Intellectual Competencies: Purposive Communication convey

English - Channel means of transmission or distribution of the message

Purposive Communication in English is about writing, speaking, and - Interference a hindrance that prevents effective communication
presenting to different - Decoding receiver’s mental processing of interpreting message into
Audiences and for various purposes. meaning
- Receiver for whom the message was created and one who receives it
CHAPTER 1 UNDERSTANDING 21ST CENTURY COMMUNICATION - Feedback the receiver’s response or reaction to the sender’s message
Lesson 1: Communication Processes, Principles and Ethics - Environment physical and psychological space where the communication
happens
● Language- method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting - Context common and shared understanding of the situation.
of the use of words in a structured and conventional way
Classification of Communication
►Language Acquisition - the process whereby children learn their native language 1. According to Mode
Subconsciously Language Learning - Verbal (Oral and Written)
- Learning a new language involves listening, speaking, - Non Verbal (Body Language, Hand Gestures, Facial Expressions)
Reading, writing, sometimes even a new alphabet and - Visual (Illustrations, Charts, Photo, Drawings, Maps)
Writing format
2. According to Context
►Language Contact- occurs when speakers of two or more languages or varieties - Intrapersonal – within an individual
interact and influence each other - Interpersonal (Dyadic and Small Group)
- Extended Communication – with the use of technological tools
● Communication - comes from the Latin word “communicare” “to share” or “to make - Organizational Communication – business environments
common” - Intercultural Communication – among peopsle of diverse cultures
- The process of understanding and sharing meaning - Mass Communication – to large audience through different modes
- relational process of creating and interpreting messages that
elicit a response 3. According to Purpose and Style
-Communication is the exchange of information, ideas, thoughts, - Formal – it is carefully thought to selected audience to inform, persuade,
and feelings by one individual to another and entertain
- Informal – casual and takes place in ordinary conversation to socialize
Nature of Communication
- It is much more than words Forms of Nonverbal Communication
- It is a process 1. Kinesics – body movement
- It is between two or more people 2. Oculesics – eye movement
3. Haptics - touch
Components of the Communication Process 4. Proxemics - distance
• It develops coordination for people to understand the thoughts, and ideas of one 5. Chronemics – time
another.
• Its function in an organization is elemental for the smooth and proper functioning of Grapevine Communication (Organizational)
each member of the organization. 1. Single Strand Chain - passing information through a line of persons to the
• It contributes to effective and efficient decision making among people. ultimate recipient
• It increases the managerial efficiency and leader potentials in organizations. 2. Gossip Chain – only one person seeks and tells the information to everyone
• It promotes the overall organizational peace and cooperation among all employees 3. Probability Chain - random process in which someone transmits the information
who are holding different places in the hierarchy. from person to person
• It boosts the morale of all employees and promotes a healthy working environment 4. Cluster Chain - a person tells the information to the selected people who will pass
In the organization. the information to other selected people

Elements of Communication Principles of Effective Communication

- Sender one who crafts a message, idea, or information 9 communication principles into operation as suggested by Kapur (2020):
- Encoding process of converting idea or thoughts of the information into 1. Trustworthiness
symbols 2. Effective Speaking Skills
- Message the information, idea, thought, etc. that the speaker wants to 3. Active Listening
4. Good Writing Skills
5. Good Reading Skills circularity individually, and introduces the concept of time and continuous
6. Objective Judgement communication process.
7. Value Difference
8. No Assumptions C. Barnlund’s Transactional Model (1970) – It emphasizes a multi-layered
9. Authenticity feedback system for all parties involved and recognizes that anyone can be a
sender and receiver anytime. Shared field of experience is also its strength.
Ethical Considerations in Communication
1. Respectful of their audiences. Lesson 2: Communication and Globalization
2. Considerate of the consequences of their communication. - Globalization
3. Truthful Globalization is not only the mobility and trade of goods across countries, but all that
4. Efficient in using information go with it such as people, services, knowledge, culture, etc. Historically, globalization
5. Watchful of falsified information. has opened borders and modernization from one country to another. Thus, the
6. Respectful of the rights of others to information. inevitable globalization is now intertwined not only in the economy but also in human
communication. As communicators, we need to recognize and understand the
Models of Communication features, dimensions, and impact of globalization to human communication.

1. Linear Model – one way process with no external feedback - Cultural Barriers to Effective Communication
1. Language
A. Aristotle’s Model (300 B.C.) – It is a communication model which can be 2. Stereotypes and prejudices
used to develop public speaking skills or to create propaganda. 3. Behaviors and beliefs
4. Norms and values
B. Lasswell’s Model (1948) – It is the “In which channel” as It describes an 5. Ethnocentrism
act of communication by defining who said it, what was said, in what in what channel 6. Body language and gestures
it was said, to whom, it was said, and with what effect it was said. - Strategies to become an effective global communicator.
1. Mindful Presence
C. Shannon and Weaver’s Model (1949) –“Mathematical Theory of Communication” 2. Mindful Listening
3. Mindful Speech
D. Berlo’s SMCR Model (1960) – It represents the process of communication 4. Unconditional Friendliness
according to Sender, Message, Channel, and Receiver. 5. Mindful Responsiveness

2. Interactional Model – two-way process but more mechanical and has more Lesson 3: Local and Global Communication
delayed feedback. It also deals with exchange of ideas and messages taking place - Communication in Multicultural Settings
both ways from sender to receiver ●Multicultural refers to a society that contains several cultural or ethnic groups.
People live alongside one another, but each cultural group does not necessarily have
A. Schramm’s Model (1949) – It views communication as a process where in engaging interactions with each other.
the message is transmitted using a medium by a sender to a receiver. He added the
notion of field of experience in his theory. Field of experience assimilates a mutual Socio-Cultural Aspects of Communication (Dapat, et al, 2016)
understanding of both the parties. 1. Cultural identity
2. Gender role
B. Osgood-Schramm’s Model (1954) – It is known as a circular model because it 3. Age identity
indicates that messages can go in two directions. Also, the two parties decode, 4. Social class
interpret, and encode the message of each other. 5. Religious identity

3. Transactional Model – two-way process and more simultaneous as it has direct ●Intercultural Communication
and immediate feedback People from different backgrounds often encounter difficulties in processing meanings
and understanding messages due to the difficulties in understanding certain factors of
A. White’s Model (1960) - There are eight stages of the oral communication communication such as language, context, and meaning. Communication problems
process: thinking, symbolizing, expressing, transmitting, receiving, decoding, often occur when there is a lack of understanding about how certain cultures "work."
feedbacking, also monitoring. So, communication is a sequential interaction
process

B. Dance’s Helical Model (1967) – It disagrees with the concept of linearity and Forms of Intercultural Communication
a. Interracial communication – communicating with people from different races Principles of Geosemiotics
b. Interethnic communication – interacting with people of different ethnic origin ●Indexicality - The meaning was given to a sign by a place the sign was put in
c. International communication – communicating between representatives from ●Dialogicality - Signs have double meaning and they correspond to each other
different nations. ●Selection - One does not see all signs.
d. Intracultural communication – interacting with members of the same racial or
ethnic group or co-culture Kinds of Signs

Lesson 4: Varieties and Registers of Spoken and Written Language ●Regulatory Signs - These are used to indicate or enforce traffic laws, regulations or
Varieties of Spoken and Written Language requirements which apply either at all times or at specified times or places

●Written language is carefully organized and explanatory. Words of choice are ●Infrastructural Signs - It is defined as the basic physical systems of a business,
deliberate and follow a particular structure. region, or nation and often involves the production of public goods or production
● Spoken language is spontaneous and momentary; it is mostly processes.
maintained in the form of a dialogue.
●Commercial Signs- These are signs, displays, or devices designed, intended or
Characteristics of Written English and Spoken English: used to encourage or promote purchase or use of goods or services.

Different Registers in different Forms and Functions ●Transgressive Signs- These are signs which violate (intentionally or accidentally)
1. Frozen or “static” register the conventional semiotics at that place
2. Formal register
3. Consultative register C. Online Landscape- mode used to display wide-screen content, such as a Web
4. Casual register page, image, document or text
5. Intimate register
Key Concepts of Media Literacy
Concentric Circles of English
A. Inner Circle English as a NATIVE LANGUAGE ● Media- refers to all electronic or digital means and print or artistic visuals used to
USA, UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand transmit messages.
●Literacy - the ability to encode and decode symbols and synthesize and analyze
B. Outer Circle English as a SECOND LANGUAGE messages.
Bangladesh, Ghana, India, Kenya, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan, ●Media literacy- is the ability to encode and decode the symbols transmitted via
Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Zambia media and the ability to synthesize, analyze and produce mediated messages.
●Media education- is the study of media, including ‘hands-on’ experiences and
C. Expanding Circle English as a FOREIGN LANGUAGE media production.
China, Caribbean Countries, Egypt, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, ●Media literacy education- is the educational field dedicated to teaching the skills
Korea, Nepal, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South America, Taiwan, associated with media literacy.
Zimbabwe
CHAPTER 2 COMMUNICATION AIDS AND STRATEGIES USING TOOLS OF
Lesson 5: Evaluating Messages and/or images of different types of texts TECHNOLOGY
reflecting different cultures
Lesson 2: Preparing Pecha Kucha Presentation
Text Types
A. Linguistic Landscape This is the language in the environment, words and images ●Pecha Kucha- is a presentation method that calls for telling a story using images
displayed and exposed in public spaces, that is the center of attention. rather than reading text from slides during a PowerPoint presentation. Pecha Kucha
Features of Linguistic Landscape presentations use
20 slides and allow only 20 seconds of commentary per slide. That keeps a total
- top-down (public signs, created by the state and local government bodies) presentation to just 6 minutes and 40 seconds.
- bottom-up (created by shop owners, private businesses, etc.)

B. Geosemiotics
It is the study of social meaning of the material placements of signs and discourses Lesson 3: Blogging
and of our actions in the material world
●Blog- is an online journal or informational website displaying information in reverse Introspecting: Consider one's own internal state or feelings. To look into or examine
chronological order, with the latest posts appearing first, at the top. It is a platform (one's own mind, feelings, etc.).
where a writer or a group of writers share their views on an individual subject.
Lesson 2: Communication for
CHAPTER 3 COMMUNICATION FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES Journalists: Writing a Lead
Writing opening paragraph of a News Article or Lead
Lesson 2: Public Speaking
The Five W’s and H: News writing strives to answer “The Five W’s and H:” that is,
- Reading from a Manuscript - word-for-word iteration of a written message Who, What, When, Where, Why and How. Good leads answer as many of these
- Memorized - rote recitation of a written message that the speaker has committed to questions as possible in a single sentence. When writing a lead, it helps to think
memory. about which of these facts is the most vital for readers to know.
- Extemporaneous Speaking - carefully planned and rehearsed speech, spoken in a Keep It Short: A good lead provides all the information the reader requires in just a
conversational manner using brief notes few words. Ideally, a lead should be between 25 and 40 words.
- Impromptu - presentation of a short message without advance preparation. Keep It Simple: Don’t clutter up the lead with unnecessary adjectives or adverbs.
Also make sure that your lead only discusses one idea to avoid confusion.
3. Making Inquiries Write in Active Voice: Avoid all forms of the verb “to be.” Common exceptions
A letter of inquiry is mainly about requesting, asking, or obtaining specific include writing about fatalities (“two people were killed Thursday”) and when
information to another party whom it addresses. This letter intended to pose a request discussing police activity (“two people were arrested”). Passive voice is often the
or question to the reader and persuade it to respond. result of incomplete reporting.
Structure Your Lead Properly: Put your most crucial information at the very
Three types of inquiry letters beginning of the sentence. Important secondary information can go in subsequent
sentences. Not following this practice is called “burying the lead.” If you need
● Solicited letter of inquiry is a letter used when a business is advertising its attribution in your lead, make sure it goes toward the end of the sentence because it
product or services is less important than the information itself.
● Unsolicited letter of inquiry is a letter that inquiring regarding something. Thus, it Understand the Context: Keep in mind what your readers may already know about
is a formal letter if the sender doesn’t know the receiver, and seeking information with your story based on previous media coverage. Write in a way that speaks to these
or without commercial proposition and must be clear with their objectives. realities and adds relevant, useful information.
Be Honest: Never mislead the reader. If you promise a certain type of information
Emails- Internal operational communication is a system where members of an with your lead, you should be ready to deliver.
organization communicate with one another to implement the business goals which
has become increasingly important. It has many forms such as supervisors giving Types of Lead
orders, oral exchanges among employees about work matters, assembling and
distributing reports, and composing and sending e-mail messages to other workers 1. Summary Lead or Straight Lead - brief summary, containing most of the
within the company, other companies in and outside the country. Five W’s and H in one sentence.
2. Question Lead - ask a question. Although they are effective in sparking
Interview- is a conversation which occurs between a potential employer and a job interest, use them sparingly because they generally do not provide the main
Applicant. points of a story as concisely.
3. Quotation Lead - use direct quotation used in first paragraph
CHAPTER 4 COMMUNICATION FOR WORK PURPOSES 4. Funny Lead - lead written in a funny way
5. Anecdotal Lead - quick, relevant story to draw in the reader. The anecdote
Lesson 1: Communication for must help enhance the article’s broader point, and you must explain the
Nurses: Writing Basic Patient Notes connection to that point in the first few sentences following the lead.
Patient note- is the primary communication tool to other clinicians treating the 6. Descriptive Lead - describe how an event happened rather than simply
patient, and a statement of the quality of care. telling what the event is about.

●Initial notes: refer to the first or earliest assessment Lesson 3: Tour Guiding
●Interim or progress note: refer to the assessment reports done in order to monitor - Tourism- To inform, remind and advise
the condition of the patient - Communication Tasks for Tour Guides
●Discharge notes: are the reports given once medication is discontinued or the ●giving directions and commentaries;
patient is release from the hospital ●explaining procedures and itineraries;
●providing advice on safety and security; and describing tourist attractions.
Lesson 4: Communication for Teachers: Storytelling
●Storytelling - interactive art of using words and actions to reveal the elements and Use of visual aids: This type of report makes extensive use of visual aids to present
images of a story while encouraging the listener’s imagination. the facts and findings.
●Image Description - a detailed explanation of an image that provides textual Writing Style: This report follows inductive (indirect) and impersonal writing style. A
access to visual content; most often used for digital graphics online and in digital files; formal report on the other hand, after analyzing and interpreting the conclusion of the
can be used as alt text in coding to provide access to more complete information. draw and makes recommendations.
Recommendation: Recommendation is an essential part of a formal report.
Lesson 5: Communication for Business and Trade
● SWOT analysis-is a compilation of your company’s strengths, weaknesses, ● Informal report - prepared not by following any prescribed rule or formality.
opportunities and threats. The primary objective of a SWOT analysis is to help Form of the report: Informal report is less structured and it is less important to follow
organizations develop a full awareness of all the factors involved in making a the prescribed format. Most Informal reports are written in memorandum and letter
business decision. formats.
Purpose: The main purpose of an informal report is to present the facts that help
managers in making thee-to-thy business decisions.
Strengths (Internal) Threats (External) Objective: Conveying routine messages and to help routine functions are the basic
Financial resources Technology innovations and changes objectives of the informal report.
Technical resources and capabilities Competition Length: It is short in size. An informal report is short in size. This report writing is
Human resources Economic trends generally complete in a page or two.
Product lines Government policies and legislation Distribution: Short report is usually circulated within the organization.
Legal judgments Nature of problem: Informal report deals with less complex and recurring problems.
Social trends It is not methodical in nature. This report deals with the schedule matters.
Frequency of writing: It is written very frequently, even daily and weekly.
Writing responsibility: These reports are usually written by a subordinate.
Use of visual aids: This type of report seldom uses visual aids.
A SWOT analysis pulls information from internal sources (strengths or weaknesses of Writing Style: This report follows deductive (direct) and personal writing style.
the specific company) as well as external forces that may have uncontrollable impacts Informal reports follow deductive writing styles. A short report highlights facts and
to decisions (opportunities and threats). specific recommendations. It avoids analysis and inclusion of supporting information.
Recommendations: Recommendations are not required in an informal report.
Lesson 6: Writing Business and Technical Reports
Lesson 7: Communication for Employment: The Resume
● Report is a specific form of writing that is organized around concisely identifying Business Writing
and examining issues, events, or findings that have happened in a physical sense,
such as events that have occurred within an organization, or findings from a research Basic Parts of a Business Letter
investigation. - Letterhead
- Dateline
Report Categories - Inside Address
● Formal Report - reports that are prepared in prescribed forms. Formal report is - Salutation
highly structured and is prepared in a prescribed format. Most Formal reports are - Body of the Letter
always written in a manuscript (narrative style) format. - Complimentary Close
- Signature
Purpose: Formal report is written to help management in making long term and
strategic decisions. Format of a Business Letter
Objective: Objective of the formal report is to assist decision making by providing an
effective recommendation. a. Full-block Style- All parts of the letter flushed on the left margin. This is
Length: It is long in size. Size of a formal report is large. It generally includes some considered the most popular, most formal, and easiest of all the styles or formats of
particular pages (e.g. prefatory page) that do not appear in short reports. business letters.
Distribution: In most cases, formal reports are circulated to top-level executives and b. Modified Block Style- In this type format of the business letter, the body of the
outside parties. letter is left justified. The Dateline and Complimentary Close begin near the center
Nature of problem: Formal report deals with complex and non-recurring problems. It going to the right margin.
is analytical and systematic in nature. It deals with key complex problems. c. Semi-Block Style- It is much like the modified block style except that each
Frequency of writing: Formal report is written very infrequently. paragraph is indented instead of left justified. It is the most balanced of all formats of
Writing responsibility: This type of report is usually written by internal or external business letters.
experts.
● Resume - where you can display your top skills and qualities it consists of one to discuss different agendas and matters that affect the surrounding area and the people
two pages. it is the most required tool for every company when looking for a job involved. Being in a meeting, one must keep record of the meeting’s agendas,
because it will be a way to help you get your interview and it will be easy for the suggestions, and actions requested by the group; a list of what happened during the
employer in hiring decisions. Structuring your resume and deciding what to include meeting, the Minutes of the Meeting. A written record of the meeting that lets the
matters the most. There are characteristics that must be included in your resume. For attendees be reminded, and the absentees be informed of what happened in the
example , communication skills, openness, creativity, commitment, etc. To have a meeting. A written record that serves as detailed notes reflecting all actions done
good resume, it must include the same keywords that can be seen to the job within the meeting; A record that also serves as a reminder to the task
description. There are three most popular formats that are used when writing that must be completed after the discussion.
Resume. These are: .
Chronological, Functional and Combination. All of these types are useful for every CHAPTER 5 COMMUNICATION FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES
person who has different backgrounds and objectives when applying for a company.
Lesson 1: Avoiding Plagiarism
Lesson 8: Communication for Employment: The Application Letter Topics:
- Quoting
● The application letter is a clear link between the position the applicant is - Plagiarism
searching for and the qualifications mentioned in the resume. To put it another way, - Paraphrasing
the letter fits those credentials with the specifications of the position, illustrating how - Summarizing
correct an applicant is for that role. It addresses details in the resume selectively, as
needed. Working with information, examples, information about relevant aspects of Lesson 2: Writing a Research Proposal: The Topic Proposal Research
your educational and job history is one of the best ways to make an application letter
perfect. However, so little interest might be created by a letter that is too general and Research involves a scientific method which uses logical and systematic
ambiguous that the reader may not even want to turn to the resume. Working in a procedure for the acquisition of new knowledge or for the verification or
selective detail in the application text, which makes the person stand out, makes it confirmation of previous and existing knowledge to answer problems and
unforgettable, and completes the statements making about their abilities and to apply in practical life.
experience. It is very important for an applicant to design a successful cover letter
before applying for Types of Research
a new job and make adjustments to their resume to accommodate the organization to Pure Research
which they are applying. People searching for jobs too often overlook their cover ● The researcher tries to find the truth
letters, leaving them until the last minute, particularly not taking adequate time to ● The research meant to seek knowledge simply for knowledge’s sake
provide valuable and relevant information that is really important for a good first ● Also termed as library or desk research
impression to be made. When applying for a position, the cover letter is something
that introduces the applicant and their resume, which is responsible for a first Applied Research
impression. The cover letter is a prospective employer first impression of the ● Practical application of knowledge to everyday situations.
applicant. This single document offers the initial insight into who the applicant is as a ● Also termed as action research
professional and a person to potential employers
Quantitative Research
Lesson 9: Communication within a Company: The Memorandum ● Associated with positivist tradition (there is reality out there that can be studied and
known)
● A Memorandum, or commonly known as a memo, is a short concise message or ● Gathers numerical values as its data
record that is used for internal communication in a business, administration, or an ● Investigates concepts, constructs, variables
institution. -document or a form of communication intended to issue a directive, ● Use deductive reasoning
execute a policy, present an information report, convey information, rebuke errors, ● Use control (imposing condition so that biases are minimized and validity and
give warnings, solve problems or make requests. This communication can be precision are maximized)
between or among administrators, and subordinates or may suffice subordinates ● Gather empirical evidence (from objective reality collected through senses)
coordinating with co- employees to carry out a task or activity. This communication is
an interoffice tool. Qualitative Research
Anticipate any questions your readers might have. ● Associated with Naturalistic inquiry (reality is not a fixed entity but rather a
construction of individuals participating in research.)
Lesson 10: Writing Minutes of Meeting ● Gathers narrative description as its data
Meetings are set and conducted in different ways by different companies and ● Investigates phenomena, and concepts
organizations to ● Use inductive process
● Use subjectivity that enriches the analytical insights
● Gather information, insights that lead to search for further evidence (subjective) 2. The researcher may interview knowledgeable people about the proper construction
takes place in the field and validation of questionnaire
3. In case when the subject has some signs of abnormality, the interviewer may wish
Lesson 3: Writing a Research Proposal: The Introduction to gain physical and emotional reactions of the subjects
- How to Write Research Introduction? 4. Interview can be used as a principal tool in gathering data or just to supplement
The introduction is a generalized discussion which should lead to actually stating data
and clearly articulating the research problem. Thus, the introduction provides a collected by other techniques
background that establishes the status of the problem in context. The background of
the study that functions in terms of the following: What to Avoid in Interviews
1. Avoid exerting undue pressure upon a respondent to make him participate in an
1. It establishes the problem by describing its nature, and narrating its development, interview
occurrence or existence. 2. Avoid disagreeing or arguing with or contradicting the respondent
2. It situates the problem by describing the setting where the problem is conceived. 3. Avoid unduly pressing the respondent to make a reply
This actually refers to the local setting where the respondents have directly 4. Avoid using a language well over and above the ability of the respondent to
experienced the problem. It sets the status of the problem. understand
3. It explains the rationale of the problem by justifying the necessity for conducting the 5. Avoid talking about irrelevant matters
study. 6. Avoid placing the interviewee in embarrassing situations
7. Avoid appearing too high above the respondent in education, knowledge and social
Lesson 4: Writing a Research Proposal: The Method status
The Questionnaire 8. Avoid interviewing the respondent in an unholy hour
● Is a form prepared and distributed to secure responses to questions that are
intended to obtain information about conditions or practices on which the respondent ● Observation
is presumed to have knowledge -Is the most direct means of studying the subjects when the researcher is interested
● Questionnaire can be provided as paper-and-pencil device, a telephone survey, or in their behavior
a -Perceiving the data through the senses Recording the Results of Observation
structured document uploaded onto the internet
● The questionnaire format could be: ● Checklist
o Dichotomous (yes/no) - Is a device which contains the items to be observed and a space for number or
o Multiple choice check marks or short verbal entries
o Cafeteria
o Rank order ● Rating scale
o Forced choice ratings ● Is a checklist with an evaluation standard
o Checklists ● Anecdotal forms
o Calendar ● Is a checklist that provides for less breakdown of dimensions or factors hence,
o Visual analogue much space is provided for writing
● Mechanical Recording
● Two Types of Questionnaire Items ● Stenographic Recording Records-Provide a readily available and valuable
1. The free response questions or “open-ended” or unstructured Questionnaire source of data
● The questions frequently asked are why, what and how
Three major criteria necessary to establish authenticity and accuracy of
2. The “close-ended” or structured form of Questionnaire records:
● Has the response already prepared, the respondents merely checks, underlines or ◦ Authorship- the identity of the person who conceived the material
ranks the responses as directed ◦ Body- the outward form of the material
The Interview ◦ Function- purpose for which it was compiled
● Is the second most common method for data collection
● It is a purposeful face to face relationship between two persons, one of whom called Lesson 5: Writing Literary Analysis
the interviewer who asks questions to gather information and the other called ● Review of related literature is a written summary of the existing knowledge base
interviewee or respondent who supplies the information asked for on a research problem obtained from an in-depth search on non-research references
and research references. The review includes a statement indicating what the present
Purposes and Uses of Interview study will add to what is already known. It is a written, analytic summary of research
1. The researcher may interview knowledgeable people to enable to gain insight into findings on a topic of interest. It is a comprehensive compilation of what is known
his problem
about the phenomenon. It provides the background and the context on which the Issues, academic books, journals, newspapers and magazines, etc.
research is conducted 3. Use subheadings as you begin each section.
4. Have a separate title or cover page, and just staple all the pages together
1. Conceptual Literature/Related Literature Lesson 7: Academic Presentation
● It is composed of discussions of facts and principles to which the present study is Academic Presentation
related 1. Determine the purpose for presenting your research at the forum.
● These materials are usually printed and found in books, encyclopedias, 2. Focus on Forecasting what you want to share with the audience about your
professional journals, magazines, newspapers, and other publications research; on Explaining the key findings of your study; Synthesizing your research in
● Also referred to as non-empirical references relation to the statement of the problem
● Are classified as local and foreign 3. Know your audience in terms of their background knowledge, research interests or
experience.
2. Research Literature/Related Studies 4. Get ready with your outline and cue cards.
● These are studies, inquiries, or investigations already conducted to which present
proposed study is related or has some bearing or similarity The Three P’s of an Academic Presentation
● These are usually unpublished materials such as manuscripts, theses, and 1. Prepare- Organize one’s content. Relevant to audience’s needs
dissertations 2. Practice- Great delivery of the presentation
● Also referred to as empirical references 3. Present- Well thought speech
● Are classified as local and foreign

Sources of Literature
Empirical References may be of primary and secondary sources:

1. Primary Source
● Description of studies written by the researchers who conducted them
● It is ideal to rely heavily on primary sources of data
● The researcher’s oral discussion of his study in research forums, seminars,
conferences, and even competitions, may also be considered primary sources

2. Secondary Source
● Descriptions of studies prepared by someone other than the original researcher
● Secondary source documents are a good way to start a literature review with
because
they provide a quick summary and a good bibliography

Lesson 6: Writing Political Analysis Paper

Political Science analysis paper

● start from the premise that politics does not consist merely of human actions and
interaction
● involves rational planning, motives, principles and beliefs

Requirements for a decent political analysis paper

1. Topic and research question.
2. Preliminary research
3. Substantial research
4. Thesis
5. Impartiality
6. Quotations and references
1. Remember to cite all references you used, with either the MLA (Modern Language
Association) or the APA (American Psychological Association) writing style.
2. Use a minimum of three (3) scholarly sources: e.g., Taking Sides: Clashing Views
on Political