NDMP Vision

"Make India disaster resilient, achieve substantial

disaster risk reduction, and significantly decrease
the losses of life, livelihoods, and assets - economi c,
physical, social, cultural and environmental - by
maximizing the ability to cope with disasters at all
levels of administrati on as well as among
commun it ies."

The NDMP serves as a document or guideline for the

government agencies to act in all phases of
disasters. It is based on the Sendai Framework,
which is a United Nations framework, for
substantially reducing disaster risk, and losses to
lives and livelihoods. The NDMP is also as per the
Disaster Management Act, 2005 and the National
Policy on Disaster Management, 2009.
Strengthening Disaster Risk
Governance
As per the NDMP, there are six thematic areas for
action in which the central and the state
governments should function . They are listed below:

1. Mainstream and integrate DRR and

Institutional Strengthening
2. Capacity Development
3. Promote Participatory Approaches
4. Work with Elected Representatives
5. Grievance Redress Mechanism
6. Promote Quality Standards, Certifications, and
Awards for Disaster Risk Management

Salient Features of NDMP

NDMP covers all the following phases of disaster
management:

• Prevention
• Mitigation
• Response
• Recovery

As per the Sendai Framework, the Six thematic areas

of action are as follows:

1. Understanding Risk
2. Inter-Agency Coordination
3. Investing in DRR - Structural Measures
4. Investing in DRR - Non-Structural Measures
5. Capacity Development
6. Climate Change Risk Manage
NDMP Objectives
The objectives of the NDMP are listed below:

1. To improve understanding of disaster risk,

vulnerabilities and hazards.
2. To strengthen the governance of disaster risk
at every level, i.e., from national to local.
3. To invest in the reduction of disaster risk for
resilience by means of structural, non-
structural and financial measures, and also by
a comprehensive capacity development.
4. To improve disaster preparedness for effective
response.
5. To encourage 'Build Back Better in recovery,
reconstruction and rehabilitation.
6. To prevent disasters and ensure a significant
decrease in the disaster risk and loss of life,
livelihood, health and assets including
physical, economic, cultural, social and
environmental assets.
7. Enhance resilience and check new disasters
from emerging and reduce existing ones.
8. To promote the execution of inclusive and
integrated structural, economic, social, legal,
health, cultural, environmental, educational,
political, technological and institutional
measures to reduce and prevent hazard
exposure and vulnerabilities to disasters.
9. To empower communities as well as local
authorities to manage and decrease disaster
risks.
10. To bolster technical and scientific capabilities
in all areas of disaster manage.
11 . To develop capacity at every le ·
respond to multiple hazards an o
community-based management of disa
12. To offer clarity on the responsibilities an
roles of the variou s departments and
ministries involved.
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1~ational DtSaster Respon~_ Fund PJ'O\id.J .... ...a.. d ::_...~
'QI"' ea\.u tJtrilt ~has~~~~~ a!J1 aptard
f.>t miugauve measures. . .i,~
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tu f NDMP
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rrep~d for man~g ~ilferent t).pes of disasttts. ~ wmpc,w,.ut- mdc 1,_ ,, • :

(i) mtroduction to disaster lllanagecnmt plan, t:> " , · :. , ;~ < '"' t!.,,
(ii) harnd risk and vulne~ility profile of India,~"'~~.:-- '~-: ,,, ,.,,. ... ~ , ·•'

\ill) reducing risk, enhancing resilien~~;~~ ,., ~:-:tf:tl' cc~

1

(iy) planning needs for preparedneu and~ ,.,"

(v) strengthening governance, ,· :,'.f :,: '
f \l J,,.·

(vi) planning effective remverr-::-:'.hnilding bad~\~~

, , ii) capacity development, . ,~:Ji-, ... ,,.",, .,£ ~~
(Yiii) financial arrangement, .1_;: / ·":\1 4 ·~: ·t-J·
(ix) international cooperation, and ,,i; ,{-,, .,Iii.fl •
(x) maintaining and updating the plan. ':H ;:y.
,.Ji• .."I'.
"'

The disaster m~agement cycle •t. ": ~~ '',. :?~

The organisation, planning·and ·application « ·• .,.
preparing for, resp~nding to and in®! j':f" ,.
disasters is termed disaster ~ e n t .., -:.
•. , '
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1
Aspects of di~er m~a~ ;~

• Disaster risk reduction "" ,•::! . ai1 "

• Disaster risk maoagell!-ent
♦ Disaster preparedness
• Disaster responses -tri- ·A~
• Post disaster recoi ery .!.:llJ
 . ' V \ tT \"

- Disaster Man . [
Th- - - - <t9etnen t Act 2005
_ _
f an .r\.( t th.it
t' repeate-d disas ~ . ll,i.ljl!Efia !!i,;;......... ---.-

' '~ ters that 1~ to the loss ot life and property• led to the'dneedthat tor ~~ - 0 -r
·-r:-: o a more co . • thoug,i , rn ~
~
.1. _
_ , - -
wsasters \\ '--· . mrre-. 1 1eoM,·e ¥proacfi to disasters. It has become t'Vl ent _ t b~
.. -e-_re uum n atur.al untoward e,~ent§, it was the mismanagement o e e . f th nnronm cn
sen:·--rr - - : th had
l dl numan-mcluced .. --,_ - .
.m environm . .imp1ementau.on an_d .~coons Jt
__ pj _,, . . J
I-~ t ~- r -~ . nu~t.u..es ental planning,
C'U o e..1u1anono th ill ~~--- -
-natural . . and property. Th e A'--t th u s auJre:,,:,e ,
-hfe
- · _ ~ e UJ.n.ts ot disasters loss ot
tvpe~ of disas · -triggers,. ' change + enhanced ' "'eather even b-, hwn..i.nJ
.· ~ _ ter, natural hazards, climate
ID:duced ~~ combined factors+ natural hazards aggravated by human-in du\'."t'J h .iz.irJs. ..ll1
vulnerability_ of human W~ _to chem.k al/biological/radiological/nu dear dis.is ten;. .. _ .tl T _

Natural disasters are ot hve categorie s-(i) Geographical, geological pro(essc-:-, tu) ~~ J rt)ltl? ~ _
1

e\"ents1(iii) meteorological-small atmospheric processes, (iv) climatologically-1<.,ng hn .- J erln: b.

and (v) bfological-organic origin or caused by pathogenic ve...:tors, bio.Kti\'e subst~uh.:c-s.
~ reparednoss and responso
J~ '1''" !',he·,, Un 1tcJ N.tt mm Intcrnat ionol ~t r;1teijy for cJj,.ac;ter reduct i<Jn ( UN JC,!)}() , ddinti
p,::p.nl'Jnc:-, ·"' 'the knowledge and cupacit,c'i dcV<'lopc<l by governmen t~. profe~Sional response
,rnd rcl(wc1y, 1,.Hga1rn,-1t10n , communltie~ nnd indt\liduats tn dfcctivdy anudpare:; respt,nia !!!1 end
rc(o, cr from tlw imp.,d~ of likely, imminent or current ha1,ardou11 events or conrutTOrM'.
~''""' mc,,suro: 1h r actions taken immediately after receiving an early warning from a
11
- r:k,·ant authority includes, '1 he provision of emergency servtces and publiC assistan ~ $! •5 eir
immediately after a disaster in oroer to save lives, reduce health impacts, ensure public safety and
meet ffi'"e bas1c s~sistence neecfs of fh e people affected' - United Nations Internation al Strakgy W
Disast er Reduction (UNlSDR). ~
, _n~tcr mmwgcmen t tasks: The tasks include, (i) early warning with the u.se of ~apslfflltllj te
~ ages and mformafion disseminahon, (h) m cuafion of people and animals (domestie and~
(m) search and re~ e of people and animals, (iv) medical care, (v) drinking water/ ~
pumps/sanit ation/public health fa~ilit!_e~ (vi)- IJroviding_ food and essential -~
co_m munication, (viii) providing housing and temporary structures, (ix) power sopplr, W '-1.
(XI) transportati on, (xii) relief logisticsand !uFP!y chain m~ ement, (xiii) ~ · a a I
carc~ ses, (_xiv) proV1ding foader for livestock during scarg!h{xv) iM1fji111 @ !
safety of animals-ve terinary care, (xvi) data collection and mall)8Jltelill :-\ J_~ -',~ '~~::,~::~/~·-,:~~i'.~, ~
··
... .
and (xviii) media relations •hi,;i!r,~>·:•
From m anagem ent to mitigatio n of dis asters
Until very recently, the approach towards dealing with natural di sasters has been post-disas ter
managem ent, involving problems such as warnings, evacuation, commum cat1ons, search and
rescue, fire-fighti ng, medical and psychiatric assistance , provision of relief and shelter. After the
initial trauma and occurrenc e of the natural disaster, the reconstru ction and reh abilitation 1s done
by people themselves, NGOs and the Governm ent. The memories are considere d history and
irreleYant for learning on better preventio n of future disasters.
It is evident today that human activities are responsible for accelerati ng the frequency a.ad
severity of natural disasters. Natural occurrenc es such as floods, earthquak es and cyc~ones:will
always occur.lh ey are a part of the environmen t that we live in. H owever, the destructio!!...fr~m
natural hazards can be minimise d by the presence of well-func tioning warning sy stems combined.
with preparedn ess on the part of the communi ty that is the potential target. Although traditiona:-y
disaster m anagemen t consisted primarily of reactive mechanis ms, the past few years have ~imessed
a gradual shift towards a more proactive, mitigation -based approach.
D~saster m~~ e!?ent is_ a ~ltLdisci p}inary area in w!tlch a wide range of issues_ind~din~
forecastin g, warning, evacuatio n, search and rescue, relief, reconstru ction and rehabilita tion are
included. It is m ulti-secto ral as it involves administr ators, sci~ntists , planners, volunteer s and
communi ties. These roles and activities span the pre-:disaster, disaster and post-disa ster periods.
Since their activities are complem entary as well as suppleme ntary to each other, ther e is a critical
need for coordinat ing these activities.
 E rt 221
tt 'w, Cl)'i'l.!UPflTlf ~ml n,r ErMROW,t N

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11 n <\ 1,11,q lw 1I1 I ftrld agencies.
vc·I01 1(d ht1l\u•n ~, 1f"ntif1r- rlfA.H11i 11i11n, ,nr
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. ,
th ,ll \ Ollllll\11\lt ll'\ 11 l' 1, 11, f r rtanf
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to l \fr111;,1111111 in h I I r. ---' •
· l ll t ' ,•,\c 1\111~ tlu '"'Yi·" 1v1 lmp,1(1 of tit(' n,,turnl haznrc.b ft 1! uerincu a~
Mll\l,111wt1 ,ldtnn t 11' ' ll I l 1 I r ~"·-· - f I
' l ll H'I \I\(' llllK h't111 VII nn,,hilily ol n11111nn Ile an,r properly rrnm Inf ura
I,.,.•.11J~ \\11ilc tlw 1w1•1 11 I ( Jt
. '• il 01 Y1l'\pnm,·I 11111I the r<'lflV('I y ph,1((18 O emergency man.isement rt a '
lt l\J'l'\ th\. ,·n•nt-, n11 t· l
1
~ •~•' tun ,\ll1v1t1l•~ 1.1vc• the pnlc111ia l to l!!2'h1tc r9JcfifTvc f.itn'lffU' ewer r1me.
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<.. crl,\tn ~t11ddmc, ii I0 II
•
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·I I ~'° ,.,.
nwu 1011 1'll y, t,Hl 1t•-iuh In ,111 t'llcdive mil1g;1tlon proo,.amme.
·
Pre d,~ 1sk1 m11·1 1· I cY
'· 8•' ton t,11\ 1l'lp 111 rm111 ing fu'llcr rcu,vl'Ty frorn the impact of d,~sttrJ
i\11l1~.\l1t)ll11\C \Mltl'~ll1l l 'h
.. '' , ts l'nllllll' protrc. tton nf1h t 11,1tuto l ,tnd cult ur~I atSdS<i t ec,,mmuntty
7
• l l,, ,ml r~d ullmn llll'lhods must l,1kc Into oc.co11111 the vr1rious hMards faced by the affecred
l'nmmumty ,mJ their dcsircs ,Ind prio1ilics.
A1~) n~~tigat,on pro_grammc must nlso ensure an cffecllve pc1rtnersh1p betwun the (.iovernmtnt,
sc1enli,tK community, private sector, NGOs and the community.
~ t's. m,rnt ,md l'Ul11erabili1J analysis: 1h.Ji..inY<21Yes the identification of hoypoc areas of
prin~ concer~1, collection of ?ata on past natur3l_ 1!_,azards, information of the natura l ~
ana 111format10n on £Opulation and infrastruc_ture. Qnce th.is 4>.fo~1ion is ~ ™
ass!ssment shou~ be done to determine the frequency, intensity, impact and time i.i'6ia to
return to normalcyatter the disaster. The assessment ot ds'l<: and vuinera6ffiiiB W■ odd to be
rev1sed penoa1caily. A regular mechanism will therefore have to be established for this. 'Die aw ol
Geographical Information Systems (GIS), a computer-based programme, can be a valaahlrtoal•
this process as the primary data can be easily updated and the corresponding asseun-,1111 caa
be made.
~ d research and technologx, tratJd~r;. Th~ ~ ~ Q,..eed 10..cstahHsb or upgrade ob.a !fiu-
equipment ~nd networks, monitor the hazar_gs, improve th_e ql!ality of forecasting and war · J:
disseminate information quickly through the warning systems and undertake disaster sr? Ckv
exercises.
-"space technologies such as remote sensing, satellite communications and Global P.,sili.; · &
Systems (GPSs) have a very important role to play. Government organisations such• J:519
(Indian Space Research Organisation) play a vital role. Similarly, other government o,p-iswtifw
like the National Building Research Organisation, the Meteorological Department aml •e·g F
Department can undertake applied research for devising locale-specific mitigation s9E 7 g l •
collaboration with educational institutions or universities.
~blic awareness ayd training: One of the most critical com onents of a
the training to be imparted to the officials and staff of the Y •
state and district levels. This enables the sharing of information and m
mitigation strategy will depend to a large extent on inter-sec i inte -
4nd efficient team work. Th~s, a well-designed training programme t
in knowledge, skills and attitude with respect to the various tas1cs a
vital component. ..,...__ _ __
 ◄
222 E NvtRONMr:N1AI S1 t1n 1r'-

I, II l( 1111 1 T,, I ~I ·li,w ism s: Th e mos1 ltnJ:>o rt ant need at th e n ation al level i.s
i.. • _:, . • ..,
, . ,
'lf1.,
'- - d- d rt::' -•< __ -to plan, streng then
I , th e 1.·. nt"tlcit y to 1mdcr1 .~ke di saster miti gati o n strate • .
an eve 0 i l h r gies.
y~ -· --
Tnere is a need to emph.rsrse
proa( :(ive an d pre -d isoste r m eAsures rnt,1 ~r \ an ,o c~•s o n__Y_o~ ~~~t: d..-- ~ -- · -
~ !st~.,:__resp o ~ ~ s
essen tial m h ave ~ p e·f m ..t n enl adm\n 1 slrnt1ve struc ture
tn at can m onito r the d evelopmen tal
~ctivi ties acros s co ngh1e nl d ep artm ents and provi
de s-agge sttnn s for f1£!Cessary ttrtttgatton
~eas u res. The Natio nal Disaster _Management Centre_ (N
DMC ) has to perform _these·~ ae-rang fog
tasks.1>rofessionals such as architects, structural engineers, docto
rs and chemical engmeers (who
are involved with management of hazardous chemicals), must
be asked to form group s that can
design speci fic mitigation measures.
~ ntive:- and resou r~esf or mitig ation : To a very la~~ ~xtent,
the success of mitigation programmes
will depend upon the availability of conti nuea tundi ng. Thus
, thereTsan eeat o devetop methantsms-
to
pro,;:fde stable sources of fund ing for all mitigation prog ramm
es. 1h1s incfuaes incen tivesi or
~ e-relo catio n of comm er cial and residential ·activities .outside
the disaster-prone areas :-i-i~~ g
tinan ~e co:µ-ipanies shou ld make it mand atory for struc tures
in such ha~r d::pIQD.e atea$ 12...fpllow
special build ing specifications. TheJ J?-troduction of disaster-li
nked insur ance shou ld be explored
and shou ld cover not only life but als0i ou~?notd,. .g~o1l's ,-catt
l~, structures and.crops .
.~ se J!.l'!_~ i~ _an4_r_eg__ulations: Long_term disa~ ~ed uctio n effor
ts shou ld aim at promoting
appr opria te landu se in the disas ter pron e areas. These are in
rural sec.to r~.-Mai ntena nce of~ ~tlangs ~;·b~_ffe~ Z~Qet [or.:fI2
inclustrlar,-urb an resid ential areas and
~.~J~.~.:(fgjf~t punl fs-i ~ ar~n~~~ of
prop er land use practices and form ation of landu se policies
for long term sustainable. de~elopment
are all impe rativ e.
· · · · --
~ rd-re sista nt d':_iK?, a'!d ~!'_'!_stru c~io!:. In_c!_~~~t__):l~ ~-p
rone to disasters, p3..9te ction can be
of
eE11~ ~e~ _by the careful selec tion ~~~,!1_n!!E.ui,~n g,l~£1:m.2!2
the know leage ·of disaster.:-r esist a_n t ~onstrt1:ction mate rials,
.sJes] ~s!. it i! : ssen! !al !o .Rromote
techn i_ques and ..p.tactices among
engin eers, archi tects and techn ical perso nnel.
Stru ctura l and cons truct iona l reinforcement of existing build
ings: It is possible to reduce the
vuln erab ility of exist ing build ings throu gh mino r adap tatio
ns or alter ation s, there by ensuring
their safety. This can be done by inser ting walls on the outsi
de of the build ing, buttr esses , walls in
the inter ior of the build ing, porti co fill-in-walls, specially
anch ored fram es cove ring colum ns and
beam s, cons truct ing new fram e syste ms, placi ng resid entia
l elect rical equi pme nt above the flood
level and desi gnin g wate r stora ge tank s to be able to
with stan d cyclo nic wind s , earth quak e~
and flood s.
 fl)~~ n1 c7 Tn...".-rry1u1Jlf111al~1 ·t-~~,e1utcd t
0 l Ude i11d
~~a, Citic~I ' par.""..lysfWtafhc-r
() llhtdrn, nu the I
event~ a~d to ..
r ' rm, (SrJJHtg
r
I.II n-ugU'.it

ex of a river, , Httc y lllanc,ged clraf

o 1vcs o l b
Tynes oj.fl.a.o~ •r an peop:1e ewer
1,r:,;- -...._ nage systtm,. Thr., i~ tckrred
ri.( llainfall floods: 1h
V 6or a nwnber of .d ~eo~ ur annua1J
I A ays. The B Y_during th
n ssam, the Brah . . rahmaputra e monsoon around man fl
also damages the s:::::~~ destroys cr~p~,u~~~ ~ts wide_ flood plain O:er1~
1 :'fr;
endangered species in th ing ~igh grassland Ter _so ennc~es paddy soil with frab silt It
deer. Many animals and e ~aZiranga National Pai vegetation. This is the habitat~ a J
F'orest Department d their young have to b ark such as elephants, rhinos and ~
(iij ~ainstormfl ds· an cared for in the r/ e rescued from flooded areas every year ~the
oo . The frequenc of th scue centre set up by Wildlife Trust of India.
a couple of days are the cause ofy . under claps leading to exceptional torrential rains over
tb at b egm · the
· lil
Bay of Bengal Th
rainstorm fl 00d •
s which are associated with cyclonic storms
(iii' Coastal floods: These affi t ·h ese affect the east coast repeatedly.
'-' fisberfolk who are freque tlec t e eastern coast disruptmg •
both agricultural peop~ and
n Y1ost at sea.
(iv) Dam burst floods: These fl 00d h
s ave devastated villages and even towns and cities. They
occur if small earthen dams give · way causmg· local flooding. Larger old dams ·
have also gm:n
way and caused serious flooding. Thus, all dams over a hundred years old are strengthened
to prevent untoward effects. Although uncommon, whenever this has occurred over the last
100 years, the effects have been catastrophic. In some Himalayan rivers, excessive erosion of
deforested mountain slopes has formed dams of silt and rocks downstream. These then~
way after further heavy rains and create floods downstream. The root cause of such events is
deforestation. .
(v) Extreme weather events: These are meteorological causes of floods. The m ~ ~
· bl e due to the large El Nino weather patterns in the oceans. Monsoon depressaons.
unpre d1cta
 224 l NvtllONMlNIM St 1111l\

""' h,,,, " IHh l I\'"'11111"" b ,111 1l 1" nIlu I I h, !-it' \ , "·" lw 1 <-v nt., Ir ,dtfif! t,, Morm• ond fln •<h lh ,
''""\II , II\ th, ~ ,,mg,, h ' ""' llll,1 tlu P11111,1h pl ,111 hut ~p<,rnd1u1llyn(fccH oth r sr '1' in 0.-ntrJ
h h\i,\ ,"'d lht '\,,, tlw111 h ,111 o t l't nm <a 1l111 India
;))"" l dfftlm,,· ,,1,.., ,1t,ou , :I h, , ,, ·" 1' nnt h, opog1..•nh (h11rn rn) elk t, of land11~c ~nd I nd OVtr
\..,_. "h,Hl~l', th 11 l\dd t,, the It I n, ,t v nl Ih11n1l1 , ~tor lll'l. 1-rnh,,nkmentq hullt to contain rive, .Incl
J' r\'\ ,·nt "'' 1'•"'' '''11 mtn n.,tm nl tlt,,,d pinins ghc w.,yduring heavy rains, leading to an inaea
m thl' ~J'l'l'd ,llld l' \.p,,n!-W\l nt " llkr inln \1g 1 il ult mal and urhari l.u t<facapcs Brea htng:
l-lh h ,·mb,mkmrnh 1, ,, ltcqm.· nt , .m~c of Sl'flm1s h 1t11l llornl111g

-
Short-term, mid-term and long-tern1 effects of floods
-
-\part frt"'m the nnmcd1,\h.' .. ,,taslrophlc lttntt\ tfHI from rl vcr,li th.It breach their ban.k.~ anto human
lands("apcs, there are scvcr,,l ~ide C\'cnts that require to he dealt with.
~

),Jt1'5i t- ,c.•n c 'c.•c ~ l n the immediate .iftermath, the lives of people are senoutly compromitid,
'- Health ( are and transport (both mil and road) are disrupted. Thus, diseues that sprad ie •
aftermath of the disaster do not receive immediate attention and the impact of the • -
increases manifold. Drinking water and food are in short supply and what is available ii fa I ...,
contanlinated and spreads gastrointestinal diseases. Rodents and pests take ova pam ..._. .
loss of transport due to roads and bridges that are damaged prevents acca, ~ la, ~ •
am1ed foi:ces are often deployed to clear debris and save lives. This
"2"' .,_ c. ~ cffec $: In the mid -term, hospitals, water supply lines,
'-' infrastructural life support are denied for weeks or months. This ca
,ictims.
~-o b- e '1t effects: In the longer term, recovery from both physi
" suffered by people is not quantifiable. People who lose their~
agricultural land and its produce or their livestock, rarely get ade_t
put it down to ill fate or their gods' vengeance, but others see it as
This requires counselling over long periods of interaction wi~
to be achieved. The lives of children who have lost their
education facilities are among the saddest late impacts on l.&ll.,...
Chipko M ov em en t: Essay,
Im po rta nt No te s
The "Chipko Movement" or the "Chipko
An do lan '' wa s fir st ini tia ted in Ind ia in
19 70 . Interestingly, thi s mo ve me nt wa s
lau nc he d by vil lag ers wh o str on gly felt
the ne ed to pro tec t the ir tre es an d forests.
At tha t time, the go ve rnm en t ha d ord ere d
for large-scale de for est ati on an d logging.
This or de r ha d wo rri ed an d an ge red the
vil lag ers wh o did no t wa nt to de str oy
the ir en vir on me nt.
Launched first in Uttarakhand's Chamoli
district in 1973, this movement soon
spread to the entire Himalayan region.
Literally, "Chipko" means "to hug" or "to
embrace." In this non-violent movement,
the activists would hug the trees and
refuse to budge until the loggers backed
off. This helped prevent the trees from
being cut.
Sunderlal Bahuguna, a noted
environmentalist, is credited to spread
this movement. Something similar to the
Chipko movement had first taken place in
1730 AD in Rajasthan, where a woman
named Amrita Devi had led a similar
movement.
Solution 0 Verified by Toppr

Chipko Movement, started in 1970's, was a non

violent movement aimed at protection and
conservation of trees and forests from being
destroyed. The name of the Chipko moment
originated from the word 'embrace' as the
villagers used to hug the trees and protect them
from wood cutters from cutting them. In 1731,
the king ofJodhpur in Rajasthan asked one of
his ministers to arrange wood for constructing a
new palace. The minister and workers went to a
forest near a village, inhabited by Bishnois, to
cut down trees. A Bishnoi woman Amrita Devi
showed exemplary courage by hugging a tree
and daring king's men to cut her first before
cutting the tree. The tree mattered much more
to her than her own life. Sadly, the king's men
did not heed to her pleas, and cut down the tree
along with Amrita Devi. Her three daughters
and hundreds of other Bishnois followed her,
and thus lost their lives saving trees. The
incident inspired the several other rural
women, who launched such similar movements
in different parts of India. The Chipko
Movement gained momentum under Sunderlal
Bahuguna, an activist, who spent his whole life
persuading and educating the villagers, to
protest against the destruction of the forests and
the Himalayan mountains by the government.
The chipko protests achieved a major victory in
1980 with a 15 years ban on tree felling in the
Himalayan forests of the state by the order of
Mrs. Indira Gandhi.
 This is a free online math calculator
together with a variety of other free
math calculators

Silent Valley
Movement
The densely-forested valley in the
Palghat district of north Kerala is known
as the 'Silent Valley'. It has a triangular
shape. On two sides are the Kozhikode
and Palghat cities in Kerala and on the
other side is located the Coimbatore city
in neighboring Tamil Nadu.

How did the name 'Silent Valley'

originate?

The forest is so deep and dark and

peaceful that the slightest chirping of
crickets can be heard. The general
silence of the valley has given the name
'Silent Valley'. It is told that the
'Pandavas' settled in this valley after
they lost their kingdom. This valley
extends over 90 square kilometers. The
river Kunthipura flows across the valley
from north to south. 'Pura' in Malayalam
means river. The river originates from a
height of 2400 m. after covering 15 km.
of plain land, the river has abruptly
narrowed down flowing along slopes
about 1000 meters down.
About the Movement
• The movement was first initiated by the local
people and was subsequently taken over by
the Kerala Sastra Sahitya Parlshad (KSSP).
• The KSSP effectively aroused public opinion
by publishing a techno-economic and socio-
political assessment report on the Silent
Valley hydroelectric project.
• The KSSP generated public opinion against
the project.
• As a consequence, in 1979, the Government of
Kerala passed legislation regarding the Silent
Valley Protection Area {Protection of
Ecological balance Act of 1979) and issued a
notification declaring the exclusion of the
hydroelectric project area from the proposed
national park.
Conservation Status of Silent Valley
• In 1914 the forest of the Silent Valley area was
declared a Reserve Forest.
• However, from 1927 to 1976 portions of the
Silent Valley forest areas were subjected to
forestry operations.
• In 1983, the Central Government instructed the
State government to abandon the Project and
on November 15, the Silent Valley forests were
declared as a National Park.
• On September 7, 1985, the Silent Valley
National Park was formally inaugurated.
• On September 1, 1986, Silent Valley National
Park was designated as the core area of the
Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve.
as a Kational Park. This has led to a maJor conservanu u ~-u-u:1: o:a: . - . - - ~ -- --_.- - - - -- - - - - ~ -

7 .5.3 The B ish nois of Rajastha n ~

The Bishnois are a group of traditional farmers in the Rajasthan desert area who wll
religious leader, Jambheshwa r. He has given them several tenets to follow. This indr:Kf
his followers to protect plants and animals. The Bishnois see that water and fodder is
Vvildlife around their villages even today. They have prevented hunting of wildlife even
croplands are damaged. The Bishnois apprehende d a famous celebrity film star
blackbuck in their area. The star has been severely punished by the SC as a violator el
Protection Act in 2018.
 7.6 ENVl·RONMENTAL ETHICS: ROLE OF INDIAN \..
ANO OTHER RELIGIONS AND CULTURES IN 1,;, V lff''- >

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION ~
Environmental ethu;s 4eals with-issues r-elated. to the tights of individuals that are fundamental to
life ~ ell---being. These concern not only the needs of ~~-~h-p_erson~t~d~~ ~~~ those whq will
coriie-after -us:it also deals "wiili-tbe-·rights-ofother living creatures that irihabit iJie ~ - -
'-2!1e -v:rorid is such a be~ _!i_f~tl___elace. w~.
~S_.!,~.P~cies,_, en~,~1V~4 ~~h~ s_o_fficl;!!Y_!V0l~ary.$lfts,
have aa uty towarasKeeping our world a beautiful, ~iveable ,~g-~appy place.-.ieetwe dftll't Ins ,
if1ifeas--we-expenenceitoccursanywhere-;is·e·1n-tile,universe. !f.Wn~! th~2...ri!Y.2~es, the~ ' ! §e
a unique responsibility to the universe itself. So, we have glob3:!?__p ~!!QO.ru,,~ .~J.9-_q tl_~n~ o~ ental
responsibIIities.
o;.. ~-~
'IIowever,--ffie earffisresourcet iiave Hmits:~we cannot overuse or misuse th~m.
lie;.....,_.,.,.• ~ .._ • '- .a;. ,,._~ ......1,;,t_e_.. , ~. ... •• '.,:i ,,.• • • •
<
• • ~i • •, • • ~ - "!; ~, ,I,~ , - - - ~ ~ - - - --i; .•- ~~

In .rp.~yJ ituatiops w:4~t we want iµ~y poi fie_g99d''.foi.,our. . .envit:ol!l!lent Our ethical behaviour
towards the environment rliust b~ in consonance with environmental integrity. "!.fact, we need
to-b-etteroureiiviroiimentby P-iOmQ_fi:1_1g_y~-~~~-!~!~-~aji_agi_ng:nat~~~·s1i's_~ bly, supporting and
maintaining naturalness, and preserving our natural resources and biological diversity. 1his is
wn at environmeiifafethic-s is ~~.§ijLif1s.i ]s<?. ~~ouJ the, ~qQ_ar rigbts of alf peop~ to environmental
resources such as clean air, drinking water, secure food, good environmental health management
and education.
 Flvo princ iples of environmental e th ics
'the~ principl es (1985) are as follows.
\.,)!f'f r[hc divcn,ity of species and communities must be preserved-because people \ike nature
through a scntim en, call ed biophiha {l· 0 Wilson. 1984).
(ii) 'Jhc ultimate deci mation of populations and species must be prevented-because humankind
' hA~ ac<.clcratcd th e loss of species. ')his wa, normally a very slow process which took.hundreds
ofthouc,nnds nf years. l luman activitie4, have in the last few decades acce\uatedtheprocas a
~h at c.a n lead to extinl tinn of threatened , pecies of flora and fauna.
, Oif) t~cologica\ l.omplcx1ty mu,t be ma10tained- becau&e the processes within ecoeystema are
dosdy interhnkcd with many dependent species and their habitat&, at wd • tbdr 1peCik
gcnct1, lharac ten~\lct,.
\,),.i"' Fvolut ion ~hould continue- because this process which created the earth', bic,lopcal clioa 11,
is an inherent aspect of nature which creates new and better adapted specia.
(\') 'Biological diversity has intrinsic value- because human being, value • 1 t a A
' characteristics. lt has ethical and existence value-people appreciate ~ jllllt • •
presence. We appreciate evergreen fo rests rich in species and colourful coral redilcwai(-..
don't see them. They are all part of the virtual world that we see in our miDdl eye.

Human righ,!s
Several envlronmental issues are closely linked to human rights. lhese bwfuJe Ille et M Pl
distribution of environmental resources, the utilisation threshold t5f resomc'ii iii I i K I
Property Rights (IPRs), conflicts between people and wildlife especially •
resettlement issues around development projects such as dams ana
mines
to prevent environment-related diseases are aspects that have imp]i~ on •
human being.
--
Value education
Value education in the context of the environment is expected to al.cilll • - -
way of life. Education, both through formal and non-formal p
understanding of environmental, natural and cultural values, social justice..
heritage, equitable use of resources, managing common property resoun:a
risks of ecological degradation.
Essentially, enviro!1mental values cannot be taught. They
complex process of appreciating our environmental asseq 1W
due to the destruction of our environment. The problems that u.
economic growth are the result of improper thinking on what
put a high value only on economic growth, we have no ~oncem
equitable use of resources. This mind set must change before concepta
can be acted upon.
23/2 ( tNIIIONMIIH j\1 SJ\l(!II

fnv1r-onmo11to/ vo/u~s
I, 1
l I\ Hlln ,ll\ 1' l 11\K h ,11, ., "" ' lc ly of tu hnn~ tor d1fltrc1\I ll~Jl"' I t 11f lrJ I"• O r her 1urroundi:1ca rr
'lh
'
\l l'',\l' \ I\
11 1 I I
1 111 111·111 npp10,11 1 111 ht,· v,1h11·, tht• u >1,n11ru \ r, f t1 ,it11r~ "'
7 r thl'!if 11tilh!trfan 1m ti, ..
,l '" I\ . . '""I:
' ' l ' ' \\l \1' 1, 11\lt' r11 v1111nnw11t,1l v11h11 ~ r,o lwyond v,ll11lng
a rive r f, ' r l "'•.-,atcr,
. cl (r,r~t for ...
•~
llmbl·t 1" ' " Nrn, l 1mbr1 1mrr.l 1'1ml11u (N I FPll), or thr• •"" for it" fh;h, U.rtvir,,nm,.ntal val~
a r'- inh4.'r<'nl m kl'llngc-, lh,,t h, lnK .1hn111 \1•111111 ,vity fqr prc~erving nat.ure
mnrl." l a\lru\, tr.1d1t 1nnl\l VillUl•. Iher(' ;1rc ~rvrral w11tlngs and ~;,ying~10 fncli • an<.ient
}l'l·i w !i e. 111 it ii
ulture,
~ \t "nppl', rl the ~on'-cpl of tlw onc 11cs11 of nlJ l rri1llon of re,pc~
1 ~ :ind valuin_ all ~ d~ent th
Ct)tnponcntl> of nllt\l\ c whk h lnclud,•~ Oora foun a oir, water ,md cilrlb- Ou r env,mnm~n 3
va
mu51 also l1ansla1e ,mo pm rnmervotlon°aclfo; , in oil our d•y lo d•y ~ - M'l't cla,;-
acllon~ have .,dvcn,e envi ronmental lmpat t!i unlC'i!) WC consciou sly avoid them. . e
a 1pts to reverse these trcncfs Ts ensh rined in our cultural value9 and 01.W
~•mmh1!Jr•
itutwn.
Yalue~ l!ad to a process of decision making which creates pro-env ironmental action. Fot
valtJt
e~cat~o ~ in re1ation ~o ili~environm ent, this Erocess is learn ea fh~g1r ffl' 'nrf&r«an~
L and
ap,Eeaa tion of nature~ n:.ne~ and the importance of its conservation. Hu":1ans hav~
aes1re to explore nature and to unravel its mysteries. However, modern soaety and ,_educatlO
nal
processes have suppress ed these innate sentiments~ Once~ xpos~d t~ the wond~s ofth~
people tena to bond closely with nature. They begin to appreciate its comp~ ,aQQ,, .{r-
this awatc:ens an ew connectedness arrd the desire to protect our natural heritage. This feeling
el
far
n~ e is a part of our constitution which strongly emphasises this value.
'-The concepts of what constitutes 'right' and 'wrong' behaviour changes with time; values,
•
no~ cons.la%_ I~was once considered 'sport' to snoot animalCTt.was § nsia~ ato9!j
desuable act1V1ty to Kill a tiger. J.v today's context, with wildlife reduced to a tiny fraction
al mee
al wiia
there was in the past, it is now1doked down upon as a crime. Th!15.J..the value system~
~
t!_:ne and circumstances. Similarly, with the large tracts of ~orest. that existed in the ~
few trees for fuelwood or nousing was not a significant crimina l act.~Ti~ ;•~ =co
conce":.:_ With the small _!iu~an number s in the past, throwin g away a_=
garbage mto the street could nothave"been consid~ cl '!!~~g. But
adag~

eoij mc=
-an-.. , i£-1
people t~owing away large quantities of non-q adahle w~ te, ~ is
to the envuonm ent. We must prevent iliis through strong enVll'onment-~
·
indee(lue::,tpJpi M
education system.
Appreciating the negative effects of our actions on the en ·
our day-to-d ay thinking. Our current value stem is b
as being what we need in our country wi its em
neeaeco~mic de; efopment, our V ue sy m
support a sustainable form of development 'Ihisis
of environ mental degrada tion in the future.
Environ mental problem s created b devel
ecQ_nomfcdeYwp ment, nor totlietec o ogy
awarene ss of the consequ ences of unliriiite
Lo oked at in this way, it deals with con:,~.e ;_p__ts_o...,.w• •tii
surroun dings and our duty towards other species Oil
are about.
Each action by an individual must be linked to lta
mind, so that a value is created that strengt ens
environ mentally damagin g actions. This cannot happen unless new
 ---- "-• •r - • ,..,.,.,.,. t' "._ ' \. '-JA. '-1 '-T'-•'J PIIJ \,,,. l l l•

':¥hat are tl various professions that have to make value judgments that greatly influence our
envuon~1 ent? early ev!Iy_erofession can a_n._g_clQ..es influence__o.u1..m,.urwunent., ~1 S(?me do so
mor~ duesQL 1an others,:. Po}i~y-1nakers, ad1ninistrato~ 1 .J&ndl,W$!-Plaun.~rs, me.d ia,..architects,
11
;~~ical_person nel,J 1..e..althcare workers, agt icµltyraJ,i~t~, i~ucwtu&ill ;=x.µerJs., ir..rigati..9:0. ,I>lan.ners,
;11 1:11n g exp~ !!_s.1 f2resters 1 _forest pla.i2n~r§2. industrialists anq UW~l jmp,o.ttantl~ te~cher..Lllt the
scho~ and c_o!kge levels, are all closely related_to i,i.9-environme~J il~~- .. ·
t nvironmental values are linked to varied environmental concerns. While we value resources
thatwe use ~ fo~~~t~ ana o tnerp° -1-9.4,tJ£tS_,J~~~re also environmental services that we 1bust
appreciate. These include nature's mechanisms in.cleanilig ai; by the removal of carbon dioxide and
actdid~m- of oxygen by plant life, recycling water through the hydrological cycle and maintaining
climate regimes.
However, there are other aesthetic, ethical values that are equally important aspects of our
environment that we do not consciously appreciate. ~ile, ~v~~~! pe5i<;,,~ !_t.~ .E.?11:2!,~~the web of
life, there are so~ whic_!i~~<l!!E~,t.S2.fil~.t<?...~~JS.for !!ierrJ{,eauty alone. The ti~r's ~~cence,
·-thewhrue a'ndel~Rfiin(~.&~P.1 s~z~ ~he i_.n~Jlig~~.J?f ,tli~e I?-!:-,imJt~§, _the grace~f[~2( a if~f
cranes, are all parts of nature t~ ~~£l9.Q9t .!1e,!p ~µt~~4i'!tlLf· ,lu,2~ splendour of an evergreen 'lb~
fo! est, tfie griatiowii.o<i(½t~Ce~J?-'~ ~~':~S, -~~~ -~ e tranqqJ~~!Y,.9,f .th~ ?filtalit~~untairis-are
things that each of us value even if we do not experience it ourselves. We value nature igffor its
~c..iu.-: _..,__ ....... -~-•---:.....-
- - - L. ~~ - - . . ; _ ; ~ ~::::+ta - •
presence.llus is nature's existence value'.
Urban gar~e~s _aI}.~_2..ES~Q~ ~~ ~~aJ,s2_ ::a};1;~?..~:. ~s a~spie~f and life enriching places !?r
~
recreation. This must be a prime concern to urban planners. 1:he~~ gi:~~n~ aces act as not only
t~e 1ungs' of cities, th~y ajsQ.. RJ<;>vjde ~4e ~~~~ e~d~ eY~~.2!,~gi~al suer ort...Tht.,,m e,8_tal aeacc-
and relaxation provided by such areas 1?-eeds to be vaj?7j.,_although it is difficult to put a price tag
·on these environmental assets. Nevertheless, these centres of 'pe ace·and tranqwllliy give urban
- - - - ,..__, ......i. ...- ,.. .. •• •
d~ellers an opportunity to balance their highly modified environments with the splasfi o ~ n
of a garden space. D r Ernest Wilson believed, as nian{ do today, that tliese .green spaces are vital
to our mental and physical well-being. He coined the term biophilia to describe this phenon1enon.
Environmental values must also stress the importance of preserving our ancient heritage
stru ctur es. Toe
characteristic architecture, sculpture, ~rt ana cra~? f~ncienfctilfom are mv!nu'1ole
environmental assets. They te~ us where we have come fr~m, where w~ a re n.?.~: ctrld) ' cThaps trr_:;ve
are willing to learn from them) where w~ ~hould go. Arch~!~.r~!~ent~~ -~~~_be_r~~d_f_1':_:c-~V1.ng
old buildings, to conse.rving ~hole. tr~~1t_10!1al Ia_n dscapes m_ r~~~-~d ~~et'ts~-~~~ ~t:' urb~
· •
setting s. Unless we
.-,- . learn to value these landscapes, they w11l a1sappear an"ct our ht'ntag~ "will De
. . .. .. . ..... . , , _
irrevocably lost. _
- As environmentally conscious indiv~1l:l~ls, w_e nee?. ~o ~~op a ~et ot ~a.lu~s that are linked
. h b tt
W1t a e er a
nd more ·sustainable wav of life for all people. There are St'Vt'r..if posi'tive'as well
< • - - -
 234 l1>.1V1HnN~INtAI \111nr1,

.1s m•g,11iw 11~pl•d s nf lwhnv1ou1 th111 nrr llnkrd to nur cnv,r,,nmrnt lh,. J~0 ,~itJ_y£..lcelrnl{! th~J
l-Upp(,I I lhl' rm·I1nnmrnl in< l11clr A v,1hw for 11,1tmc tr,1cl1f10n,1I, ,Jiurc hrnt;, t .1nd tr11111 w,.
l\1'-l' nt"t'd to hl'l omr moll' ,rn,,tivc towiH <h prc•v(•r,fing ,11pr.r I< t M h:.ivt ,1 n,gAtiv,. 1mpMt an
th(' r,w,ronmt"nl. 11,rn.' Ith l11dr nu, ,tltitwlr tow.ird ~ thr dr.gr;icl:ition rif th~ ""nvir<rnml!nt, loi.1
o( !-pcl.'.'1c1i, pollution. povclly, c.onupllon In cnvironmr.nf,11 man,1gem.,.nt, ,1,,. rigJiliof fm'ure
gC'ncrntioni. And :minrnl rights.

Valuing nature
The most fundamental environmental sentiment i~ to value nature her4tlf. The ontnw of our
1t,~s \\1th the rest of nature and a feeling that we are only a mini,cule part of nature'• cc,mpfix ...,e1,
of life becomes apparent, when we begin to appreciate the wonders of nature'• diversity, We must
appreciate that we belong to a global community that includes 1.9 million known Living species of
plants and animals. We know that the earth's life-forms are unique. We have a great responsibility
to protect life in all its glorious forms and must therefore respect the wilderness and the natural
habitats of all its living creatures. We need to develq£_! sense of va!ue that make$ us J)toted what is
left of the wilderness. On the one hand, we need to protect natural ccosptemt while on t& otfia
we must protect the rights ofTocal people. Apart from valuing the diversity of life itself, we must
also learn to value and respect diverse human cultures. Many of the tnoal cultures of our coontry
are -;-anishing because people with more dominan_t and ~~o~ mically advan~ of lite do
not respect the lifestyles of tribal folk that are, in fact, closer to nature and frequently are mih
sustainable. We believe that our modern technology-baseatrfestyies are the only way for so&fy ro
progress. However, this is only a single dimension of life that is based on economM. gttMth.
While currently the environmental movement focuses on issues that are concernm wilh Ille
management of the natural environment for the 'benefit' of h ~ 'deep ec:.dor;/_ , - - • 1
approach that is expected to bring about a more appropriate ecologu::@
J

Valuinf{cultures
e: - -
Every culture has a right to exist. Tribal people are frequently most
we have no right to foist on them our own modem way oflife.
them with modern health care and education that gives them.a«
economic status without disrupting their culture, beliefs.
happen only if we value their culture and respect their way of
c~,- .
,..:,Octa 1ustIce
As the gulf widens between the haves and the have-nots, ·
rights of the latter. If this is not respected, the poor will
spread and the people who are impoverished will even
to better their own lot. The developing world will W{O
unless we protect the rights of the poor people.
Modern civilisation is a blen1<l-,c;~mlllQIIIMia
modern science holds the answers t9 llSlJlbjng.
ancient and even present day sequestrated c
environments that is based on a deep sense of
generations, used indigenous me · · es wbt
have produced unique art forms, such as
have their own poetry, songs, dance and
 H11t.AAN COMMIJNITl(S A~JO THf ENVIRONMENT 235
lost as Wl' introduu~ ., diOl'rc- nt M'I of modrrn v.1lur1 to them 1hrn11gh television and other mass
media. 1hl' wo1hi wlll lw t 11ll11rnlly 1mpovcm hcd If we lose thi s trndit1onal knowledge. ~ l
~onn lost' lhr ht•nuty within thrir homri; thnl ,~ha~cd on thr thing, made from nature. lhe art ~
t~c poller will hl' lmt fotl'Vl't to the lnclt·,1t11rt1hlc plasOc pot lhe bamhoo bit~kct-weaver_who
n~kl'S •' thing of beauty thnt 1s so u~e1 friendly ond 1ciffitflcelly appealing, will gfve pface to yet
,uiothcr plastic box. Mu1.h that h, beautifu l ancl han<l-,rafted will dl1apptilf if we do not value these
divcn;c aspects of human cullu m;.

....,.J,lr11nan heritage
The e:11·~, itself is a heritage left to us hy our ance~ton , not only for our own utt but alto for the
generations to come. There is much that ts beautifu l on our earth- the undisturbed wUdemal,
a traditional rural l:\11dscape, the architect ure of a traditional village or town and the vahle of
a
histori~al monument or place of worship. 'These are all part of our human hertt.ap.
Hentage preserva~ n is now a growing environmental com; ~ : = • bffc ..oda ,.-rd
much
_ .
0 f th' h ·
is ~ntage duang~ :-- -th~ast · and
several decades
v\Thil ~ adm1re and value the Ajanta and Ellora Caves the tern
it is · al Ill =L ?~
.,.,..,,.AJ'K&
.:jji"ct 2 ts
that led to different and diverse sty es o arc itecture and sc e •
structures s~ch_as. the T~ _Ma!}~~-~t!h.e..Y!!~; e~ onmentall -h'Ml'l'lnllW'
have done little to actively preserve these assets. As enviw
need to lobby for the protectio~ of~the wild:rness and our glorious ai: •

Equitable use of resources

An unfair diiliibution. obYe_alth~.r u ed on a world that ·
~ bring about ~ disaster of U!lPJ ecejl..s,_nted proportions_. The
seen as an essential aspect,J>f huma11 wdl-l>ein and must be
all socially and environmentally conscious individuals.
the more populous developing countries, ~e·peQpr;: -:;...;..--raiiiii~
in number) us£_ m9re r~ ow:ces and enerS¥. This is equally true of
in poor countries whose per capita _.U.Se p( e.
b ased on the one-time use of di~osable roducts le
As we begin to appreciate that we need more sustainable lifestyles.
cannot be brought about without a more equitable use of resources.

~ on proper ty resources
A major portion of the environment does not belon
commonly owned resources that all of us use as a co
the air that we alfbreat liel e orests an rass an s
common property resourc~ When t e ove
forests during the British rule, ,the1'oc.!:1t
1~~LS'i,,111,11111-'ll!llilljl
a set of norms that were based on communi
which they now had no personal st~ e. Brin.5111911111. .lltll
is extremely difficult. However, in the recen ,...t_.,...,..
Forest Protection Committees (FPCs) hw ho.w__ n _
the forests, they will begin to protect them. This esseatl
forests between the Forest Department and the local people,
participatory manage ment.