnkey, commercially
availablesystemthathaspassedrigorous,independent,
non-profit evaluation.

An overview of the advantages offered

by the Varian Oil Analyzer include:
4 Efficiency and widest range of variables — using 4 Unsurpassed flexibility — the Varian open
FT-IR, 13 different properties can be analyzed oil analysis system allows easy changes of
with just one sample. The list of properties can be methods, analysis, reporting and alarms without
expanded for your specific requirements. cumbersome reprogramming or costly software
4 High sample throughput — an optional rewriting.
autosamplercanbeusedforunattendedoperation, 4 Cost effective to own and to operate, the Varian
saving you time and money. Oil Analyzer has user replaceable components, and
4 Reliability — proven around the world in critical untrained operators can easily interpret its results.
applications, including DOD/NATO, the Varian
Oil Analyzer is backed by experienced, dedicated
technical support staff.

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Determination of S, P, Ca, Mg, Na and K Plus 15

Additional Elements in Biodiesel using Radial ICP-OES
Introduction Materials and Reagents
The ASTM specification for pure biodiesel (ASTM D6751) Reagents Required:
is used in blends with up to 20% diesel fuel. Properties Conostan Base Oil 20
such as flash point, water and sediment, carbon residue Kerosene or Premisolv (odorless kerosene derivative)
and free glycerin along with sulfur and phosphorus Standards Required:
content are included. This also requires total Ca/Mg Conostan S-21 + K (500 ppm elemental mix of 21
and Na/K to be determined. Concentration of these six elements + K)
inorganic components can effectively be determined Sulfur in oil (Spex CertiPrep or Conostan)
using the ICP-OES technique.

Methodology
ASTM D6751; EN-14214

Instrumentation
All sample measurements were performed on a Varian
simultaneous radial ICP-OES. The instrument operating
parameters were optimized for routine organic matrix
analysis.

Table 1. Instrument settings Table 2. Instrument configuration

Instrument Parameter Settings Description Part Number

Power (kW) 1.3 Nebulizer type SeaSpray glass 2010096400
concentric
Nebulizer flow (L/min) 0.55
Torch type Quartz torch 2010117500
Plasma gas flow (L/min) 15.0 for organic
Auxiliary gas flow (L/min) 1.5 applications
(annealed) with
Pump speed (rpm) 10 1.4 mm ID injector

Sample uptake delay (s) 30 Spraychamber Double pass glass 7910043700

cyclonic
Stabilization time (s) 10
Peristaltic pump Black/black Viton 3710043600
Rinse time (s) 30 sample tubing to
10 nebulizer
Replicate read time (s)
Peristaltic pump White/white 3710043700
Replicates 3 Viton
drain tubing to waste
Background correction Fitted or FACT
Tubing spray chamber Solvent flex 3710035400
from peristatic pump waste tubing
and to waste from
spraychamber

Transfer tubing to FEP transfer tube 7910051290

torch

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 Selected Applications - Spectroscopy Related

Sample Preparation Results and Discussion

Standards Results for the biodiesel sample including spike
Multi-element standards were prepared at recoveries, instrument detection limits (IDLs) and
concentrations of 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 ppm from 500 ppm background correction used are presented in Tables 3
metallo-organic standards (S-21 + K from Conostan; and 4. Spike recoveries were excellent for all elements
sulfur in oil from Spex CertiPrep) – diluted by weight determined. Measured IDLs for the six ASTM listed
in base oil 20. metals in biodiesel are significantly lower than those
Standards were diluted 1:10 in kerosene prior to required to accurately determine the ASTM specified
analysis. concentration limits. Table 5 lists the specification for
Biodiesel (B100)-ASTM D6751-07b.
Samples
Biodiesel samples were diluted 1:10 in kerosene prior
to analysis and prepared in duplicate.
The biodiesel samples were spiked at 1.0 and 2.5 ppm
to check analyte recovery.

Table 3. ASTM specified elements in biodiesel

Element P S Na K Ca Mg
Wavelength (nm) 213.618 181.972 589.592 766.491 393.366 279.553
B100 biodiesel <IDL 1.695 0.162 0.507 0.013 0.011
sample ppm

B100 duplicate <IDL 1.710 0.130 0.469 0.012 0.012

biodiesel sample ppm
B100+1.0 ppm (%R) 105 103 104 107 105 104

B100+2.5 ppm (%R) 102 106 102 104 103 101

IDL (ppb) 19.9 76.5 4.1 21.8 0.1 0.1
Bkgd Correction Fitted Fitted FACT FACT Fitted Fitted

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 Selected Applications - Spectroscopy Related

Table 4. Additional elements determined in biodiesel. The top half of the table shows
Al to Ni and the bottom half of the table shows Pb to Zn.

Element Al Ba Cd Cr Fe Mn Mo Ni
Wavelength (nm) 308.215 233.527 226.502 267.716 259.940 259.372 202.032 216.555
B100 biodiesel <IDL <IDL <IDL <IDL 0.032 <IDL <IDL <IDL
sample ppm

B100 duplicate <IDL <IDL <IDL <IDL 0.037 <IDL <IDL <IDL
biodiesel sample ppm
B100+1.0 ppm (%R) 102 105 103 103 104 103 103 104

B100+2.5 ppm (%R) 103 103 101 102 103 102 103 102
IDL (ppb) 5.4 1.0 0.6 1.6 1.0 0.3 5.7 6.9
Bkgd Correction Fitted Fitted Fitted Fitted Fitted Fitted Fitted Fitted

Element Pb Sc Si Sn Ti V Zn
Wavelength (nm) 220.353 361.383 288.158 283.998 334.941 309.310 213.857
B100 biodiesel <IDL <IDL 0.141 <IDL <IDL <IDL 0.024
sample ppm

B100 duplicate <IDL <IDL 0.139 <IDL <IDL <IDL 0.024

biodiesel sample ppm
B100+1.0 ppm (%R) 102 104 104 102 104 105 104

B100+2.5 ppm (%R) 101 103 103 104 102 104 102
IDL (ppb) 25.2 0.1 4.7 11.7 0.1 0.6 1.1
Bkgd Correction Fitted Fitted Fitted Fitted Fitted Fitted Fitted

Table 5. Specification for Biodiesel (B100) - ASTM D6751-07b1, September 2007

Element Limit
Calcium/Magnesium (Ca/Mg) combined Max. 5 ppm
Sodium/Potassium (Na/K) combined Max. 5 ppm
Phosphorus (P) Max. 0.001 %mass (10 ppm)
Sulfur (S15 (ultra low sulfur) grade) Max. 15 ppm

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Conclusion
The radially viewed ICP-OES meets, and exceeds, the
analysis requirements for biodiesel as outlined in
ASTM D6751. Excellent recovery for a broad range of
elements was shown.The performance characteristics
permit the collection of additional elemental data if
desired. Similar performance can be expected with
petroleum diesel and other petroleum products.

References
1
www.biodiesel.org.
2
Wall, S., Ryan, A. and Shrader D.; Analysis of
Biodiesel Utilizing a Simultaneous CCD Detector
ICP-OESSystem,SpectroscopyApplicationNotebook,
March 2008.
3
Eder J. dos Santos, Amanda B. Herrmann, Eduardo
S. Chaves, Wellington W. D. Vechiatto, Adrielle C.
Schoemberger, Vera L. A. Frescura and Adilson J.
Curtius; Simultaneous determination of Ca, P, Mg, K
and Na in biodiesel by axial view inductively coupled
plasma optical emission spectrometry with internal
standardization after multivariate optimization, J.
Anal. At. Spectrom.,2007, 22, 1300–1303.

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 Varian, Inc. Contact Information

North America REGIONAL OFFICES

Varian, Inc. Europe
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