Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2020; 8(3): 1921-1925

E-ISSN: 2320-7078
P-ISSN: 2349-6800
www.entomoljournal.com
A review of nutrition and its impact on silkworm
JEZS 2020; 8(3): 1921-1925
© 2020 JEZS
Received: 22-03-2020 Shilpi Devi Borah and Praban Boro
Accepted: 24-04-2020
Abstract
Shilpi Devi Borah
M.Sc. (Ag.) Department of
Feeding is one of the major factor in silkworm rearing. Optimum feeding includes healthy host plant
Sericulture, Assam agricultural leaves available with essential nutrients. Nutrition is the basic unit of silkworm for growth and
University, Jorhat, Assam, development. It is very much important to know the basic knowledge of nutrition about insects and it
India. helps while studying life cycle of any particular insect or worms. The insects also have the same
nutritional requirement as like other plants and animals such as protein, vitamins, carbohydrates etc. The
Praban Boro basic nutrients needed by insects are less in amount as compared to other living organism like human
M.Sc. (Ag.) Department of beings or any other animals. The quantity of nutrients acquired by insect varies upon their body sizes.
Sericulture, Assam agricultural Since silkworm is a type of insect comes under lepidopteron order it also requires same nutrients for their
University, Jorhat, Assam, better growth. Silkworm consumes their essential nutrients and water from their feed. If the healthy host
India. plant leaves are not provided, available with essential nutrients the consequences are seen in the different
instars of silkworms.

Keywords: Silkworm, nutrition, major nutrients, nutritional impact

Introduction
Nutrition is the most important and very much essential component for all the living being.
Without nutrition or nutritious food it is impossible for any living organism to survive and
attain a healthy disease free growth. Like other organisms silkworms are also very much
sensitive towards nutritional factor. It is well known that the amount and quality of leaves
affects growth rate, developmental period, body weight and survival rate of larvae, as well as
influencing the subsequent fecundity, longevity, movement and competitive ability of the
adults. [1]. If the optimum required nutrients are not present in the leaves then silkworm acquire
disease and the percentage of effective rate of rearing will be decrease as the mortality rate is
higher in silkworm which is reared in poor foodstuff.
Nutritional requirements are the chemical factors of ingested food essential for normal
metabolism and development of insect [2]. In general, there is evidence that nutritional
requirements of young insects may vary with sex, change with developmental stage. Insects
generally have the same nutritional requirements as large animals. The balance of nutrients is
very important to most studied insects [3, 4]. Balance may be important due to small body size
[5]
. Insects may respond to imbalance diet in one of the three ways- They can alter the total
amount of ingested food; they can move from one food to another with a different nutrient
balance; or they can regulate the effectiveness of the nutrients [4]. The required essential
nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins and amino acids, water etc are
generally present in the natural food plants of the species.
Food is ingested and digested by silkworm for metabolism and to supply all kinds of essential
nutrients for its growth and development [6]. Feed utilization studies are generally confined to
4th and 5th instar of silkworm larvae as 80% of total leaves was consumed in these instars.
Feed conversion efficiency contributes directly or indirectly to the major chunk of the cost
benefit ratio of silkworm rearing and is considered to be an important physiological criterion
for evaluating the superiority of silkworm breeds [7]. In silkworm, different breeds vary in their
growth, development, food consumption, utilization and conversion efficiency. Food
conversion efficiency in silkworm varies according to the environmental conditions, food
quality and also quantity of food [8].
Corresponding Author:
Shilpi Devi Borah
M.Sc. (Ag.) Department of Major nutritional requirement of silkworm
Sericulture, Assam agricultural Carbohydrates
University, Jorhat, Assam, Carbohydrate is a major source of energy for most of the insects. For silkworm, carbohydrate
India.
is a very important fuel source.
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They may be converted to lipids, and may contribute to the growth was obtained even in the absence of proline. However,
production of amino acids. Many carbohydrates, especially so-called non-essential amino acids, alanine, cystine, glycine,
sugars, are powerful feeding stimulants. A functional serine and tyrosine are also important, because they motivate
carbohydrate sometimes may appear as non-functional if it is growth of the silkworm. Optimal growth was obtained by the
not ingested effectively [4, 9, 5]. Carbohydrates are very addition of these non-essentials. The nutritive effect of these
important for silkworm but they are not essential because, non-essentials was clearly observed, even when acidic amino
they can be synthesized from lipids or amino acids [9]. acids were previously included in the diet. The actual silk
Different carbohydrate utilization depends on the ability of fibre fibroin is derived from four kinds of amino acids viz.,
silkworm to hydrolyze polysaccharides. The nutritive effects Alanine, Serine, Glycine and Tyrosin come from the food
of carbohydrates were studied either by determining their material of silkworm. The amino acid Alanine plays an
effects on weight gain and survival or by assaying the rate of important role in metabolism of glucose, tryptophan and
conversion to blood trehalose or fat body glycogen [10], both organic acid. Amino acids are the next most important
of them occurring as main carbohydrates in the body, when constituents in silkworm nutrition [13].
each compound was administered orally to the larvae without
any other nutrient. Since some of sugars possess a strong Lipids
phagostimulating action for silkworm larvae, it was afraid to Lipids are the bound fatty acids, short and long chain
get a misleading result when synthetic diets containing alcohols, steroids and theirs esters, phospholipids, and other
different sugars were compared. Similar to other species of groups of compounds. Silkworms are able to convert
insects, silkworm larva did not show any specific carbohydrates into lipids, and can synthesize lipids and
requirements for carbohydrates, although several compounds accumulate them in body tissue [9]. Fatty acids, phospholipids
were utilized more readily than others. In general pentoses and sterols are components of cell walls in addition to having
were poorly utilized. Of hexoses tested, glucose, fructose, and other specific functions. The silkworm larvae require
mannose were utilized well. Disaccharides, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic and linolenic acids
sucrose, cellolose, and maltose, were uniformly good. for their normal growth and development [5]. Moths deficient
Trisaccharides, melezitose and raffinose, showed a high in these fatty acids have defects in wing formation and their
value. Among sugar alcohols only sorbitol was utilized. scales adhere to the pupal case on emergence. A trace amount
Utilization of polysaccharides was entirely dependent on of lipids or sterols in a diet may positively influence growth
silkworm strains that is on the presence or absence of and development [14]. Silkworm requires sterol in the diet
amylases in digestive juice. Furthermore, nutritive values of because they can’t synthesize the sterol or can’t synthesize
various oligosaccharides were shown to be relating with the enough to meet their physiological requirements. Besides
presence or absence of corresponding glycosidases [11]. being a part of all cellular membranes, a sterol is the precursor
for synthesizing the molting hormone of silkworm. Thus,
Protein and Amino acid deficiency of a sterol in the diet results in incapability of the
Most insects probably have need of optimum level of proteins silkworm to molt and they typically die in the early instars [9,
5]
in their diet for the best growth, but this varies largely for .
different species. They are used for structural purposes, as
enzymes, receptors, for transport and storage [12]. Many Water
insects digest proteins from their food in order to get amino Phytophagous insects normally feed on diets with high water
acids. Protein is one of the essential materials of the body. It content. However, the amount may vary for the different
is the most important component of cell molecular structure species. In the silkworm the highest content is water which
for survival. It can adjust and control the substance for reaches more than 75 percent. It is necessary to have that
metabolism and physiological function of the silkworms by much water for the silkworm in all kinds of life process,
combining active substances like enzyme, hormone etc. with especially in digestion. Water is the best solvent and only in a
other substances. Adult female silkworm needs protein to solution state all kinds of nutrients can be absorbed into cells.
mature their ovaries and eggs. It is crucial for successfully Important chemical reactions in life activities take place only
secrete juvenile hormone (JH) that is required for ovary and in solution. Moreover, only water can be used as the
egg development. Male silkworm usually does not require transportation of nutrients and the waste matter. It can also
protein to mature their sperm when they become adults. In adjust the body temperature and keep it relatively stable [6].
general, optimal nutritional requirements change with age,
sex, and physiological stress [9]. Fibre
The amino acids, obtained from the leaf, are utilized by the Fibre is not grouped under nutrients. It comprises largely of
silkworm larvae for body growth, development, and cocoon cellulose and lignin and these substances belong to polymeric
formation. Amino acids essential for growth and survival of carbohydrates. Its intake along with all diet is essential
the silkworm larvae are arginine, histidine, leucine, because of regulatory function and help to maintain the
isoleucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, normal peristaltic movement of the intestine to remove waste
trythophan, and valine, aspertic acid, Glutamic acid [13]. These product from the Intestine [15].
amino acids are needed by silkworm for their growth,
development and survival but they cannot synthesize or the Vitamins
amount of synthesis is very less and they must ingest from Vitamins, a kind of organic active substance mainly are the
food, so they are called essential amino acids. These essential component enzyme and other catalysts. They are essential
amino acids are same as those needed by other insects without substances to adjust the physiological function and
any of them, silkworm cannot grow [6]. In addition to these metabolism in cells [6]. The silkworm mainly requires vitamin
twelve essential amino acids, the silkworm required proline, B complex and Ascorbic acid for their growth and
but proline was considered to be semi-essential, since some development. Essential vitamins under vitamin B complex
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requires for silkworm are choline, inositol, nicotinic acid identified as part of vitamin B complex. Choline and inositol
pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, riboflavin, thiamine, biotin and are required by silkworm in higher level because they are
folic acid [13]. involved in the production of cell membranes. Inositol is an
important part of signaling mechanism that transmits
Ascorbic Acid information from outside to the inside of cells. Inositol is also
Ascorbic acid has many important functions in the silkworm required by silkworm in higher level because like choline, it is
body. It is a powerful antioxidant, protecting against oxidative also involved in the production of cell membranes [19].
damage to DNA, membrane lipid and proteins ([16]. The
absence of ascorbic acid in the diet of first and second instar Minerals
larvae postpones growth and development of silkworm [17]. Minerals may represent a limiting factor for the growth of the
Ascorbic acid significantly increased the weight of silkworm insects, principally true for all types of diet composition [26]
larvae [18]. The salt significantly improved the growth of the
developmental stages, increased the cocoon characters,
Thiamine (B1) elicited early cocoon production and increased the
Thiamine is important for energy metabolism. The weight of reproductive potential of the silkworms. Nutritional
larvae and silk glands in all the thiamine fed groups had not supplementation of nickel chloride, potassium iodide and
shown any significant changes. On the other hand, larval copper sulphate increased the economic parameters of the
duration, cocoon weight, shell weight and fecundity increased silkworm. It is reported that nickel chloride considerably
significantly [19]. increased the growth of silkworm larvae, pupae, adults and
subsequently cocoon production but higher salt concentrations
Riboflavin (B2) produced terminal effects on these parameters [27]. The cocoon
Riboflavin is important in promoting the release of energy weight was increased after feeding silkworm larvae with
from carbohydrates, fats and proteins i.e. in the metabolic nickel and zinc fortified mulberry leaves [28].
pathway for ATP production. The enrichment of leaves with
riboflavin enhanced certain economic characters of silkworm, Impact of Nutrition in Sericulture
and improved silk production [20]. All the four kind of silkworm viz., eri, muga, mulberry and
tasar obtain their all essential nutrients from the leaves which
Niacin (B3) they taken as food. The nutritional status of the leaves can be
Vitamin B3 comes into two forms, nicotinic acid and improved by enriching them with vitamins and other nutrients
nicotinamide. Either form can satisfy the requirement for this [17]
. The feeding of nutritionally enriched leaves showed better
vitamin in insects. Niacin, requires for cell respiration, help growth and development of silkworm larvae, as well as
with the release of energy and metabolism of carbohydrates, directly influence on the quality and quantity of silk
lipid and proteins [21]. Vitamin B3 is essential for silkworm production [29].
but a high dose of vitamin B3 in silkworm diet interrupts The host leaves mainly constitute proteins, carbohydrates,
larval feeding, and normal growth. High mortality of larvae vitamins, sterols, phagostimulants and minerals. Such
occurs during moulting and they cannot complete this process nutritional requirement in food consumption have direct
normally [22]. impact on the all genetic traits such as larval and cocoon
weight, quantity of silk production, pupation and reproductive
Pantothenic Acid (B5) traits [30].
Vitamin B5 usually required for growth and development of Leaf supplemented with vitamin B derivatives enhanced
the silkworm, which are unable to synthesize. Vitamin disease resistance, body weight and silk yield in silkworm [31],
B5functions as a cofactor for enzymes and are required in the while, another vitamin, ascorbic acid enhanced the larval
diet of all the silkworms [12]. Pantothenic acid is the precursor survival rate [32].
of coenzyme A that is vital for the metabolism of Zinc plays an important role in larval growth and
carbohydrates, the synthesis and degradation of fats, the development by stimulating metabolism through enhanced
synthesis of sterols and the resultant steroid hormones [19]. enzyme activities, hormonal mediation, replication,
transcription and neuronal activity [33, 34].
Pyridoxin (B6) Supplementation of soya protein fortified leaves to the larvae,
Vitamin B6 in very much essential for silkworm but in low the larval period may have beneficial effects on the growth of
concentration. Low concentration of vitamin B6 increases the the silkworm and also increase the quality and quantity of the
larval body weight, pupal weight, silk gland weight, cocoon silk cocoon production [29].
and shell weight. But a high dose of vitamin B6 in silkworm Ascorbic acid enhanced silk yield of silkworm. Combined
diet interrupts the regular and optimum growth and effect of 0.2% N + 0.1% P + 0.3% K and 0.1% Ca has a
development of the silkworm [23]. spectacular effect on the growth of silkworm. It has also been
observed that the quality of silk was also improved [35].
Biotin (B8) Salts administrated in food determined a decrease of the larval
Biotin has an important role in carbohydrate and fat development period, growth characteristics of cocoon and
metabolism. It has been showed that biotin is one of the reproductive growth potential. Administration of additional
essential vitamins for the silkworm [24]. It has important role copper sulphate, nickel chloride and potassium iodide in the
in the synthesis of fatty acids in the silkworm and minimal food increased economic parameters of the silkworm [36, 37].
optimal level of biotin for growth and survival of the Larvae were fed with leaves supplemented with multimineral
silkworm is much lower than those of other vitamins [25]. at the end of the 5th instar had a significant increase in body
mass compared to the mass of larvae without multiminerals.
Choline and Inositol The total protein content presented a significant increase in all
Choline is traditionally not a vitamin; however it was
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multimineral treatments [38]. Increases in glycogen in the fat emphasis on artificial diet of the silkworm so that in
body have been reported after feed supplementation with unavailability of host leaves and in adverse climatic condition
potassium sulfate and zinc chloride [39]. farmers can rear the silkworms. Hence from the reviews
Administering of potassium sulfate in the food determines summarize in this paper, it is cleared that nutrition is the key
protein decrease in the fat body and the hemolymph of factor in successful silkworm rearing and we have to give
silkworm [40], but zinc chloride causes a significant decrease more emphasize on silkworm nutrition to reach the top level
of fat body protein content and a significant increase in of success in sericulture sector.
hemolymph protein content [39].
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