MAJENG 3: STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH (REVIEWER) TYPES OF ADVERBS
VERB 1. Adverbs of Manner
• word that we use to refer to actions (what things do) and • describe the manner in which the action is done.
states of being (how things are). Answers the question “how.”
• ex. The clown skillfully made animals out of balloon.
TYPES OF VERBS • ex. Quickly, promptly, clearly, slowly.
2. Adverbs of Time
1. Action Verbs • tells the reader when some actions is occurring.
• are used to refer to actions. Includes general time periods and specific times. It answers
2. Stative Verbs the question “when.”
• refers to conditions or states of being. • ex. Recently, Trevor got a job as a construction worker.
• we use stative verbs to describe things like qualities, • ex. Now, soon , today, tomorrow, the day after
states of existence, opinions, beliefs, and emotions. tomorrow.
• ex. Love, want, own, have, resemble. 3. Adverbs of Place
3. Transitive Verbs • indicates where the action is taking place. Can be
• requires an object in the form of a noun or pronoun to identified by asking the question “where.”
complete the meaning. • ex. She loves to spend sunny afternoons outside.
• answers the questions “whom or what.” • ex. Somewhere, anywhere, nowhere, here, outside.
4. Intransitive Verb 4. Adverbs of Frequency
• does not require an object to complete its meaning. • denotes how often an action or event is happening. Can
• the sentence may end with the verb, an adjective, or an be recognized by asking the question “how often.”
adverb. • ex. Sometimes, Mark gets coffee for his coworkers.
• answers the questions “when, where, how, and why.” • ex. Seldom, rarely, never, often, monthly, usually.
5. Linking Verbs 5. Adverbs of Degree
• a verb that does not show action, instead it connects • indicates how intense an action of quality is. It is used
the subject to other parts of the sentence. to describe adjectives and adverbs.
• also gives information on the state or condition of the • ex. It is really hot in the basement.
subject. • ex. Very, too, extremely, much, more, most, little, less.
• ex. Am, is, are, has been, have been. 6. Conjunctive Adverbs
6. Helping verbs or Auxiliary Verbs • seen to act like a conjunction to link two sentences or
• a verb that helps the main verb in the sentence by clauses together.
extending or clarifying its meaning. • ex. I went to the store to buy new shoes. However, the
• ex. Am, is, are, was, were, has been, have been. store was already closed when I got there.
• ex. I am practicing for the dance contest. • ex. However, nevertheless, meanwhile, therefore,
7. Modal Verbs instead, likewise, subsequently, rather, namely, on the other
• type of auxiliary verb used to express ideas such as hand.
ability, possibility, permission, and obligation.
• ex. Can, could, may, might, ought to, shall, will.
8. Regular Verbs ADJECTIVE
• a verb is a regular verb if its past tense form and past • words that describes the qualities or state of being nouns.
participle ends with -ed, -d. • we use adjectives to add something to the meaning of a
9. Irregular Verbs noun.
• verb whose past tense and past participle form doesn’t • provides more specific information about a noun or pronoun
end in -ed, -d, and doesn’t use the -t variant. that act as a subject in the sentence.
• the spelling of these verbs changes dramatically or may
not even change at all. FORMS OF ADJECTIVES OR THREE DEGREES OF
10. Phrasal Verbs COMPARISON
• combinations of a verb with prepositions and/or
adverbs that have different meaning form the individual 1. Absolute or Positive Adjectives
words used to form them. • describe something in its own right, it refers to an
• ex. Put up with, shut down, look down to, cut across. adjective in its simple form.
2. Comparative Adjectives
* Infinitives • used when to subjects performing the same action or
• look a lot like like verbs because they are derived form possessing the same quality are compared.
them. They are identical to the base form of the verb. • -r, -er, more.
• acts as a noun (nominal infinitive), an adjective 3. Superlative Adjectives
(adjectival infinitive), and an adverb (adverbial infinitive). • indicates that something has the highest degree of the
• ex. To play a guitar is my goal. The writing in the letter quality if two or more subjects.
is too small to see. • -st, -est, most.
* Irregular Adjectives
• adjectives that do not change its form by adding
ADVERB suffixes r-er, or est, or the word more and most.
• word that modifies a verb, an adjective, and/or another
adverb. TYPES OF ADJECTIVES
• provide more information in a sentence by modifying another
word. 1. PROPER ADJECTIVE
• derived from a proper noun. times of months or named days of time (no
• ex. The German Literature the clock even longer the week or later than) -
2. DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVE or points periods of special days.
• shows the kind and quality of a person or thing. of time time The show
• ex. A brave person. in the (centuries, The interview should be
3. QUANTITATIVE ADJECTIVE day. decades, or is on 29th of finished by
• shows how much (quality) of a thing is meant. years) the April. 9:00 pm.
• ex. I did not eat any apple. The train Rose was born
• ex. any, much, little. arrives She was on Valentine`s
4. NUMERAL ADJECTIVE at 3:30 born in Day.
• shows the number or serial order of persons or things. pm. 1996.
• two main clauses: definite and indefinite numerals.
• ex. She gave ten apples to the children.
5. DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVE To refer to extended time, use the prepositions "since,"
• one that points out which person or thing is meant. "for," "by," "during," "from…to," "from…until," "with," and
• ex. I love those flowers. "within."
6. DISTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVE
• refers to members of a group individually. I have lived in Minneapolis since 2005. (I moved
• ex. Each, every, everything, either, neither. there in 2005 and still live there.)
7. INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVE He will be in Toronto for 3 weeks. (He will spend
• also known as interrogative determiner, an adjective
3 weeks in Toronto.)
that modifies a noun by asking question.
She will finish her homework by 6:00 pm. (She
• ex. What, which, and whose.
will finish her homework sometime between now
8. POSSESIVE ADJECTIVE
and 6:00.)
• any word that is used to describe the ownership or
He works part time during the summer. (For the
possession of something by someone.
period of time throughout the summer.)
• ex. His, her, your, my, theirs.
I will collect data from January to June.
9. COMPOUND ADJECTIVE
• compound words that act as adjectives. Any words that (Starting in January and ending in June.)
is made up of two or more words.
• ex. Fast-paced, well-known, old-fashioned, dub reggae.
3. Prepositions of Place
PREPOSITION • To refer to a place, describe the position of a person
• a word or group of words used before a noun, pronoun, or or something in relation to another person or something.
noun phrase to show direction, time, place, location, spatial “in” -inside, or “at” -specific events, “on” -the surface,
relationships, or to introduce an object. something position (general above, attached on
• some examples of prepositions are words like in, at, on, of, contained. vicinity, or where you something.
and to. do regular things.
They will meet in He left his
TYPES OF PREPOSITION the lunchroom. Allie is standing at phone on the bed.
the door.
1. Preposition of Direction
• used to refer to direction or where things are going.
“to” -show “Into” -you are “onto” -putting To refer to an object higher than a point, use the prepositions
where you are going inside of something on "over" and "above." To refer to an object lower than a point, use
heading. something. something or the prepositions "below," "beneath," "under," and "underneath."
another place.
•She drove to •Don’t ring the The bird flew over the house.
the store. doorbell. Come •Drive on(to) the The plates were on the shelf above the cups.
right in(to) the grass and park
Basements are dug below ground.
house. the car there.
There is hard wood beneath the carpet.
The squirrel hid the nuts under a pile of leaves.
“over” -movement from one side to another of something The cat is hiding underneath the box.
high
Why is that woman climbing over the wall?
To refer to an object close to a point, use the prepositions "by,"
“across” -movement from one side to another of a flat area "near," "next to," "between," "among," and "opposite."
The mall is just across the street.
The gas station is by the grocery store.
The park is near her house.
2. Prepositions of Time Park your bike next to the garage.
• used to refer to one point in time. There is a deer between the two trees.
There is a purple flower among the weeds.
“at” - “in” - “on” -with “by” -with
specific seasons or dates and specific end
The garage is opposite the house. •The post office is across the street from the grocery store.
•We will stop at many attractions along the way.
•The kids are hiding behind the tree.
•Walk toward the garage and then turn left.
4. Prepositions of Location
•Place a check mark within the box.
• used to refer to a location, such as addresses, street
names, cities, and countries.
7. Prepositions following Verbs
•Some verbs and adjectives are followed by a certain
“in” -inside a “on” -surface or “at” -specific preposition. Sometimes verbs and adjectives can be followed by
country, state, or attached on streets addresses, general different prepositions, giving the phrase different meanings.
cities (houses, shops, vicinity of common
restaurants, street places. Some Common Verb + Preposition Combinations
They live in Tokyo, names)
Dane lived at 14 About: worry, complain, read
Japan (an area). •He worries about the future.
pension street for
There is a lot of •She complained about the homework.
almost two
dirt on the window. •I read about the flooding in the city.
decades.
At: arrive (a building or event), smile, look
•He arrived at the airport 2 hours early.
5. Prepositions of transportation •The children smiled at her.
• used to refer to the vehicle or medium used for •She looked at him.
transportation.
From: differ, suffer
•The results differ from my original idea.
“By” – general means of “in” – if the vehicle is
•She suffers from dementia.
transport enclosed and it’s too small
for a passenger to stand or For: account, allow, search, longing
If it’s directly walk inside •Be sure to account for any discrepancies.
followed by the vehicle •I returned the transcripts to the interviewees to allow
Ex. Get in the car. It looks for revisions to be made.
Ex. He had to go home by like it will rain. •They are searching for the missing dog.
boat. In: occur, result, succeed
•The same problem occurred in three out of four cases.
If it’s directly •My recruitment strategies resulted in finding 10
followed by the participants.
medium of •She will succeed in completing her degree.
transportation (ex. by
land, by sea, by air) Of: approve, consist
•I approve of the idea.
•The recipe consists of three basic ingredients.
Ex. Pauline planned to travel
by air but the seats were On: concentrate, depend
all taken. He is concentrating on his work.
They depend on each other.
If there are no “a” or
To: belong, lead
“the” before the
•Bears belong to the family of mammals.
vehicle.
•My results will lead to future research on the topic.
“on” – if it doesn’t have a roof With: (dis)agree, argue, deal
•I (dis)agree with you.
Ex. Rosie wanted to get to •She argued with him.
Batangas on a bike. •They will deal with the situation.
* UNNECESSARY PREPOSITIONS
If you can stand or
•one of the most common preposition mistakes is adding
walk inside the vehicle.
an unnecessary at to the end of a question.
•Incorrect: Where is your brother at?
Ex. They had to convince her to •Incorrect: Alex hit the baseball up over the fence.
ride on the bus instead.
6. Prepositions of Spatial Relationships
• used to refer to a spatial relationship, deal with
"where" the subject of the sentence is or "where" the action is
taking place.
• above, across, against, ahead of, along, among, around,
behind, below, beneath, besides, between, from, in front of, inside,
near, off, out of, through, toward, under, and within.
