Page |1

Guidance and Counselling

Introduction
Guidance and Counselling are twin concept and have emerged as essential elements
of every educational activity. The much-emphasized focus on a child’s holistic development
demands the education system be made prehensive enough to foster all-around development.
Professional guidance personal can help students develop skill and competencies of facilitate
their personal social and carrier development for a harmonious and integrated personality
development of students in an institution a healthy climate that foster cognitive, behavioral
developmental and emotional of students growth is needed. Guidance and Counselling plays
important role in education.

Meaning of Guidance and Counselling:

The major aim of Guidance Counselling services is to encourage student’s academic
social, emotional and personal development. It is a service of help the students get to know
themselves better and find effective solutions to their daily problems.

Terminology:
Counsellor - Counsellor is bridge between the

Community and the council.

Facility - Facility mean a body of educators.

Ex. Teachers, professors.

Dean - Head of the department.

Personal - Relating to an individual or an

individuals character conduct Motives.

Definition of Guidance:
Guidance is that aspect of educational programme which is concerned with helping
the pupil to become adjusted to his present situation and plan his future in line with his
 Page |2

interest abilities and social needs. -Hamrin and

Erikson

Guidance is an assistance made available by a competent counsellor to an individual

of any age to help him direct his own life, develop his own point to view, make his own
decision and carry his own burden.

-Crow and Crow

Guidance is a process of helping every individual through his own efforts to discover
and develop his potentiabilities for his personal happiness and social usefulness.

-Ruth Strang

Guidance is a process through which an individual is able to solve their problems and
pursue a path suited to their abilities and aspirations.

-J.M. Brewer

Guidance is a continuous process of helping the individual for development in the

maximum of their capacity in the direction most beneficial himself and to society.

-Stoops and Wahlquist

meaning of guidance:
Guidance is a personal assistance.

Guidance is a process by which an individual solve his problems by his own efforts.

Guidance focuses on the attention of the individual.

needs of guidance:
To help an individual to solve any complex situation.

It is mainly created around educational needs, vocational needs and personal needs.

It help the child to adjust with situations and develop the ability to face problems and
resolve them.

To develop the personality of the child according to his inborn tendencies, traits and
capacities.
 Page |3

To provide all necessary information to people to choice a better career and to get
success in life.

Types of guidance:
EDUCATIONAL GUIDANCE:

It is concerned with the assistance give to pupils in their choices and adjustments with
relation to the schools curriculum. Course and school life. It include the help and assistance
give to pupils in adjusting to the demand of the school and to plan intelligently an educational
programme suited to their abilities and needs. It serves to realize the aims and objectives of
education and to check wastage and stagnation.

VOCATIONAL:

It is the process of helping the individual to choice occupation that fits him best
involves a through understanding of the individual, general and special capacities.

PERSONAL GUIDANCE:

It assist the individual to adjust with psychological and social environment and to
solve the emotional and psychological problems. Educational and vocational guidance can be
called personal guidance.

Counselling process:

 Start the session.

 Create suitable conditions for the session.

 Explore and understand the real.

 Move towards the ideal.

 Monitor and follow up.

START THE SESSION:

To start the advising and counselling process. Let the counselee know that you want
talk to him or her. In some cases, the counselee might come to you in which case he or she
would be starting session. Next choose a suitable place to meet choose a place where you will
 Page |4

have the least amount of interruption. The agree on a time to meet, allow enough time to
conduct a proper and effective session.

CREAT SUITABLE CONDITIONS FOR THE SESSION:

To create suitable condition for a session prepare ahead of time.

Try to ensure you would not have to stop during the session to do something else. The
meet place will be physically comfortable. The office should have a quit atmosphere and a
comfortable place to sit. Help the counselee feel at ease for example you should serve the
coffee

EXPLORE AND UNDERSTAND THE REAL:

Start the session off by starting the reason for the counselling session. Let the
counselee know of the counsellors in the situation. Discuss the situation as possible so that
the counsellor and the counselee understand it.

MOVE TOWARDS THE IDEAL:

Have the counselee state his or her ideal goal in solving the problem. State your
realistic expectations about the counselee by expressing doubts and concerns. The identify
any blocks that might prevent the counselee from solving the problem. Suggest sources of
outside resources or call the chaplain for an appointment. If you handle the situation correctly
the counselee will feel good about the session and feel resolve the situation is possible

Encourage the counselee to commit to help optional actions he or she agrees to state
your positive expectations by starting counselee abilities that will built the counselee strength
and help him or her succeed in reaching the goal.

MONITOR AND FOLLOW UP:

Agree om who is responsible for monitoring any changes that will occur through the
counselling process. Your counselee has committed himself or her self to improve or make a
change .

Agree on what action you will take if the counselee carriers out the commitment as
planned.
 Page |5

Steps in counselling process:

1. State the problem in detail.
2. State impact of the problem.
3. Ask the employee how he intends to correct the problem.
4. Ask the employee how the supervisor can be of assistance.
5. Write the plan for correction.
6. State the consequence for not correcting.
7. Set a data for follow-up.

Definition of Counselling:
Counselling is a series of direct contacts with the individual which aim to offer him
assistance in change his attitude and behaviour.

-Carl Rogers

Counselling is essentially a process in which the counsellor assits the counselee to

make interpretation of facts relating to achive plan or adjustment which he needs to make.

-Glenn F. Smith

Counselling is an interactive process that facilitate meaningful understanding of self

and environment and result in the establishment and or clarification of goals and values to
future behaviour.

-Stone and Sherzes

Counselling is a process which takes in a one – to – one relationship between an

individual best by problem with which he cannot cope alone and a professional worker who
training and experience have qualified to help other reach solution to various type of personal
difficulties.
 Page |6

-HAHU AND MACLEN

Counselling is a dynamic and purposeful relationship between two people, who

approach mutually defined problem with mutual consideration of each other to the end that
the troubled or less mature is aided to a self-determined resolution of his problem.

-C.GILBERT WREN

Concept of guidance and counselling:

Guidance and counselling is one of the major application of psychology of higher
education. It enable or assist the individual to solve educational, vocational and psychological
problems. Guidance and counselling help to develop a set of goal for future behaviour of an
individual. It refers to a process and help the individual to discover himself and help him in
achieving maximum development of the individual and state.

Principles of guidance and counselling:

 guidance and counselling is unique to an individual.
 Guidance and counselling is concerned with the total development of an individual.
 Guidance and counselling should be based on reliable data.
 Guidance is always goal oriented and goal directed.
 Guidance and counselling is not specific to any state of development.
 Guidance and counselling should have a flexible approach.

Needs of guidance and counselling:

 To help in the development of students.

 To assist in leading a healthy life by sustaining from whatever is deleterious to health.

 To help in the proper selection of educational programmes.

 To help the student in vocational development.

 To motivate the youth for self-employment.

 To help the student to overcome the period of turmoil and confusion.

 to help in selection of carriers according to their interest and abilities.

 Page |7

Difference between guidance and counselling:

Guidance counselling

 It is an organized services to identity  Information is given to solve their

and develop the potentialities of pupils problem.
comprehensive information about all
the student is collected with the help of
different test tools.

 It is preventive and development.  It is preventive development and

remedial.

 It requires a high level of skill as well as

 It can be done by any guidance worker.
special professional.
 Requires special setup counselling room
 It may be give at any normal set up.
to conduct interviews.
 ADJUSTIVE PHASE
 DISTRIBUTIVE PHASE emphasis on social personal and
focus on educational vocational and emotional problems of an individual.
occupational problems.  Operates at emotional level.

 Decision making operates at intellectual

level.
 Interview is the basic process
 Interview is no a technique.
counselling.
 It is a partial service.
 It is a whole service.

Trends and issues in guidance and counselling:

TRENDS:

Cyber counselling.
 Page |8

Multicultural counselling.

Work place counselling.

Family counselling.

ISSUS:

I. Scarcity of qualified competent counsellor:

In our own scenario, there is great scarcity of qualifies and competent

counsellors, either in nursing education or nursing services. One can hardly find a qualified
and complete counsellor working for nurses in educational institutions or practice setting. It is
generally observed that newly selected student nurses are found in great need of guidance and
counselling services for better adjustment with the new demands and challenging and
environment of their college and hospital.

II. Lack of awareness about needs resource of counselling:

It is generally observed that there is a lack of awareness in nursing students and
nurses about the need and importance of counselling service for better future. Most of
the student nurses education without any formal preadmission counselling and face
difficulties adjusting with this demanding personal professional education.
III. Minimal pro counselling environment:
Nursing institution or hospitals do not give much importance to counselling
services for nursing services for nursing students and practice nurses. Very few
health care institution realize the importance of counselling for nurses or
student nurse.
IV. Minimal pro counselling environment:
Nursing institution or hospitals do not give much. Importance to counselling
service for nursing students and practicing nurses. Very few health care institutions
realize the importance of counselling for nurse or students nurse. In the absence of
such pro counselling environment, one cannot expect nurse or student nurses to
recover standardized counselling services.
V. Lack of counselling training for nurses/nursing faculty:
The nursing faculty or teachers could at as good counselling resource in
nursing institutions but there is a lack of adequate training for the nursing
faculty and nursing teacher the same is observed in the hospital setting, where
 Page |9

nurse could act as a good counsellor for their patients. It is therefore

recommended there must be adequate curriculum related to counselling in the
basic as well- advanced level of nursing education.
VI. Poor organizational set-up for counselling services:
A good organizational set-up is required for the efficient
implementation of counselling service such as infrastructure, money and man
power. There is very poor attention towards buildings a competent and quality
organization set up for counselling service.
VII. Lack of interest and initative services for counselling services:
There is poor interest and initative for establishing counselling
services among the nursing faculty. Nursing teachers nurses nurse’s and management.
Interest brings about the motivation to act one can achieve initative.
VIII. Poor counsellor- counselee ratio:
There are few initatives to establish counselling service in Indian
institutions. There is very poor counsellor-counselee ratio the created a poor
image and outcome of the counselling service.
IX. Lack of funds for counselling service:

There is a scarcity of funds for providing counselling

services in Indian health care institution. In the absence of adequate funds for
counselling service, one cannot imagine anything positive happening in the field of
counselling services for nursing students and practicing nurses.

X. Poor organizational setup for counselling services:

A good organizational setup is required for the efficient implementation

Of counselling service such as infrastructure, money and man power. There is very
poor attention towards building a competent and quality organization set-up for counselling
service in health care institution of either nursing education or nursing service.

Guidance and counselling services :

Scop of guidance and counselling:

1. To help a satisfactory transition home to the school.

2. To diagnose the difficulties in learning the basic skills.
3. To help avoid potential dropouts to study.
 P a g e | 10

4. To help them understanding the purpose and meaning of life.

5. To plan for further education.

Objectives of guidance and counselling:

 To ensure wholesome personal, academic and living environment in the

school.
 To establish effective communication system effective communication
system with in the nursing.
 To promote and do early detection of deviant or disturbed or problem
behaviour of student.

Purpose of guidance and counselling service:

 Promotion of normal development of young nursing student.

 Prevent and protect student from developmental problem.
 Provide appropriate service when required by the students to deals with any
problem or crisis situation.
 Help in adapting to the changes or new environment.

Types of counselling services:

I. Orientation services:
It means to help the pupils become fall aware of herself and the new
environment so that at the beginning of school, college carrier she is oriented to the
purpose history, nature and scop.
After his general orientation session should be planned when intensive
guidance services are provided like improve your study skills.
II. Appraisal services:
It means to gather, record maintained and use adequate information about the
each pupil. The purpose of each services is to help each pupil achieve her optimum
potential and for helping her to develop insight as the progress through
school/college.
The type of information collected about her home education and occupation of
parents information is also collected about pupils interest, abilities, aptitude health
and general behaviour.
III. Development counselling:
 P a g e | 11

Help individual
To achieving personal growth making them aware of themselves and their
environment.
To set the clear goals for future.
To develop positive attitudes, values and morals.
IV. Preventive counselling:
Helps and individual to prepare for future specific concern as failures in
examination.
This types of counselling is specially needed for educating students on the abuse of
drugs, suicide.
V. Facilitative counselling:

It also referred to as remedial or adjustive counselling which means to correct

a fault or an undesirable behaviour.
VI. Crisis counselling:
Help an individual to overcome the effect of crisis situation such as loss of a
family member, family conflict.
VII. Placement services:
On the other hand refers to assistance offered to an individual in taking the
next step whether towards further training or job.
VIII. Follow- up services:
This is done to find further opportunities for serving students and evaluating
the programme. The common tools used foe conducting follow-up services consist of
questionaries, interviews latter and telephone calls etc….

Co-ordination and organization of guidance and counselling:

a) Centralization counselling services:

The entire responsibilities of the guidance and counselling services is vested
upon a group of trained personal of the department of guidance and counselling
services.
b) Decentralization counselling services:
The responsibilities of the counselling services is vested upon teachers.
c) Combination of centralized and decentralized counselling service:
 P a g e | 12

In this mixed form, guidance and counselling services are provided by teacher
and expert collectively.

Purpose of organization counselling service:

 To help individuals with normal development problems.

 To help individuals through a temporary crisis during the difference stage of life.
 To identify signs of disturbed behaviour at early stage.
 To refer critical cases to specialities for best possible management.

 To facilitate communication with in & nursing institutions and homes.

Services/ ingredients of guidance and counselling services:

a. Admission services:

Admitting the right candidates for the right course, selecting those candidates most
likely.

b. Orientation services:
A welcome services “as it is concerned with welcome fresher’s to the world of
nursing.
c. The student information services:
Assist the student to obtain a realistic picture of his abilities, interests, personality,
characteristics, achievements level of aspiration, state of health etc…
d. Information services:
Information provides usually related to education, occupational and personal, social.
e. The counselling services:
Understand what he can do and what he should do handle his difficulties in a rational
way, make his own decision.
f. Placement services:
One the other hand refers to assistance offered to an individual in taking the next
weather towards further training or job.
g. Remedial services:
 P a g e | 13

It is mainly oriented towards helping students to improve their study habits, improve their
adjustment in the clinical area, reducing stress etc…
h. Follow-up services:
We can assume from the title itself involves keeping in touch with students who have
qualified from the school as well as drop outs for some years after they leave the
school/college.
The common tools used for conducting follow-up services consist of questionnaires,
interviews, letters and telephone calls etc…

Basic components of organization of counselling:

i. Organizational setup:
AT UNIVERSITIES:
Means are assisted by the head of the department of psychology and
education, the guidance committee and counselling officer.
FOR CONSTITUENT COLLEGE:
A counselling officer assisted by the guidance committee in co-
operation with the deputy chief and academic advisor can plan according to their needs
and number of students.
FOR AFFILIATED COLLEGE:
A counselling officer assisted by the guidance committee and
vocational guidance officer are needed for above 1000 students while a liaison officer for
<1000 students.
ii. Counselling centre:
All universities and large college should have a counselling centre headed
by a trained professional a counselling officer with PhD or master’s degree in
psychology and counselling with considerable experience. The counselling centre
generally provide assistance, offers psychological testing, help in training, conduct
special clinics, maintain integrity and confidentiality.

Functions:

 Selection, registration, and orientation of the student.

 Educational and vocational counselling.
 Physical and psychological service.
 P a g e | 14

 Personal adjustment counselling.

 Remedial services.
 Residence and food programme.

iii. counselling committee:

The main purpose of committee is carry forward the total guidance

programme through the united efforts of management, dean, counselling/liaison officer,
deputy chief counselling officer, vocational guidance offer, peer group, librarian, medical
staff, principal, guidance personal, teachers.

 It establish and maintains policies and guidance and counselling services.

 It articulate programme between the institution and the community.

Members in counselling committee:

 Administrator.
 Principal.
 Counselling officer.
 Deputy chief of counselling section.
 Vocational guidance officer.
 Teacher.
 Hostel warden.
 Student representative.
 Parents.

Assigning responsibilities for counselling services:

 Formation of the guidance and counselling committee.

 This committee lists problems requiring group solution.
 Plans monthly, quarterly and yearly programme.

Techniques of counselling:

 Autobiography:
An autobiography is an introspective report of once own experience. It is
designed to provide answers to specific questions put up by the counsellor.
 Anecdotal records:
 P a g e | 15

Froehlich and Hoyt (1959) define anecdotal records as an anecdotal record consists of
an objective description of pupil behaviour in a particular environmental setting, an
interpretation of the behaviour by the observer, writing the description and
environment and recommendation for future action based on the incident and its
interpretation.
 Questionnaire:
A list of questions is prepared pertaining to information about the individual. He is
asked to give answers. The questionary consist of item regrading the student’s home,
family, health, educational and vocational plans, out of school activities, study habits.
 Interview:
An interview is a face-to-face contact between the individual and the counsellor.
the counsellor can get direct information from the individual through this technique.
 Observation:
In this technique, the counsellor observes the counselee without letting him
knowing he is being observed. Hence his natural behaviour is observed through this
technique under natural circumstances.
 Cumulative record chart:
A cumulative record chart contains a record of all the important aspects of an
individual. The cumulative folder includes information such as personal data and
family background, medical and health condition, date of admission, academic
attendance, academic performance, grades test result, personality and behaviour trait
rating and performance in other curricular and activities.
 Case study:
A case study is the full study of an individual, about various aspect of his life to
bring about and adjustment with society and life at large. It is an analysis and
documentation of data collected in the case history.
 Rating scale:
Rating scales are used for evaluating the characteristics of an individuals. The
students characteristics such as dependability, honesty, cooperativeness, self-reliance
and leadership are rated by teachers and counsellor.
 Sociometric technique:
 P a g e | 16

It is a technique to discover the nature of an individual’s relationship with in a

group. It measures the interpersonal preference among the members of the group in
reference to a criterion.
 Informal collection of information:
Information about an individual can be collected informally. Information about
his behaviour can be collected in such functions.

Characteristics of a counselor:

 Good listener
 Respectful to other feeding
 Kind, caring and understanding
 Non – Judgmental
 Trust worthy
 Relax and clam
 Warm and approachable
 Motivate and inspire.

Problems in counselling:

 Resistance to counselling:
Either by counselee or by faculty.
 Counselling individuals of different cultures:
Counselee have different cultures.
The counsellor should be very careful in dealing counselee’s with different
culture.

Professional preparation and training for counselling.

Preparation of Counsellor:

 Educational background:
Master’s or bachelor’s degree in teaching and education. They should have basic
in principles and practice of the guidance programme and additional area of training
either in behaviour science or community health.
 P a g e | 17

 Experience:
2 years in teaching or counselling experience. 1 year of work experience in the
field of school programme. 3-6 months counselling experience, significant experience
in social activities.
 personal characteristics:
basic human quality.
Should patiently listen to others.
Should be sensitive to other’s attitude and reaction.
Should be a person with cultural values and awareness.
Should be have a capability for the personal autonomy of the patients.
 Interpersonal relationship:
Friendly and nature.
Sympathetic understanding.
Sincerity.
Tactfulness.
Ability to maintain confidentiality.
Attractive listener.
 Personal adjustment:

Maintain emotional stability.

Able to accept criticism.

Knowledge of self.

 Scholastic potentialities:
Relevant knowledge and efficient skill.
Motivated and committee.
Aware of policies, belief, misconceptions and rumors in the community.
Common sense and use good judgement.
Experience in teaching and follow-up services.
 Health and personal appearance:
Pleasing voice and appearance.
Validity and endurance.
Free from any mannerism.
 Leadership skills:
 P a g e | 18

Ability to stimulate and lead others.

Reinforcement important information.
Direct the counselee to way to solve the peoblem.
 Philosophy of life:
Good character.
Integrated personality.
Faith in human value and human future.
 Professional dedication:
Show enthusiasm.
Maintain helping relationship.
Have a high sense of mortality.

Training for counsellor:

(I) Pre training

(II)Inter training

Pre Training:

 Self-awareness and understanding

 Good psychological health
 Sensitivity about resource, limitations and
vulnerability of other persons.
 Open- mindedness.
 Trust worthiness.
 Approachability.

Inter Training:

 Physical arrangement- chairs should face each other

with learning facility for both.
 Greetings- a warm friendly greeting facilitate the
helping process.
 Inviting the individual participation
 Maintain eye conduct
 Demonstrating proper body posture.
 P a g e | 19

Be competent in their responsibilities towards their students inside and

outside the classroom. One important teacher role inside and outside classroom is to provide
guidance and counselling to students. This paper has two aims first discusses the important
guidance and counselling training for teachers. The second aim of this paper is to investigate
guidance and counselling training need for teachers’ students. Talking in innovative guidance
and counselling component in a pre-ser. services undergraduate teacher preparation program.
This course component has been tired out with four cohorts of English language studies and
English language teaching double-honors degree students. Using qualities of students
response in a personal reflection activity.

Summary:

Guidance and counselling are essential to integrate them properly in to the

education system. Basic of guidance and counselling are philosophical, psychological,
sociological and pedagogical. Guidance and counselling have three-fold function namely
adjustment, orientational and development.

Journal Abstract:

Susanna “The need for guidance and counselling training for teachers the open university of
Hong Kong published by Elsevier publications 2013.

Teachers have multiple roles to perform now a days. To fulfill their roles professionally,
teachers need to in the latest cohort, the present study found that students have various

training needs, and perceived strength and impeding issues in relation to carrying out the

guidance and counselling role at school. The paper ends with discussion on directions for
future teacher training and research.

Conclusion:

Guidance and Counselling is educational activity. It Helps to every individual Guidance

and Counselling is having many advantages from the begin of the starting period. Now it
 P a g e | 20

will implementing various places like educational in statute, hospital, etc. In future well
experienced counsellor give counselling to person is very good.

Bibliography:

Suresh K. Sharma “Communication and educational technology”. 2 nd edition published

by Elsevier publication 2016 pg no 108,109,110.

B. Sunkara Narayanan “Learning and teaching nursing” 2 nd edition published by brain fill
publication 2008, page no: 249-256.

S. Kanaka Lakshmi “Communication and Educational Technology”. 2 nd edition 2009

published by Florence Publication page no:53-55.

BT. Bascwanthappa “Nursing Education” 2 nd edition published by Jaypee Brothers page

no:250 .