LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS IN URBAN DESIGN But some approaches to urban design suggest ways
Expropriation – It involves the acquisition of land from that cities and metropolitan areas can benefit from a
land owners by a government, for the public interest and Examining land use classifications coordinated pattern of development.
Creative Development Design subject to a fair compensation.
is a planning principle that can be used to reduce the Zoning Controls – Cities have legal frameworks to A land use plan typically classifies all the
amount of impervious cover on a project site. convert the land from rural to urban use. Zoning controls different land uses in a city using methods that blend
are legislative acts that regulate the use of land and its local needs with various professional and technical
physical characteristics. Subdivision controls using standards. Land classification standards vary from place
Roadway Design ordinances, these controls regulate the rural land as it is to place because all places are different from each other.
reducing the lengths and widths of roadways, subdivided. Residential: Subtypes of residential land uses are
turnarounds and cul-de-sacsImplementing Dedication or Development (GA) Exactions – usually based on either the density of housing units or
alternative street layouts Exactions are a part of the development approval Commercial: These areas are used by businesses,
process and are required in order for the development to including retailers, service businesses, and offices Open Space
be approved. Industrial: This category typically includes land used for Well-landscaped open spaces with a balance mix of
Exactions Internationally – Mandatory land dedication manufacturing, warehousing, wholesaling, some public hard and soft landscape should be encouraged to meet
is generally upheld as a justifiable use of the general or private transportation facilities, and some public or the functional requirements for active and passive
authority private utilities recreational uses. Detailed micro-scale landscape
Land Readjustment – is a land assembly tool to design should be site specific to maximize legibility, to
change the existing physical layout of plots when it is no create a comfortable environment and to green the city.
longer serving the public’s best interest.
Building Footprints Compulsory Dedication - At the extreme, several Building Height and Building Form
is to reduce the impervious footprint of commercial countries have a regulatory framework that requires a Taller buildings should be located inland, with lower
buildings and residences compulsory dedication of part of the land without paying developments on the waterfront, to avoid dominating the
The building unit-to-lot relationship is a any compensation harbor and increase permeability to the waterbody.
facet of site planning Negotiated exactions –a city negotiates the exact Waterfront buildings should be of appropriate scale and
amount of the exaction on a case-by-case basis. façade treatment to avoid creating an impermeable
Agricultural areas and open space : Many smaller “wall” along waterfronts.
Temporary Public Uses of Idle Land –landowner can communities, as well as some major cities and
allow temporary use of their land for a green area, metropolitan areas, have significant agricultural and
garden, or square. undeveloped lands at their outer margins
Incentive-Based Strategies for Public Space Mixed land use: A single building or development site
Acquisition – Contrary to a public entity owning and may offer a variety of uses, especially in larger cities
managing a public space, there are incentive-based where mixed-use developments are more common. A
Parking Lot Footprints strategies to for private landowners to receive bonuses land use plan may use one or more subclasses to
The principle behind parking lot footprints is to reduce in exchange for designating square footage for public describe mixed-use areas
the amount of impervious surface cover associated with space. Public and institutional uses: This group includes a
parking lots.
wide range of land uses that are generally characterized
Design Requirements of Specific Places in Towns as being either public services or government owned.
Setbacks and Frontages and Cities Common subclasses include:
The principle behind setbacks and frontages is to reduce Land use is the basic building block of
the total length of impervious streets and driveways. an urban plan. The organization of land uses establishes StreetS
the framework for the physical location and functional Designing city streets is a challenging task because
Discussion of Government Powers on Publicly- role of all the other plan components streets serve two functions that are sometimes at odds
Owned Space
with each other.
Publicly-owned public spaces are for the HousingThe land use component of a plan is related to
“public at large”, not specifically for a plan’s housing element in three important ways: Traffic flow and layout : The layout of a street considers
government purposes. the “public trust doctrine”.
what features are needed to manage traffic flow through
Transportation the street and what features are needed by the other
jus privatum, or “private rights”, are the rights granted Coordinating transportation routes and services with a activities happening on the street
to private individuals. community’s overall land use pattern is an important Appearance: A variety of design features can be used
jus publicum, or “public rights”, are the rights of the function of the comprehensive plan. to increase the visual appeal of streets.
“unorganized public”.
Streetscape elements: decorative lighting, bike racks,
jus regium, or “royal rights”, are the rights that Infrastructure and public services seating benches, planter boxes, and even lowly rubbish
embody the dual role of government as trustee and The land use component of a plan and planning for bins are referred to by urban planners as streetscape
police officer. infrastructure and public services have a back-and-forth elements.
relationship
Legal Options for the Acquisition of Property for
Cities and regions
Public Use
OBJECTIVES OF URBAN FORM (INCLUDES GROWTH; -EVALUATION
MEANING AND IDENTITY E.T.C) -IMPLEMENTATION
GROWTH AND DECLINE
EXISTING THEORIES AND PRACTICE
THEORY, RULES & PROCESS IN NORMATIVE THEORY
URBAN DESIGN FUNCTIONAL THEORY
I. CONCEPT OF SPACE CENTRAL PLACE THEORY
OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY:
PUBLIC CHOICE THEORY
TWO MEANINGS OF SPACE:
NORMATIVE THEORY ATTEMPT TO SPECIFY "GOODNESS”
TIME OR DURATION
AREA OR EXTENSION (MORE THE COSMIC MODEL, THE MACHINE
COMMON DEFINITION) MODEL, THE ORGANIC MODEL, THE CONTEXTUAL MODEL,
TWO MAIN CATEGORIES OF SPACE THE PRAGMATIC MODEL, THE CONSTRUCTIVIST MODEL,
EXIST: FUNCTIONALIST MODEL, RATIONALIST MODEL
MENTAL SPACE (EXPERIENTIAL)
PHYSICAL SPACE (EXISTENTIAL)
FUNCTIONAL THEORY
II. THE CONCEPT OF AESTHETICS
} AESTHETICS IN URBAN DESIGN ATTEMPT TO EXPLAIN HOW CITIES
REFERS TO THE CREATIVE PERFORM BY CONCENTRATING ON CITY FORM PROCESSES,
ARRANGEMENT OF THE ELEMENTS SPATIAL AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE, AND FORM MODEL }
OF A TOWN IN A BEAUTIFUL AND DESCRIPTIVE
FUNCTIONAL MANNER. URBAN HISTORY
URBAN ECOLOGY
SITE-CITY-OBSERVER RELATIONSHIPS
CITY ECONOMY
EXTRACTED FORM: HARMONY BETWEEN
BUILDINGS AND NATURE URBAN COMMUNICATION
URBAN POLITICS/GOVERNANCE
VISTAS AND SITE SUPREMACY: VIEW OF URBAN CHAOS
LANDSCAPE FROM THE . CENTRAL PLACE THEORY
HIGHER-ORDER CENTRAL PLACES- SETTLEMENTS THAT
EXPRESSION: SPACE MARKERS /SYMBOLGY/ PROVIDE MORE GOODS AND SERVICES THAN DO OTHER
ORNAMENTATION/DETAIL
PLACES
ENTRANCE/APPROACH: PROFOUND IMPACT OF LOWER-ORDER CENTRAL PLACES- HAVE SMALL MARKET
CITIES ON THE VISITOR WHO TRAVERSES LONG, AREAS AND PROVIDE GOODS AND SERVICES THAT ARE
CROWDED STREETS/WATER. PURCHASED MORE FREQUENTLY THAN HIGHER - ORDER
GOODS AND SERVICES.
COLOUR AND LIGHT: CHOICE OF COLOUR TO HIGHER-ORDER PLACES -ARE MORE WIDELY DISTRIBUTED
REFLECT AESTHETIC SENSIBILITY; QUALITY OF AND FEWER IN NUMBER THAN LOWER-ORDER PLACES.
NATURAL LIGHT AN IMPORTANT VISUAL FACTOR.
WATER: PROXIMITY TO WATER AND POSSIBLE DISTINCT RULES
INTERPLAY A NATURAL ASSET; WATER EDGES, THE LARGER THE SETTLEMENT, THE LESS
HARBOURS, SHORELINES, ISLANDS, CANALS E.T.C NUMBER OF SETTLEMENTS AND FATHER APART THEY ARE.
GEOMETRY: FORM AND RELATIONSHIPS OF URBAN DESIGN AS TECHNIQUE
ANGLES, LINES, CURVES
I. FORMAL /LINEAR PROCESS
HUMAN SCALE: HOW EACH INHABITANT WOULD
-THIS IS A LOGICAL PROCESS, THROUGH
USE SPACE AND HOW THEY WOULD FEEL IN IT.
SPATIAL AND FORMAL MEANS, THAT
Aspects of Urban Form ENTAILS THE FOLLOWING MAIN STAGES:
-PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
IMAGEABILITY: PHYSICAL IMAGE V/S FUNCTIONAL IMAGE -GOAL AND OBJECTIVE-SETTING
FORM-FUNCTION RELATIONSHIP -SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS
MAIN VARIATIONS OF URBAN FORM AND STRUCTURE: -SYNTHESIS
LINEAR, RADIAL, GRID, CLUSTER E.T.C
