Vocabulary

UNIT 2

THINKING AND LEARNING

I. THINKING

1. Assess (v) ປະເມິນ

 Explanation: To evaluate or judge the quality, value, importance, or extent of

something. ປະເມິນ

 Examples:

 The teacher will assess the student's performance based on their final projects.

 The company needs to assess the market before launching a new product.

 Synonyms: Evaluate(ປະເມິນ,ຕິລາຄາ), appraise(ຕິລາຄາ), judge7 ຕັດສິນ),

analyze(ວິເຄາະ).

 Antonyms: Ignore(ເມິນເສີຍ), neglect(ປ່ອຍປະລະເລີຍ), overlook(ເບີ່ງຂ້າມ).

 Collocations: Assess the situation(ປະເມິນສະຖານະການ), assess the risk(ປະເມິນຄວາມ

ສ່ຽງ, assess the impact(ປະເມິນຜົນກະທົບ).

 Fixed Phrases: Assess the damage(ປະເມິນຄວາມເສຍຫາຍ), assess the value(ປະເມິນຄ່າ).

2. Assume (v) ສັນນິຖານ, ຮັບເອົາ, ຮັບຜິດຊອບ, ເລີ່ມເຂົ້າຄວບຄຸບ

 Explanation: To take for granted or suppose something without verifying it.

 Examples:

 Don't assume he will agree; ask him directly.

 She assumed the package was for her, but it was actually for her neighbour.

 Synonyms: Presume(ສັນນິຖານ), suppose(ຫວັງວ່າ), infer(ສະຫລຸບ), conjecture(ສະຫລຸບ).

 Antonyms: Confirm (ຢຶນຢັນ, verify(ຢຶນຢັນ), ascertain (ຄໍານວນຫາ, ຄົ້ນຫາ).

 Collocations: Assume responsibility(ຮັບຜິດຊອບຫນ້າທີ່), assume control(ເລີ່ມຄວບຄຸມ),

assume a role(ເລີ່ມບົດບາດ).

 Fixed Phrases: Assume the worst, assume the position(ຮັບເອົາຕໍາແຫນ່ງ).

3. Baffle (v) ເຮັດໃຫ້ງົງ

 Explanation: To confuse or perplex someone.

 Examples:

 The complex instructions completely baffled the new employee.

  The magician's trick baffled the audience.

 ້ ໄິ ປໃສ
Synonyms: Confound (ເຮັດໃຫ້ງົງແບບເຊິພຣາຍ ຈົນປາກບໍ່້ອອກ), bewilder (ງົງບໍ່ຮູຊ
ຫລື ວາງໂຕແນວໃດ ເວລາເຮົາໄປບ່ອນທີ່ບໍ່ຄຄຸ້ນເຄີຍ), puzzle (ເຮັດໃຫ້ງົງໃຊ້ໂດຍລວມ,
mystify(ເຮັດໃຫ້ເປັນປິດສະຫນາ).

 Antonyms: Clarify (ອະທິບາຍ), explain, elucidate(ອະທິບາຍ).

 Collocations: Baffle the mind(ເຮັດໃຫ້ຈິດໃຈສັບສົນ), baffle the experts(ເຮັດໃຫ້ຜູ້

ຊ່ຽວຊານງົງ), baffle attempts.

 Fixed Phrases: Baffled expression (ການສະແດງອອກແບບງົງໆ), utterly baffled(ມືດຕືບ).

4. Biased (adj) ລໍາອ່ຽງ

 Explanation: Having a prejudiced or unfair inclination or prejudice for or against

something.

 Examples:

 The journalist's biased reporting angered many readers.

 We need an unbiased opinion on this matter.

 Synonyms: Prejudiced, partial, unfair, one-sided.

 Antonyms: Impartial, unbiased, neutral.

 Collocations: Biased view, biased opinion, biased information.

 Fixed Phrases: Biased towards, biased against.

5. Concentrate (v) ຕັ້ງໃຈ, ໃຊ້ສະມະຖິ

 Explanation: To focus all one's attention or mental effort on a particular task or subject.

 Examples:

 It's hard to concentrate in a noisy environment.

 She needed to concentrate on her studies for the upcoming exam.

 Synonyms: Focus, centre, direct attention.

 Antonyms: Distract(ລົບກວນ), disperse(ແຍກຍ້າຍກັນໄປ, ແຕກກຸ່ມ), scatter(ກະແຈກ

ກະຈາຍ).

 Collocations: Concentrate on (ຕັ້ງໃຈໃສ່ບັນຫາໃດຫນື່ງ), concentrate your

efforts(ລວບລວມຄວາມພະຍາຍາມໃສ່ສີ່ງໃດຫນື່ງ), concentrate your mind(ໃຊ້ສະມະທິ
ຈົດຈໍ່ໃສ່ຢ່າງໃດຫນຶ່ງ), Concentrate on work, concentrate on studies, concentrate on the
task at hand, Concentrate your efforts on a project, concentrate efforts on innovation,
Concentrate your mind on the present, concentrate your mind on problem-solving.

 Fixed Phrases: Concentrate one's efforts, concentrated effort.

6. Consider (v) ພິຈາລະນາ

 Explanation: To think about something carefully, typically before making a decision.

 Examples:

 Before accepting the job offer, she took time to consider all the pros and cons.

 Have you considered the consequences of your actions?

 Synonyms: Ponder ພິຈາລະນາຢ່າງລະອຽດ, contemplate ໄຕ່ຕອງ, weigh ຊັ່ງຊາ.

 ່ ໍານຶງເຖິງ, ignore ເມິນເສີຍ, neglect ປ່ອຍປະລະເລີຍ.

Antonyms: Disregard ບໍຄ

 Collocations: Consider the options ພິຈາລະນາທາງເລຶອກ, consider the implications

ພິຈາລະນາຜົນກະທົບ, consider carefully.

 Fixed Phrases: Seriously consider, duly consider ພິຈາລະນາຢ່າງຖີ່ຖ້ວນ.

7. Contemplate (v) ພິຈາລະນາລະອຽດອອນ

 Explanation: To think deeply or consider thoughtfully.

 Examples:

 Sitting by the lake, she contemplated the meaning of life.

 He spent hours contemplating the decision before making it.

 Synonyms: Ponder, reflect, meditate.

 Antonyms: Disregard, ignore, neglect.

 Collocations: Contemplate the future, contemplate the meaning, contemplate the

possibility.

 Fixed Phrases: Contemplate one's navel, seriously contemplate.

8. Cynical (adj) ບໍເຊື່ອວ່າຜູ້ອື່ນຈິງໃຈ

 Explanation: Distrustful of human sincerity or integrity; sceptical.

 Examples:

 After years of disappointments, she became cynical about love.

 His cynical remarks about the government reflected a lack of trust.

 Synonyms: Skeptical ລະແວງ, distrustful ບໍ່ໄວ້ໃຈ, pessimistic ເບີ່ງໂລກໃນແງ່ລົບ.

 Antonyms: Trusting, optimistic, credulous ນ່າເຊື່ອຖຶ.

 Collocations: Cynical attitude ແນວຄວາມຄດທີ່ບໍ່ນ່າໄວ້ໃຈ, cynical view ມຸມມອງບໍ່ເປັນຕາ

ເຊື່ອ, cynical remark ຄອມເມັ້ນທີ່ຂາດຄວາມນ່າເຊື່ອຖຶ.

 Fixed Phrases: Cynical about, deeply cynical.

9. Deduce (V) ສະຫລຸບ ຫລື ຄາດເດົາຈາກຫລັກຖານທີ່ມິ

 Explanation: To reach a conclusion based on available evidence or reasoning.

 Examples:

 From the clues provided, she deduced that he had been in the room.

 By analyzing the data, scientists deduced a pattern.

 Synonyms: Infer ສະຫລຸບ, derive ໄດ້ມາຈາກ, conclude ສະຫລຸບ.

 Antonyms: Guess, speculate ຄາດເດົາ, conjecture ຄາດເດົາ.

 Collocations: Deduce a meaning ສະຫລຸບຄວາມຫມາຍ, deduce a pattern ຄາດການ

ຮູບແບບ, deduce from evidence ສະຫລຸບຈາກຫລັກຖານ.

 Fixed Phrases: Logically deduce ສະຫລຸບແບບຕົງໄປຕົງມາ, deductively deduce ສະຫລຸບ

ຢ່າງມີເຫດຜົນ.

10. Deliberate (v) ຈົງໃຈ, ເຈດຕະນາ

 Explanation: To carefully consider or weigh options before making a decision.

 Examples:

 The jury will deliberate on the verdict before announcing it.

 Before accepting the proposal, he wanted to deliberate with his team.

 Synonyms: Consider, contemplate, discuss.

 Antonyms: Rush ຟ້າວ, decide hastily ຕັດສິນໃຈໄວເກີນ, impulsive ເຮັດກ່ອນຈັງຄິດ.

 Collocations: Deliberate decision, deliberate action, deliberate discussion.

 Fixed Phrases: Deliberate on, deliberately chosen.

11. Dilemma (n) ສະຖານະການທີ່ເຮົາເລຶອກຍາກ ລະຫວ່າງສອງຢ່າງ

 Explanation: A situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between two or more
alternatives, especially equally undesirable ones.

 Examples:

 She faced a dilemma when asked to choose between her job and a promising
opportunity abroad.

 The manager found himself in a dilemma regarding the allocation of resources.

 Synonyms: Predicament ສະຖານະການທີ່ລໍາບາກ, quandary ຕັດສິນໃຈຍາກ, conundrum ບັນຫາທີ່

ຫຍຸ້ງຍາກ.

 Antonyms: Solution ທາງແກ້, resolution ມະຕິຕກ

ົ ລົງຂອງກອງປະຊມ
ຸ , clarity ຄໍາອະທິບາຍ.
 Collocations: Moral dilemma ເລຶອກຍາກລະຫວ່າງຄວາມຖືກຕ້ອງກັບສິນລະທໍາ, ethical dilemma
ສະຖານະການທີ່ເລຶອກຍາກລະຫວ່າງສິນທໍາກັບຫນ້າທີ່, personal dilemma.

 Fixed Phrases: In a dilemma, face a dilemma.

12. Discriminate (v) ຈໍາແນກ ເຊຶອ

້ ຊາດ, ຖານະ, ສາສະຫນາ

 Explanation: To distinguish between different things, especially based on bias or prejudice.

 Examples:

 It is important not to discriminate against individuals based on their race or gender.

 The hiring process should not discriminate against candidates with disabilities.

 Synonyms: Differentiate ຈໍາແນກຄວາມແຕກຕ່າງ, segregate ແຍກອອກຈາກກຸ່ມ ຈາກຝຸງ, bias

ຄວາມລໍາອ່ຽງ.

 Antonyms: Treat equally, impartial ບໍ່ລໍາອ່ຽງ, unbiased ບໍ່ລໍາອ່ຽງ.

 Collocations: Discriminate against ປະຕິບັດບໍ່ເປັນທໍາຕໍ່ຜູ້ໃດຫນື່ງ, discriminate in favour of ປະຕິບັດ

ຸ ຄົນໃດຫນື່ງເປັນພິເສດ, discriminate based on.
ຕໍ່ບກ

 Fixed Phrases: Discriminate between, discriminating tastes.

13. Dubious (adj) ບໍ່ຄ່ອຍຈະເຊື່ອໄດ້

 Explanation: Hesitating or doubting; not to be relied upon.

 Examples:

 The witness's dubious testimony raised doubts about the accuracy of the information.

 The company's dubious financial practices came under investigation.

 Synonyms: Uncertain, sceptical ລະແວງ, questionable ນ່າຕັ້ງຄໍາຖາມ.

 Antonyms: Certain, sure, reliable.

 Collocations: Dubious reputation, dubious decision, dubious character.

 Fixed Phrases: Look dubious, be dubious about.

14. Estimate (v, n) ຕີລາຄາ

 Explanation:

 As a verb: To roughly calculate or assess the value, size, or extent of something.

 As a noun: A rough calculation or assessment.

 Examples:

 The construction company estimated the cost of the project before submitting a bid.

 Can you give me an estimate of how long it will take to complete the assignment?
 Synonyms: (verb) Approximate, calculate, gauge; (noun) assessment, approximation.

 Antonyms: (verb) Precisely measure, calculate accurately; (noun) exact figure.

 Collocations: Estimate the cost, estimate the time, rough estimate.

 Fixed Phrases: Within the estimate, provide an estimate.

15. Faith (n) ຄວາມເຊື່ອ

 Explanation:

 Confidence or trust in a person, thing, or concept.

 Belief that does not rest on logical proof or material evidence.

 Examples:

 He had faith in his team's ability to succeed.

 Her faith in humanity remained unshaken despite the challenges.

 Synonyms: Trust, belief, confidence.

 Antonyms: Doubt, scepticism ຄວາມນ່າສົງໄສ, disbelief.

 Collocations: Have faith in ມີຄວາມເຊື່ອໃນ, lose faith in ຂາດຄວາມນ່າເຊື່ອຖຶ, restore faith.

 Fixed Phrases: Keep the faith, faith in oneself.

16. Gather (v) ລວບລວມ

 Explanation:

 To bring together; collect or assemble.

 To infer or understand based on information.

 Examples:

 The family gathered for a reunion during the holidays.

 From the evidence, we can gather that the suspect was at the scene.

 Synonyms: Collect, accumulate ສະສົມ, infer ຄາດເດົາ.

 Antonyms: Scatter ແຈກຍາຍ, disperse ແຈກກະຈ່າຍ, separate ແຍອອກຈາກກັນ.

 Collocations: Gather information, gather data, gather around.

 Fixed Phrases: Gather one's thoughts ລວບລວມຄວາມຄິດ, gather momentum ສະສົມຄວາມໄວ.

17. Genius (n) ຄວາມອັດສະລິຍະ

 Explanation: Exceptional intellectual or creative ability.

 Examples:
  Albert Einstein is often regarded as a genius in the field of physics.

 The young artist displayed a genius for capturing emotion in her paintings.

 Synonyms: Brilliance, talent, intelligence.

 Antonyms: Mediocrity ຄວາມທໍາມະດາ ສາມັນ, incompetence ການຂາດຄວາມສາມາດ.

 Collocations: Creative genius, intellectual genius ບຸກຄົນສະຫລາດ, musical genius.

 Fixed Phrases: Stroke of genius ໄອເດຍທີ່ພິເສດ, a work of genius ຜົນງານທີ່ສະແດງໃຫ້ເຫັນຄວາມ

ອັດສະລິຍະ.

18. Grasp (v) ເຂົ້າໃຈ

 Explanation: To understand or comprehend something.

 Examples:

 It took him a while to grasp the complexity of the scientific concept.

 The student quickly grasped the main points of the lecture.

 Synonyms: Understand, comprehend ເຂົ້າໃຈ, seize ຢຶດເອົາ.

 Antonyms: Misunderstand, confuse, overlook.

 Collocations: Grasp the concept ເຂົ້າໃຈໄອເດຍ, grasp the opportunity ຂວ້າເອົາໂອກາດ, firmly
grasp ເຂົ້າໃຈເລິກເຊີ່ງ.

 Fixed Phrases: Easily grasp, grasp the meaning ເຂົ້າໃຈຄວາມຫມາຍ.

19. Guesswork (n) ການຄາດເດົາ

 Explanation: The process of making an estimate or forming an opinion without sufficient

information.

 Examples:

 We can't rely on guesswork; we need accurate data for the analysis.

 His decision was based on guesswork rather than concrete evidence.

 Synonyms: Speculation, conjecture ການຄາດເດົາ, estimation.

 Antonyms: Precision ຄວາມແມ້ນຍໍາ, accuracy ຄວາມແມ້ນຍໍາ, certainty.

 Collocations: Pure guesswork ພຽງແຕ່ການຄາດເດົາ, rely on guesswork, eliminate guesswork ຕັດ

ອອກການຄາດເດົາ.

 Fixed Phrases: Engage in guesswork, avoid guesswork.

20. Hunch (n) ລາງສັງຫອນ

 Explanation: A feeling or intuition about something, often without logical reasoning.

 Examples:

 She had a hunch that something was wrong when he didn't answer her calls.

 His hunch about the stock market proved to be accurate.

 Synonyms: Intuition ສັນຊາດຕະຍານ, feeling, suspicion ຄວາມສົງໄສ.

 Antonyms: Certainty, knowledge, assurance.

 Collocations: Have a hunch, follow a hunch, trust one's hunch.

 Fixed Phrases: Go on a hunch, act on a hunch.

21. Ideology (n) ທິດສະດີ

 Explanation: A set of beliefs, values, or ideas that form the basis of a political, economic, or
social system.

 Examples:

 The political party's ideology was centred around social equality and environmental
sustainability.

 Different cultures often have distinct ideologies regarding family and societal structures.

 Synonyms: Beliefs, philosophy ປັດຊະຍາ, doctrine ຄວາມເຊື່ອຖຶ.

 Antonyms: Disbelief, scepticism, unbelief.

 Collocations: Ideological differences, political ideology, cultural ideology.

 Fixed Phrases: Ideology of, subscribe to an ideology ເຊື່ອຟັງທິດສະດີໃດຫນື່ງ.

22. Ingenious (adj) ສະຫລາດຫັລກແຫລມ, ສ້າງສັນ, ໂດດເດັ່ນ

 Explanation: Cleverly inventive or resourceful; characterized by originality and skill.

 Examples:

 The engineer came up with an ingenious solution to the complex problem.

 The artist's use of recycled materials in her sculpture was truly ingenious.

 Synonyms: Creative, inventive, clever.

 Antonyms: Uncreative, unimaginative, dull.

 Collocations: Ingenious idea, ingenious invention, ingenious design.

 Fixed Phrases: Ingenious solution, an ingenious mind.

23. Inspiration (n) ແຮງກະຕຸ້ນ, ແຮງບັນດານໃຈ

 Explanation: A creative stimulus or influence; the act of being inspired.

 Examples:

 The breathtaking landscape served as inspiration for the artist's masterpiece.

 Reading her favourite author's works always provided inspiration for her own writing.

 Synonyms: Motivation, stimulation, influence.

 Antonyms: Demotivation ການຂາດແຮງຈຸງໃຈ, discouragement.

 Collocations: Source of inspiration, draw inspiration from, find inspiration.

 Fixed Phrases: Inspire creativity, inspiration strikes.

24. Intuition (n) ສັນຊາດຕະຍານ

 Explanation: The ability to understand or know something without the need for conscious
reasoning.

 Examples:

 Her intuition told her that something was wrong, even though everything seemed fine.

 Sometimes, decisions based on intuition turn out to be the most accurate.

 Synonyms: Instinct ສັນຊາດຕະຍານ, insight, sixth sense.

 Antonyms: Logic, reason, analysis.

 Collocations: Trust one's intuition, rely on intuition, intuitive decisions ຕັດສິນໃຈຈາກ

ສັນຊາດຕະຍານ.

 Fixed Phrases: Intuition about, following one's intuition.

25. Justify (v) ໃຫ້ເຫດຜົນ,

 Explanation: To demonstrate or prove to be right or reasonable; to provide a valid reason for.

 Examples:

 The manager had to justify the decision to allocate more resources to the project.

 Can you justify your choice based on the available evidence?

 Synonyms: Validate ຢຶນຍັນ, explain, defend ປົກປອ

້ ງ.

 Antonyms: Condemn ວິຈານ, criticize ວິຈານ, oppose ຂັດຄ້ານ.

 Collocations: Justify the decision ອະທິບາຍການຕັດສິນໃຈ, justify the expense, justify one's
actions.

 Fixed Phrases: Justify the means ຜົນໄດ້ຮັບຕັດສິນວິທິທີ່ນໍາໃຊ້ເພື່ອໃຫ້ໄດ້ມາ ຈະໄດ້ມາແບບວິທີຊ່ວ

ົ
ກະຕາມຂໍແຕ່ໄດ້ຜົນດີ, morally justify.

26. Naive (adj) ເຊິ້ຊ້າ ໂງ່ຈ້າ

 Explanation: Lacking experience, wisdom, or judgment; innocent or simple in outlook.

 Examples:

 His naive belief in people's honesty led to some unfortunate situations.

 Being naive about the dangers, she wandered into the forest alone.

 Synonyms: Innocent, gullible ຫລອກງ່າຍ, trusting.

 Antonyms: Cynical, sophisticated ລໍ້າຫນ້າ ທັນສະໄຫມ, worldly.

 Collocations: Naive approach ວິທິການທີ່ຂາດປະສົບການ, naive assumption ການສັນນິຖານແບບ

ໂງ່ຈ້າ, naive perspective ແນວຄວາມຄິດ ໂງ່ຈ້າ.

 Fixed Phrases: Naive about, seem naive.

27. Notion (n) ໄອເດຍ

 Explanation: A general understanding or idea; a belief or opinion.

 Examples:

 The notion that money equals happiness is often challenged.

 He had a notion that the project would be more challenging than anticipated.

 Synonyms: Concept, idea, belief.

 Antonyms: Reality, fact, certainty.

 Collocations: Common notion, vague notion, notion of.

 Fixed Phrases: Change one's notion, have a notion.

28. Optimistic (adj) ກະຕືລືລົ້ນ

 Explanation: Having a positive outlook; expecting favourable outcomes.

 Examples:

 Despite the challenges, she remained optimistic about the success of the business.

 An optimistic attitude can significantly impact one's well-being.

 Synonyms: Positive, hopeful, upbeat.

 Antonyms: Pessimistic, negative, cynical.

 Collocations: Optimistic view, optimistic outlook, stay optimistic.

 Fixed Phrases: Be optimistic about, remain optimistic.

່ ທີ່ຂັດກັບຕົວມັນເອງ, ແຕ່ອາດເປັນຈິງ
29. Paradox (n) ສິງ
 Explanation: A statement or situation that appears contradictory or self-defeating but may hold
truth.

 Examples:

 The concept of time travel is a fascinating paradox in physics.

 The paradox of choice suggests that having too many options can be overwhelming.

 Synonyms: Contradiction, puzzle, enigma.

 Antonyms: Consistency, clarity, straightforwardness.

 Collocations: Paradox of, inherent paradox, apparent paradox.

 Fixed Phrases: Paradoxical situation, embrace the paradox.

30. Pessimistic (adj) ເບີງ

່ ໂລກໃນແງ່ລົບ

 Explanation: Having a negative outlook; expecting unfavourable outcomes.

 Examples:

 The pessimistic forecast for the economy led to cautious investment strategies.

 Despite setbacks, he tried to remain optimistic, but his colleague was more pessimistic.

 Synonyms: Negative, gloomy, cynical.

 Antonyms: Optimistic, positive, hopeful.

 Collocations: Pessimistic view, pessimistic outlook, be pessimistic.

 Fixed Phrases: Pessimistic about, deeply pessimistic.

31. Plausible (adj) ອາດເປັນໄປໄດ້

 Explanation: Seemingly reasonable or acceptable; credible.

 Examples:

 The explanation provided by the witness seemed plausible at first.

 While the theory is plausible, more evidence is needed for confirmation.

 Synonyms: Credible, believable, reasonable.

 Antonyms: Implausible, unbelievable, unlikely.

 Collocations: Plausible explanation, plausible scenario, appear plausible.

 Fixed Phrases: Highly plausible, sound plausible.

32. Ponder (v) ພິຈາລະນາ ໄຕ່ຕອງ

 Explanation: To think about or consider something deeply and thoroughly.

 Examples:

 She took a moment to ponder the implications of the decision.

 Pondering the mysteries of the universe, he lost track of time.

 Synonyms: Contemplate, reflect, meditate.

 Antonyms: Disregard, ignore, dismiss.

 Collocations: Ponder the question, ponder the meaning, deeply ponder.

 Fixed Phrases: Ponder over, actively ponder.

33. Prejudiced (adj) ຊັງຜູ້ອື່ນໂດຍບໍ່ມເ

ີ ຫດຜົນ

 Explanation: Having a preconceived opinion or bias; showing unfair judgment.

 Examples:

 The judge recused himself from the case, fearing he might be prejudiced.

 The article presented a prejudiced view of the political situation.

 Synonyms: Biased, partial, unfair.

 Antonyms: Unbiased, impartial, fair.

 Collocations: Prejudiced view, prejudiced opinion, be prejudiced against.

 Fixed Phrases: Prejudiced towards, deeply prejudiced.

34. Presume (v) ສັນນິຖານ

 Explanation: To assume something to be true without sufficient evidence; to take for granted.

 Examples:

 Do not presume that everyone shares your point of view.

 She presumed the meeting was cancelled since no one showed up.

 Synonyms: Assume, suppose, guess.

 Antonyms: Verify, confirm, question.

 Collocations: Presume innocence, presume guilt, presume knowledge.

 Fixed Phrases: Presume upon, cautiously presume.

35. Query (v, n) ຖາມ, ຄໍາຖາມ

 Explanation:

 As a verb: To question or inquire about something.

 As a noun: A question or inquiry.

 Examples:

 He decided to query the ambiguous statement during the meeting.

 Submit your queries regarding the project to the team.

 Synonyms: (verb) Question, inquire, ask; (noun) question, inquiry.

 Antonyms: (verb) Answer, accept; (noun) answer, certainty.

 Collocations: Query about, query regarding, raise a query.

 Fixed Phrases: Query the decision, submit a query.

36. Reckon (v) ຄິດ

 Explanation: To consider or think about; to estimate or calculate.

 Examples:

 She reckoned that it would take at least a week to finish the task.

 I reckon we should leave early to avoid traffic.

 Synonyms: Calculate, estimate, think.

 Antonyms: Disregard, ignore, neglect.

 Collocations: Reckon on, reckon with, reckon the time.

 Fixed Phrases: Reckon with, reckon without.

37. Reflect (v) ໄຕ່ຕອງ

 Explanation: To think deeply or consider; to give back a mirror image.

 Examples:

 Take some time to reflect on your goals and priorities.

 The mountain was reflected in the calm waters of the lake.

 Synonyms: Contemplate, ponder, mirror.

 Antonyms: Ignore, disregard, neglect.

 Collocations: Reflect on, reflect deeply, reflect the light.

 Fixed Phrases: Reflect in, self-reflect.

38. Sceptical (adj) ສົງໄສ

 Explanation: Doubtful or questioning, often with an attitude of disbelief.

 Examples:

 The scientist remained skeptical until the results were replicated.

  She was skeptical about the accuracy of the information provided.

 Synonyms: Doubtful, suspicious, incredulous.

 Antonyms: Trusting, believing, gullible.

 Collocations: Sceptical view, sceptical about, be sceptical.

 Fixed Phrases: Highly sceptical, remain sceptical.

39. Speculate (v) ຄາດເດົາ

 Explanation: To form opinions or conjectures without firm evidence; to engage in risky financial
transactions.

 Examples:

 It's not wise to speculate on the outcome without more information.

 Some investors prefer not to speculate in volatile markets.

 Synonyms: Conjecture, guess, theorize.

 Antonyms: Confirm, verify, know.

 Collocations: Speculate about, speculate on, speculative nature.

 Fixed Phrases: Speculate in, avoid speculation.

40. Suppose (v) ຫວັງວ່າ

 Explanation: To assume or believe something to be true without certain evidence.

 Examples:

 Let's suppose, for a moment, that the hypothesis is correct.

 I suppose we'll have to wait for further instructions.

 Synonyms: Assume, presume, guess.

 Antonyms: Know, confirm, be certain.

 Collocations: Suppose that, suppose to be, suppose wrongly.

 Fixed Phrases: Suppose so, I suppose.

II. LEARNING

1. Academic (n, adj) ວິຊາການ, ກ່ຽວກັບທາງການ

 Explanation:

 As a noun: A person associated with education or scholarly work.

 As an adjective: Relating to education and scholarship; scholarly.

  Examples:

 Noun: The academic excelled in research and teaching.

 Adjective: She pursued an academic career in physics.

 Synonyms: (Noun) Scholar, educator, professor; (Adjective) Educational, scholarly,

intellectual.

 Antonyms: (Noun) Non-academic; (Adjective) Non-educational, non-scholarly.

 Collocations: Academic achievement, academic excellence, academic research.

 Fixed Phrases: Pursue an academic career, academic community.

2. Conscientious (adj) ພາກພຽນ ດຸຫມັ່ນ

 Explanation: Thorough, careful, and diligent in one's work or duties.

 Examples:

 The conscientious student always submitted assignments on time.

 Her conscientious approach to the project ensured its success.

 Synonyms: Diligent, meticulous, thorough.

 Antonyms: Careless, negligent, indifferent.

 Collocations: Conscientious worker, conscientious effort, conscientious student.

 Fixed Phrases: Approach a task conscientiously, be conscientious about.

3. Cram (v) ຄຸມຮຽນຫລາຍໆ ໃນໄລຍະເວລາສັ້ນໆ

 Explanation: To study intensively in a short period, often in preparation for an exam.

 Examples:

 Students often cram for exams the night before.

 He had to cram a semester's worth of information into a few days.

 Synonyms: Study intensively, memorize quickly, swot.

 Antonyms: Space out, distribute, pace.

 Collocations: Cram for exams, cram information, cram session.

 Fixed Phrases: Last-minute cramming, intensive cramming.

4. Curriculum (n) ຫລັກສູດ

 Explanation: The subjects comprising a course of study in a school or college.

 Examples:
  The school's curriculum includes mathematics, science, and literature.

 The university is revising its curriculum to stay current with industry trends.

 Synonyms: Syllabus, course of study, program.

 Antonyms: Informal learning, unstructured education.

 Collocations: School curriculum, university curriculum, curriculum development.

 Fixed Phrases: Revise the curriculum, implement the curriculum.

5. Distance Learning (n phr) ຮຽນອອນລາຍ

 Explanation: A method of studying in which lectures are broadcast or lessons are

conducted by correspondence without the need to attend a physical school or
classroom.

 Examples:

 Many universities offer distance learning programs for students who cannot
attend classes in person.

 The pandemic led to an increase in the popularity of distance learning.

 Synonyms: Online education, remote learning, virtual learning.

 Antonyms: On-campus education, traditional learning.

 Collocations: Distance learning program, online distance learning, distance learning

courses.

 Fixed Phrases: Pursue distance learning, embrace distance learning.

6. Graduate (n, v) ຜູ້ທີ່ຈົບຕີແລ້ວ, ຮຽນຈົບ

 Explanation:

 As a noun: A person who has successfully completed a course of study or

training.

 As a verb: To successfully complete a course of study and receive a degree or

diploma.

 Examples:

 Noun: She is a computer science graduate.

 Verb: He will graduate with honors next month.

 Synonyms: (Noun) Alumnus/alumna, holder of a degree; (Verb) Complete, finish, obtain

a degree.

 Antonyms: (Noun) Undergraduate; (Verb) Drop out, fail to complete.

  Collocations: College graduate, graduate degree, graduate program.

 Fixed Phrases: Graduated with honors, graduate from university.

7. Ignorant (adj) ເມິນເສີຍ

 Explanation: Lacking knowledge, awareness, or education; uninformed.

 Examples:

 It is unfair to mock someone for being ignorant about a subject they haven't
studied.

 Being ignorant of cultural differences can lead to misunderstandings.

 Synonyms: Uneducated, uninformed, unaware.

 Antonyms: Knowledgeable, informed, aware.

 Collocations: Ignorant about, ignorant of, willfully ignorant.

 Fixed Phrases: Remain ignorant, display ignorance.

8. Inattentive (adj) ບໍ່ໃສ່ໃຈ

 Explanation: Not paying attention; lacking focus or concentration.

 Examples:

 The inattentive student often missed important details during lectures.

 The driver's inattentive behavior led to a minor accident.

 Synonyms: Distracted, inattentive, inobservant.

 Antonyms: Attentive, focused, alert.

 Collocations: Inattentive behavior, inattentive student, inattentive driving.

 Fixed Phrases: Be inattentive to, prone to inattentiveness.

9. Intellectual (adj, n) ກ່ຽວກັບສະຕິປັນຍາ

 Explanation:

 As an adjective: Relating to or involving the intellect or intellectual pursuits.

 As a noun: A person possessing a high level of intelligence and mental capacity.

 Examples:

 Adjective: The discussion was of an intellectual nature, involving philosophical

concepts.

 Noun: She is known as an intellectual in the field of literature.

  Synonyms: (Adjective) Cognitive, mental, scholarly; (Noun) Thinker, philosopher,
brainiac.

 Antonyms: (Adjective) Anti-intellectual, non-intellectual; (Noun) Simpleton, ignoramus.

 Collocations: Intellectual pursuits, intellectual discussion, intellectual property.

 Fixed Phrases: Intellectual capacity, renowned intellectual.

10. Intelligent (adj) ສະຫລາດ

 Explanation: Having a high mental capacity; quick to comprehend, learn, and apply
knowledge.

 Examples:

 The intelligent student consistently scored at the top of the class.

 An intelligent approach to problem-solving is essential in the business world.

 Synonyms: Smart, clever, bright.

 Antonyms: Stupid, unintelligent, dull.

 Collocations: Intelligent approach, intelligent decision, highly intelligent.

 Fixed Phrases: Demonstrate intelligence, possess intelligence.

11. Intensive (adj) ເລັງ

່ ລັດ

 Explanation: Involving a concentrated effort; thorough and rigorous.

 Examples:

 She attended an intensive language course to improve her fluency.

 The team underwent intensive training before the championship.

 Synonyms: Rigorous, concentrated, thorough.

 Antonyms: Relaxed, casual, non-intensive.

 Collocations: Intensive training, intensive course, intensive care.

 Fixed Phrases: Intensive study, undergo intensive.

12. Knowledgeable (adj) ຮັບຮູ້

 Explanation: Possessing or exhibiting knowledge; well-informed.

 Examples:

 The professor is highly knowledgeable in the field of astrophysics.

 A knowledgeable guide led us through the museum, providing insightful information.

 Synonyms: Informed, well-versed, expert.

 Antonyms: Ignorant, uninformed, clueless.

 Collocations: Knowledgeable about, knowledgeable in, be knowledgeable.

 Fixed Phrases: Highly knowledgeable, appear knowledgeable.

13. Lecture (v, n) ບັນລະຍາຍ

 Explanation:

 As a verb: To deliver a talk or discourse.

 As a noun: An educational talk or speech, often delivered to a large audience.

 Examples:

 Verb: The professor will lecture on the history of ancient civilizations.

 Noun: Attendees gathered for the lecture on quantum physics.

 Synonyms: (Verb) Speak, talk, address; (Noun) Talk, discourse, presentation.

 Antonyms: (Verb) Listen, be silent; (Noun) Discussion, conversation.

 Collocations: Lecture on, lecture series, deliver a lecture.

 Fixed Phrases: Give a lecture, attend a lecture.

14. Mock Exam (n. phr) ເສັງທົດລອງ

 Explanation: A practice examination designed to simulate the conditions of an actual exam.

 Examples:

 The students took a mock exam to prepare for the upcoming final.

 The mock exam helped identify areas that needed additional study.

 Synonyms: Practice exam, trial exam, simulated test.

 Antonyms: Real exam, actual test.

 Collocations: Mock exam preparation, mock exam scenario, take a mock exam.

 Fixed Phrases: Mock exam results, mock exam practice.

15. Plagiarise (v) ກັອບປີ້ໄອເດຍຜູ້ອື່ນ

 Explanation: To use someone else's work or ideas without giving proper credit; to commit
plagiarism.

 Examples:

 Submitting a paper without proper citations is considered to plagiarize.

  He was expelled from school for attempting to plagiarize a research paper.

 Synonyms: Copy, steal, infringe.

 Antonyms: Create, originate, cite.

 Collocations: Plagiarize content, plagiarize a paper, caught plagiarizing.

 Fixed Phrases: Accused of plagiarizing, consequences of plagiarism.

16. Self-study (n) ຮຽນດ້ວຍຕົນເອງ

 Explanation: The process of learning independently without direct guidance from a teacher or
instructor.

 Examples:

 Many online courses encourage self-study through interactive materials.

 He excelled in the subject through diligent self-study.

 Synonyms: Independent learning, individual study.

 Antonyms: Guided study, classroom learning.

 Collocations: Self-study materials, engage in self-study, self-study skills.

 Fixed Phrases: Effective self-study, promote self-study.

17. Seminar (n) ການສໍາມະນາ

 Explanation: A small group of students engaged in study and discussion under the guidance of a
teacher, often as a supplement to a traditional course.

 Examples:

 The professor organized a seminar to delve deeper into the research topics.

 Seminars provide students with the opportunity for interactive learning.

 Synonyms: Workshop, tutorial, discussion group.

 Antonyms: Lecture, monologue, individual study.

 Collocations: Attend a seminar, seminar on, seminar discussion.

 Fixed Phrases: Organize a seminar, participate in a seminar.

18. Special Need (n. phr) ຄວາມຕ້ອງການພິເສດ

 Explanation: A particular requirement or condition resulting from a disability or other specific

circumstances.

 Examples:

 The school implemented programs to cater to students with special needs.

  Employees with special needs may require workplace accommodations.

 Synonyms: Special requirement, specific condition, unique need.

 Antonyms: General requirement, typical condition.

 Collocations: Special needs education, special needs support, accommodate special needs.

 Fixed Phrases: Cater to special needs, address special needs.

19. Tuition (n) ຄ່າເທີມ, ການສິດສອນ

 Explanation: The act of teaching or instructing; the fee charged for instruction, especially in a
formal setting like a school or university.

 Examples:

 Private tutors provide one-on-one tuition to students.

 The university offers scholarships to help cover tuition costs.

 Synonyms: Teaching, instruction, coaching.

 Antonyms: Self-learning, ignorance.

 Collocations: Pay tuition, tuition fees, receive tuition.

 Fixed Phrases: Private tuition, cover tuition.

20. Tutorial (n) ການຕິວ

 Explanation: A period of instruction or guidance, especially one-on-one or in a small group.

 Examples:

 Students can schedule tutorials with the professor for additional help.

 The tutorial focused on improving writing skills.

 Synonyms: Coaching, instruction, guidance.

 Antonyms: Self-study, independent learning.

 Collocations: Attend a tutorial, tutorial session, tutorial assistance.

 Fixed Phrases: Tutorial support, one-on-one tutorial.

III. PHRASAL VERBS

1. Brush up on ຍົກລະດັບ

 Explanation: To review or improve one's knowledge or skills in a particular area.

 Examples:

 I need to brush up on my French before the trip to Paris.

  She spent the weekend brushing up on her programming skills.

2. Come around to ປ່ຽນໃຈ, ແນວຄິດ

 Explanation: To change one's opinion or attitude over time and adopt a different
perspective.

 Examples:

 At first, he was against the idea, but he eventually came around to supporting it.

 It took some time, but she came around to the importance of sustainable
practices.

3. Come up with ຄິດຂຶ້ນ

 Explanation: To produce, devise, or create something, such as an idea, solution, or plan.

 Examples:

 Can you come up with a catchy slogan for our new product?

 She came up with a brilliant concept for the marketing campaign.

4. Face up to ປະເຊິນກັບ

 Explanation: To confront or deal with a difficult situation or reality.

 Examples:

 It's time to face up to the fact that changes need to be made in the company.

 She had to face up to the challenges of managing a team for the first time.

5. Figure out ຄໍານວນ, ຄິດໄລ່

 Explanation: To solve or understand a problem or mystery; to come to a conclusion.

 Examples:

 It took a while, but I finally figured out how to use the new software.

 Can you help me figure out the best way to approach this project?

6. Hit up on ເຂົ້າໄປຖາມ

 Explanation: Informally used to describe making an attempt to approach or contact

someone, often with the intention of asking for something.

 Examples:

 He decided to hit up on his old friend for some advice on the business plan.

 She hit up on the professor after class to clarify some points in the lecture.

7. Make out ເບີ່ງເຫັນ, ໄດ້ຍິນ

  Explanation: To perceive, understand, or decipher something, often in challenging
circumstances.

 Examples:

 It was dark, but I could just make out the outline of the mountains in the
distance.

 Can you make out what the sign says from this far away?

8. Mull over ພິຈາລະນາຖີ່ຖ້ວນ

 Explanation: To think about or consider carefully; to ponder or reflect.

 Examples:

 I need some time to mull over the options before making a decision.

 She spent the evening mulling over the implications of the contract.

9. Piece together ເອົາມາລວມໃສ່ກັນ

 Explanation: To assemble or construct something from various parts or sources.

 Examples:

 It took hours to piece together the information needed for the report.

 Detectives worked to piece together the events leading to the crime.

10. Puzzle out ໄຂປິດສະຫນາ

 Explanation: To solve or figure out a complex problem or mystery.

 Examples:

 It took some time, but she managed to puzzle out the solution to the equation.

 Can you help me puzzle out the meaning of this cryptic message?

11. Read up on ອ່ານເພື່ອສະສົມຂໍ້ມຸນ

 Explanation: To gather information by reading extensively about a particular topic.

 Examples:

 Before the interview, she decided to read up on the company and its recent
projects.

 He spent the weekend reading up on the history of ancient civilizations.

12. Swot up on ຮຽນເຂັ້ມຂຸ້ນ

 Explanation: To study intensively and acquire knowledge about a specific subject.

 Examples:
  I need to swot up on my biology before the exam next week.

 They swotted up on the latest developments in the field before the conference.

13. Take in ດູດຊຶມ

 Explanation: To absorb or comprehend information; to understand or grasp.

 Examples:

 It was challenging to take in all the details of the complex scientific theory.

 She took in the information presented in the lecture and made detailed notes.

14. Think over ຄິດ

 Explanation: To consider or reflect on something before making a decision.

 Examples:

 Before accepting the job offer, he wanted some time to think it over.

 Let me think it over and get back to you with my decision.

15. Think through ພິຈາລະນາລະອຽດ

 Explanation: To carefully consider or analyze all aspects of a situation or problem.

 Examples:

 It's important to think through the consequences before making a major

decision.

 She spent hours thinking through the various options for the project.

16. Think up ຄິດຂຶ້ນ

 Explanation: To create or devise through thought; to come up with ideas or solutions.

 Examples:

 He managed to think up a creative solution to the design challenge.

 Can you think up a catchy name for our new product?

IV. PHRASES, PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS

1. Account for ກວມເອົາ, ກໍ່ໃຫ້ເກິດ

 Explanation: To provide an explanation or justification for something; to be the reason

for.

 Examples:

 Can you account for the missing funds in the budget report?
  The new evidence helped to account for the unexpected results.

2. Give an account of ເລົ່າເຫດການ

 Explanation: To narrate or describe an event, situation, or series of events.

 Examples:

 He was asked to give an account of what happened during the incident.

 The historian gave a detailed account of the events leading to the war.

3. On account of ເພາະວ່າ

 Explanation: Because of; due to a particular reason.

 Examples:

 The soccer match was canceled on account of heavy rain.

 She couldn't attend the meeting on account of a prior commitment.

4. By all accounts ໃນທຸກໆດ້ານ

 Explanation: According to all available information or reports; in every version or

description.

 Examples:

 By all accounts, the new restaurant in town is excellent.

 She is, by all accounts, a talented and dedicated professional.

5. On somebody’s account ຍ້ອນວ່າຜູ້ໃດຜູ້ຫນື່ງ

 Explanation: For someone's sake or benefit; because of someone.

 Examples:

 He stayed late at work on my account to help with the project.

 We postponed the event on your account; we wanted you to be able to attend.

6. Associate sth with ພົວພັນກັບ

 Explanation: To link or connect something with another; to consider two things related.

 Examples:

 People often associate success with hard work and dedication.

 The color red is often associated with passion and love.

7. Hang in the balance ບໍ່ແນ່ນອນ

  Explanation: To be uncertain or undecided; to be in a state where the outcome is not
determined.

 Examples:

 The fate of the project hangs in the balance as we await the client's decision.

 The patient's health is hanging in the balance after the surgery.

8. Strike a balance ເຮັດໃຫ້ດຸນດ່ຽງ

 Explanation: To find a satisfactory compromise or middle ground between different

aspects.

 Examples:

 It's important to strike a balance between work and personal life.

 The manager had to strike a balance between cost-cutting and maintaining

quality.

9. Redress the balance ເຮັດໃຫ້ ເທົ່າທຽມຂຶ້ນກວ່າເກົ່າ

 Explanation: To correct an imbalance or injustice; to make a situation fairer.

 Examples:

 The new policy aims to redress the balance between employer and employee
rights.

 Efforts are being made to redress the balance of gender representation in

leadership roles.

10. Balance between ຄວາມເທົ່າທຽມ

 Explanation: The state of equilibrium or proportion achieved between different

elements.

 Examples:

 Finding a balance between work and relaxation is essential for well-being.

 The designer sought to create a balance between form and function in the
product.

2. On balance ໂດຍພິຈາລະນາແລ້ວ

 Explanation: Considering all factors; after careful thought and weighing of pros and
cons.

 Examples:

 On balance, the advantages of the new policy outweigh the disadvantages.

  After reviewing the options, on balance, we decided to go with the more cost-
effective solution.

3. Off-balance ຂາດຄວາມເທົ່າທຽມ

 Explanation: In a state of instability or lack of equilibrium.

 Examples:

 The unexpected news left her feeling off-balance for the rest of the day.

 The sudden change in strategy caught the team off-balance.

4. Basis for ເຫດຜົນ

 Explanation: The foundation or underlying reason for something.

 Examples:

 The data will serve as the basis for our research paper.

 A solid education forms the basis for a successful career.

5. On a daily basis ໃນຊິວິດປະຈໍາວັນ

 Explanation: Every day; regularly occurring.

 Examples:

 He exercises on a daily basis to maintain good health.

 Checking emails on a daily basis is part of her routine.

6. On the basis of ດ້ວຍເຫດຜົນທີ່ວ່າ

 Explanation: Using something as a foundation or justification for a decision or action.

 Examples:

 The promotion was granted on the basis of exceptional performance.

 Decisions should be made on the basis of facts and evidence.

7. Contrary to popular beliefs ສວນທາງກັບຄວາມເຊື່ອທົ່ວໆໄປ

 Explanation: In opposition to what many people commonly think or believe.

 Examples:

 Contrary to popular beliefs, not all cats are afraid of water.

 Contrary to popular beliefs, the project was not a failure but a success.

8. Beyond belief ບໍ່ຢາກຈະເຊື່ອ

  Explanation: To an extent that is difficult to accept or comprehend; extremely
surprising.

 Examples:

 The beauty of the landscape was beyond belief.

 His generosity was beyond belief; he donated a significant amount to the

charity.

9. Pick sb’s brain ຖາມຄໍາເຫັນຈາກຜູ້ໃດຜູ້ຫນື່ງ

 Explanation: To seek information or advice from someone; to ask someone for their
knowledge or expertise.

 Examples:

 Can I pick your brain about your experience in the industry?

 I'd like to pick her brain on how she manages her time so efficiently.

ີ່ ໃດຫນື່ງ
10. Rack your brains ພະຍາຍາມຈື່ສງ

 Explanation: To think very hard or for a long time in an effort to remember something
or solve a problem.

 Examples:

 I've been racking my brains trying to recall where I left my keys.

 We need to rack our brains to come up with a solution to this challenge.

11. The brains behind ຜູ້ຢູ່ເບືອ

້ ງຫລັງ

 Explanation: The person or group responsible for creating or devising something.

 Examples:

 She is the brains behind the innovative marketing campaign.

 The team of engineers were the brains behind the new software.

12. Brainchild of ຜົນຂອງ ແນວຄິດຜູ້ໃດຫນື່ງ

 Explanation: The result of someone's creative thinking or idea.

 Examples:

 The new project was the brainchild of the company's CEO.

 The environmental initiative was the brainchild of a group of passionate

activists.

13. Brainstorm ນໍາສະເຫນິລາກຫລາຍໄອເດຍ

  Explanation: To generate a large number of ideas or solutions through a group
discussion or individual thinking.

 Examples:

 Let's have a brainstorming session to come up with fresh ideas for the project.

 Before making a decision, we should brainstorm different approaches.

14. Brainwash ລ້ານສະຫມອງ

 Explanation: To manipulate or influence someone's thoughts, opinions, or beliefs

through intensive persuasion or propaganda.

 Examples:

 Cult leaders often use mind control techniques to brainwash their followers.

 The advertisement seemed to be attempting to brainwash consumers into

believing the product was essential.

15. Brainwave ແນວຄດສະຫລາດໆ

 Explanation: A sudden and clever idea or insight.

 Examples:

 I had a brainwave about how to improve the efficiency of our workflow.

 Her brainwave led to the development of a groundbreaking technology.

16. Bring sth to a conclusion ນໍາມາເຊີງ

່ ຂໍ້ສະຫລຸບ

 Explanation: To finalize or complete something; to reach the end of a process.

 Examples:

 The negotiations were brought to a conclusion with a mutually beneficial

agreement.

 We need to bring the project to a conclusion before the deadline.

17. Reach a conclusion ບັນລຸຂໍ້ສະຫລຸບ

 Explanation: To arrive at a decision or judgment after consideration or investigation.

 Examples:

 After carefully reviewing the evidence, we reached the conclusion that further
research was needed.

 It's important for the team to reach a conclusion on the best course of action.

18. Jump to conclusions ຟ້າວແຕ່ສະຫລຸບໄວເກິນ

  Explanation: To form an opinion or make a decision hastily without sufficient evidence
or information.

 Examples:

 It's not wise to jump to conclusions before hearing all sides of the story.

 He tends to jump to conclusions without considering alternative explanations.

່ ລ້ວ
19. Foregone conclusion ສິ່ງທີ່ແນ່ນອນຈະເກິດຢູແ

 Explanation: An outcome that is assumed or expected before it actually occurs; a result

regarded as inevitable.

 Examples:

 Given the team's performance, it seemed like a foregone conclusion that they
would win the championship.

 The outcome of the vote was a foregone conclusion, as the majority had already
expressed their support.

20. Take into consideration ນໍາມາພິຈາລະນາ

 Explanation: To consider or include something as a relevant factor in making a decision.

 Examples:

 When evaluating job candidates, we take into consideration both experience and
qualifications.

 It's important to take the budget constraints into consideration when planning
the project.

1. Give consideration to ພິຈາລະນາເຖິງສິ່ງໃດຫນື່ງ

 Explanation: To think about or take into account when making a decision.

 Examples:

 Before choosing a college, it's important to give consideration to factors like

location and program offerings.

 The committee will give consideration to all submitted proposals before making
a decision.

2. Show consideration for ສະແດງເຖິງ ຄວາມຕ້ອງການຂອງຜູ້ອື່ນ

 Explanation: To act in a way that takes into account the feelings or needs of others.

 Examples:

 He always shows consideration for his colleagues by being mindful of their

workload.
  Showing consideration for the environment, they decided to use eco-friendly
packaging.

3. Under consideration ກໍາລັງພິຈາລະນາ

 Explanation: Currently being thought about or discussed.

 Examples:

 Your application is still under consideration, and we will notify you of the
decision soon.

 The proposed changes are under consideration by the board of directors.

4. Out of consideration for ໂດຍບໍ່ພະຈາລະນາເຖິງ

 Explanation: Doing something to avoid causing inconvenience or harm to someone.

 Examples:

 She left the meeting early out of consideration for her colleague who was feeling
unwell.

 The event was postponed out of consideration for the community's safety
concerns.

5. To have your doubts about ລະແວງກ່ຽວກັບຫຍັງສັກຢ່າງ

 Explanation: To be uncertain or skeptical about something.

 Examples:

 I have my doubts about the feasibility of the project given the current resources.

 She has her doubts about the accuracy of the information provided.

6. Cast doubt on ສ້າງຂໍ້ສົງໄສໃຫ້ແກ່

 Explanation: To create uncertainty or suspicion about something.

 Examples:

 The new evidence cast doubt on the reliability of the witness's testimony.

 His conflicting statements cast doubt on the integrity of his account.

7. Raise doubt ກໍ່ໃຫ້ເກິດຂໍ້ສົງໄສ

 Explanation: To cause uncertainty or skepticism.

 Examples:

 The unexpected turn of events raised doubt about the success of the project.

 The conflicting reports raised doubt about the accuracy of the information.
8. Beyond any doubt ຢ່າງບໍ່ຕ້ອງສົງໄສ, ແນ່ນອນຢູ່ແລ້ວ

 Explanation: Without any uncertainty or question; unquestionably.

 Examples:

 His commitment to the cause is beyond any doubt; he has dedicated years to its
advancement.

 The evidence presented was beyond any doubt and led to a unanimous verdict.

9. A reasonable doubt ຂໍ້ສົງໄສມີ່ມີເຫດຜົນ

 Explanation: In legal contexts, a level of uncertainty that would cause a reasonable

person to hesitate before making a decision.

 Examples:

 The defense argued that there was a reasonable doubt about the defendant's
guilt.

 The jury acquitted the accused due to a reasonable doubt about the evidence.

10. Without a doubt ຢ່າງບໍ່ຕ້ອງສົງໄສ

 Explanation: Definitely; with certainty.

 Examples:

 He is, without a doubt, the best candidate for the job.

 The success of the project is without a doubt attributed to the team's dedication.

11. Open to doubt ສ້າງຄວາມບໍ່ແນ່ນອນ, ກໍ່ໃຫ້ເກິດຂໍ້ສົງໄສ

 Explanation: Subject to questioning or uncertainty.

 Examples:

 The validity of the experiment's results is open to doubt, and further

investigation is needed.

 Her credibility is open to doubt after the recent controversies.

12. Beyond your wildest dream ເກີນຈິນຕະນາການ, ເກິນຄາດ

 Explanation: Exceeding even the most optimistic or imaginative expectations.

 Examples:

 Winning the championship was beyond their wildest dreams when they started
the season.

 The success of the product launch was beyond our wildest dreams.
13. Like a dream ເປັນໄປໄດ້ດີປານໃນຝັນ

 Explanation: Similar to something that seems too good to be true or incredibly pleasant.

 Examples:

 The vacation felt like a dream with perfect weather and breathtaking
landscapes.

 Being offered the job was like a dream come true for her.

14. Focus on

 Explanation: To concentrate attention or effort on a particular subject or activity.

 Examples:

 The presentation will focus on the key findings of the research study.

 It's essential to focus on improving customer satisfaction for the upcoming

quarter.

15. The focus of ປະເດັນຫລັກ

 Explanation: The main point of attention or interest.

 Examples:

 The new policy became the focus of discussion during the board meeting.

 The environmental impact is the focus of ongoing research in the field.

16. In focus ເບີ່ງເຫັນຊັດເຈນ

 Explanation: Clearly visible or well-defined.

 Examples:

 Make sure the camera is adjusted properly to keep the subject in focus.

 The details of the painting are now in focus after the restoration work.

17. Out of focus ບໍ່ຊັດເຈນ

 Explanation: Not clearly visible or not well-defined.

 Examples:

 Unfortunately, the photograph turned out to be out of focus and blurry.

 The presentation slides were momentarily out of focus before being adjusted.

18. Main/major/primary focus ເນຶອໄນຫລັກ

 Explanation: The main or central point of attention.

  Examples:

 The primary focus of the workshop is to enhance communication skills.

 The major focus of the company's strategy is sustainable growth.

19. Give the false impression that ສ້າງຄວາມປະທັບໃຈແບບຈອມປອມ

 Explanation: To create a misleading or incorrect perception.

 Examples:

 The article may give the false impression that the issue has been completely
resolved.

 His actions give the false impression that he is not committed to the project.

20. Do an impression of ລໍ້ລຽນຜູ້ອຶ່ນ

 Explanation: To mimic or imitate someone or something for entertainment.

 Examples:

 During the talent show, she decided to do an impression of a famous celebrity.

 He can do a hilarious impression of the company's CEO.

21. Make an impression on sb ເຮັດໃຫ້ຜູ້ອື່ນປະທັບໃຈ

 Explanation: To influence or be remembered by someone.

 Examples:

 The candidate's confident demeanor made a positive impression on the

interview panel.

 The performance made a lasting impression on the audience.

22. Under the impression that ເຊື່ອວ່າສິ່ງນັ້ນເປັນຈິງ ຫນ່າປະທັບໃຈ

 Explanation: Believing or thinking something to be true, even if it is not.

 Examples:

 I was under the impression that the event was scheduled for next week.

 He was under the impression that the meeting had been canceled.

23. First impression ປະທັບໃຈແລກ

 Explanation: The initial perception or judgment formed about someone or something.

 Examples:

 Make sure to make a good first impression during the job interview.
  The first impression of the new product was positive among consumers.

24. Make a mental note about ຈື່ຂື້ນໃຈ ຈື່ໃນໃຈ

 Explanation: To remember or take note of something mentally.

 Examples:

 I'll make a mental note about your preference for future reference.

 Make a mental note about the key points discussed during the meeting.

25. Mental arithmetic ຄິດໄລ່ໃນໃຈ

 Explanation: Performing calculations in one's mind without the use of external aids.

 Examples:

 She was able to quickly determine the total cost through mental arithmetic.

 Mental arithmetic skills are crucial in competitive exams.

26. Mental illness ພະຍາດທາງຈິດ

 Explanation: A condition that affects a person's thinking, feeling, behavior, or mood.

 Examples:

 Support and understanding are essential for individuals dealing with mental
illness.

 Promoting awareness about mental illness is an important societal goal.

27. Mental age ອາຍຸຂອງ ສະຫມອງທີ່ສາມາດຈື່ຈໍາໄດ້ຄືຄົນປົກກະຕິ

 Explanation: A measure of an individual's cognitive abilities relative to their

chronological age.

 Examples:

 Despite his young age, his mental age suggests advanced intellectual
development.

 The concept of mental age is often used in educational psychology.

28. Mental health ສຸຂະພາບຈິດ

 Explanation: The state of well-being concerning one's mental and emotional

functioning.

 Examples:

 Taking breaks and managing stress are essential for maintaining good mental
health.
  Awareness campaigns aim to reduce stigma and promote mental health.

29. Make up your mind ທໍາການຕັດສິນໃຈ

 Explanation: To make a decision; to reach a conclusion.

 Examples:

 You need to make up your mind about whether to accept the job offer.

 I've been waiting for you to make up your mind about the vacation destination.

30. Slip your mind ລຶມ, ບໍ່ຈື່

 Explanation: To forget something; to fail to remember.

 Examples:

 I'm sorry, but your request must have slipped my mind; I'll take care of it right
away.

 It seems that the meeting slipped my mind; I'll be there in a few minutes.

1. Bear in mind ໃຫ້ຈື່ໄວ້ວ່າ

 Explanation: To remember or keep in consideration.

 Examples:

 When making a decision, it's important to bear in mind the potential

consequences.

 Bear in mind that not everyone may share the same perspective.

2. Have a one-track mind ຕັ້ງໃຈແຕ່ສີ່ງດຽວເທົ່ານັ້ນ

 Explanation: To be excessively focused on a single idea or goal.

 Examples:

 He has a one-track mind when it comes to achieving success in his career.

 Some people with a one-track mind may overlook alternative solutions.

3. Take your mind off ທໍາລາຍສະມະທິ

 Explanation: To distract or divert one's attention from something.

 Examples:

 Watching a movie can help take your mind off stressful situations.

 Engaging in a hobby is a good way to take your mind off work-related concerns.
4. Be in two minds about sth ສອງຈິດສອງໃຈ

 Explanation: To be uncertain or indecisive about something.

 Examples:

 I'm in two minds about accepting the job offer; it has both advantages and
disadvantages.

 She's in two minds about attending the event, considering her busy schedule.

5. On your mind ຢໍ່ໃນໃຈ, ກໍາລັງຄດສີງ

່ ນັ້ນຢູ່

 Explanation: Something that is preoccupying your thoughts or concerns.

 Examples:

 You seem distracted; is something on your mind?

 The upcoming presentation is on my mind; I want it to go well.

່ ທີ່ເຮົາຄິດຢູ່ຕອນນີ້
6. State of mind ສີງ

 Explanation: A person's emotional or mental condition at a specific time.

 Examples:

 Her positive state of mind contributed to her success in overcoming challenges.

 External factors can influence one's state of mind.

7. Narrow-minded ໃຈແຄບ

 Explanation: Having a limited perspective; unwilling to consider new ideas or

viewpoints.

 Examples:

 Being narrow-minded can hinder personal and professional growth.

 Narrow-mindedness often leads to misunderstanding and conflict.

8. Absent-minded ຂິ້ຫລົງຂິ້ລືມ

 Explanation: Forgetful or preoccupied, often resulting in overlooking details.

 Examples:

 He's so absent-minded that he often forgets where he put his keys.

 Her absent-mindedness sometimes leads to minor errors in her work.

9. Broad-minded ໃຈກ້ວາງ

 Explanation: Willing to consider and accept a wide range of ideas and perspectives.
  Examples:

 A broad-minded approach to problem-solving can lead to innovative solutions.

 Broad-minded individuals are more likely to appreciate diversity.

10. Open-minded ເປີດໃຈຮັບຟັງທຸກຢ່າງ

 Explanation: Willing to consider new and different ideas; receptive to change.

 Examples:

 An open-minded discussion allows for the exploration of diverse opinions.

 Being open-minded fosters a positive and inclusive work environment.

11. Misapprehension ຄວາມເຂົ້າໃຈຜິດ

 Explanation: A misunderstanding or incorrect interpretation.

 Examples:

 There is a common misapprehension that success is solely determined by

external factors.

 Clear communication is crucial to avoid misapprehensions in a team.

12. Under the misapprehension that ກໍາລັງເຂົ້າໃຈຜິດວ່າ

 Explanation: Believing something to be true, even though it is not.

 Examples:

 He was under the misapprehension that the meeting had been rescheduled.

 Some students may be under the misapprehension that exams are the only
measure of success.

13. Put into perspective ນໍາມາພິຈາລະນາ

 Explanation: To view or consider something in relation to its overall significance.

 Examples:

 Experiencing other cultures helps put our own challenges into perspective.

 Learning about historical events can put current issues into perspective.

14. From another perspective ຈາກມຸນມອງອຶ່ນ

 Explanation: Considering an alternative viewpoint or interpretation.

 Examples:

 From another perspective, the decision may seem more justified.

  It's important to analyze issues from another perspective to gain a holistic
understanding.

15. From different perspectives ຈາກຫລາຍມຸນມອງ

 Explanation: Considering various viewpoints or angles.

 Examples:

 The team evaluated the project from different perspectives to identify potential
challenges.

 Solving complex problems often requires considering solutions from different

perspectives.

16. From sb’s perspective ຈາກແນວຄິດຂອງ

 Explanation: Considering a situation or issue from someone else's point of view.

 Examples:

 From the customer's perspective, the product's usability needs improvement.

 Understanding challenges from the team's perspective is essential for effective

leadership.

17. From the perspective of ພິຈາລະນາຈາກສິ່ງໃດຫນື່ງ

 Explanation: Considering a matter from a particular standpoint or viewpoint.

 Examples:

 From the perspective of sustainability, the company needs to reduce its carbon
footprint.

 Evaluating a decision from the perspective of long-term consequences is crucial.

18. In perspective ພິຈາລະນາຈາກຄວາມເປັນຈິງ

 Explanation: Viewing something in a balanced or realistic way.

 Examples:

 Taking a break can help you see things in perspective and reduce stress.

 Feedback from others can provide valuable insights and help put situations in
perspective.

19. Out of perspective ບິດເບືອນ, ເຂົ້າໃຈຜິດ

 Explanation: Not viewed or understood accurately; distorted.

 Examples:

 Anger or frustration can lead to decisions that are out of perspective.

  When emotions are high, perceptions may become out of perspective.

20. A sense of perspective ມິຄວາມສາມາດໃນການພິຈາລະນາໄດ້ດີ

 Explanation: Having the ability to consider things in a balanced and rational manner.

 Examples:

 Maintaining a sense of perspective is essential during challenging times.

 Leaders with a sense of perspective can make informed decisions.

21. Stick to your principles ຈົ່ງຮັກສາຫລັກເກນຂອງໂຕເອງໄວ້

 Explanation: Upholding one's ethical or moral beliefs despite challenges or pressure.

 Examples:

 It's important to stick to your principles, even in the face of adversity.

 Leaders who stick to their principles often gain the respect of their team.

22. In principle ໂດຍທົ່ວໄປແລ້ວ

 Explanation: In theory or in general concept.

 Examples:

 In principle, the idea of teamwork is valued in most organizations.

 While the plan is good in principle, practical challenges may arise.

23. A matter of principle ສະຖານະການທີ່ພົວພັນເຖິງ ການພິຈາລະນາເຖິງຄວາມເຊື່ອ ຫລື

ສິນລະທໍາ

 Explanation: A situation involving fundamental beliefs or ethical considerations.

 Examples:

 For her, returning the lost wallet was a matter of principle.

 Taking a stand on fairness is often a matter of principle.

24. Against SB’s principle ຂັດກັບຄວາມເຊື່ອຂອງຜູ້ໃດຜູ້ຫນື່ງ

 Explanation: In contradiction to someone's fundamental beliefs or values.

 Examples:

 Engaging in dishonest practices is against his principles.

 The decision to cut corners goes against the company's principles.

25. Set of principles ຊດ

ຸ ແນວຄວາມຄດ
 Explanation: A collection of fundamental beliefs or guidelines.
  Examples:

 The organization is guided by a set of principles that prioritize ethical conduct.

 Developing a personal set of principles can provide a moral compass.

26. Beg the question ສັນນິຖານຄວາມຈິງ ທີ່ຍັງບໍແ

່ ນ່ນອນ

 Explanation: To assume the truth of something that needs to be proven.

 Examples:

 Saying "everyone knows it's true" is a way to beg the question without providing
evidence.

 His argument seemed to beg the question rather than presenting solid
reasoning.

27. Raise the question of ເກິດຄໍາຖາມຂຶ້ນມາ

 Explanation: To bring up or introduce a topic for discussion or consideration.

 Examples:

 Her report raised the question of whether current policies are effective.

 The incident raised the question of security measures in public spaces.

28. No question of ເປັນໄປບໍ່ໄດ້

 Explanation: Absolutely not; no possibility.

 Examples:

 There's no question of compromising on safety regulations.

 There's no question of abandoning the project; we just need to make

adjustments.

29. In question ຍັງບໍແ

່ ນ່ນອນ

 Explanation: Uncertain or subject to doubt.

 Examples:

 The project's success is in question due to unexpected challenges.

 The future of the company is currently in question.

30. Out of question ບໍ່ມີທາງ

 Explanation: Absolutely not; not to be considered.

 Examples:

 His integrity is out of question; he is known for his honesty.

  The quality of the product is out of question; it meets all industry standards.

31. Without question ແນ່ນອນຢູ່ແລ້ວ

 Explanation: Undoubtedly; without doubt.

 Examples:

 She is, without question, the most qualified candidate for the position.

 His dedication to the cause is without question.

32. Beyond question ແນ່ນອນ

 Explanation: Definitely true; beyond doubt.

 Examples:

 Her expertise in the field is beyond question; she is a recognized authority.

 The authenticity of the artifact is beyond question; it has been verified by

experts.

33. Sense that ສໍາຜັດໄດ້ວ່າ

 Explanation: A feeling or awareness that something is true or likely.

 Examples:

 I had a sense that changes were coming in the organization.

 There is a sense that the team is working cohesively towards a common goal.

34. See sense ເຂົ້າໃຈປະເດັນ

 Explanation: To come to a reasonable or rational understanding.

 Examples:

 After discussions, he eventually saw sense in the proposed strategy.

 It's important for individuals to see sense in adapting to new technologies.

35. Come to your senses ກັບມາເຂົ້າໃຈ

 Explanation: To regain a rational or sensible perspective after a period of confusion or

irrationality.

 Examples:

 After the heated argument, he eventually came to his senses and apologized.

 She needed time alone to come to her senses and make a thoughtful decision.

36. A sense of ມີຄຸນສົມບັດໃດຫນື່ງ

  Explanation: A feeling or awareness related to a particular quality or condition.

 Examples:

 A sense of urgency is required to meet the project deadline.

 She had a sense of satisfaction after completing the challenging task.

37. In one sense ໃນດ້ານຫນື່ງ

 Explanation: From one perspective or viewpoint.

 Examples:

 In one sense, the project was a success, but there were still areas for
improvement.

 In one sense, the policy benefits employees, but it also poses challenges for
employers.

38. Common sense ຈາກປະສົບການຈິງ

 Explanation: Practical and sound judgment based on experience and reason.

 Examples:

 Applying common sense to problem-solving often leads to effective solutions.

 Common sense dictates that safety precautions should be taken in hazardous

environments.

39. Side with sb ເຂົ້າຂ້າງຜູ້ໃດຜູ້ຫນື່ງ

 Explanation: To support or agree with someone in a dispute or disagreement.

 Examples:

 I'll side with the team that proposes a more sustainable approach to the project.

 It's important for leaders to side with employees on issues that impact their well-
being.

40. Take sides ເຂົ້າຂ້າງ

 Explanation: To align oneself with one party in a dispute.

 Examples:

 During the negotiation, it's best not to take sides until all perspectives are
considered.

 Taking sides without understanding the full situation can lead to biased
decisions.

1. See both sides of an argument: ເຂົ້າໃຈທັງສອງດ້ານ

  Explanation: To understand or consider opposing viewpoints in a discussion or debate.

 Example: "I try to see both sides of the argument before making a decision."

2. Look on the bright side: ເບີ່ງດ້ານດີ

 Explanation: To focus on the positive aspects of a situation, even if there are negative
aspects as well.

 Example: "It's tough, but let's look on the bright side and find something positive in this
situation."

3. On the plus side: ດ້ານບວກ

 Explanation: Refers to the positive or advantageous aspect of a situation.

 Example: "The project had its challenges, but on the plus side, we learned a lot."

4. On the minus side: ດ້ານລົບ

 Explanation: Refers to the negative or disadvantageous aspect of a situation.

 Example: "On the minus side, the budget constraints have limited our options."

5. On either side of: ທັງສອງດ້ານ

 Explanation: Refers to both sides or boundaries of something.

 Example: "There were houses on either side of the street."

6. Put someone straight about: ເຮັດໃຫ້ເຂົາໃຈຖຶກຕ້ອງ

 Explanation: To inform or correct someone about a misunderstanding or misconception.

 Example: "I had to put him straight about the actual deadline for the project."

7. Get straight to the point: ເຂົ້າປະເດັນ

 Explanation: To address the main or most important issue without unnecessary details.

 Example: "I appreciate it when people get straight to the point in a meeting."

 Collocation: Straight to the point

 Example: "In business, it's crucial to be straight to the point to avoid confusion."

8. Take the view that: ມີແນວຄວາມຄິດ

 Explanation: To hold a particular opinion or perspective.

 Example: "She takes the view that education is the key to success."

9. Take a dim view of: ມີມຸມມອງທີ່ບຊ

ໍ່ ັດເຈນ

 Explanation: To disapprove of something; to have a negative opinion about.

  Example: "The company takes a dim view of employees arriving late consistently."

 Fixed Phrase: Take a dim view of

 Example: "The professor takes a dim view of plagiarism and will not tolerate it."

10. Come into view: ປະກົດໃນສາຍຕາ

 Explanation: To become visible or noticeable.

 Example: "As we reached the top of the hill, the city came into view."

 Collocation: Come suddenly into view

 Example: "The breathtaking landscape came suddenly into view as we turned the
corner."

11. Point of view: ແນວຄວາມຄິດ

 Explanation: A particular way of considering or seeing something; a perspective.

 Example: "Everyone has a different point of view on the issue."

 Fixed Phrase: Point of view

 Example: "It's essential to consider multiple points of view before making a decision."

V. IDOMS

1. Go to your head: ຕື່ນຄວາມສໍາເລັດ, ຕື່ນຄວາມໂດ່ງດັງຂອງໂຕເອງ, ຄ້າຍໆ ງົວລືມຕິນ

 Explanation: Allow success or praise to make someone arrogant or conceited.

 Example Contexts:

 After winning the award, John's success went to his head, and he started
behaving arrogantly.

 Success can be great, but it's important not to let it go to your head and stay
grounded.

2. To have your wits about you: ຕື່ນໂຕຕະຫລອດເວລາ

 Explanation: Be mentally alert and quick-thinking, especially in challenging situations.

 Example Contexts:

 Walking through a rough neighborhood, it's essential to have your wits about
you.
  During the emergency, she had her wits about her and called for help
immediately.

3. In the dark about: ບໍ່ມີສະຕິລະວັງຕົວຕໍ່ບາງຢ່າງ

 Explanation: Unaware or lacking information about something.

 Example Contexts:

 I'm completely in the dark about the new project; can you provide more details?

 She felt in the dark about the changes in company policies.

4. Know what’s what: ຮູ້ອັນໃດເປັນອັນໃດ

 Explanation: Have a clear understanding of the facts or reality of a situation.

 Example Contexts:

 Before making a decision, it's crucial to know what's what and gather all
relevant information.

 I spent the morning researching so that I would know what's what in the
market.

5. To not have a leg to stand on: ບໍ່ມີຈຸດຢຶນ

 Explanation: Lack a valid argument or evidence to support a claim or position.

 Example Contexts:

 Without proper documentation, the defendant doesn't have a leg to stand on in

the court.

 You can't accuse someone without evidence; otherwise, you won't have a leg to
stand on.

6. Not see the wood for the trees: ບໍເຫັນພາບທີ່ໃຫຍ່ກວ່າ

 Explanation: Be unable to see the bigger picture due to focusing too much on small
details.

 Example Contexts:

 The manager was so concerned with minor issues that he couldn't see the wood
for the trees in the overall project.

 Sometimes, we get caught up in details and don't see the wood for the trees in
our relationships.

7. Put two and two together: ສະຫລູບຈາກການລວບລວມຂໍ້ມູນ

 Explanation: Deduce or understand something by combining available information.

 Example Contexts:
  When I saw the muddy footprints and the wet umbrella, I put two and two
together and realized she had been caught in the rain.

 Hearing the news about the delayed flight, she put two and two together and
realized she would miss the connection.

8. Quick/slow on the uptake: ເຂົ້າໃຈໄວ ຫລື ຊ້າ

 Explanation: Quick to understand or slow to grasp new concepts or ideas.

 Example Contexts:

 She's always quick on the uptake, easily understanding complex instructions.

 Some students may be slow on the uptake initially but catch up with the
material over time.

9. Ring a bell: ຄຸ້ນໆ

 Explanation: Sound familiar or trigger a memory.

 Example Contexts:

 The name didn't ring a bell at first, but then I remembered meeting him at the
conference.

 The song playing on the radio didn't ring a bell, so I must not have heard it
before.

10. Round the bend: ໂຄດໃຈຮ້າຍ

 Explanation: Acting in a crazy or eccentric manner.

 Example Contexts:

 After working on the project for days without sleep, he started to go round the
bend and became irritable.

 The constant pressure drove him round the bend, and he decided to take a
break.

11. Split hairs: ຖຽງເລື່ອງມະຈຸກມະຈິກ

 Explanation: Argue or quibble over insignificant details.

 Example Contexts:

 During the negotiations, they spent hours splitting hairs over minor clauses in
the contract.

 Let's focus on the main issues; there's no need to split hairs over the wording of
the document.

12. Take stock of: ປະເມິນສະຖານະການ

  Explanation: Evaluate or assess a situation or inventory.

 Example Contexts:

 Before launching the product, the company needs to take stock of market
trends and customer preferences.

 At the beginning of the year, it's helpful to take stock of your goals and plan for
the months ahead.

VI. WORDS FORMATION

1. Assumption: ການສັນນິຖານ

 Explanation: A belief or statement taken for granted without proof.

 Example: His argument was based on the assumption that all people are inherently
good.

 Synonyms: Presumption, Supposition, Premise

 Antonyms: Fact, Certainty, Reality

 Collocations: Make an assumption, Question an assumption

 Fixed Phrases: Under the assumption, False assumption

2. Unassuming: ຖ່ອມໂຕ

 Explanation: Modest, not drawing attention to oneself.

 Example: Despite his success, he remained unassuming and approachable.

 Synonyms: Modest, Humble, Unpretentious

 Antonyms: Arrogant, Pretentious, Showy

 Collocations: Unassuming demeanor, Unassuming appearance

 Fixed Phrases: Unassuming charm, Unassuming attitude

3. Concept: ໄອເດຍ

 Explanation: An abstract idea or general notion.

 Example: The concept of justice varies across different cultures.

 Synonyms: Idea, Notion, Conceptualization

 Antonyms: Reality, Tangible, Concrete

 Collocations: Grasp the concept, Understand the concept

 Fixed Phrases: Central concept, Core concept

4. Conceptualise: ຄິດໄອເດຍຂຶ້ນມາ

 Explanation: To form a concept or idea.

 Example: The artist spent hours conceptualizing his new masterpiece.

 Synonyms: Formulate, Conceive, Envisage

 Antonyms: Disregard, Neglect, Overlook

 Collocations: Conceptualize a plan, Conceptualize a project

 Fixed Phrases: Conceptualize an idea, Conceptualize a vision

5. Conceptual: ກ່ຽວກັບຄວາມຄິດ

 Explanation: Related to or based on concepts.

 Example: The project had both practical and conceptual elements.

 Synonyms: Theoretical, Abstract, Ideational

 Antonyms: Concrete, Practical, Realistic

 Collocations: Conceptual framework, Conceptual design

 Fixed Phrases: Conceptual approach, Conceptual understanding

6. Inconceivable: ບໍ່ຢາກຈະເຊື່ອ

 Explanation: Impossible to believe or imagine.

 Example: The idea of time travel was once considered inconceivable.

 Synonyms: Unbelievable, Unimaginable, Unreal

 Antonyms: Conceivable, Believable, Possible

 Collocations: Inconceivable notion, Inconceivable outcome

 Fixed Phrases: Almost inconceivable, Inconceivable possibility

7. Convincingly: ຢ່າງນ່າເຊືອ
່ ຖຶ

 Explanation: Persuasively and with strong evidence.

 Example: She argued her case convincingly, presenting solid facts.

 Synonyms: Persuasively, Compellingly, Effectively

 Antonyms: Unconvincingly, Ineffectively, Weakly

 Collocations: Convince someone convincingly, Speak convincingly

 Fixed Phrases: Convince beyond doubt, Convince with evidence

8. Decisiveness: ຄວາມສາມາດໃນການຕັດສິນໃຈໄວວາ
  Explanation: The ability to make decisions quickly and effectively.

 Example: The team's success was due in part to the manager's decisiveness.

 Synonyms: Determination, Resolve, Firmness

 Antonyms: Hesitation, Indecision, Uncertainty

 Collocations: Show decisiveness, Act with decisiveness

 Fixed Phrases: Decisiveness in leadership, Decisiveness in action

9. Inexplicable: ບໍ່ສາມາດອະທິບາຍໄດ້

 Explanation: Unable to be explained or understood.

 Example: The sudden disappearance of the artifact was inexplicable.

 Synonyms: Unexplainable, Unaccountable, Mysterious

 Antonyms: Explainable, Understandable, Clear

 Collocations: Inexplicable phenomenon, Inexplicable behavior

 Fixed Phrases: Inexplicable mystery, Inexplicable event

10. Inexplicably: ອະທິບາຍບໍໄ

່ ດ້

 Explanation: In a way that cannot be explained.

 Example: The car stopped inexplicably in the middle of the road.

 Synonyms: Mysteriously, Unaccountably, Puzzlingly

 Antonyms: Clearly, Obviously, Understandably

 Collocations: Inexplicably quiet, Inexplicably absent

 Fixed Phrases: Inexplicably strange, Inexplicably odd

11. Judiciary:

 Explanation: The branch of government responsible for interpreting laws.

 Example: The judiciary plays a crucial role in upholding the rule of law.

 Synonyms: Judicial branch, Legal system, Courts

 Antonyms: Executive branch, Legislative branch

 Collocations: Independent judiciary, Judiciary system

 Fixed Phrases: Judiciary oversight, Judiciary reform

12. Judiciousness: ສະແດງຄວາມສະຫລາດໃກການຕັດສິນໃຈ

 Explanation: Showing good judgment and wisdom in decision-making.

  Example: Her judiciousness in handling delicate matters earned her respect.

 Synonyms: Wisdom, Prudence, Discretion

 Antonyms: Rashness, Impulsiveness, Foolishness

 Collocations: Exercise judiciousness, Act with judiciousness

 Fixed Phrases: Judiciousness in leadership, Judiciousness in policy

13. Judicious: ສະຫລຽວສະຫລາດ

 Explanation: Having or showing good judgment and wisdom.

 Example: The judge made a judicious decision based on the evidence.

 Synonyms: Wise, Prudent, Discerning

 Antonyms: Foolish, Impulsive, Injudicious

 Collocations: Judicious choice, Judicious use

 Fixed Phrases: Judicious approach, Judicious decision

14. Judicial:

 Explanation: Related to the legal system or the administration of justice.

 Example: The judicial system ensures fair trials and justice.

 Synonyms: Legal, Juridical, Court-related

 Antonyms: Unlawful, Illegal, Unjust

 Collocations: Judicial process, Judicial review

 Fixed Phrases: Judicial decision, Judicial independence

15. Judgmental:

 Explanation: Tending to judge others harshly or critically.

 Example: She tried to avoid being judgmental and always considered different
perspectives.

 Synonyms: Critical, Opinionated, Evaluative

 Antonyms: Open-minded, Nonjudgmental, Accepting

 Collocations: Be judgmental, Avoid being judgmental

 Fixed Phrases: Judgmental attitude, Judgmental behavior

16. Judiciously:

 Explanation: In a manner showing good judgment and wisdom.

  Example: The funds were distributed judiciously to maximize their impact.

 Synonyms: Wisely, Prudently, Discriminately

 Antonyms: Injudiciously, Foolishly, Impulsively

 Collocations: Act judiciously, Invest judiciously

 Fixed Phrases: Judiciously allocate, Judiciously handle

17. Reasonableness: ຄວາມສົມເຫດສົມຜົນ

 Explanation: The quality of being fair and sensible.

 Example: The negotiators reached a solution with a sense of reasonableness.

 Synonyms: Fairness, Rationality, Sensibleness

 Antonyms: Unreasonableness, Irrationality, Unfairness

 Collocations: Show reasonableness, Expect reasonableness

 Fixed Phrases: Sense of reasonableness, Acts of reasonableness

18. Reasonably: ເຫມາະສົມ

 Explanation: In a fair and sensible manner.

 Example: The prices were set reasonably to attract a wide range of customers.

 Synonyms: Fairly, Sensibly, Moderately

 Antonyms: Unreasonably, Excessively, Unfairly

 Collocations: Priced reasonably, Expect reasonably

 Fixed Phrases: Act reasonably, Reasonably priced

19. Sane: ຈິດໃຈເຂັ້ມແຂງ

 Explanation: Mentally healthy and rational.

 Example: Despite the stress, she remained calm and perfectly sane.

 Synonyms: Rational, Stable, Balanced

 Antonyms: Insane, Irrational, Unstable

 Collocations: Stay sane, Keep someone sane

 Fixed Phrases: Perfectly sane, Remain sane

20. Sanity: ຄວາມເຂັ້ມແຂງຂອງຈິດໃຈ

 Explanation: The state of being mentally healthy and rational.

 Example: Meditation helped him maintain his sanity during challenging times.
  Synonyms: Rationality, Soundness, Mental health

 Antonyms: Insanity, Irrationality, Madness

 Collocations: Maintain sanity, Lose sanity

 Fixed Phrases: Sanity check, Sanity-saving

21. Insanity: ການທີ່ມີຈິດໃຈອອນແອ

 Explanation: The state of being mentally ill or irrational.

 Example: The defense argued that the crime was committed during a moment of
insanity.

 Synonyms: Madness, Craziness, Lunacy

 Antonyms: Sanity, Rationality, Soundness

 Collocations: Plea of insanity, Moment of insanity

 Fixed Phrases: Legal insanity, Temporary insanity

22. Sensitise:

 Explanation: To make someone or something more sensitive.

 Example: The training program aimed to sensitize employees to diversity issues.

 Synonyms: Sensitize, Heighten sensitivity, Raise awareness

 Antonyms: Desensitize, Numb, Dull

 Collocations: Sensitize to, Sensitize the public

 Fixed Phrases: Sensitize to the needs, Sensitize to the importance

23. Desensitize: ເຮັດໃຫ້ມັນ ບໍ່ອ່ອນໄຫວຕໍ່ ..ຫນ້ອຍລົງ

 Explanation: To make less sensitive or responsive.

 Example: Prolonged exposure can desensitize individuals to certain stimuli.

 Synonyms: Numb, Deaden, Blunt

 Antonyms: Sensitize, Heighten, Increase sensitivity

 Collocations: Desensitize to, Desensitize a reaction

 Fixed Phrases: Desensitize to pain, Desensitize to violence

24. Sensibility: ຄວາສາມາດໃນການຮັບມຶກັບຄວາມອ່ອນໄຫວ

 Explanation: Capacity to appreciate and respond to delicate emotions.

 Example: Her sensibility to art made her an excellent critic.

  Synonyms: Sensitivity, Aesthetic sense, Responsiveness

 Antonyms: Insensitivity, Numbness, Indifference

 Collocations: Artistic sensibility, Emotional sensibility

 Fixed Phrases: Sensibility to beauty, Literary sensibility

25. Senselessness: ຄວາມບໍ່ມີສາລະ

 Explanation: The quality of lacking meaning or purpose.

 Example: The act of violence left everyone in shock and a sense of senselessness.

 Synonyms: Meaninglessness, Absurdity, Nonsense

 Antonyms: Meaningfulness, Purposefulness

 Collocations: Senselessness of, Senseless act

 Fixed Phrases: Senselessness of violence, Senselessness of the tragedy

26. Nonsensical: ບໍ່ມີສາລະ

 Explanation: Lacking sense or meaning.

 Example: The statement was nonsensical and confused everyone.

 Synonyms: Absurd, Illogical, Ridiculous

 Antonyms: Logical, Sensible, Rational

 Collocations: Nonsensical remark, Nonsensical argument

 Fixed Phrases: Complete nonsense, Utterly nonsensical

27. Sensibly:

 Explanation: In a practical and wise manner.

 Example: She responded sensibly to the crisis, considering all available options.

 Synonyms: Wisely, Prudently, Rationally

 Antonyms: Foolishly, Irrationally, Imprudently

 Collocations: Act sensibly, Respond sensibly

 Fixed Phrases: Handle sensibly, Speak sensibly

28. Wise:

 Explanation: Having or showing good judgment and knowledge.

 Example: The elder shared wise advice based on years of experience.

 Synonyms: Intelligent, Knowledgeable, Sage

  Antonyms: Foolish, Unwise, Ignorant

 Collocations: Wise decision, Wise choice

 Fixed Phrases: Words of wisdom, Wise counsel

29. Wisdom:

 Explanation: The quality of being wise; accumulated knowledge and experience.

 Example: The book imparts timeless wisdom on living a fulfilling life.

 Synonyms: Knowledge, Insight, Sagacity

 Antonyms: Foolishness, Ignorance, Stupidity

 Collocations: Wisdom of, Wisdom gained

 Fixed Phrases: Ancient wisdom, Words of wisdom

30. Wisely:

 Explanation: In a manner showing good judgment and knowledge.

 Example: Faced with a dilemma, she chose wisely and avoided unnecessary risks.

 Synonyms: Prudently, Intelligently, Judiciously

 Antonyms: Foolishly, Unwisely, Imprudently

 Collocations: Choose wisely, Act wisely

 Fixed Phrases: Decide wisely, Invest wisely