Unit-2
HTML
Outline
1. Introduction to HTML • List
• What is a Web Page? • Anchor
• My First HTML Page • Image
• HTML Code Formatting 3. HTML Tables
2. Basic HTML Tags 4. HTML Forms
• Heading 5. XHTML
• Paragraph 6. Introduction to HTML 5
• Color
• Font
What is a Web Page?
Web page is text file containing HTML
HTML – Hyper Text Markup Language
• A notation for describing
• document structure (semantic markup)
• formatting (presentation markup)
The markup tags provide information about the page content
structure
Creating HTML Pages
An HTML file must have an .htm or .html file extension
HTML files can be created with text editors:
• NotePad, NotePad ++, PSPad
Or HTML editors (WYSIWYG Editors):
• Microsoft FrontPage
• Macromedia Dreamweaver
• Netscape Composer
• Visual Studio
First HTML Page
test.html
<html>
<head>
<title>My First HTML Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is some text...</p>
</body>
</html>
HTML Structure
HTML is comprised of “elements” and “tags”
• Begins with <html> and ends with </html>
Elements (tags) are nested one inside another:
<html> <head></head> <body></body> </html>
Tags have attributes:
<img src="logo.jpg" alt="logo" />
HTML describes structure using two main sections: <head>
and <body>
HTML Code Formatting
The HTML source code should be formatted to increase
readability and facilitate debugging.
• Every block element should start on a new line.
• Every nested (block) element should be indented.
• Browsers ignore multiple whitespaces in the page source,
so formatting is harmless.
For performance reasons, formatting can be sacrificed
First HTML Page: Tags
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
Opening tag
<head>
<title>My First HTML Page</title>
</head>
<body> Closing tag
<p>This is some text...</p>
</body>
</html>
An HTML element consists of an opening tag, a closing tag and the content inside.
First HTML Page: Header
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
HTML header
<html>
<head>
<title>My First HTML Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is some text...</p>
</body>
</html>
First HTML Page: Body
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
<title>My First HTML Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is some text...</p>
</body>
</html>
HTML body
First HTML Page
test.html
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
<title>My First HTML Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is some text...</p>
</body>
</html>
Basic HTML Tags
1. Headings
2. Paragraph
3. Colors
4. Fonts
5. List
6. Anchor Tag
7. Image
8. Table
9. Form
1) Headings
Headings are important because search engines use
the headings to index the structure and content of
your web pages.
<h1> text </h1> -- largest of the six
<h2> text </h2>
<h3> text </h3>
<h4> text </h4>
<h5> text </h5>
<h6> text </h6> -- smallest of the six
align="position" --left (default), center or right
2) <p> paragraph
<p> defines a paragraph
Add align="position" (left, center, right)
Multiple <p>'s do not create blank lines
Use <br> for blank line
Fully-specified text uses <p> and </p>, but </p> is
optional
3) Colors
Values for bgcolor and color
• many are predefined (red, blue, green, ...)
• all colors can be specified as a six character hexadecimal
value: #RRGGBB
• #FF0000 – red
• #888888 – gray
• #00FF00 –green
• #000000 – black
4) Fonts
The <font> tag specifies the font face, font size, and
color of text.
The <font> tag is not supported in HTML5.
<font color="red" size="2" face="Times Roman">
This is the text of line one </font>
<font color="green" size="4" face="Arial">
Line two contains this text </font>
<font color="#FF9933" size="6" face="Courier“>
The third line has this additional text </font>
5) List
Ordered List
1. Block-A a) Block-A A. Block-A i. Block-A I. Block-A
2. Block-B b) Block-B B. Block-B ii. Block-B II. Block-B
3. Block-C c) Block-C C. Block-C iii. Block-C III. Block-C
4. Block-D d) Block-D D. Block-D iv. Block-D IV. Block-D
Unordered List
• Block-A o Block-A Block-A
• Block-B o Block-B Block-B
• Block-C o Block-C Block-C
• Block-D o Block-D Block-D
5.1) Ordered List
<ol>
<li> Item one </li>
Types:
<li> Item two </li>
<ol type="I" > Type = 1 (default)
<li> Sublist item one </li> Type = a
<li> Sublist item two </li> Type = A
<ol type="i"> Type = I
<li> Sub-sub list item one </li> Type = i
<li> Sub-sub list item two </li>
</ol> Output
</ol>
</ol>
5.2) Unordered List
<ul>
<li> One </li>
Types:
<li> Two </li>
<ul type="circle"> Type = disc (default)
<li> Three </li> Type = circle
<li> Four </li> Type = square
<ul type="square">
<li> Five </li>
<li> Six </li>
</ul> Output
</ul>
</ul>
6) <a> Anchor Tag (Hyperlinks)
The <a> tag defines a hyperlink, which is used to link from one
page to another.
Link to an absolute URL:
If you get spam, contact <a href="http://www.microsoft.com">
Microsoft </a> to report the problem.
Link to a relative URL:
See these <a href=“./index.php"> references </a>
concerning our fine products.
Link to a section within a URL:
<a href=“#reference">
Reference Section. </a>
7) Images
Syntax :
<img src=“PathToImage”/>
src is required
alt will specify the text to display if the Image not found
width, height may be in units of pixels or percentage of page
or frame
• width="357"
• height="50%“
Images (cont.)
<img src="dolphin.jpg" align="left" width="150" height="150"
alt="dolphin jump!">
align=position Image/Text Placement
Left Image on left edge; text flows to right of image
Right Image on right edge; text flows to left
Top Image is left; words align with top of image
Bottom Image is left; words align with bottom of image
Middle Words align with middle of image
Image (cont.) => align=“bottom”
Image (cont.) => align=“right”
8) Table
<table> table tag
<caption> optional table title
<table border=1> <tr> table row
<caption>Table Caption</caption> <th> table column header
<tr> <td> table data element
<th>Heading1</th>
<th>Heading2</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row1 Col1 Data</td>
<td>Row1 Col2 Data</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row2 Col1 Data</td>
<td>Row2 Col2 Data</td>
</tr>
</table>
Table Element Attributes
align=position -- left, center, right for table
border=number -- width in pixels of border (default 0)
cellspacing=number -- spacing in pixels between cells, default
about 3
cellpadding=number -- space in pixels between cell border and
table element, default about 1
width=number[%]-- width in pixels or percentage of page/frame
width
Table Row <tr> Attributes
Valid for the table row:
align -- left, center, right
valign -- top, middle, bottom
bgcolor -- background color
<table align="center" width="300" height="200">
<tr align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="red">
<td>One</td>
<td>Two</td>
</tr>
<tr align="center" valign="middle" bgcolor="lightblue">
<td>Three</td>
<td>Four</td>
</tr>
<tr align="right" valign="bottom" bgcolor="yellow">
<td>Five</td>
<td>Six</td>
</tr>
</table>
Irregular Table
Valid for the table cell:
colspan b c
- how many columns this cell occupies
a
rowspan
- how many rows this cell occupies d
<table align="center" width="300" height="200" border="1">
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2">a</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1">b</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" >c</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan=“2" rowspan="1">d</td>
</tr>
</table>
9) HTML Form
<form> is just another kind of HTML tag
HTML forms are used to create GUIs on Web pages
• Usually the purpose is to ask the user for information
• The information is then sent back to the server
A form is an area that can contain form elements
• The syntax is: <form parameters> ...form elements... </form>
• Form elements include: buttons, checkboxes, text fields, radio buttons,
drop-down menus, etc
• Other kinds of HTML tags can be mixed in with the form elements
• A form usually contains a Submit button to send the information in
the form elements to the server
• The form’s parameters tell browser how to send the information to
the server (there are two different ways it could be sent)
The <form> Tag
The <form arguments> ... </form> tag encloses form
elements (and probably other HTML as well)
The arguments to form tell what to do with the user input
• action="url" (required)
• Specifies where to send the data when the Submit button is clicked
• method="get" (default)
• Form data is sent as a URL with ?form_data info appended to the end
• Can be used only if data is all ASCII and not more than 100 characters
• method="post"
• Form data is sent in the body of the URL request
• Cannot be bookmarked by most browsers
• target="target"
• Tells where to open the page sent as a result of the request
• target= _blank means open in a new window
• target= _top means use the same window
Input tags
Text field
• Example: <input type=“text” name=“inputname”/>
Password field
• Example: <input type=“password” name=“inputname”/>
Radio buttons
• Example:
<input type="radio" name="gender"> Male
<input type="radio" name="gender"> Female
Check boxes
• Example:
<input type="checkbox" name="Roll1"> Roll No 1 <br/>
<input type="checkbox" name="Roll2"> Roll No 2 <br/>
<input type="checkbox" name="Roll3"> Roll No 3 <br/>
Input tags (cont.)
Dropdown list
• <select> tag is used to create a drop-down list in HTML.
• <option> tags inside the <select> tag define the available options in the list.
• Example:
<select>
<option value=“1”>Rajkot</option>
<option value=“2”>Ahemdabad</option>
<option value=“3”>Surat</option>
</select>
• Example (multiple select):
<select multiple="multiple">
<option value=“1”>Rajkot</option>
<option value=“2”>Ahemdabad</option>
<option value=“3”>Surat</option>
</select>
Input tags (cont.)
Text area
• <textarea> tag defines a multi-line text
input control.
• Example :
<textarea rows=“8” cols=“30”>
Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology is a leading institute ….
</textarea>
Submit Button
• Submit button is used to submit the data
to the form action url.
• Example :
<input type=“submit” value=“Add City”>
Introduction to XHTML
Problems were initially caused in the development of HTML by a
lack of standards.
Browser makers tended to add proprietary extensions that limited
those who could see the sites in the way that was intended .
This was been termed the “browser wars” of 1990s.
The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) became the main source
for standards that browsers were to follow.
Introduction to XHTML (Cont.)
The evolution of HTML led to the separation of formatting
instructions from content, leading to the development of CSS.
HTML was redeveloped as XHTML, using XML to apply more strict
approach to web coding.
XHTML provides a more stable platform for CSS
XHTML
XHTML stands for EXtensible HyperText Markup Language
XHTML is almost identical to HTML 4.01
XHTML is a stricter and cleaner version of HTML 4.01
XHTML is HTML defined as an XML application
XHTML is supported by all major browsers.
Characteristics of XHTML
DOCTYPE is mandatory
XML namespace attribute in <html> is mandatory
<html>, <head>, <title>, and <body> is mandatory
elements must be properly nested
elements must always be closed
elements must be in lower case
documents must have one root element
Attribute names must be in lower case
Attribute values must be quoted
Attribute abbreviation is forbidden
XHTML DOCTYPE
An XHTML document must have an XHTML DOCTYPE declaration.
XHTML 1.0 document type definitions are corresponds to four
Dtds:
• Strict
• Basic
• Transitional
• Frameset
The most commonly used is the XHTML Transitional document.
XHTML DOCTYPE (Cont.)
XHTML 1.0 Strict: This DTD contains all HTML elements and attributes,
<!DOCTYPE html but does NOT INCLUDE presentational or deprecated
PUBLIC "-//W3C//Dtd XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
elements (like font). Framesets are not allowed.
"http://www.w3.org/tr/xhtml1/Dtd/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
XHTML 1.0 Transitional: This DTD contains all HTML elements and attributes,
<!DOCTYPE html INCLUDING presentational and deprecated elements
(like font). Framesets are not allowed.
PUBLIC "-//W3C//Dtd XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/tr/xhtml1/Dtd/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
XHTML 1.0 Basic: This DTD is equal to XHTML 1.0 Strict, but allows you
<!DOCTYPE html to add modules (for example to provide ruby
PUBLIC "-//W3C//Dtd XHTML 1.0 Basic//EN"support for East-Asian languages).
"http://www.w3.org/tr/xhtml1/Dtd/xhtml1-basic10.dtd">
XHTML 1.0 Frameset: This DTD is equal to XHTML 4.01 Transitional, but
<!DOCTYPE html allows the use of frameset content.
PUBLIC "-//W3C//Dtd XHTML 1.0 Frameset//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/tr/xhtml1/Dtd/xhtml1-frameset.dtd">
XHTML Document Structure
A basic XHTML document consists of the following main parts:
• xml version
• The DOCTYPE (Dtd)
• html document root
• xmlns attribute for the html element
• head element with a child title element
• body element
XHTML Document Structure (Ex.)
<?xml version="1.0" ?>
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//Dtd XHTML 1.00 Strict//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/tr/xhtml1/Dtd/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<title>Hello</title>
</head>
<body>
helloooooooo
</body>
</html>
META Tag
Metadata is data (information) about data.
The <meta> tag provides metadata about the HTML document.
Metadata will not be displayed on the page.
Meta elements are typically used to specify page description,
keywords, author of the document, last modified and other
metadata.
The metadata can be used by search engines (keywords),
browsers (how to display content or reload page) or other web
services.
Meta Tag Attributes
Attribute Value Description
Charset Character_set Specifies the character encoding for the HTML document
author
description
name keywords Specifies a name for the metadata
robots
expires
content-type
Provides an HTTP header for the information/value of the
http-equiv default-style
content attribute
refresh
Gives the value associated with the http-equiv or name
content text
attribute
format/URI Not supported in HTML5. Specifies a scheme to be used to
scheme
USA/Europe interpret the value of the content attribute
Character Entities
• Character entities are used to display reserved characters in HTML.
• Characters that are not present on your keyboard can also be
replaced by entities.
Character Character Entity Description
Space
& & Ampersand
“ " Quote
< < Less than
> > Greater than
© © Copyright
® ® Registered
™ ™ Trademark
£ £ Pound
¢ ¢ Cent
45
÷ ÷ Divide
Keyboard and How Browser Works ?
Mouse
Output
To
HTML Interpreter Display
Controller Display
Plug-Ins/ Drivers
Other Interpreter
Response
from web
server
Other
Clients Network
HTTP Interface
Client Communicati
on with web
server
Introduction to HTML 5
The DOCTYPE declaration for HTML5 is very simple:
<!DOCTYPE html>
The character encoding (charset) declaration is also very simple:
<meta charset="UTF-8">
New HTML5 Elements:
• New semantic elements like <header>, <footer>, <article>, and <section>.
• New form control attributes like number, date, time, calendar, and range.
• New graphic elements: <svg> and <canvas>.
• New multimedia elements: <audio> and <video>.
• Some Elements Removed in HTML5
Introduction to HTML 5 (cont.)
The following HTML4 elements have been removed from HTML5:
HTML 4 HTML 5 HTML 4 HTML 5
<acronym> <abbr> <strike> CSS
<applet> <object> <tt> CSS
<center> CSS <basefont> CSS
<dir> <ul> <big> CSS
<font> CSS
