HEAD & NECK QUIZ #1
NEED TO KNOW:
Definitions of planes of division and directional terms
Superior = Above
Inferior = Below
Ventral/anterior = toward belly surface or front of the body
Dorsal/Posterior = refers to locations towards the back
Medial = toward imaginary midline of the body
Lateral = further away from midline of the body
Proximal = nearer origin of a structure
Distal = Farther from that point
Frontal/Coronal Plane = Cut in line with ears, to see a ventral and dorsal section
Median/Sagittal Plane = Separates body into left and right
Transverse/Horizontal Plane = Cuts the body horizontally
Definitions of common anatomical terms
Suture = The joining together of two or more bones
Foramen = A hole / opening through bone
Canal = Long, tube-like opening in a bone
Fossa = A shallow depression
Meatus = Short channel/passageway (opening or canal in a bone)
Head (of a bone) = a rounded, knob-like end separated from the rest of the bone by the neck
Process = A large projection of a bone
Condyle = A rounded projection & articulates with another bone
Epicondyle = A smaller projection above a condyle
Spine = Sharp Projection from the surface of a bone
Sutures
Frontal/Coronal or FrontoParietal Suture
Sagittal or InterParietal Suture
Lambdoid or ParietoOccipital Suture
Squamosal Suture
Neurocranium (8)
Ever Forget The Parts Of Skull
Ethmoid bone
Frontal bone
Temporal bone (paired)
Parietal bone (paired)
Occipital bone
Sphneoid bone
Viscerocranium Bones
NVM My LIPZ
Nasal Bones (2)
Vomer (1)
Mandible (1)
Maxillae (2)
Lacrimal Bones (2)
Inferior Nasal Conchae (2)
Palatine Bones (2)
Zygomatic Bones (2)
Parts of the Maxilla and Mandible
MAXILLA
● Body: Houses the maxillary sinuses
● Frontal Process: upward extension from body that projects toward frontal
bone.
● Alveolar Process: inferior extension that contains sockets (alveoli) for teeth.
● Zygomatic Process: lateral extension from body that projects toward
zygomatic bone
● Horizontal/Palatine Process: horizontal plate that forms anterior a portion of
the hard palate (nasal cavity floor/ roof of mouth.)
MANDIBLE
● BODY: Horizontal portion below the mental foramen
● ALVEOLAR PROCESS: Above the body, "house of the teeth"
● RAMUS: Vertical portion- BILATERAL (on both sides) Begins where
the body of the mandible ends at the angle
● Mandible is the only skull you can move as it does not have
suture with any other bones. Allows you to move it side to side,
forward to back and open and close.
Bones forming the rim of the orbit
*7 bones form the orbit
● Zygomatic Bones
● Frontal Bone
● Sphenoid- Greater & Lesser Wings
● Maxillae
Parts of the Temporal Bone
Smell My Zebras Toes
Squamous
Mastoid Process
Zygomatic Process
Tympanic Plate
Cranial Fossae
(3 CRANIAL FOSSAE)
1. Anterior Cranial Fossa
- Frontal lobe of cerebrum
- Lesser wing of Sphenoid to Frontal
**Landmarks**
(Lisa saw Ed Calling Frank)
- Lesser wing of Sphenoid
- Ethmoid Bone (Crista Galli - attachment site of brain)
(Cribriform Plate - where olfactory nerves travel through the
forminae)
- Frontal Bone
2. Middle Cranial Fossa
- Temporal lobe of cerebrum
- Floor is formed by the body and Greater wing of sphenoid, and the
squamous and petrous parts of the temporal bone
**Landmarks**
1. Sphenoid Bone:
(Selena Gave Hugs For Freaking Friends)
- Greater wings of Sphenoid
- Hypophyseal Fossa (houses pituitary gland/pituitary fossa)
- Foramen Ovale (mandibular nerve)
- Foramen Rotundum (maxillary nerve)
- Foramen Spinosum (Middle meningeal artery)
2. Temporal Bone
(The Parents Called)
- Petrous Temporal Bone (crest anterior to internal acoustic/auditory
meatus)
- Carotid Canal (Internal carotid artery - joins with foramen lacerum)
3. Posterior Cranial Fossa
- Crest of the petrous temporal bone back to the posterior of the skull
**Landmarks**
(I Just Found Penny and Oscar)
- Internal Acoustic (auditory) Meatus
- Jugular Foramen
- Foramen Magnum
- Parietal Bone
- Occipital Bone
Hypophyseal Fossa
Where is it located?
Located in the middle cranial fossa
Ident in the roof of the body of the sphenoid
What does it hold?
Houses the pituitary gland
What bone is it part of?
Is part of the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
Growth of the Maxilla and Mandible
GROWTH SITES OF MAXILLA:
Growth of UPPER FACE:
*Maxillary Tuberosity: - much growth takes place here
- Maxillary bones grow longer in anteroposterior direction
*BETWEEN PALATINE PROCESSES
*BETWEEN FRONTAL BONE AND MAXILLAE
*BETWEEN ZYGOMATIC BONES AND MAXILLAE
Lateral Palatal Growth:
*MEDIAN PALATAL SUTURE LINE
GROWTH SITES OF MANDIBLE:
*Aveolar process and body: Increases in width and height
*Posterior Bone of Ramus: Lengthens mandible arch by ADDING bone
*Anterior Bone of Ramus: Lengthens mandibular arch by REMOVING bone
Parts of the Ethmoid bone
*Paired and located in the neurocranium
- Cristi Galli
- Cribiform Plate
- Perpendicular Plates
- Middle and Superior Nasal Concha
- Ethmoid Bone
- Cribriform formania
Parts of the Sphenoid bone
*Single and located in the neurocranium (Middle Cranial Fossa)
* Bat/Butterfly shaped
- BODY - Houses the sphenoid sinuses
- LESSER WING - Above the greater wing
- GREATER WING - Below the lesser wing
- PTERYGOID PROCESS (2 of them) - EACH have a medial and lateral
pterygoid plates
1. PTERYGOID HAMULUS: - Beside the medial pterygoid
plate, projects downwards. Muscle function for soft palate
2. PTERYGOID FOSSA: - Depression between the plates
(right above pterygoid hamulus) = MANDIBLE
MOVEMENTS
Different Sinuses and where they are located
* PARANASAL SINUSES = 4 PAIRS OF SINUSES
(Frank Slapped Ed Madly)
1. Frontal Sinuses
- Located in frontal bone (above nasal cavity)
- Vary in size
- May cross midline
- Drans into middle meatus opening (anterior of hiatus semilunaris)
- Infections = pressure and pain above eye
- Paired = one on left and right
2. Sphenoid Sinuses
- Located in body of sphenoid under hypophyseal (pituitary) fossa
- Cross midline
- Open/Drain into superior-posterior nasal cavity (Sphenoethmoidal
recess)
- Infections = congested feeling deep in middle of head
3. Ethmoid Sinuses
- AKA ethmoid air cells
- NOT single paired sinuses like the other
- INFLAMMATION = cause pressure and pain around the nose and
between eyes
- Numerous small clusters:
1. Anterior Ethmoid air cells
2. Middle Ethmoid air cells
3. Posterior Ethmoid air cells
4. Maxillary Sinuses
- LARGEST OF PARANASAL SINUSES !!!
- Open to posterior end of hiatus semilunaris
- Grows dramatically through puberty
- Later … extends from canines to third molars and floor of orbital
cavity to roots of maxillary molars
- may have compartmental walls
- Connected by openings
- Opening for maxillary sinus is ⅔ way up medial wall (NOT medial
wall of septum)
- Makes draining difficult
- Can flare up + contain a lot of mucus
- Tilt head side to side to alleviate pressure build up
- Mucosal edema during infection may swell opening SHUT
MAXILLARY SINUS INFECTION
● Sinuses are a perfect place for bacteria to live during an infection because it’s a warm
closed space to incubate microorganisms
● INFLAMMATION CAN CAUSE PAIN IN UPPER MOLARS
Respiratory epithelium vs. Modified Epithelium
*Posterior ⅔ of nasal cavity is lined with respiratory epithelium
Respiratory Epithelium:
■ 2/3 of nasal cavity
● Respiratory tract lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium, goblet
cells and cilia
● Goblets : Secrete mucous on to cilia to trap contaminants
● Cilia: little hairs which help move things to the front of the nose.
● Modified Epithelium
● Located on Nasal Cavity, Upper Surface of superior nasal concha & Upper
nasal septum
● They have olfactory epithelium which have nerve fibers to detect odors
What bones make up the Nasal Conchae
- Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
- Vomer
- Cartilage of nasal septum
Actions for Hyoid Muscles
Are muscles in the neck responsible for strong depression of mandibular (opening the
mouth) and some retrusion of the mandible
Terminology:
Origin: The end of muscle that is attached to LEAST movable
bone/structure
Insertion: The end of the muscle that is attached to the MOST
movable bone/structure (moves towards origin of muscle when muscle is
contracted)
Action: The work accomplished when the muscle fibers
contract
SEPARATED INTO 2 GROUPS:
1. Suprahyoid Muscles
- helps form floor of oral cavity
- anchors the tongue
- moves the larynx superiorly during swallowing
- lies superior to the hyoid bone
CONSISTS OF: (Damien Might Get Shirts)
1. Digastric (Actions) :
- Retrudes the mandible
- If jaw clenched = Elevation of Hyoid bone = lifting up larynx
- Aids in depression of mandible if infrahyoid muscles pull hyoid
down
2. Mylohyoid (Actions):
- Forms floor of mouth
- Depression of mandible
- Elevation of hyoid
- Contracts during swallowing
3. Geniohyoid (Actions):
- Elevates hyoid
- Depresses mandible
4. Stylohyoid (Actions):
- Elevates and retracts hyoid bone
- Elongates floor of mouth during swallowing
2. Infrahyoid Muscles
CONSISTS OF: (Selena Omitted Second Test)
1. Sternohyoid (Actions):
- Pulls hyoid bone down
2. Omohyoid (Action):
- Pulls hyoid bone down (depresses and reacts)
3. Sternothyroid
- Blood Supply: Superior Thyroid Artery
(Action):
- Pulls larynx down
(Origin):
- Upper border of the sternum (manubrium)
(Insertion):
- Oblique line on side of thyroid cartilage of larynx
- does NOT attach directly to the hyoid bone
4. Thyrohyoid
- Nerve Innervation: 1st cervical nerve alongside cranial nerve
XII (hypoglossal)
- Blood Supply: Superior Thyroid Artery
(Action):
- Either lifts thyroid cartilage and raises larynx or helps depress
hyoid bone
- When hyoid = stabilized by supra hyoid muscles = elevates the
larynx
- Working w/ the infra hyoid muscles, it depresses the hyoid bone
- Upper border of the Sternum (Manubrium)
Which muscles cause depression of the mandible
Muscles of the Suprahyoid cause depression of the mandible (Digastric, Mylohyoid,
Geniohyoid)
, Stylobyoid
Insertion, origin, and major of the SCM
Muscle Origin Insert Action
SCM - Sternal Head: - Mastoid Process - Tilting and rotating
(Sternocleidomast Upper (anterior of the temporal the head
oid) surface of the bone
manubrium)
- Superior nuchal
- Clavicular Head: line of occipital
Medial ⅓ of bone
Clavicle
Muscle Origin Insert Action
Trapezius - Descending Part - Descending Part - Adduct and
(superior fibers): (Superior fibers): elevate the scapula
Superior Nuchal Lateral ⅓ of clavicle creating a slight
Line, External rotation
Occipital
Protuberance - Shrugging the
shoulders
- Transverse Part - Transverse Part
(Middle fibers): (Middle Fibers):
Nuchal ligament Acromial Process
attached to the Of Scapula
Spinous Process of
Cervical Vertebrae
- Ascending Part - Ascending Part
(Inferior fibers): (Inferior Fibers):
Spinous Process of Spine of the
Thoracic Vertebrae Scapula
