General Knowledge Questions

The highest part of the earth is Mount Everest (Asia).

The lowest part of the earth is Dead Sea (Asia).
The deepest part of the earth is Mariana Trench (Pacific Ocean).
World’s highest waterfall is Angel Waterfall (Drop=979 meters).
World’s coldest place (recorded at ground level on Earth) is Vostok, Antarctica (Temp= -89.2
C).
Oymyakon, Russia, widely recognised as the coldest inhabited place on Earth.
World’s hottest place is Death Valley, USA (Temp= +56.7 C).
World’s smallest bird is Humming bird (5-6cm).
World’s smallest continent is Australia (Area is 8.6 million km2).
World’s largest Continent is Asia (44.58 million km2).
Smallest planet in the solar system is Mercury (Radius= 2440km).
Largest planet in the solar system is Jupiter (Radius= 69,911km).
Hottest planet in the solar system is Venus.
The largest salt water lake in the world is Caspian Sea.
World’s Deepest Lake is Lake Baikal (Siberia) (Depth=1,642 m).
“Highest navigable lake” in the world is Lake Titicaca.
Biggest fresh water lake in the world is Lake Superior.
The first navigator to sail around the world was Magellan.
The world’s largest glacier is Lambert.
The largest sea of the world is South China Sea (3,500,000 km²).
The smallest sea of the world is Baltic Sea.
The largest desert of the world is Sahara.
Tibet is known as the roof of the world.
World’s tallest animal is Giraffe (14-19f).
World’s tallest building is Burj Khalifa (828m).
The most illegally traded animal in the world is Pangolin.
The warmest sea in the world is the Red Sea.
The first metal used by man was Copper.
West Indies won the first Cricket World Cup in 1975.
Uruguay won the first football World Cup in 1930.
Pakistan won the first hockey World Cup in 1971.
People of New Zealand are known as Kiwis.
Amnesty International is an organization for Human rights.
The sea route from Europe to India was discovered by Vasco de Gama .
Maria Montessori’s name is associated with Child education.
World Longest River is Nile (Africa).
World largest river (by volume) is Amazon (South America).
The largest landlocked country in the world is Kazakhstan.
The biggest island in the world is Greenland.
Longest strait of the World is Strait of Malacca.
First ascent made on Mount Everest, May 29, 1953.
“White Book” is official publication of Portugal.
Yellow Book is official book of France.
Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg are the Benelux countries.
Mouse was invented by Douglas Engelbart.
Printing press was invented by Johannes Gutenberg.
Napoleon Bonaparte was exiled to Saint Helena after renowned war of battle in Waterloo 1815.
CT scan stands for Computer Tomography.
RAM in computer stand for Random access memory.
URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator.
First Noble prize in physics was awarded to Roentgen in 1901
Lighthouse of Alexandria is among the ancient wonder of the world.
The ‘Stonehenge‘ is among the Seven Wonders of the World, situated in England.
The Noble prize for Economics was introduced in 1969.
Amartya Sen was first Asian who got Nobel Prize in economics in 1998.
The former Soviet Union disintegrated in December 1991.
The idea of “State of nature” was given by Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
Belgium is called the ‘Cockpit of Europe‘.
World’s largest Delta is Ganges Delta.
The average weight of human heart is 300g.
‘Renaissance‘ is a period of revival or rebirth of learning.
The system of writing and printing for the blind was invented by Louis Braille.
“Charles Drew” was the first pioneered the idea of a blood bank.
The World’s smallest country by area is Vatican City.
The oldest inhabited capital in the world is Damascus.
Strait of Gibraltar connects Mediterranean Sea with Atlantic Sea.
Panama Canal connects Atlantic Ocean with Pacific Ocean.
Florence Nightingale pioneered the modern nursing system.
Sea of Japan is famous for Fishing.
Red Cross was founded by J.H Durant.
The founder of Wikipedia is Jimmy Wales.
Fourth Estate means The Press.
The French Revolution began in the year 1789.
The second largest landlocked country in the world is Mongolia.
Ural Mountain Separate Asia from Europe.
‘Asia Watch‘ is a Human rights organization established in 1985(H.Q: New York).
The World-famous Bridge ‘Golden Gate” is located in San Francisco.
The Secretary-General of UNO who died in an air crash was Dag Hammarskjold (Belonged
Sweden) .
The distance of a place south or north of Equator is called Latitude.
The Second World War was fought between the years 1939-1945.
European Union has 27 member states.
The number of bones in the human body is approximately 206.
Insulin was discovered by Dr. F.G. Banting.
Citrus fruits are considered rich in vitamin C.
Poor night vision is because of the lack of Vitamin A.
Garlic is useful in keeping the cholesterol level down.
Balloons are filled with Helium.
Red phosphorus is used in safety matches.
Total volume of blood in a normal human being is 5-6 liters.
 A color television set makes colors by mixing light of Blue, green and red colors.
Wood is the least conductor of electricity.
The red color of the blood is due to the presence of a pigment known as Hemoglobin.
Lachrymal glands secretes tears
Tungsten metal has the highest melting point.
Trachoma is a disease of the Eye.
A plant cell is distinguished from an animal cell by the presence of cell wall.
Sakhalin Island is disputed between Russia and Japan.
Largest producer of uranium is Kazakhstan.
The country situated below the sea level is Netherlands.
The painter of famous painting Mona: Lisa Leonardo Da Vinci.
One horse power is equal to 746 watt.
One ounce is equal to 28.35 grams.
How many Furlongs in one mile? 7.99998
Wall Street, New York is famous for Stock Exchange Market.
The Commonwealth of Nations was established in 11 December 1931.
The First President of the Chinese Republic was Dr. Sun Yat-sen.
The theory of ‘Clash of Civilizations’ was presented by Samuel P. Huntington.
Climate Change Conference COP 21 was held in Paris.
The study of Birds is called Ornithology.
Study of earthquakes is called Seismology.
The study or science of population is called Demography.
MOSSAD is the intelligence agency of Israel.
RAW is the foreign intelligence agency of INDIA.
ISI is the intelligence agency of Pakistan.
M16 is the Secret Intelligence Service of the UK.
CIA is the intelligence service of the USA.
Karen Armstrong authored the book ‘History of God‘.
Karl Marx wrote the famous book ‘Communist Manifesto’.
United Nations Day is observed every year on 24th October.
World’s No Tobacco day is observed on 31st May.

ABBREVIATION
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD)
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
International Development Agency (IDA)
United Nations Conference on Trade and
Development (UNCTAD)
World Investment Report (WIR)
European Economic Community (EEC)
International Bank for Economic Operator (IBECO)
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA)
Asia Pacific Economic Corporation (APEC)
(ASEAN)
(NAFTA)
(COMECON)
(IFC)
Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI)
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
Asian and Pacific Council (ASPAC)
Asian Productivity Organization (APO)
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific (ESCAP)
MISA
NSA
TADA
COFEPOSA
Most Favored Nations (MFN)
Extended Fund Facility (EFF)
Track and trace system (TTS)
Punjab Local Government Act (PLGA)
International Atomic Energy Agency
Competition Commission of Pakistan (CCP)
Pakistan Online Visa System (POVS)
Accountability Ordinance (NAO)
International Interfaith Peace Conference (IIPC)
Industrial & Commercial Bank of China (ICBC)
Pakistan Petroleum Dealers Association (PPDA)
The Ravi Urban Development Authority (Ruda)
Ravi Riverfront Urban Development Project (RRUDP)
Association of Advance Collegiate Schools of Business AACSB
Association of Management Development Institutions in South Asia AMDISA
Board of Advance Studies and Research BASAR
Board of Faculty BoF
Board of Governors BoG
Board of Trustees BoT
Center for Executive Education CEE
Center for Teaching and Learning CTL
Chairperson of the Department CoD
Chief Library Officer CLO
Credit Hour Cr. Hr.
European Foundation of Management Development EFMD
Higher Education Commission HEC
Information Processing Center IPC
Institute of Aviation Studies IAS
Institute of Clinical Psychology ICP
Institute of Communication and Cultural Studies ICCS
Institute of Islamic Banking IIB
Learning Resource Center LRC
National Accreditation Council for Teacher Education NACTE
National Agriculture Education Accreditation Council NAEAC
National Business Education Accreditation Council NBEAC
National Computing Education Accreditation Council NCEAC
Office of Campus Management Services OCMS
Office of Career Services OCS
Office of Communications and Media OCM
Office of External Relations OER
Office of Grants and Resource Mobilization OGR
Office of Human Resources OHR
Office of Information and Admissions OIA
Pakistan Medical and Dental Council PMDC
Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council PVMC
Office of Information Systems OIS
Office of Participant Affairs OPA
Office of Planning and Development OPD
Office of Procurement and Stores OPS
Office of Research, Innovation and Commercialization ORIC
Office of Security Surveillance and Vigilance OSSV
Office of Technology Support OTS
Office of the Controller of Examination OCE
Office of the Rector ORC
Office of the Treasurer OTR
Office of the Registrar ORG
Officer of Transport Management OTM
Pakistan Bar Council PBC
Pakistan Council of Architect and Town Planners PCATP
Pakistan Engineering Council PEC
Pharmacy Council of Pakistan PCP
Quality Enhancement Cell QEC
Rector Secretariat RS
Research Grant Committee RGC
School of Architecture and Planning SAP
Dr Hasan Murad School of Management HSM
School of Commerce and Accountancy SCA
School of Engineering SEN
School of Food and Agricultural Sciences SFAS
School of Governance and Society SGS
School of Health Sciences SHS
School of Law and Policy SLP
School of Professional Advancement SPA
School of Science SSC
School of Social Sciences and Humanities SSS&H
School of Systems and Technology SST
School of Textile and Design STD
South Asian Quality Assurance System SAQS
Teaching Assistant

Organization and there headquarter

United Nations Organization UNO New York (USA) 1945
United Nations Children’s Fund UNICEF New York (USA) 1946
United Nations Conference on Trade and UNCTAD Geneva (Switzerland) 1964
Development
World Health Organization WHO Geneva (Switzerland) 1948
International Labor Organization ILO Geneva (Switzerland) 1919
International Committee of the Red Cross ICRC Geneva (Switzerland) 1863
World Trade Organization WTO Geneva (Switzerland) 1995
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural UNESCO Paris (France) 1945
Organization
World Meteorological Organization WMO Geneva (Switzerland) 1950
World Intellectual Property Organization WIPO Geneva (Switzerland) 1967
International Organization for Standardization IOS Geneva (Switzerland) 1947
International Atomic Energy Agency IAEA Vienna (Austria) 1957
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC Vienna (Austria) 1960
International Monetary Fund IMF Washington DC (USA) 1945
World Bank WB Washington DC (USA) 1945
International Maritime Organization IMO London (UK) 1959
Amnesty International AI London (UK) 1961
International Court of Justice ICJ The Hague 1945
(Netherlands)
Food and Agricultural Organization FAO Rome (Italy) 1945
North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO Brussels (Belgium) 1949
International Renewable Energy Agency IRENA Abu Dhabi (UAE) 2009
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation SAARC Kathmandu (Nepal) 1985
Association of South East Asian Nations ASEAN Jakarta (Indonesia) 1967
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation APEC Singapore 1989
Organization of Islamic Cooperation OIC Jeddah (Saudi Arabia) 1969
Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical OPCW The Hague, 1997
Weapons (Netherlands)
Worldwide Fund for Nature WWF Gland, Vaud 1961
(Switzerland)
World Economic Forum WEF Cologny, (Switzerland) 1971
International Hydrographic Organization IHO Monaco 1921
International Cricket Council ICC Dubai, (UAE) 1909
International Union for Conservation of Nature IUCN Gland, (Switzerland) 1948
International Council on Monuments and Sites ICOMOS Paris, (France) 1965
United Nations World Tourism Organization UNWTO Madrid, (Spain) 1974

S. Name & Description

No
1
The 17th Parallel
It is the Line Between North & South Vietnam
2
The 38th parallel
It is the Line Between North & South Korea (Before the Korean war)
3
The 49th Parallel (also The Medicine Line)
It is the Boundary Between Canada & the USA
4
The 24th Parallel
It is the Line that Pakistan claims for the demarcation purpose, but India does not accept it
5
The Siegfried Line
It is the Boundary Between France and Germany
6
The Maginot Line
It is France’s Defensive Line
 7
The Hindenburg Line
It was the Line that described Germany’s position during the World War I
8
The Oder–Neisse line
It is the Boundary Between Germany & Poland
9
The Radcliffe Line
It is the Boundary Between India & Pakistan
10
The McMahon Line
It is the Boundary Between India & China (However, originally signed between Britain &
Tibet)
11
The Mannerheim Line
It was a defensive line drawn on the Karelian Isthmus by Finland against the Soviet Union
12
The Durand Line
It is the Boundary Between Pakistan & India (formerly between British India and
Afghanistan)
13
The Line of Control (LoC)
It is the military control line between India and Pakistan (in the state of Jammu & Kashmir)
14
The Line of Actual Control (LAC)
It is the Effective Boundary between India and China

 The structure of the atmosphere is classified into the following layers −

o Troposphere: 0 to 12 km
o Stratosphere: 12 to 50 km
o Mesosphere: 50 to 80 km
o Thermosphere: 80 to 700 km
o Exosphere: 700 to 10,000 km

Troposphere

 Troposphere is the closest to the Earth’s surface and contains water vapor (clouds),
moisture, dust, etc.
 Most of the weather phenomena take place in Troposphere.
  Height of the Troposphere varies i.e. at the equator, it is measured about 18 km and at the
poles, it is 12 km.
 Tropopause is the transitional zone that separates Troposphere and Stratosphere.

Stratosphere

 Stratosphere is the second-lowest layer of the Earth’s Atmosphere that goes up to 50 km.
 Stratosphere contains Ozone (O3) Layer that absorbs the ultraviolet rays (coming through
the Sun rays) and protects life on the Earth.
 As the ultraviolet radiation absorbs in Stratosphere, therefore the temperature rises with
increasing altitude.
 The Stratopause is the transitional zone that separates Stratosphere and Mesosphere.

Mesosphere

 Mesosphere, present above the Stratosphere, extends up to (from 50 km to) 80 km.

 Temperature in the Mesosphere decreases with increasing altitude.
 Mesopause is the transitional zone that separates Mesosphere and Thermosphere.

Thermosphere
  Above the Mesosphere, Thermosphere is the second-highest layer that starts at the altitude
of 80 km and extends up to (roughly) 700 km (however, it varies between 500 and 1000
km).
 The lower part of the Thermosphere (roughly between 80 km and 550 km) contains ions
and known as Ionosphere.
 The temperature of the Thermosphere rises with increasing altitude.
 Thermopause is the transitional zone that separates Thermosphere and Exosphere.

Exosphere

 Exosphere is the highest or outermost layer of the Earth’s atmosphere that extends (starting
from 700 km altitude) up to 10,000 km where it ultimately merges into the solar wind.
 Major constituents of the Exosphere are helium, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon
dioxide.
 The phenomena of Aurora Borealis and Aurora Australis can be seen in the lower part of
the Exosphere (merged with upper part of the Thermosphere).

 The Satellite (orbiting the Earth) is normally placed in the Exosphere (as shown in the
image given above).
Term Meaning
A
Acarology Study of mites
Accidence Study of Grammar
Acology Study of medical remedies
Acoustics Science of sound
Aedoeology Study of generative organs
Aerobiology Study of airborne organisms
Aerodynamics Science of movement in a flow of air or gas
Aerolithology Study of meteorites
Aerology Study of the atmosphere
Aeronautics Study of navigation through air or space
Agriology The comparative study of primitive peoples
Agrobiology Study of plant nutrition
Agrology Study of agricultural soils
Agronomics Study of productivity of land
Agrostology Study of grasses
Alethiology Study of truth
Algedonics Science of pleasure and pain
Anaesthesiology Study of anesthetics
Anatomy Study of internal structure of the body
Andragogy Theory and practice of education of adults
Anemology Study of wind
Angiology Study of blood flow and lymphatic system
Aphnology Science of wealth
Apiology Study of bees
Arachnology Study of spiders
Archaeology Study of human material remains
Archology Science of the origins of government
Arctophily Study of teddy bears
Areology Study of Mars
Aretaics The science of virtue
Astacology The science of crayfish
Astheniology Study of diseases of weakening and aging
Astrogeology Study of extraterrestrial geology
Astrometeorology Study of effect of stars on climate
Astronomy Study of celestial bodies
Astrophysics Study of behavior of interstellar matter
Astroseismology Study of star oscillations
Autecology Study of ecology of one species
Autology Scientific study of oneself
Axiology Science of the ultimate nature of value
B
Bacteriology Study of bacteria
Barodynamics Science of the support and mechanics of bridges
Barology Study of gravitation
Bibliology Study of books
Bibliotics Study of documents to determine authenticity
Bioecology Study of interaction of life in the environment
Biology Study of life
Biometrics Study of biological measurement
Bionomics Study of organisms interacting in their environments
Botany Study of flora (plants)
Bromatology Study of food
Brontology Scientific study of thunder
C
Cacogenics Study of racial degeneration
Caliology Study of bird's nests
Cambistry Science of international exchange
Campanology Art of bell ringing
Caricology Study of sedges
Carpology Study of fruit
Cartography Science of making maps and globes
Cartophily Hobby of collecting cigarette cards
Catacoustics Science of echoes or reflected sounds
Catechectics Art of teaching by question and answer
Cetology Study of whales and dolphins
Chalcography Art of engraving on copper or brass
Chemistry Study of properties of substances
Chrematistics Study of wealth; political economy
Climatology Study of climate
Clinology Study of aging or individual decline after maturity
Codicology Study of manuscripts
Coleopterology Study of beetles and weevils
Cometology Study of comets
Cosmetology Study of cosmetics
Cosmology Study of the universe
Criminology Study of crime
Cryobiology Study of life under cold climate
Cryptology Study of codes
Ctetology Study of the inheritance of acquired characteristics
Cytology Study of living cells
D
Dactyliology Study of rings
Dactylography Study of fingerprints
Dactylology Study of sign language
Demography Study of Population
Demology Study of human behavior
Dendrochronology Study of tree rings
Dendrology Study of trees
Dermatoglyphics Study of skin patterns and fingerprints
Dermatology Study of skin
Desmology Study of ligaments
Diagraphics Art of making diagrams or drawings
Diplomatics Science of deciphering ancient writings and texts
Dysgenics Study of racial degeneration
 E
Ecclesiology Study of church affairs
Ecology Study of environment
Economics Study of material wealth
Edaphology Study of soils
Egyptology Study of ancient Egypt
Ekistics Study of human settlement
Electrochemistry Study of relations between electricity and chemicals
Electrostatics Study of static electricity
Embryology Study of embryos
Endemiology Study of local diseases
Endocrinology Study of glands
Entomology Study of insects
Epistemology Study of grounds of knowledge
Eremology Study of deserts
Ergology Study of effects of work on humans
Ergonomics Study of people at work
Eschatology Study of death; final matters
Ethnogeny Study of origins of races or ethnic groups
Ethnology Study of cultures
Ethnomethodology Study of everyday communication
Ethology Study of natural or biological character
Ethonomics Study of economic and ethical principles of a society
Etymology Study of origins of words
Euthenics Science concerned with improving living conditions
F
Fluviology Study of watercourses
Folkloristics Study of folklore and fables
G
Gastroenterology Study of stomach; intestines
Genealogy Study of descent of families
Genesiology Study of reproduction and heredity
Genethlialogy Art of casting horoscopes
Geochronology Study of measuring geological time
Geogeny Science of the formation of the earth's crust
Geogony Study of formation of the earth
Geography Study of surface of the earth and its inhabitants
Geology Study of earth's crust
Geomorphogeny Study of the origins of land forms
Geoponics Study of agriculture
Geotechnics Study of increasing habitability of the earth
Geratology Study of decadence and decay
Gerocomy Study of old age
Gerontology Study of the elderly; aging
Glaciology Study of ice ages and glaciation
Glossology Study of language; study of the tongue
Glyptography Art of engraving on gems
Gnomonics Art of measuring time using sundials
Gnosiology Study of knowledge; philosophy of knowledge
Graminology Study of grasses
Grammatology Study of systems of writing
Graphemics Study of systems of representing speech in writing
Gromatics Science of surveying
Gynaecology Study of women’s physiology
Gyrostatics Study of rotating bodies
H
Haemataulics Study of movement of blood through blood vessels
Hagiology Study of saints
Halieutics Study of fishing
Hamartiology Study of sin
Harmonics Study of musical acoustics
Hedonics Part of ethics or psychology dealing with pleasure
Heliology Science of the sun
Helioseismology Study of sun's interior by observing its surface oscillations
Helminthology Study of worms
Hematology Study of blood
Heortology Study of religious feasts
Hepatology Study of liver
Heraldry Study of coats of arms
Heresiology Study of heresies
Herpetology Study of reptiles and amphibians
Hierology Science of sacred matters
Hippiatrics Study of diseases of horses
Hippology Study of horses
Histology Study of the tissues of organisms
Histopathology Study of changes in tissue due to disease
Historiography Study of writing history
Historiology Study of history
Homiletics Art of preaching
Hoplology Study of weapons
Horography Art of constructing sundials or clocks
Horology Science of time measurement
Horticulture Study of gardening
Hydrobiology Study of aquatic organisms
Hydrodynamics Study of movement in liquids
Hydrogeology Study of ground water
Hydrography Study of investigating bodies of water
Hydrokinetics Study of motion of fluids
Hydrology Study of water resources
Hydrometeorology Study of atmospheric moisture
Hydropathy Study of treating diseases with water
Hyetology Science of rainfall
Hygiastics Science of health and hygiene
Hygienics Study of sanitation; health
Hygiology Study of cleanliness
Hygrology Study of humidity
Hygrometry Science of humidity
Hymnography Study of writing hymns
Hypnology Study of sleep; study of hypnosis
Hypsography Science of measuring heights
I
Iamatology Study of remedies
Iatromathematics Archaic practice of medicine in conjunction with astrology
Ichnography Art of drawing ground plans; a ground plan
Ichnology Science of fossilized footprints
Ichthyology Study of fish
Iconography Study of drawing symbols
Iconology Study of icons; symbols
Ideogeny Study of origins of ideas
Immunogenetics Study of genetic characteristics of immunity
Immunology Study of immunity
Immunopathology Study of immunity to disease
Insectology Study of insects
Irenology Study of peace
K
Kalology Study of beauty
Karyology Study of cell nuclei
Kinematics Study of motion
Kinesics Study of gestural communication
Kinesiology Study of human movement and posture
Kinetics Study of forces producing or changing motion
Koniology Study of atmospheric pollutants and dust
Ktenology Science of putting people to death
Kymatology Study of wave motion
L
Labeorphily Collection and study of beer bottle labels
Larithmics Study of population statistics
Lepidopterology Study of butterflies and moths
Leprology Study of leprosy
Lexicology Study of words and their meanings
Lexigraphy Art of definition of words
Lichenology Study of lichens
Limnobiology Study of freshwater ecosystems
Limnology Study of bodies of fresh water
Linguistics Study of language
Liturgiology Study of liturgical forms and church rituals
M
Magirics Art of cookery
Magnanerie Art of raising silkworms
Magnetics Study of magnetism
Malacology Study of mollusks
Malariology Study of malaria
Mastology Study of mammals
Mechanics Study of action of force on bodies
Meconology Study of or treatise concerning opium
Melittology Study of bees
Metallography Study of the structure and constitution of metals
Metallurgy Study of alloying and treating metals
Metaphysics Study of principles of nature and thought
Metapsychology Study of nature of the mind
Meteorology Study of weather
Metrics Study of versification
Metrology Science of weights and measures
Microbiology Study of microscopic organisms
Muscology Study of mosses
Museology Study of museums
Mycology Study of funguses
Mythology Study of myths; fables; tales
N
Naology Study of church or temple architecture
Neonatology Study of newborn babies
Neossology Study of nestling birds
Nephology Study of clouds
Nephrology Study of the kidneys
Neurobiology Study of anatomy of the nervous system
Neurology Study of nervous system
Neuropsychology Study of relation between brain and behaviour
Neurypnology Study of hypnotism
Neutrosophy Study of the origin and nature of philosophical neutralities
Nomology Science of the laws; especially of the mind
Noology Science of the intellect
Nosology Study of diseases
Nostology Study of senility
Numerology Study of numbers
Numismatics Study of coins
O
Obstetrics Study of midwifery
Oceanography Study of oceans
Odontology Study of teeth
Oenology Study of wines
Oikology Science of housekeeping
Olfactology Study of the sense of smell
Ombrology Study of rain
Oncology Study of tumors
Oneirology Study of dreams
Onomasiology Study of nomenclature
Onomastics Study of proper names
Ontology Science of pure being; the nature of things
Oology Study of eggs
Ophiology Study of snakes
Ophthalmology Study of eye diseases
Optics Study of light
Optometry Science of examining the eyes
Orchidology Study of orchids
Ornithology Study of birds
Orology Study of mountains
Orthoepy Study of correct pronunciation
Orthography Study of spelling
Orthopterology Study of cockroaches
Osmics Scientific study of smells
Osphresiology Study of the sense of smell
Osteology Study of bones
Otorhinolaryngology Study of ear, nose, and throat
P
Paedology Study of children
Paedotrophy Art of rearing children
Paidonosology study of children's diseases; pediatrics
Palaeoanthropology Study of early humans
Palaeobiology Study of fossil plants and animals
Palaeoclimatology Study of ancient climates
Palaeolimnology Study of ancient fish
Palaeolimnology Study of ancient lakes
Palaeontology Study of fossils
Paleo-osteology Study of ancient bones
Palynology Study of pollen
Parapsychology Study of unexplained mental phenomena
Parasitology Study of parasites
Paroemiology Study of proverbs
Pathology Study of disease
Patrology Study of early Christianity
Pedagogics Study of teaching
Pedology Study of soils
Penology Study of crime and punishment
Petrology Study of rocks
Pharmacognosy Study of drugs of animal and plant origin
Pharmacology Study of drugs
Pharyngology Study of the throat
Philately Study of postage stamps
Philosophy Science of knowledge or wisdom
Phoniatrics Study and correction of speech defects
Phonology Study of speech sounds
Photobiology Study of effects of light on organisms
Phraseology Study of phrases
Phycology Study of algae and seaweeds
Physics Study of properties of matter and energy
Physiology Study of processes of life
Piscatology Study of fishes
Pisteology science or Study of faith
Planetology Study of planets
Pneumatics Study of mechanics of gases
Podology Study of the feet
Polemology Study of war
Potamology Study of rivers
Prosody Study of versification
Protistology Study of protists
Proxemics Study of man’s need for personal space
Psalligraphy Art of paper-cutting to make pictures
Psephology Study of election results and voting trends
Pseudology Art or science of lying
Pseudoptics Study of optical illusions
Psychobiology Study of biology of the mind
Psychogenetics Study of internal or mental states
Psychology Study of mind
Psychopathology Study of mental illness
Psychophysics Study of link between mental and physical processes
Pteridology Study of ferns
Pyretology Study of fevers
Pyroballogy Study of artillery
Pyrography Study of woodburning
Q
Quinology Study of quinine
R
Raciology Study of racial differences
Radiology study of X-rays and their medical applications
Rhabdology Art of calculating using numbering rods
Rhochrematics Science of inventory management and the movement of products
S
Sarcology Study of fleshy parts of the body
Schematonics art of using gesture to express tones
Sedimentology Study of sediment
Seismology Study of earthquakes
Selenodesy Study of the shape and features of the moon
Selenology Study of the moon
Semantics Study of meaning
Semantology science of meanings of words
Semasiology Study of meaning; semantics
Semiology Study of signs and signals
Semiotics Study of signs and symbols
Sociobiology Study of biological basis of human behavior
Sociology Study of society
Somatology science of the properties of matter
Spectrology Study of ghosts
Speleology Study and exploration of caves
Sphagnology Study of peat moss
Stasiology Study of political parties
Statics Study of bodies and forces in equilibrium
Stemmatology Study of relationships between texts
Stoichiology Science of elements of animal tissues
Stratigraphy Study of geological layers or strata
Symptomatology Study of symptoms of illness
Synecology Study of ecological communities
Synectics Study of processes of invention
Syntax Study of sentence structure
T
Teleology Study of final causes; analysis in terms of purpose
Telmatology Study of swamps
Thalassography science of the sea
Thanatology Study of death and its customs
Thaumatology Study of miracles
Theology Study of religion; religious doctrine
Theriogenology Study of animals' reproductive systems
Thermodynamics Study of relation of heat to motion
Thermokinematics Study of motion of heat
Thermology Study of heat
Therology Study of wild mammals
Thremmatology Science of breeding domestic animals and plants
Threpsology Science of nutrition
Tonetics Study of pronunciation
Topology Study of places and their natural features
Toxicology Study of poisons
Traumatology Study of wounds and their effects
Trichology Study of hair and its disorders
Trophology Study of nutrition
Tsiganology Study of gypsies
Typhlology Study of blindness and the blind
 U
Uranography Descriptive astronomy and mapping
Uranology Study of the heavens; astronomy
Urenology Study of rust molds
Urology Study of urine; urinary tract
V
Venereology Study of venereal disease
Vermeology Study of worms
Vexillology Study of flags
Victimology Study of victims
Vinology Scientific study of vines and winemaking
Virology Study of viruses
Vulcanology Study of volcanoes
X
Xylography Art of engraving on wood
Z
Zenography Study of the planet Jupiter
Zoogeography Study of geographic distribution of animals
Zoogeology Study of fossil animal remains
Zoology Study of Fauna (animals)
Zoonosology Study of animal diseases
Zoophytology Study of plant-like animals
Zoosemiotics Study of animal communication

The following table enlists the major Straits* of the world

Strait Connects Separates
Bab-el-Mandeb Red Sea to Gulf of Aden Yamen (Asia) from Djibouti &
Eritrea (Africa)
Bass strait Pacific Ocean (No other Tasmania from the Australian
water body) mainland
Bering Strait Bering Sea (Pacific Ocean) Russia from Alaska (USA)
to Chukchi Sea (Arctic
Ocean)
Bosphorus Strait Black Sea to Sea of Marmara Asian Turkey from European Turkey
Cook Strait Pacific Ocean (No other North Island from South Islands of
water body) New Zealand
Davis strait Baffin Bay to Atlantic Ocean Greenland from Nunavut (Canada's
Baffin Island)
Denmark strait Atlantic Ocean (No other Iceland from Greenland
water body)
Dover strait English Channel & North England from France
Sea
English Channel North Sea & Atlantic Ocean England from France
 Florida Strait Gulf of Mexico to Atlantic Florida (USA) from Cuba
Ocean
Gibraltar Strait Atlantic Ocean to Spain (Europe) from Morocco
Mediterranean Sea (Africa)
Hormuz strait Gulf of Oman to Persian UAE & Oman from Iran
Gulf
Hudson strait Atlantic Ocean to Hudson Baffin Island from Quebec (in
Bay Canada)
Magellan strait Pacific Ocean to Atlantic Mainland South America from north
Ocean and Tierra del Fuego to the south
(South America)
Malacca Strait South China Sea to Malay Peninsula from Indonesian
Andaman Sea island
Mozambique Strait Indian Ocean (No other Madagascar from Mozambique
water body)
Palk Strait Bay of Bengal to Gulf of India from Sri Lanka
Mannar
Sunda Strait Indian Ocean to Java Sea Islands of Java from Sumatra
(Indonesia)
Torres Strait Arafura Sea to Coral Sea Australia from Papua New Guinea
(Pacific Ocean)
Tsugaru Strait Sea of Japan (East Sea) to Honshu from Hokkaido (Japan)
Pacific Ocean
Yucatan Strait Gulf of Mexico to Caribbean Mexico from Cuba
Sea
100 Channel Bay of Bengal to Andaman Island of Little Andaman from Car
Sea Nicobar Island (of India)
90 Channel Indian Ocean (No other Laccadive Islands of Kalpeni from
water body) Suheli Par, and Maliku Atoll (of
India)

The following table describes major wars of the world

Date War Fought between
1600 Battle of Mingtiao Tang of Shang defeated Jie of Xia. Shang dynasty began in
BCE China
1500 Battle of the Ten King Sudas defeated the Ten Kings in the Punjab region (India)
BCE Kings
1184 Battle of Troy Troy descended after the ten-year Trojan War
BCE
1046 Battle of Muye Zhou Dynasty defeated the Shang Dynasty
BCE
925 BCE Battle of Bitter Shoshenq I of Egypt defeated a Bedouin incursion
Lakes
707 BCE Battle of Ruge The Zheng general Zhu Dan defeated the king Huan of Zhou
(China)
693 BCE Battle of Diyala The king Sennacherib of Assyria defeated the Elamites of
River Southern Iran
616 BCE Battle of Arrapha The king Nabopolassar (of Babylonians) defeated the Assyrians
546 BCE Battle of Thymbra Cyrus the Great of Persia defeated Croesus of Lydia
545 BCE Battle of The 300 The Spartans defeated the Argives
Champions
539-38 Battle of Opis Cyrus the Great defeated Nabonidus
BCE
490 BCE Battle of Marathon Miltiades (of Athens) defeated Darius I of Persia and
Artaphernes
432 BCE Battle of Potidaea Athens defeated Sparta
429 BCE Battle of Spartolos Chalcidians (with their allies) defeated Athens
411 BCE Battle of Eretria Spartans defeated the Athenian fleet
334 BCE Battle of the Alexander the Great defeated the Persian army
Granicus
331 BCE Battle of Gaugamela Alexander the Great defeated Darius III in Mesopotamia and
conquered Persia
326 BCE Battle of the Alexander the Great defeated the Indian King Porus
Hydaspes
281 BCE Battle of Seleucus defeated and killed Lysimachus
Corupedium
101 BCE Battle of Vercellae Marius (the Roman) defeated the Cimbri
67 BCE Battle of Jushi Han troops defeated the Xiongnu
66 BCE Battle of the Lycus Pompey the Great defeated Mithridates VI
58 BCE Battle of the Arar Caesar defeated the migrating Helvetii
47 BCE Battle of the Nile Caesar defeated Ptolemy XIII (the Egyptian king)
36 BCE Battle of Zhizhi Han forces defeated Xiongnu
Common Era (CE)
84 CE Battle of Mons Agricola (the Roman) defeated the Caledonians
Graupius
208 CE Battle of Red Cliffs War of Three Kingdoms (of China)
312 CE Battle of Milvian Constantine defeated Maxentius and took control of Italy
Bridge
547 CE Battle of Marta Tripolitanian Moors defeated John Troglita
630 CE Conquest of Mecca Muhammad conquered Mecca without any bloodshed
838 CE Battle of Anzen Abbasids (modern Turkey) defeated Theophilus
972 CE Battle of Cedynia Mieszko I (of Poland) defeated Hodon (of Germany)
1054 CE Battle of Dunsinane Malcolm defeated MacBeth
1057 CE Battle of Malcolm defeated MacBeth. In this battle MacBeth was killed
Lumphanan
1179 CE Battle of Jacob's Saladin defeats the Kingdom of Jerusalem
Ford
1215 CE Battle of Zhongdu Genghis Khan in cooperation with the Mongols defeated the Jin
dynasty and seized Zhongdu (present day Beijing)
1361 CE Battle of Wisby Denmark defeated Sweden
1362-63 Battle of Blue Pagan Lithuanians defeated the Islamic Tatar Forces
CE Waters
1370 CE Battle of Pontvallain France defeated England
1402 CE Battle of Angora / Timur defeated Ottoman sultan Bayezid I in Anatolia (Turkey)
Battle of Ankara
1448 CE Battle of Kosovo Turkish and Orthodox forces defeated Roman Catholic
1533 CE Battle of Cuzco Spanish defeated the Inca Empire
1597 CE Battle of Japanese Navy defeaterd Korean Navy
Chilchonryang
1597 CE Battle of Korean Navy defeated Japanese Navy
Myeongnyang
1607 CE Battle of Gibraltar Dutch defeated Spanish (fleet)
1656 CE First Battle of Poland seized its capital from Sweden
Warsaw
1656 CE Second Battle of Sweden defeated Poland
Warsaw
1676 CE Battle of Lund Sweden defeat the Denmark
1694 CE Battle of Torroella The French Navy defeated Spain
1710 CE Battle of Prut Ottoman Turks defeated Russia
1729 CE Battle of Damghan Nader Shah defeated the Afghans
1779 CE Battle of Baton Spanish captured the city Baton Rouge
Rouge
1796 CE Battle of Lodi General Napoleon Bonaparte (French Army) defeated Austria
1797 CE Battle of Rivoli Napoleon Bonaparte defeated Austria
1798 CE Battle of the Napoleon defeated Mameluks (in Egypt)
Pyramids
1798 CE Battle of British forces defeated Ireland and France
Ballinamuck
1799 Battle of Abukir Napoleon and Joachim Murat defeated Turks
1805 CE Battle of Austerlitz Napoléon Bonaparte defeated Russian
1813 CE Battle of Leipzig The coalition armies of Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Sweden
defeated by Napoleon I (the Emperor of the French)
1815 CE Battle of Waterloo Wellington, Prussians, Dutch, and German (collectively) forces
defeated Napoleon
1904 CE Battle of Yalu River Japan defeated Russia
1914 to World War I Allied Powers (France, UK, Russia, Serbia, Belgium, Italy,
1918 CE Japan, USA, etc.) defeated Central Powers (Germany,
Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria, etc.)
1917 CE Battle of Jerusalem British forces defeated Ottoman Empire and seized Jerusalem
1939 to World War II Allies Powers (France, UK, Russia, China, Poland, Canada,
1945 CE Australia, USA, etc.) defeated Axix Powers (Germany, Italy,
Japan, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, etc.)
1947 CE Indo-Pakistani War The war ended with division of territory (Jammu & Kashmir)
1965 CE Second Indo- The war resulted in a stalemate
Pakistan War
1990 CE Gulf War US and allied forces defeated Iraq
1995 CE First battle of Russian Army captured Grozny
Grozny
1999 CE Kargil War Pakistani infiltrators returned to status quo ante bellum
2001 CE Battle of Kabul US forces attacked Kabul and seized it from the Taliban
2001 CE Battle of Kandahar US and allied forces seized the last remaining city from the
Taliban
2001 CE Battle of Tora Bora US and allied forces besieged AlQaida, but Osama bin Laden
was escaped
2003 CE Battle of Baghdad US forces captured the Iraqi capital from Saddam Hussein's
(Gulf War II) forces
Jan 2011 First Battle of Libyan rebel forces freed the city from Colonel Gaddafi's rule
CE Benghazi
March Battle of Bin Jawad Gaddafi forces recaptured the city
2011 CE
August Battle of Tripoli Tripoli is seized by rebel forces and Gaddafi government
2011 CE collapsed

The following table describes major revolutions of the world

S.No Name and Explanation

1
The Glorious Revolution or Revolution of 1688
This revolution ended the reign of James II in England and established the reign of William
III and Mary II. It also ensured the Parliamentary supremacy over the (British) monarchy.
2
The American Revolution (1765 to 1783)
It was American Independence War against the British Rule.
3
The French Revolution (1790s)
It was the modern revolution in France that had taken place (roughly) between 1789 and 1799.
4
The Haitian Revolution (1791 to 1804)
The revolution was an anti-slavery and anti-colonial insurgence that took place at Saint
Domingue (the former French colony).
5
The Russian Revolution (1917) (Also known as the Great October Socialist Revolution)
 It was revolution that dismantled the Tsarist autocracy and founded the Soviet Union (in
1917).
6
The Cuban Revolution (1953-59)
It was an armed revolt under the leadership of Fidel Castro against the Cuban President
Fulgencio Batista (basically, the US backed authoritarian government).
7
The Hungarian Revolution (of 1956)
It was basically Hungarian Uprising (nationwide) against the government of the Hungarian
People's Republic and the Soviet-imposed policies.
8
Iranian Revolution of 1978–79, (also known as Islamic Revolution)
The revolution removed the monarchy system and founded the Islamic republic.
9
China's Cultural Revolution (1966)
The revolution enforced the communism in the country by removing the capitalist, traditional,
and cultural elements.

The following table explains name and definitation of scientific instruments

Instrument Use
Accelerometer Measures acceleration
Altimeter Measures altitude (height)
Ammeter Measures electric charges
Anemometer Measures wind speed
Barometer Measures atmospheric pressure
Bolometer Measures electromagnetic radiation
Calipers Measures the distance between two opposite sides of an object
Calorimeter Measures the heat of chemical reactions or physical changes as well as heat
capacity
Cardiograph Measures heart rate
Cryometer Measures freezing temperature
Dynamometer Measures the power output of an engine
Electrometer Measures electric charges
Galvanometer Measures electric current
Hydrometer Measures density of liquids
Hygrometer Measures moisture content (Humidity) in the atmosphere
Hypsometer Measures height (altitude)
Lactometer Measures milk purity
Magnetometer Measures magnetic property of a substance
Nephelometer Measures suspended particulates in a liquid or gas colloid
Ohmmeter Measures resistance in different applications of electrical testing
Ondometer Measures the frequency of electromagnetic waves
Photometer Measures the intensity of light
Pyknometer Measures density of substance
Pyrometer Measures high temperature
Radar Determines the range, angle, or velocity of objects
Refractometer Measures refractive index
Sextant Measures the angle between any two visible objects
Sphygmomanometer Measures blood pressure
Stethoscope Used to listen heart beats
Telemeter Measures distances to remote objects
Thermometer Measures temperature
Tonometer Measure the internal pressure of the eye
Venturimeter Measures the rate of a flow of a fluid flowing through a pipe
Voltmeter Measures electrical potential difference between two points in an electric
circuit

The following table enlists the major discoveries/inventions and their discoverers/inventors
Discovery/Invention Discoverer/Inventor Time/Period Image
Magnifying Glass Roger Bacon (Great 13th Century
Britain)

Printing Press Johannes Gutenberg 1440 (About)

(German)

Watch (Portable Peter Henlein 1509 (About)

Clocks) (Germany)
Optical Microscope (& Zacharias Janssen End of 16th Century
also the Compound (Dutch)
Microscope)

Telescope Galileo (Italian) 1609

(however, in 1608,
three inventors namely
Hans Lippershey,
Zacharias Janssen, &
Jacob Metius invented
that Galileo improved)

Barometer Evangelista Torricelli 1643

(Italian)

Piano Bartolomeo Cristofori In the very beginning

di Francesco (Italian) of 18th Century

Steam Boat Denis Papin (French) 1704

Steam Engine Thomas Newcomen 1712
(British)

Watt Steam Engine James Watt (Scottish) 1776

Mercury Thermometer Daniel Gabriel 1714

Fahrenheit(Polish-
German)

Achromatic Lens John Dollond (British) 1758

Submarine David Bushnell 1775

(American)

Bifocal Lens Benjamin Franklin 1770s

Power Loom Edmund Cartwright 1784

(British)
Gas Turbine John Barber (British) 1791

Electric Battery Alessandro Volta 1800

(Italian)

(Railway) Steam Richard Trevithick 1804

Locomotive (British)

Stethoscope René Laennec 1819

Hygrometer (Crude Johann Heinrich 1755

hygrometer was Lambert (French)
invented by Leonardo
da Vinci in 1480)

Electric Motor Michael Faraday 1821

(British)
Typewriter William Austin Burt 1829
(American)

Sewing Machine Barthélemy 1829

Thimonnier (French)

Dynamo Michael Faraday 1831

(British)

Telegraph Samuel Morse 1832-33

(American)

Revolver (However, Samuel Colt 1835

the first Flintlock (American)
Revolver patented by
Elisha Collier in 1814)
Pedal Driven Bicycle Kirkpatrick Macmillan 1839
(Scottish)

Pneumatic Tire Robert William 1845

Thomson (Scottish)

Francis Turbine James Bicheno Francis 1848

(British American) &
Uriah A. Boyden
(American)
Refrigerator (In 1805, Alexander Twining & 1850
an American inventor James Harrison
Oliver Evans (However, in 1859,
experimented a closed Ferdinand Carré of
vapor-compression France developed the
refrigeration cycle for first gas absorption
the production of ice) refrigeration system)
Elevator/Lift (for the Elisha Otis (American) 1852
building)

Machine Gun Richard Jordan Gatling 1861

(American)

Dynamite Alfred Bernhard Nobel 1867

(Swedish)
Air Brake George Westinghouse 1872
(American)

Telephone Alexander Graham 1875

Bell (Scottish)

Phonograph/ 1877
Gramophone

Film/Movie Camera Louis Le Thomas Alva 1888

(However, movie Edison
camera was invented (American)Prince
by Francis Ronalds in (French)
1845)

Electric Lamp/Bulb Thomas Alva Edison 1879

(by using "a carbon (American)
filament”)

The First Steam- Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot 1768 N/A

powered Automobile (French)
The First Car Powered François Isaac de 1807 N/A
by an internal Rivaz (French)
combustion Engine
fueled by Hydrogen
The First Petrol or Karl Benz German 1886
Gasoline-powered
Automobile
Inflatable Tire John Boyd Dunlop 1887
(Scottish)

X-Ray Wilhelm Conrad 1895

Röntgen (German)

Radio Telegraph Guglielmo Marconi 1890s

(Italian)

Nuclear Reactor Enrico Fermi (Italian) 1942

(namely Chicago Pile-
1)

The first general- John Presper Eckert, 1945

purpose Electronic Jr. & John William
Digital Computer Mauchly (Americans)

Transistor William Shockley, 1947

John Bardeen &
Walter Brattain
(Americans)

Fiber Optics Narinder Singh 1960

Kapany (Indians)
ARPANET, (the Leonard Kleinrock 1969 N/A
precursor to the (American)
Internet)
Radio Guglielmo Marconi N/A N/A
(Italian)

The following table describes the major scientific terms

Abbreviation Explanation
ADH Antidiuretic Hormone
AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
AMU Atomic Mass Unit
AWACS Airborne Warning and Control System
BASIC Beginner's All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
BCG Bacillus Calmette-Guerin
BTU British Thermal Unit
CCTV Closed-Circuit Television
CFC Chloro Fluoro Carbon
CNG Compressed Natural Gas
CNS Central Nervous System
CRO Cathode-Ray Oscilloscope
CRT Cathode Ray Tube
DDT Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane
DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid
EMF Electromotive Force
FBTR Fast Breeder Test Reactor
ICU Intensive Care Unit
LASER Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
LCD Liquid Crystal Display
LED Liquid Emitting Diode
LNG Liquefied Natural Gas
LORAN Long Range Navigation
LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas
MASER Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
RADAR Radio Detection and Ranging
RNA Ribose Nucleic Acid
SARS Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
SONAR Sound Navigation and Ranging
STAR Satellite for Telecommunication Applications and Research
STP Standard Temperature and Pressure
TB Tuberculosis
TFT Thin Film Transistor
TNT Tri Nitro Toulene
Computer Science Abbreviation
Abbreviation
AGP Accelerated Graphic Port
ALU Arithmetic and Logic Unit
ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange
BASIC Beginner All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
BIOS Basic Input and Output System
CAN Campus Area Network
CCNA Cisco Certified Network Associate
CD Compact Disk
CEH Certified Ethical Hacking
CMD Command
CMOS Complimentary Metaoxide Semi-Conductor
COBOL Common Basic Oriented Language
CPU Central Processing Unit
CSS Cascading Style Sheets
DBMS Database Management System
DDOS Distribution Denial of Service
DIR Directory
DOC Document
DVD Digital Versatile Disc
EDSAC Electronic Dialog Storage Automatic Computer
FTP File Transfer Protocol
GHZ Gigahertz
GUI Graphic User Interface
HDD Harddisk Drive
HTML Hypertext Markup Language
HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol
HTTPS Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure
IC Integrated Circuit
ICT Infomation Communication Technology
IDE Integrated Drive Electronics
IP Internet Protocol
ISP Internet Service Provider
LAN Local Area Network
LSIC Large Scale Integrated Circuit
MAC Media Access Control
MAN Metropolitan Area Network
MHZ Megahertz
MICR Magnetic-Ink Character Recongnition
MOS Metaoxide Semi-Conductor
OS Operating System
PAN Personal Area Network
PC Personal Computer
PDF Portable Document Format
PDT Parallel Data Transmission
PHP PHP Hypertext Preprocessor
PROM Programmable Read Only Memory
RAM Random Access Memory
RFI Remote File Inclusion
ROM Read only Memory
RW Re-writeable
SDT Serial Data Transmission
SEO Search Engine Optimization
SIM Subscriber Identification Module
SIMMs Single in-line Memory Module
SQL Structured Query Language
TCP Transmission Control Protocol
UNIVAC Universal Automatic Computer
URL Universal Resource Locator
USB Universal Serial Board
USSD Unstructured Supplementary Service Data
VDU Visual Display Unit
VGA Visual Graphic Adaptor
VPN Virtual Private Network
WAN Wide Area Network
WLAN Wide Area Network
WLAN Wireless Local Area Network
WWW World Wide Web
XML Extensible Mark-up Language

The following table illustrates the major scientific fields and their founders

Subject Founder/Father Description (if any)

Biogeography Alfred Russell Wallace Wallace worked on the impact of human activity
on the natural world
Biology Aristotle
Botany Theophrastus
Evolution Charles Darwin On the Origin of Species (1859)
Genetics Gregor Mendel Studied the inheritance of traits in pea plants
(forms the basis for Mendelian inheritance)
Microbiology Antonie van The first to microscopically observe micro-
Leeuwenhoek organisms in water and the first to see bacteria
Molecular biology Linus Pauling
Molecular biophysics Gopalasamudram Founded the molecular biophysics unit (1970)
Narayana Iyer
Ramachandran
Paleontology Leonardo da Vinci
Parasitology Francesco Redi The founder of experimental biology. He was the
first person who challenged the theory of
spontaneous generation by demonstrating that
maggots come from eggs of flies
Protozoology Antonie van First to produce precise, correct descriptions of
Leeuwenhoek protozoa.
Atomic theory Democritus Founder of atomism in cosmology
(early)
Atomic theory Father Roger First coherent description of atomic theory
(modern) Boscovich &
John Dalton First scientific description of the atom as a
building block for more complex structures.
Chemistry (early) Jabir First introduced the experimental method to
Islamic alchemy
Chemistry (modern) Antoine Lavoisier Elements of Chemistry (1787)
Jöns Berzelius Development of chemical nomenclature (1800s)
John Dalton Revival of atomic theory (1803)
Nuclear chemistry Otto Hahn Applied Radiochemistry (1936)
Periodic table Dmitri Mendeleev He arranged the sixty-six elements known at the
time in order of atomic weight by periodic
intervals (1869)
Physical chemistry Mikhail Lomonosov The first person to read lectures in physical
chemistry and coin the term in 1752
Geodesy Eratosthenes
(mathematical
geography)
Plate tectonics Alfred Wegener
Speleology Édouard-Alfred Martel
Cognitive therapy Aaron T. Beck
Electrophysiology Emil du Bois-Reymond
Gynaecology J. Marion Sims
Histology Marcello Malpighi
Medicine Charaka Wrote the Charaka Samhitā and founded the
Ayurveda system of medicine
Psychology Wilhelm Wundt Founded the first laboratory for psychological
(experimental) research
Plastic surgery Sushruta & Wrote the Sushruta Samhita
Harold Gillies
Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud
Surgery (early) Sushruta Wrote the Sushruta Samhita
Atomic bomb Enrico Fermi
 J. Robert Oppenheimer
Leslie Groves
Edward Teller
Classical mechanics Isaac Newton
Electricity William Gilbert & Wrote ‘De Magnete’ (1600)
Michael Faraday Discovered electromagnetic induction (1831)
Modern astronomy Nicolaus Copernicus Developed the first heliocentric model in
De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (1543)
Nuclear physics Ernest Rutherford
Nuclear science Marie Curie & Pierre
Curie
Optics Ibn al-Haytham
(Alhazen)
Quantum mechanics Max Planck
Relativity Albert Einstein
Thermodynamics Sadi Carnot
Algebra Brahmagupta
Muhammad Al-
Khwarizmi (Algorismi)
Diophantus
Calculus Isaac Newton &
Gottfried Leibniz
Computer science George Boole &
Alan Turing
Geometry Euclid
Number theory Pythagoras
Trigonometry Aryabhata &
Hipparchus
Fuzzy logic Lotfi Asker Zadeh
Anthropology Herodotus
Geography Eratosthenes
Demography Ibn Khaldun
History Herodotus He also coined the term 'History'
International law Alberico Gentili
Francisco de Vitoria
Hugo Grotius
Linguistics (early) Panini
Sociology Ibn Khaldun
Auguste Comte (also Father of modern sociology
coined the term)
Accounting and Luca Pacioli
Bookkeeping
Economics (early) Chanakya / Kautilya
Mathematical Daniel Bernoulli
economics
Microcredit Muhammad Yunus Founded Grameen Bank

The following tables illustrates the Countries with tiher Capitals, Currencies, Language,
& Religion.
Country Capitals Currency Language Religion*
Afghanistan Kabul Afghani Pashto, Dari Islam
(Persian)
Albania Tirana Lek Albanian Islam, Christianity
Algeria Algiers Algerian Arabic; Islam
Dinar Tamazight;
French
Andorra Andorra la Vella Euro Catalan Christianity
Angola Luanda Kwanza Portuguese Christianity
Antigua & Saint John's East English Christianity
Barbuda Caribbean
Dollar
Argentina Buenos Aires Argentine Spanish Christianity (But
Peso Secular Country)
Armenia Yerevan Dram Armenian Christianity
Australia Canberra Australian English Christianity (But
Dollar Secular Country)
Austria Vienna Euro German Christianity
Azerbaijan Baku Manat Azerbaijani Islam
The Bahamas Nassau Bahamian English Christianity
Dollar
Bahrain Manama Bahraini Dinar Arabic Islam
Bangladesh Dhaka Taka Bangla Islam
Barbados Bridgetown Barbadian English Christianity
Dollar
Belarus Minsk Belarusian Belarusian; Christianity
Ruble Russian
Belgium Brussels Euro Dutch; French; Secular
German
Belize Belmopan Belize Dollar English Christianity
Benin Porto-Novo West African French Christianity
CFA Franc
Bhutan Thimphu Ngultrum Dzongkha Buddhism, Hindu
Bosnia & Sarajevo Convertible Bosnian; Islam, Christianity
Herzegovina Mark Croatian; Serbian
Botswana Gaborone Pula English; Tswana Christianity
Brazil Brasilia Real Portuguese Christianity
Brunei Bandar Seri Brunei Dollar Malay Islam
Begawan
Bulgaria Sofia Lev Bulgarian Secular
Burkina Faso Ouagadougou West African French Islam, Christianity
CFA Franc
Burundi Bujumbura Burundi Franc Kirundi; French Christianity
Cambodia Phnom Penh Riel Khmer Buddhism
Cameroon Yaoundé Central French; English Christianity
African CFA
Franc
Canada Ottawa Canadian English; French Christianity (But
Dollar Secular Country)
Cape Verde Praia Cape Verdean Portuguese Christianity
Escudo
Central African Bangui Central Sango; French Christianity
Republic African CFA
Franc
Chad N'Djamena Central French; Arabic Islam, Christianity
African CFA
Franc
Chile Santiago Chilean Peso Spanish Christianity
China Beijing Chinese Yuan Mandarin N/A
Colombia Bogota Colombian Spanish Christianity
Peso
Comoros Moroni Comorian Comorian; Islam
Franc Arabic; French
Democratic Kinshasa Congolese French Christianity
Republic of the Franc
Congo
Republic of the Brazzaville Central French N/A
Congo African CFA
Franc
Costa Rica San Jose Colon Spanish Christianity
Cote d'Ivoire Yamoussoukro; West African French Islam, Christianity
(Ivory Coast) Abidjan CFA Franc
Croatia Zagreb Croatian Kuna Christianity
Cuba Havana Cuban Peso Spanish Christianity
Cyprus Nicosia Euro Greek; Turkish Christianity, Islam
Czech Republic Prague Czech Koruna Czech; Slovak N/A
Denmark Copenhagen Danish Krone Danish Christianity
Djibouti Djibouti City Djiboutian Arabic; French Islam, Christianity
Franc
Dominica Roseau East English; French; Christianity
Caribbean Antillean Creole
Dollar
Dominican Santo Domingo Dominican Spanish Christianity
Republic Peso
East Timor Dili United States Tetum; Christianity
(Timor-Leste) Dollar Portuguese
Ecuador Quito United States Spanish Christianity
Dollar
Egypt Cairo Egyptian Arabic Islam
Pound
El Salvador San Salvador United States Spanish Christianity
Dollar
Equatorial Malabo Central Spanish; French; Christianity
Guinea African CFA Portuguese
Franc
Eritrea Asmara Nakfa Arabic; Tigrinya; Christianity, Islam
English
Estonia Tallinn Estonian Estonian Secular
Kroon; Euro
Ethiopia Addis Ababa Birr Amharic Islam, Christianity
Fiji Suva Fijian Dollar English; Bau Christianity, Hindu,
Fijian; Hindi Islam
Finland Helsinki Euro Finnish; Swedish Christianity
France Paris Euro; CFP French Secular
Franc
Gabon Libreville Central French Christianity
African CFA
Franc
The Gambia Banjul Dalasi English Islam
Georgia Tbilisi Lari Georgian Christianity
Germany Berlin Euro German Christianity
Ghana Accra Ghanaian Cedi English Christianity, Islam
Greece Athens Euro Greek (Christianity)
Orthodoxy
Grenada St. George's East English; Patois Christianity
Caribbean
Dollar
Guatemala Guatemala City Quetzal Spanish Christianity
Guinea Conakry Guinean Franc French Islam, Christianity
Guinea-Bissau Bissau West African Portuguese Islam, Christianity
CFA Franc
Guyana Georgetown Guyanese English Christianity, Hindu,
Dollar Islam
Haiti Port-au-Prince Gourde Haitian Creole; Christianity
French
Honduras Tegucigalpa Lempira Spanish Christianity
Hungary Budapest Forint Hungarian Christianity
Iceland Reykjavik Icelandic Icelandic Christianity
Krona
India New Delhi Indian Rupee Hindi; English Secular
Indonesia Jakarta Rupiah Indonesian Islam
Iran Tehran Rial Persian Islam
Iraq Baghdad Iraqi Dinar Arabic; Kurdish Islam
Republic of Dublin Euro English; Irish Christianity
Ireland
Israel Jerusalem Shekel Hebrew; Arabic Judaism, Christianity,
Islam, Druze
Italy Rome Euro Italian Christianity
Jamaica Kingston Jamaican English Christianity
Dollar
Japan Tokyo Yen Japanese Buddhism or Shinto
(But Secular Country)
Jordan Amman Jordanian Arabic Islam
Dinar
Kazakhstan Astana Tenge Kazakh; Russian Islam, Christianity
Kenya Nairobi Kenyan Swahili; English Christianity
Shilling
Kiribati Tarawa Atoll Kiribati Dollar English; Christianity
Gilbertese
North Korea Pyongyang North Korean Korean Secular
Won
South Korea Seoul South Korean Korean Atheist (but some
Won follow Buddhist &
Christian)
Kosovo Pristina Euro Albanian; Serbian Islam
Kuwait Kuwait City Kuwaiti Arabic; English Islam
Dollar
Kyrgyzstan Bishkek Som Kyrgyz; Russian Islam, Russian
Orthodoxy
Laos Vientiane Kip Lao (Laotian) Buddhism
Latvia Riga Lats Latvian Christianity
Lebanon Beirut Lebanese Arabic; French Islam, Christianity
Pound
Lesotho Maseru Loti Sesotho; English Christianity
Liberia Monrovia Liberian English Christianity
Dollar
Libya Tripoli Libyan Dinar Arabic Islam
Liechtenstein Vaduz Swiss Franc German Christianity
Lithuania Vilnius Lithuanian Lithuanian Christianity
Litas
Luxembourg Luxembourg Euro German; French; Christianity (But it is
Luxembourgish a Secular Country)
Macedonia Skopje Macedonian Macedonian Christianity, Islam
Denar
Madagascar Antananarivo Malagasy Malagasy; Traditional Religion
Ariary French; English
Malawi Lilongwe Malawi English Christianity, Islam
Kwacha
Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Ringgit Malay Islam
Mali Bamako West African French Islam, Christianity
CFA Franc
Malta Valletta Euro Maltese; English Christianity
Marshall Islands Majuro United States Marshallese; Christianity
Dollar English
Mauritania Nouakchott Ouguiya Arabic Islam
Mauritius Port Louis Mauritian English Christianity, Islam
Rupee
Mexico Mexico City Mexican Peso Spanish Christianity
Federal States of Palikir United States English Christianity
Micronesia Dollar
Moldova Chisinau Moldovan Leu Moldovan Christianity
(Romanian)
Monaco Monaco Euro French; Italian; Christianity
English
Mongolia Ulaanbaatar Togrog Mongolian Buddhism
Montenegro Podgorica Euro Montenegrin Islam, Christianity
Morocco Rabat Moroccan Arabic Islam
Dirham
Mozambique Maputo Mozambican Portuguese Christianity, Islam
Metical
Myanmar Nypyidaw Kyat Burmese Buddhism
(Burma)
Namibia Windhoek Namibian English; Christianity
Dollar Afrikaans;
German
Nauru Yaren Australian English; Nauran Christianity
Dollar
Nepal Kathmandu Nepalese Nepali Hindu, Buddhism,
Rupee Islam
Netherlands Amsterdam; The Euro Dutch Christianity (But a
Hague Secular Country)
New Zealand Wellington New Zealand English Christianity (But a
Dollar Secular Country)
Nicaragua Managua Cordoba Spanish Christianity
Niger Niamey West African French Islam, Christianity
CFA Franc
Nigeria Abuja Naira English Christianity, Islam
Norway Oslo Norwegian Norwegian Christianity
Krone
Oman Muscat Omani Rial Arabic Islam
Pakistan Islamabad Pakistani Urdu; English Islam
Rupee
Palau Melekeok United States English; Palauan Christianity
Dollar
Panama Panama City Balboa Spanish Christianity
Papa New Port Moresby Papa New English; Tok Christianity
Guinea Guinean Kina Pisin; Hiri Motu
Paraguay Asuncion Guarani Spanish; Guarani Christianity
Peru Lima Nuevo Sol Spanish Christianity
Philippines Manila Philippine Filipino; English Christianity, Islam
Peso
Poland Warsaw Złoty Polish Christianity
Portugal Lisbon Euro Portuguese Christianity
Qatar Doha Qatari Riyal Arabic Islam
Romania Bucharest Romanian Romanian Christianity
Rupee
Russia Moscow Ruble Russian Christianity
Rwanda Kigali Rwandan Kinyarwanda; Christianity
Franc French; English
Saint Kitts and Basseterre East English Christianity
Nevis Caribbean
Dollar
Saint Lucia Castries East English; French Christianity
Caribbean
Dollar
Saint Vincent & Kingstown East English Christianity
The Grenadines Caribbean
Dollar
Samoa Apia Tala Samoan; English Christianity
San Marino San Marino Euro Italian Christianity
Sao Tome and Sao Tome Dobra Portuguese Christianity
Principe
Saudi Arabia Riyadh Saudi Riyal Arabic Islam
Senegal Dakar West African French Islam
CFA Franc
Serbia Belgrade Serbian Dinar Serbian Christianity
Seychelles Victoria Seychoellois Seychellois Christianity
Rupee Creole; French;
English
Sierra Leone Freetown Leone Krio; English Islam, Christianity
Singapore Singapore Singapore English; Malay; Buddhist, Christianity
Dollar Mandarin Chinese
Slovakia Bratislava Euro Slovak Christianity
Slovenia Ljubljana Euro Slovene Christianity
Solomon Islands Honiara Solomon Solomons Pijin Christianity
Islands Dollar
Somalia Mogadishu Somali Somali; Arabic Islam
Shilling
South Africa Pretoria; Cape Rand Zulu; Xhosa; Christianity
Town; Afrikaans
Bloemfontein
Spain Madrid Euro Spanish Christianity
Sri Lanka Colombo Sri Lankan Sinhala; Tamil Buddhist, Hindu,
Rupee Islam
Sudan Khartoum Sudanese Arabic; English Islam
Pound
Suriname Paramaribo Surinamese Dutch Christianity
Dollar
Swaziland Mbabane Lilangeni English; SiSwati Christianity
Sweden Stockholm Swedish Swedish Christianity
Krona
Switzerland Berne Swiss Franc German; French; Christianity
Italian
Syria Damascus Syrian Pound Arabic Islam, Christianity
Taiwan Taipei New Taiwan Mandarin Polytheistic ancient
Dollar Chinese religion,
Buddhism
Tajikistan Dushanbe Somoni Tajik; Russian Islam
Tanzania Dar es Salaam; Tanzanian Swahili Islam, Christianity
Dodoma Schilling
Thailand Bangkok Thai Baht Thai Buddhism
Togo Lome West African French Traditional/Native
CFA Franc religion, Christianity
Tonga Nuku'alofa Pa'anga Tongan; English Christianity
Trinidad and Port-of-Spain Trinidad and English Christianity, Hindu,
Tobago Tobago Dollar Islam
Tunisia Tunis Tunisian Tunisian; French Islam
Dinar
Turkey Ankara Turkish Lira Turkish Islam (But Secular
country)
Turkmenistan Ashgabat Turkmen New Turkmen; Russian Islam
Manat
Tuvalu Vaiaku Tuvaluan Tuvaluan; English Christianity
Dollar
Uganda Kampala Ugandan Swahili; English Christianity
Shilling
Ukraine Kiev Hryvnia Ukrainian; Eastern Orthodoxy
Russian
United Arab Abu Dhabi Dirham Arabic Islam
Emirates
United Kingdom London Pound Sterling English Christianity
United States of Washington D.C. United States English; Spanish Christianity
America Dollar
Uruguay Montevideo Uruguayan Spanish Christianity
Peso
Uzbekistan Tashkent Uzbekistan Uzbek; Russian Islam
Som
Vanuatu Port-Vila Vanuatu Vatu Bislama; English; Christianity
French
Vatican City Vatican City Euro Latin; Italian Christianity
Venezuela Caracas Bolivar Fuerte Spanish Christianity
Vietnam Hanoi Dong Vietnamese Native religious
practice, Christianity
Yemen Sanaa Yemeni Rial Arabic Islam
Zambia Lusaka Zambian English Christianity
Kwacha
Zimbabwe Harare United States English Christianity
Dollar

Pakistan: A Personal History

Imran Khan

Indus Journey: A Personal View of Pakistan

Imran Khan

All Round View

Imran Khan
 Imran: The Autobiography Of Imran Khan

Imran Khan

Imran Khan's Cricket Skills

Imran Khan

Warrior Race: Journey Through the Land of the Tribal

Pathans

Imran Khan

Mea Aur Meara Pakistan

Imran Khan

Renewable Energy and Sustainability: Prospects in the Developing

Economies

Imran Khan

Books Authors
My Indian Years Lord Harding
Black Beauty Anna Sewell
Being and Nothingness Jean-Paul Sartre
Think and Grow Rich Napoleon Hill
Danger in Kashmir Joseph Korbel
War and Peace Leo Tolstoy
Alice in Wonderland Lewis Caroll
Anna Karenina Leo Tolstoy
A Farewell to Arms Ernest Hemingway
Gulliver’s Travels Jonathan Swift
The Godfather Mario Puzo
The Daughter of the East Ms. Benazir Bhutto
India Wins Freedom Maulana Azad
The Prince Niccolo Machiaveli
A Tale of Two Cities Charles Dickens
Oliver Twist Charles Dickens
Great Expectations Charles Dickens
David Copperfield Charles Dickens
Hamlet William Shakespeare
Macbeth William Shakespeare
king Lear William Shakespeare
Romeo and Juliet William Shakespeare
Twelfth Night William Shakespeare
Othello William Shakespeare
Resurrection Leo Tolstoy
The Divine Comedy Dante Alighieri
Crime and Punishment Fyodor Dostoyevsky
Wuthering Heights Emily Brontë
Pride and Prejudice Jane Austen
Nineteen Eighty Four (1984) George Orwell
Invisible Man Ralph Ellison
The Lord of the Rings J. R. R. Tolkien
A Passage to India E. M. Forster
The Old Man and the Sea Ernest Hemingway
A Farewell to Arms Ernest Hemingway
Frankenstein Mary Shelley
Sense and Sensibility Jane Austen
Emma Jane Austen
Mansfield Park Jane Austen
Lady Susan Jane Austen
The Castle Franz Kafka
Harry Potter and JK Rowling
the Goblet of Fire
Sherlock Holmes Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
A Doll’s House Henrik Ibsen
A Sentimental Education Gustave Flaubert
The Adventures of Mark Twain
Huckleberry Finn
Ulysses James Joyce
Odyssey Homer
The Iliad Homer
Alchemist Paulo Coelho
Caesar and Cleopatra George Bernard Shaw
Das Kapital/Capital Karl Marx
Communist Manifesto Karl Marx
Utopia Thomas Moore
Wealth of Nations Adam Smith
Origin of Species Charles Darwin
Doctor Zhivago Boris Pasternak
To Kill a Mockingbird Harper Lee
The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald
One Hundred Years of Solitude Gabriel García Márquez
Don Quixote Miguel de Cervantes’s
Beloved Toni Morrison
Mrs. Dalloway Virginia Woolf
Things Fall Apart Chinua Achebe
The Color Purple Oprah Winfrey
Why Nations Fail Daron Acemoglu
James A. Robinson
Tom Jones Henry Fielding
The Black Sheep Honoré De Balzac
The Trial Franz Kafka
Song of Solomon Toni Morrison
Sapiens: A Brief History Yuval Noah Harari
of Humankind
The 7 Habits of Highly Stephen Covey
Effective People
The Audacity of Hope Barack Obama
Descent of Man Charles Darwin
The idea of history R. G. Collingwood
Arms and the Man G.B.Shaw
Mein Kampf Adolf Hitler
In Search of Lost Time Marcel Proust
Ulysses James Joyce
Chitra R.N.Tagore
The Decline and Fall Edward Gibbon
of the Roman Empire
Paradise Lost John Milton
Lolita Vladimir Nabokov
Le Contract Social Jean-Jacques Rousseau
A Brief History of Time Stephen Hawking
Around the World in Jules Verne
Eighty Days
Pale Fire Vladimir Nabokov
On the Road Jack Kerouac
Apple Cart George Bernard Shaw
Freedom at Midnight Larry Collins
Dominique Lapierre
India Wins Freedom Abul Kalam Azad
Pathway to Greatness Dr Abdul Kalam
Anand Math Bankim Chandra Chatterjee
Books Authors

Daughter of the East Benazir Bhutto

The Myth of Independence Z.A. Bhutto

Great Tragedy Z.A. Bhutto

My Brother Fatima Jinnah

Friends not Masters Ayub Khan

My Feudal Lord Tehmina Durrani

A Case of Exploding Mangoes Mohammed Hanif

Moth Smoke Mohsin Hamid

The Reluctant Fundamentalist Mohsin Hamid

How to Get Filthy Rich in

Mohsin Hamid
Rising Asia

Exit West Mohsin Hamid

Home Fire Kamila Shamsie

Kartography Kamila Shamsie

Ice Candy Man Bapsi Sidhwa

The Crow Eaters Bapsi Sidhwa

Cracking India Bapsi Sidhwa

Spirit of Islam Syed Ameer Ali

Kashf-al-Majoob Hazrat Ali Hajveri

Pakistan the long view Lawrence Ziring

Pakistan in the twentieth century Lawrence Ziring

The Ayub Khan era Lawrence Ziring

Jinnah of Pakistan Stanley Wolpert

Books Authors

Zulfi Bhutto of Pakistan Stanley Wolpert

A New History of India Stanley Wolpert

Jinnah, Creator of Pakistan Hector Bolitho

Jinnah: India, Partition,

Jaswant Singh
Independence

The Sole Spokesman Ayesha Jalal

The Struggle for Pakistan Ayesha Jalal

The Idea of Pakistan Stephen Philip Cohen

The Making of Pakistan K.K. Aziz

Neither a Hawk Nor a Dove Khurshid Mahmud Kasuri

In the Line of Fire Pervez Musharraf

The Ethics of Islam Syed Ameer Ali

Lost Islamic History” Firas Alkhateeb

“Governing the Ungovernable Ishrat Hussain

Muhammad (SAW):
Karen Armstrong
A Prophet for our time

Pakistan between Mosque

Hussain Haqqani
and Military

Asar-us-Sanadid Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan

The Truth Always Prevails Sadruddin Hashwani

Books Names Authors Names

Anarkali Syed Imtiaz Ali Taj
Chacha Chakkan Syed Imtiaz Ali Taj
Qurtaba Ka Qazi Syed Imtiaz Ali Taj
Hayat- e-Javed Altaf Hussain Hali
Hayat-e –Sadi Altaf Hussain Hali
Yaad Gar e Ghalib Altaf Hussain Hali
Musadas e Hali Altaf Hussain Hali
Ander Sabha Amant Lakhnvi
Khushbu Parveen Shakir
Inkar Parveen Shakir
Mah Tmam Parveen Shakir
Bazar e husan Premchand Munshi
Soz-e-Watan Premchand Munshi
(First Urdu Afsana)
Bewaah Premchand Munshi
Footpath Ki Ghaas Bano Qudsiya
Raja Gidh Bano Qudsiya
Tehzeeb-ul-Akhlaq Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
Asrar-us-Sanadid Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
Asbab-i-Baghawat-e-Hind Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
Al-Khutbat al-Ahmadiya Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
Dunya Goal hai Ibn e Insha
Awarah Gard Ki Diary Ibn e Insha
Chalte Ho To Cheen Ibn e Insha
Ko Chaliye
Mere Khwab Ahmad Faraz
Reza Reza
Jahan e Danish Ehsan Danish
Gadariya Ashfaq Ahmed
Zaviya Ashfaq Ahmed
Mann Chalay Ka Sauda Ashfaq Ahmed
Aik Mohabbat Sau Afsana Ashfaq Ahmed
Hostel mein parhna Patras Bukhari
Lahore Ka Jughrafia Patras Bukhari
Kapaas ka Phool Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi
Dasht-e-wafa Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi
Nila Pathar Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi
Ghar se Ghar tak Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi
Chopal Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi
Yaadon Ki Brat Josh Malihabadi
Shahnama Islam Hafeez Jalandhari
Soz-o-Saaz Hafeez Jalandhari
Begmat Ke Aansoo Khawja Hassan Nizami
Separa – E – Dil Khawja Hassan Nizami
Mirat-ul-Uroos Deputy Nazir Ahmad
(First Urdu Novel)
Binat un Nash Deputy Nazir Ahmad
Ibn-ul-Waqt Deputy Nazir Ahmad
Bajang Amad Col. Muhammad Khan
Haji Baghlol Munshi Sajjad Hussain
Hasan Angelina Abdul Halim Sharar
Firdaws-i Bareen Abdul Halim Sharar
Ilm ul Iqtisad Muhammad Iqbal
Asrar-i-Khudi (Persian) Muhammad Iqbal
Rumuz-i-Bekhudi (Persian) Muhammad Iqbal
Payam-i-Mashriq(Persian) Muhammad Iqbal
Zabur-i-Ajam(Persian) Muhammad Iqbal
Bang-i-Dara (Urdu) Muhammad Iqbal
Bal-i-Jibril (Urdu) Muhammad Iqbal
Zarb-i Kalim (Urdu) Muhammad Iqbal
Armughan-e-Hijaz Muhammad Iqbal
(Urdu and Persian)
Nuskha Hai Wafa Faiz Ahmed Faiz
Naqsh-e-Faryadi Faiz Ahmed Faiz
Sar-e-Wadi-e-Sina Faiz Ahmed Faiz
Heart-Attack (poem) Faiz Ahmed Faiz
Shab-e-Rafta Majeed Amjad
Aab e Hayat Muhammad Husain Azad
Sab Ras (First Urdu Mulla Wajhi
Book in Nasar/Prose)
Ood-e-Hindi Ghalib Letters
urdu-e-moalla
Qate Burhan Mirza Ghalib
Sirat-un-Nabi Shibli Nomani
Sulaiman Nadvi
Chand Ham Asr Maulwi Abdul Haq
Barg-e-Nai Nasir Kazmi
Pehli Barish Nasir Kazmi
Muhammad Ben Qasim Naseem Hijazi
Khaak aur Khoon Naseem Hijazi
Alipur ka Ailee Mumtaz Mufti
Alakh Nagri Mumtaz Mufti
Aangan Khadija Mastoor
Zameen Khadija Mastoor
Dasht e Soos Jamila Hashmi
Toba Tek Singh Saadat Hasan Manto
Khali Botlein Saadat Hasan Manto
Udas Naslain Abdullah Hussain
Zameendar Zafar Ali Khan
Swadeshi Rail Shaukat Thanvi
Jangloos Shaukat Siddiqui
Khuda Ki Basti Shaukat Siddiqui
Khakam Badahan Mushtaq Ahmad Yousufi
Pressure Cooker Sadiq Salik
 Sassui Punnhun Hashim Shah
Hasan Kuzagar Noon Meem Rashid
Countries Parliament/legislature
Australia Federal Parliament
Kiribati House of Assembly
New Zealand Pāremata Aotearoa
Marshall Islands Nitijela
African Countries Parliament Names
Countries Parliaments/legislature
Algeria People’s National Assembly
Egypt Magles en-Nowwab
(Africa/ Asia)
Ethiopia House of Peoples
Representatives
Libya House of Representatives
Liberia House of Representatives
Mozambique Assembly of the Republic
Morocco House of Councillors
House of Representatives
Rwanda Chamber of Deputies
Somalia The Federal Parliament
South Sudan National Legislature
Sudan Al-Maǧlis al-Waṭaniy
Tunisia Majlis Nuwwāb ash-Sha’b
Countries Parliament/legislature
Canada Parliament of Canada
Cuba National Assembly of
People’s Power
Dominica House of Assembly
Mexico Congress of the Union
United States of America United States Congress
Countries Parliament/legislature
Argentina Chamber of Deputies
Bolivia Plurinational Legislative
Brazil Chamber of Deputies
Chile Chamber of Deputies
Colombia Congress of Colombia
Peru Congress of Peru
Uruguay General Assembly
Countries Parliament/legislature
Albania Kuvendi
Andorra General Council
Austria National Council
Belgium Senate
Chamber
 Denmark Folketing
Estonia Riigikogu
Finland Eduskunta
Germany Bundestag
Greece Hellenic
Iceland Althing
Latvia Saeima
Liechtenstein Landtag
Lithuania Seimas
Luxembourg Chamber of Deputies
Monaco National Council
Norway Storting
Poland Sejm
Romania Chamber of Deputies
San Marino Grand and General
Council
Slovakia National Council
Spain Cortes
Sweden Riksdag
Switzerland Federal Assembly
Ukraine Verkhovna Rada
United Kingdom The House of Commons
The House of Lord
Vatican City Pontifical Commission

A full list of top multinational corporations headquarters location in the world.

The headquarters of Google is in Mountain View, California, United States.
The headquarters of Amazon is in Seattle, Washington, United States.
The headquarters of Facebook is in Menlo Park, California, United States.
The headquarters of Twitter is in San Francisco, United States.
The headquarters of Apple is in Cupertino, California, United States.
The headquarters of Uber is in San Francisco, California, United States.
The headquarters of Microsoft is in Washington, United States.
The headquarters of YouTube is in San Bruno, California, United States.
The headquarters of Oracle is in Austin, Texas, United States.
The headquarters of Samsung is in Seoul, South Korea.
The headquarters of of IBM(International Business Machines) is in Armonk, New York, United
States.
The headquarters of LG is located in Seoul, South Korea.
The headquarters of Huawei is in Shenzhen, China.
The headquarters of SpaceX is in Hawthorne, California, United States.
The Headquarters of Tesla is in Palo Alto, California, United States.
The headquarters of Intel is in Santa Clara, California, United States.
The headquarters of HP (Hewlett-Packard) is in Palo Alto, California, United States.
The headquarters of Sony is in Minato City, Tokyo, Japan.
The headquarters of Pepsi is in Harrison, New York, United States.
The headquarters of Coca-Cola is in Atlanta, Georgia, United States.
The headquarters of Pinterest is in San Francisco, United States.
The headquarters of NASA is in Washington, D.C., United States.
The headquarters of Food Panda is in Berlin, Germany.
The headquarters of OLX is in Amsterdam, Netherlands.
The headquarters of Pfizer is in New York, New York, United States.
The headquarters of Moderna is in Massachusetts, United States.
The Headquarters of the Walmart is in Bentonville, Arkansas, United States.
The Headquarters of McDonald’s is in Chicago, Illinois, United States.

World Organizations Head Founded

quarters
World Trade Organization (WTO) Geneva January 1, 1995
World Health Organization (WHO) Geneva April 7, 1948
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Geneva March 23, 1950
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Geneva July 14, 1967
World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) Madrid November
1, 1975
Amnesty International London July 1961
Transparency International Berlin May 4, 1993
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Geneva December
14, 1950
United Nations World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Geneva April 29, 1961
Universal Postal Union Berne October 9, 1874
International Labor Organization (ILO) Geneva April 11, 1919
International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Geneva May 17, 1865
United Nations Relief and Works Agency Amman December
8, 1949
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Vienna July 29, 1957
United Nations Industrial Development Organization Vienna November
(UNIDO) 17, 1966
Food and Agriculture Organization Rome October 16, 1945
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) Rome December 15
, 1977
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Montreal April 4, 1947
United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund New York December
(UNICEF) 11, 1946
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Paris November
Organization (UNISCO) 16, 1945
International Maritime Organization London March 17, 1948
World Bank (IBRD) Washington July 1944
 United Nation Development Program New York November
22, 1965
International Monetary Fund (IMF) Washington July 1944
United Nations Organization (UNO) New York October 24, 1945
Interpol | The International Criminal Police Organization Lyon September
7, 1923
International Court of Justice The Hague June 26, 1945
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Kathmandu December
8, 1985
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) Jeddah September
25, 1969
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Jakarta August 8, 1967
Commonwealth of Nations London December
11, 1931
Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) Shanghai June 2006
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Brussels April 4, 1949
Arab League (AL) Cairo March 22, 1945
Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) Tehran 1985

International Days List January

International Days List Date

World Braille Day 4th Jan
World Day for War Orphans 6th Jan
World Religion Day 3rd Sunday of Jan
International Day of Education 24th January
International Holocaust Day 27th January
World Leprosy Day Last Sunday of Jan

International Days List February

International Days Date
World Wetlands Day 2nd Feb
World Cancer Day 4th Feb
International Day of 6th Feb
Zero Tolerance for
Female Genital Mutilation
World Pulses Day 10th Feb
International Day of Women and Girls in Science 11th Feb

Darwin Day 12 Feb

World Radio Day 13 Feb
Valentine’s Day 14 Feb
 World Day of Social Justice 20 Feb
World Mother Language Day 21 Feb
World Scout Day 22 Feb

Important International Days List March

International Days Date
(i). Zero Discrimination Day 1st March
(ii). Civil Defence Day
World Wildlife Day 3rd March
World Day of the Fight 4th March
Against Sexual Exploitation
International women’s day 8th March
International Day of 14 March
Action for Rivers
World Consumer Rights Day 15 March
World Sleep Day 19 March
(i). International Day of Happiness 20 March
(i). International Day for the 21 March
Elimination of Racial
Discrimination
(ii). World Poetry Day
(iii). World Forest Day
(iv). World Down Syndrome Day
World Water Day 22 March
World Meteorological Day 23rd March
(i). World Tuberculosis Day 24th March
(ii). Right to Truth Day
(i). International Day of 25th March
Remembrance of the
Victims of Slavery and
the Transatlantic Slave Trade
(ii). International Day of
Solidarity with Detained
and Missing Staff Members
World Theatre Day 27th March

Important International Days April Month

International Days List Date
World Autism Awareness Day 2nd April
International Mine Awareness Day 4th April
International Day of Conscience 5th April
International Day of Sport for 6th April
Development and Peace
World Health Day 7th April
 International Day of Human 12th April
Space Flight
World Chagas Disease Day 14th April
World Hemophilia Day 17th April
World Heritage Day 18th April
World Creativity and 21th April
Innovation Day
Earth Day 22th April
World Book and Copyright Day 23rd April
International Day of Multilateralism 24th April
and Diplomacy for Peace
(i). World Malaria Day 25th April
(ii).International DNA Day
(iii).World Veterinary Day
(iv).International Delegate’s Day
(i).World Intellectual Property Day 26th April
(ii).International Chernobyl
Disaster Remembrance Day
World Day for Safety and 28th April
Health at Work
(i).World Dance Day 29th April
(ii).International Jazz Day

World Important Days List May

International Days Date
International Labour day 1st May
World Tuna Day 2nd May
World Press Freedom Day 3rd May
International Firefighters’ Day 4th May
World Midwives Day 5th May
World Red Cross Day 8th May
International Thalassaemia Day
World Mothers Day 9th May
International Nurses Day 12th May
International Day of Families 15th May
World Telecommunication Day 17th May
International Museum Day 18th May
Hepatitis Day 19th May
World Metrology Day 20th May
International Tea Day 21st May
International Day for 22nd May
Biological Diversity
International Day of 29th May
United Nations Peacekeepers
World No Tobacco Day 31st May
 World Asthma Day 1st Tuesday of May

June International Days List

International Days Date
Global Day of Parents 1st June
World Bicycle Day 3rd June
International Day of Innocent 4th June
Children Victims of Aggression
World Environment Day 5th June
World Food Safety Day 7th June
(i). World Ocean Day 8th June
(ii). World Brain Tumor Day
World Day against Child Labour 12th June
International Albinism 13th June
Awareness Day
World Blood Donor Day 14th June
World Elder Abuse Awareness Day 15th June
International Day of Family 16th June
Remittances
World Day to Combat Desertification 17th June
and Drought
World Refugee Day 20th June
(i). World Music Day 21th June
(ii). International Day of Yoga
(i).UN International Day of Yoga 23rd June
(ii).International Widows’ Day
(iii).International Olympic Day
Anti-Narcotics Day 26th June
Father Day Third Sunday of June

July World Important Days List

International Days Date
(i).Sports Journalism Day 2nd July
(ii).World UFO Day
World Cooperative Day 4th July
World Population Day 11th July
World Population Day 15th July
World Population Day 17th July
Nelson Mandela Day 18th July
International Chess Day 20th July
(i). World Hepatitis Day 28th July
(ii). World Nature Conservation Day
International Tiger Day 29th July
 (i).International Friendship Day 30th July
(ii).World Day against
Trafficking in Persons

Important World Days August

International Days List Date
Hiroshima Day 6th August
Nagasaki Day 9th August
International Day of the
World’s Indigenous People
International Youth Day 12th August
International Lefthanders Day 13th August
World Humanitarian Day 19th August
World Mosquito Day 20th August
(i). International Day of 21st August
Remembrance and Tribute
to the Victims of Terrorism
(ii). World Senior Citizen Day
International Day 22nd August
Commemorating the Victims
of Acts of Violence Based
on Religion or Belief
World Slavery Abolition Day 23rd August
World Slavery Abolition Day 29th August
International Day of the 30th August
Enforced Disappeared
world Breastfeeding Week 1 to 7 August

September International Days List

International Days Date
International Day of Charity 5th September
International Day of Clean Air 7th September
International Literacy Day 8th September
World Physical Therapy Day
(i). International Day to Protect 9th September
(ii). Education from Attack
Suicide Prevention Day 10th September
World First Aid Day 11th September
South-South Cooperation Day 12th September
International Day of Democracy 15th September
International Day for the 16th September
Preservation of the Ozone Layer
World Patient Safety Day 17th September
 World Patient Safety Day 18th September
Talk Like a Pirate Day 19th September
(i). International Day of Peace 21st September
(ii). World Alzheimer’s Day
(iii). Biosphere Day
(i). World Rhino Day 22nd September
(ii). Car Free Day
International Day of 23rd September
Sign Languages
World Maritime Day 24th September
International Day for the 26th September
Total Elimination of
Nuclear Weapons
World Tourism Day 27th September
World Day for Universal 28th September
Access to Information
International Day of Awareness 29th September
of Food Loss and Waste
International Translation Day 30th September
World Vulture Day 1st Saturday of Sept

International Days October

International Days List Date
World Vegetarian Day 1st October
International Day of Non-Violence 2nd October
(i). World Animal Day 4th October
(ii). World Animal Day
World Teachers’ Day 5th October
World Post Day 9th October
World Mental Health Day 10th October
International Day of the 11th October
Girl Child
International Day for 13rd October
Disaster Reduction
World Standards Day 14th October
International Day of Rural Women 15th October
World Food Day 16th October
International Day for the 17th October
Eradication of Poverty
World Statistics Day 20th October
(i). United Nations Day 24th October
(ii). World Polio Day
(iii). World Development
Information Day
 World Day for Audiovisual 27th October
Heritage
world internet day 29th October
(i). World Savings Day 31st October
(ii). World Cities Day
World Habitat Day 1st Monday of October

November International Days List

International Days List Date
International Day to End 2nd November
Impunity for Crimes
against Journalists
Tsunami Awareness Day 5th November
International Day for 6th November
Preventing the Exploitation
of the Environment in War
and Armed Conflict
World Freedom Day 9th November
World Science Day 10th November
World Pneumonia Day 12th November
World Diabetes Day 14th November
World Day of Remembrance 15th November
for Road Traffic Victims
International Day for Tolerance 16th November
International Students’ Day 17th November
International Men’s Day 19th November
International Children’s Day 20th November
(i). World Television Day 21st November
(ii). World Hello Day
(iii). World Fisheries Day
International Day for 25th November
the Elimination of
Violence against Women
International Day of Solidarity 29th November
with the Palestinian People
Day of Remembrance 30th November
for all Victims of
Chemical Warfare
World Philosophy Day 3rd Thursday of November

International UN Days December Month

International Days List Date
World AIDS Day 1st December
 International Day for 2nd December
the Abolition of Slavery
International Day of 3rd December
Disabled Persons
International Day of Banks 4th December
(i). International Volunteer Day 5th December
(ii). World Soil Day
World Civil Aviation Day 7th December
(i). Genocide Prevention Day 9th December
(ii).International Anti-Corruption Day
Human Rights Day 10th December
International Mountain Day 11th December
(i). International Day of Neutrality 12th December
(ii). Universal Health Coverage Day
International Migrants Day 18th December
International Human Solidarity Day 20th December

Scientist Names and their Inventions

Inventions Inventors
Polio Vaccine Jonas Salk
Thermometer Galeleo Galilei
Santorio Santorio
Telephone Graham Bell’s
Bicycle Karl von Drais
Computers Charles Babbage
Internet i). Vint Cerf
ii). Bob Kohn
World Wide Web i).Tim Berners-Lee
ii).Robert Cailliau
Battery Alessandro Volta
Telescope Hans Lippershey
Zacharias Janssen
Dynamite Alfred Nobel
Aeroplane Wright brothers
Artificial Gene James Hargreaves
Radio Guglielmo Marconi
Printing Press Johannes Gutenberg
Camera Nicephore Niepce
Automobile Karl Benz
Watch Peter Henlein
Steam engine Thomas Newcomen
Television John Logie Baird
Typewriter Christopher Latham Shole
Electricity Benjamin Franklin
Transformer Michael Faraday
Diesel Engine Rudolf Diesel
Mobile Phone Martin Cooper
Railway Engine George Stephenson
Refrigerator William Cullen
Oliver Evans
Light Bulb Thomas Edison
Pasteurization Louis Pasteur
Penicillin Alexander Fleming
electric motor Nikola Tesla
Paper Cai Lun (China)
automatic loom Joseph-Marie Jacquard
stethoscope René Laennec
Written language Louis Braille
system for the blind
Revolver Pistol Samuel Colt
bifocal glasses Benjamin Franklin
X-Ray Wilhelm Roentgen
Centigrade scale Anders Celsius
Barometer Evangelista Torricelli
moving picture Thomas Edison
Video Games Ralph Baer
Galvanometer Johann Schweigger
Air conditioner Willis Carrier
Jet Engine Frank Whittle
John Barber
Seismograph John Milne
Radar Robert Watson-Watt
Rocket Engine Robert Goddard
Ballpoint Pen László Bíró &
John J. Loud
polonium and radium Marie Curie
Gunpowder Roger Bacon
Spinning Jenny James Hargreaves
Electric Generator Michael Faraday
Reflecting telescope Isaac Newton
Artificial gene Hargobind Khorana
Bakelite Leo Baekeland
fuel cells Sir William Grove
 Fluorescent Lighting Nikola Tesla
Magnetic Tape Fritz Pfleumer
Nuclear Reactor Enrico Fermi
Helicopter Igor Sikorsky Vought-Sikorsky
Laser Printer Gary Starkweather
Atomic Bomb Robert Oppenheimer
Machine Gun Hiram Maxim
Neon lamp Georges Claude
Laser Theodore Maiman
iPhone Steve Jobs
MRI Machine Raymond Damadian
Vaccines Edward Jenner
Traffic signal Garrett Morgan
Insulin Frederick G Banting
Charles Best
Chloroform James Simpson
Antigen Karl Landsteiner
Blood Transfer Karl Landsteiner
Heart Transplantation Christian Bernard
Plastic Surgery Abstract Sushruta
Safety Break Elisha Otis

Nicknames of Cities and Countries

A list of interesting nicknames of cities, countries, and other geographical areas for general
knowledge and general abilities tests.

Cities Nicknames

City Nicknames
Rome City of Seven Hills
The Eternal City
City of the popes
New York The Big Apple
The Empire City
The City That Never Sleeps
Cairo The City of Bazaar
Paris of the Nile
City of Thousand Minarets
Chicago The Wind City
Paris City of Love
City of Lights
Washington City of Magnificent
Distances
Mumbai City of Dreams
City of Seven Islands
Financial Capital of
India
Karachi Gateway of Pakistan
Financial Capital of
Pakistan
Lhassa Forbidden City
Tibet Forbidden Land
Las Vegas Sin City
Ushuaia The End of the World
Geneva The Peace Capital
Lahore City of Colleges
Delhi City of Rallies
Rome of India
Vienna City of Music
City of Dreams
The Imperial City
London The Big Smoke
The Square Mile
Modern Babylon
Jerusalem The Holy City
Peshawar City of Flowers
Banaras City of ghosts
and temples
Toronto The Muddy York
The 6
Sydney Harbour City
San Francisco The Golden City
Istanbul The Second Rome
Moscow The Third Rome
Singapore Lion City
Johannesburg City of Gold
Jaipur The Pink City
Berlin The Grey City
Oslo The Tiger City
Warsaw Paris of the North
Amsterdam Venice of the North
Venice City of Canals
Queen of the Adriatic
City of Bridges
Athens City of Violet Crown
The Hague City of Justice
Kolkata City of Joy
City of Palaces
Kuala Lumpur Golden Triangle
Lima The City of Kings
Dublin The Fair City
Bordeaux City of Wine
Brussels Capital of Europe
Milan Fashion Capital of the
World
Rotterdam Gateway to Europe
Bucharest Little Paris
Budapest Pearl of Danube
Cape Town Mother City
Florence City of Lilies
Los Angeles The City of Angels
Miami Magic City
Petra The Rose Red City
Lost City
Bengaluru Silicon Valley of India
City of Science
California The Golden State
Lucknow City of Nawabs
Swat Valley Switzerland of Pakistan
Faislabad Manchester of Pakistan
Multan City of Saints
Surat Diamond City of India
Detroit Motor City
Quetta London of Pakistan
Prague The City of Hundred Spires
Pittsburgh Steel City
Iron City
Barcelona The City of Counts
The City of Gaudi
Buenos Aires Paris of the Americas
Melbourne Europe of Australia
Hong Kong Pearl of the Orient
(Also used for Manila)
Birmingham The City of a 1000
Trades
Adelaide City of Churches
Beirut Paris of the Middle East
Tel Aviv The City that Never Stops
Zanzibar Island of Cloves
Tehran The City of 72 Nations
Countries Nickname
Countries Nickname
USA Uncle Sam
Japan The Land of the Rising Sun
Great Britain of Pacific
South Africa The Rainbow Nation
Afghanistan The Graveyard of Empires
Egypt The Gift of the Nile
Belarus the Blue-Eyed Country
Australia OZ
the Lucky Country
Thailand The land of Smiles
The land of Free People
Land of white elephants
China Celestial Empire
the red dragon
Armenia The Land of Noah
Bhutan Land of Thunder
Chile Land of Poets
Albania Land of the Eagles
Ukraine The Bread Basket
of Europe
Iceland Land of Fire
and Ice
Cyprus the Island of Love
South Korea the Land of the
Morning Calm
France the Hexagon
Finland the Land of
Thousand Lakes
Ireland the Emerald Isle
Spain and the Iberian Peninsula
Portugal
Paraguay The Heart of
South America
Italy The Boot
New Zealand the land of long
white cloud
Britain of the South
Sri Lanka Tear drop of India
Canada Land of Maple Leaf
The Great White North
Lesotho The Kingdom in the Sky
Venezuela The Land of Grace
 Slovenia Sunny Side of the Alps
Philippines Pearl of the Orient
North Korea The Hermit Kingdom
Mongolia Land of the Blue Sky
Indonesia Emerald of the Equator
Iraq the cradle of civilization
Myanmar Land of Golden
Pagodas
Lebanon Switzerland of the
Middle East
Brazil Land of the Palms
Guyana Land of Many Waters
Peru Land of the Incas
Rwanda Land of a Thousand Hills
Madagascar The Red Island
Norway Land of the Midnight Sun
Bahrain Isle of pearls
Cuba Pearl of Antilles
Switzerland Playground of Europe
Belgium Cockpit of Europe

Some Distinctive Geographical Identities

Dark Continent Africa

Roof of the World Pamir
Key to Meditation Gibraltar
Gate of tears Bab al-Mandab Strait
Land of Desserts Africa
Sorrow of China Yellow River or Huang
Pillars of Hercules Strait of Gibraltar
Herring Pond Atlantic Ocean