Ges 108 French
Ges 108 French
08
Le
sso
n1:Th
eFr
enc
hAl
pha
bet
Le
tussta
rto
urFr
enchcl
asswi
tht
heF
ren
chAl
pha
bet
:A,
B,C,
D,E,
F,G,
H,I
,J,
K,L,
M,N,
O,P,
Q,
R,S
,T,
U,V,W,X,
Y,Z.
Fr
ench Ph
one
ti
c Asi
n
Let
ter
: S
y mbols
: En
gli
sh:
Aa [
a],[] [h
]
Bb [
b] [
bay
]
Cc [
s],[
k] [
say
]
Dd [
d] [
day]
Ee [
ә],[e]
,[
ɛ] [
e],
[o]
Ff [
f] [
f]
Gg [
Ʒ],[g] [
ӡay]
Hh ––,[ ’
] [
ash]
Ii [
i],
[j] [
he]
Jj [
Ʒ] [
ʒee]
Kk [
k] [
kah]
Ll [
l] [
l
]
Mm [
m] [
m]
Nn [
n ] [
n]
Oo [
o] [
oh]
Pp [
p] [
pay]
Qq [
k] [
queue]
Rr [
ʀ],[r
] [
ʀ]
Ss [
s],[
z] [
s]
Tt [
t] [
tay
]
Uu [
y] [
ewe]
Vv [
v] [
vay]
Ww [
w],[v] [
dubl
әva
y]
Xx [
ks],[
s],[
z] [
ik
s]
Yy [
i],
[j] [
ig
ʀk]
Zz [
z] [
zd]
1
.3.
2.Le
tusc
ont
inueourFr
enc
hclassbyle ar
ningF
ren
chwo
rdst
hro
ught
heAl
pha
bet
.
A Ananas (pi
ne appl
e)
B Bébé (baby)
C Cahi
er (notebook)
D Di
nd o
n (
tur
key)
E El
éphant (ele
p hant)
F Fo
urchet
te (Fork)
G Gar
çon (
boy)
H Hôt
e l (hotel)
I Ig
n a
me (
yam)
J Jardi
n (
garden)
K Kangouro
u (
Kangaroo)
L Li
o n (
li
on)
M Ma ng
ue (
Mang o)
N Natte (
mat )
O Orange (
orange)
P Poulet (
hen)
Q Queue (
tai
l)
R Radio (
radio
)
S Souri
s (
rat)
T Télé
visi
on (
tel
evisi
on)
U Univer
si
té (
Univers
ity
)
V Vache (
cow)
W Wa go
n (
Wag
on)
X Xylo
phone (
Xylophone)
,
Y Yahourt (
yoghurt
)
Z Zèbre (
Zebra)
TheF
renchVowelandConso
nantSounds
Vowe
ls:Examples: Conso
nant
s: Example
s:
[i
] il
,ic
i,Pari
s,ami
,vi
e,l
yr
e [
p] papa,appé
tit
,po
tag
e,o
bst
acl
e
[e
] été,b
é b
é,pré
fér
é,j
ouer
,lo
u e
z [ t] t
able
,vit
e,nat
te,
gra
ndami
[
] a
igl
e,t
ête
,cr
ème
,la
iss
er-
fai
re [
k] k
épi
,co
u,a
vec
,qui
,t
ic
ket
[
a] a
bbé
,sa
lad
e,p
att
e,p
apa
, [
b] b
on,
béb
é,r
obe
,ba
tea
u,a
bbé
[] â
ge,
pât
e,c
has
se,
cad
re,
gra
s [
d] d
ate
,da
ns,
add
iti
on,
déb
ut
[
ᴐ] o
bje
t,n
ord
,rh
um,
alb
um [
g] g
are
,ba
gue
,ag
gra
ver
,ai
gui
ser
[
o] a
ube
,mo
t,b
rav
o,a
rôme
, [
f] f
eu,
neuf
,ph
oto
,té
lép
hon
e
[
u] o
ù,t
out
,no
us,
bouc
he,
goût [
s] s
el,
faç
ade
,cl
ass
e,s
cie
nce
,di
x
[
y] un
e,n
u,v
êtu,
bur
eau,
pub
li
c [
ʃ] c
hat
,ch
ic,
tâc
he,
cha
rme
[
̃ø] p
eu,
deux
,je
ûne
,li
eu,
Die
u [
v] v
ous
,va
se,
rêv
er,
wag
on
[
œ] i
l
,he
ure
,sur
,pe
ur,
beur
re [
z] z
éro
,zè
bre
,ha
sar
d,ma
iso
n
[
ә] j
e,me
,ce
,que
,pe
ti
t,
fai
son
s [
ʒ] j
e,p
age
,jo
ujo
u,b
ij
ou
[
l] l
ac,
len
t,a
vri
l
,al
l
er,
sol
Na
sal
s:Ex
amp
les
: [
ʀ] r
at,
rue
,ro
uge
,ar
ri
vée
,ve
nir
[
ɛ̃
] v
in,
ple
in,
tra
in,
fai
m [
m] mo
n,ma
in,
mama
n,i
mmi
nen
t
[
ɑ̃
] a
n,F
ran
ce,
amp
le,
enc
ore [
n] n
ous
,na
tur
e,t
onn
e,a
nan
as
[
ᴐ̃ ] o
ncl
e,b
on,
lon
g,o
mbr
e [
ɲ] s
ign
e,o
ign
on,
mon
tag
ne
[
œ̃] un
,br
un,
par
fum,
lun
di [
ŋ] c
amp
ing
,me
eti
ng,
par
kin
g.
S
emi
-Co
nso
nan
ts: Ex
amp
les
:
[
j] b
ien
,pa
pie
r,p
ail
l
e,s
ole
il
,ya
our
t
[
w] we
eke
nd,
oui
,oue
st,
doua
ne
[
ɥ] h
uit
,l
ui
,pui
ts
,huî
tr
e,l
i
ngui
st
e.
Accent
s
InFrench,th ea c
centisas i
gno nav owel,andi tgive
sp r
ecis
iont othep r
onunciat
io
no r
di
ff
erentia
teshomo ny
ms .
Givenbelowaretheaccent
sinFrenchwit
hth ei
rp honet
ictransc
ript
ion
s:
Engl
ish F
renchPronunci
ati
on
é ( acuteaccent) =l ’
accentai
gu(ë
)[ l
aks tg y
] Ex empl
e:ét
é[ ete]
;répété[ʀepete
].
è ( graveaccent) =l ’ac
centgrave [laksɑ̃g
ʀav] Ex.
:très[tʀ]
;pères[pʀ]
.
^(ci
rcumflexaccent
)= l’
accen
tc i
rco
nfl
exe[l
a ks
ɑ̃s
iʀkᴐ̃
f
lɛks]Ex.:
tête[tɛt].
ï,ë(di
(a)ere
sis) =letr
éma [
lәtʀema] Ex.
:Mo ïse[moiz]
;a i
guë[egy]
.
(c
edill
a) =l acédi
lle [l
as ed
ij
] Ex .:l
eço
n[lәsᴐ̃
];françai
s[fʀɑ̃s ].
Pun
ctua
tio
nMarks
ThePun
ctua
tio
nMa
rksi
nFr
enc
han
dth
eirp
hon
eti
ctr
ans
cri
pt
io
nsa
rea
sfo
ll
ows
:
(Engli
sh) French Pro
nunciat
io
n
, Comma lavir
gule [l
av i
ʀgyl
]
. FullStoporPe ri
od lepoint [l
әp wɛ̃
]
: Colon lesdeuxp oi
n t
s [l
ed øp wɛ̃/ldøpwɛ̃
]
; Semi c
olon lepoint-
vir
gule [l
әp wɛ̃viʀgyl
]
SuspensionMar k lespoi
n t
sd esuspens
ion [ l
ep wɛ̃dәsyspɑ̃
sj
ᴐ̃
]
? Que st
ionMar k lepoin
td ’
i
nterrogat
ion [ lәpwɛ̃dɛ̃
teʀᴐgas j
ᴐ̃
]
! ExclamationMar k lepointd’e
xc l
amati
on [ lәpwɛ̃ dɛksklama
sjᴐ̃
]
() Pa renthesesorBr acket
s lesparenthèses [
lepaʀɑ̃tɛz]
<<…>>Quo tat
ionMar ks lesguil
lemets [
legij
mɛ]
’ Apo st
rophe l’
apostro
p h
e [l
apᴐstʀᴐf]
– Hy phen letr
aitd’uni
o n [l
әtʀɛdynjᴐ̃
]
–– Da sh leti
ret [l
әt i
ʀɛ]
(‘
gotothene xtli
ne’/
‘nextp ar
agraph’
)àlaligne [alali
ɲ]
(‘
i
nvert
edc ommab egins’
/‘Iquote’
) Ouv rezlesg ui
ll
emets!<<… [ uvʀel ɛg i
jmɛ]
(‘
i
nvert
edc ommac lo
s es’
/‘endofquote’
)Ferme zlesgui
ll
emets!
…» [
fɛʀme l
ɛgij
mɛ]
Le
sso
n2:
Gr
eeti
ngs
Gr
eeti
ngsinFrench:
Bonj
our. Go
odmo rning/Goodday .
Bonaprès-
midi. Go
odaft
e rnoon.
Bonsoi
r. Go
odevening.
Bonnenuit
. Go
odni
g ht.
Fé
lic
it
ati
o n
s! Co
ngr
atulatio
ns !
Bonanniver
sair
e/Joy
euxanni
vers ai
re/Heureuxan n
iver
sai
reHap
. pyb
irt
hday
.
Bonneannée/Heure
useanné
e. Hap p
yNe wYe ar.
Comme ntal
lez-
vous? Howar eyou?(Fo
rmal)
Comme ntvas-
tu? Ho warey ou?(Inf
ormal
)
Tr
èsb i
en,merci. Fi
ne,thanky o
u.
Aurevoi
r. Goodb ye.
Howdoyouc
ong
rat
ula
tesomeoneinFr
ench
?
Fé
li
ci
tat
io
ns! (
Congr
atul
ati
ons
!)
F
orbi
rt
hda
y,yo
ucansay
:
J
oye
uxanni
ver
sai
re/
Bonan
niv
ers
air
e. (
Hap
pyb
irt
hday
.)
Tot
heb e
reave
d:
Mescondol
éanc
es. ( Myc
ondo
lenc
es.
)
Dés
olé
. (
Sor
ry.
)
Sa
yin
g"t
hankyou"inFren
ch:
A: Me r
cibeaucoup (
Thanksalot).
B: Pa sd equoi (
Do n’
tme nt
io
n).
A: Me r
ci (
Thanky o
u).
B: J evouse npri
e (Youarewelcome
).
A: Me r
ci (
Thanky o
u).
B: C’ es
tg r
atui
t (
It’
sfr
ee).
SePr
ése
nter
A: Co mmenttut'
appell
es (
Wh a
tisyourname )
?
B: J em' ap
pell
eSola (
Myn ameisSola
).Ettoi(
Wh atab
outy
ou)
?
A: Mo i,
jem'appel
leAde (
Me,Myn ameisAd e)
.
B: Que lâg
ea vez
-vous? Howo l
dareyou?
A: J 'aidi
xans.Ettoi
? Iam10y ear
so l
d.Whatab outyo
u?
B: Mo i,
j'
aihui
tans. Me,Iam8y earsold.
A: Que lâg
eat onpère? Howo l
disyourfat
he r
?
B. Mo npèreaquaranteans Myfatheri
s40y earsold.
Ask
ingquest
io
nb yQu’est
-cequec’
est
?”Où”a ndtheuseo
f“C’
est
”
Le
arntoaskquesti
onsinFren
c h
:
Q: Qu' es
t-c
eq uec'
est? Whatisthis
?
A: C' e
stunlivre
. Iti
sat ex
tbook.
C'e
stuneg omme. Iti
serazer
C'e
stunerè g
le. I sar
ti ul
er
Ano
thersi
mpl
ewa yofaski
ngquest
io
nsinFre
nc hi
s:
Ques
ti
on: "C'
estqui? Whoisit
?"
Ans
we r
: C'
estSol
a. Iti
sSol
a.
C'
estl
eprof
es s
eur. Iti
stet
h e ac
her
.
C'
estl
epasteur. Iti
step
h ast
or
I
tise
asytopoi
ntatt
hel
ocat
io
n(nearo
rfar
)ofano b
jec
torpe
rso
ninFren
ch.
Use‘
Voi
ci
’‘He
reis
’fo
rwhati
sclo
serand“
Voil
à”“Thati
s”f
orwhati
sfa
r.
Le
tusus
e‘Voic
i’
:
Q: Oùe s
tlacrai
e? (
Wher
eist
hechalk?)
A: Vo ic
ilacra
ie. (
Her
eist
hechal
k.)
Q: Oùs etrouvel
ac h
emi
se? (
Wher
eist
heshir
t?)
A: Vo ic
ilachemis
e. (
Her
eist
heshir
t.
)
Nowt
o‘Voi
là
’:
E.
g. Voil
àlafi
ll
e. (
Thati
sthegi
rl
.)
Vo
il
àlePrési
dent
. (
Thati
sthePr
esident)
Vo
il
àlabi
bli
othèq
ue. (
Thati
sthel
ib
rary.)
Vo
il
àlali
bra
iri
e (
Thati
sthebo
oks hop
.)
Cl
assAc
ti
vit
y:
Q: Oùe stl
ab an
que? (
Wherei
sthebank?)
A: Vo i
l
àlab a
nque. (
Thati
sthebank.
)
Q: Oùe stl
'o
rdin
ateur? (
Wherei
sthecomputer
?)
A: Vo i
l
àl'o
rdi
nateur. (
Thati
sthecompute
r.)
UseofC’
est(I
tisorThi
sis
):
Whenwea rer
efer
ringt
oap a
rti
cul
aro
bje
ct,
wemus
tsa
y“i
les
t”o
r“e
ll
ees
t”d
epe
ndi
ngo
nth
e
ge
n d
eroft
h enounconc
erned
,e.g.
Oùesttamo n
tre? – (
Whereisy
ourwr
ist
wat
ch?)
El
leestdansl
ac hambr
e. – I
tisi
nthero
om.)
Comme nte
sttonli
vre
? – I
les
ttr
èsp
eti
t.
(
Howi
syo
urb
ook?) – (
Iti
sve
rys
mal
l
.)
Ge
ner
all
y,weus
ec’
estwh
enwea
res
ayi
ngwh
oap
ers
oni
sorwh
atat
hin
gis
:
Qui
est
-ce
? – (
Whoi
sit
?)
C’
estmoi. – (
Iti
sme
.)
Qu’
est-
cequec’
est
? – (
Whati
sthat
?)
C’
estunetab
le. – (
Iti
sat
able.
)
N’e
st-
cepas?(I
sn’
ti
t?)
Thi
sisth
eq ue
sti
ontagth
atisal
waysus
edi
nFre
ncha
ndi
tisi
nva
ria
ble
.Fo
rin
sta
nce
,al
lque
sti
on
ta
gsinFre
nchisth
es ame“n
’es
t-c
epas?
”E.
g.
Tuesfati
gué,n’
e s
t-c
ep as? (
Youaretir
ed,are n’ty o
u?)
Tun’espasfat
igué,n’
est-c
ep as? (
Youarenottir
e d,ar ey ou?)
El
leestlà,
n’est
-cepas? (
Sheisther
e ,
isn’ts he?)
Il
ssonttr
avail
l
eurs,n’e
s t
-cepas? (
Theyarehard-wo rking,ar en’tt
hey?)
Jesui
sp r
ofess
eur,n’es
t-cepas? (
Iamat eacher,are n’tI
?)
Nousavonsfai
m, n’es
t-cepas? (
Wear ehungry,are n’twe ?)
Il
svie
n n
entdema in,
n’est-
cepas? (
Theyarecomingt omo rrow, are
n’tthe
y?)
Vousavezpeurd eschi
en s
,n’e
s t
-cepa
s? (
Youareafrai
do fdo gs,are n’
tyou?)
Nousnes o
mme sp asfâchés,n’
est-
cepas
? (
Wear enotangry, arewe ?)
Cel
an ’
estpasma uvai
s,n ’
est
-cepas? (
Thatisnotbad, i
si t?)
Jeneme nspas,n’es
t-c
ep as? (
Iamno ttel
li
ngal ie,amI ?)
El
len’es
tpaslà,n’est
-cepas? (
Sheisnotthere,iss he?)
Vousn’êt
espasp are
sseux,n’
es t
-c
ep a
s? (
Youarenotlazy ,arey ou?)
Lesjoursdel
ase
ma ine(Dayso
fth
eWe
ek)
:
Lundi Mo nday
Ma r
di Tue s
day
Me r
credi We dnesday
Jeudi Thursday
Vendredi Fri
day
Samed i Saturday
Dimanche Sunday
Lesmoisdel
’
ann
ée(Mo nthso
fth
eYe
ar)
:
Ja
n v
ier January
Fé
v r
ier February
Mars Marc h
Avri
l Apri
l
Mai May
Ju
in June
Ju
ill
et July
Août Augus t
Se
p t
embre September
Oct
obre October
Novembre Nove mber
Décembre Decemb er
LesCoul
eur
s
Popul
arCol
oursi
nF re
n c
h :
Thesear
epopula
rc ol
oursinF
ren
ch:
whit
e bl
a nc
bl
ack noir
yel
low jaune
red rouge
purpl
e pourpr
e
bl
ue bl
e u
gre
en vert
.
Letusl
ear
nth
efe
min
ineoft
hesec
olo
urs
:
Ma s
cul
i
n Fémin
in
bl
anc bl
anche
noi
r noi
re
ja
une ja
une
ver
t ver
te
bl
eu bl
eue
Di
al
ogue1:
A: Mac he
misees tver
te. Myshi
rtisg
reen.
B: Lami enneestb l
anche
. Mi
neiswhit
e.
A: Mo ns
tyl
oestn oi
r. Mypenisbl
ack.
B: Lemi enestr
o uge. Mi
neisred.
Object
s:
Doy ouk n
owh owthe
secla
s sobj
ectsar
eca
ll
edi
nFr
enc
h?
Pen l
ebi
c
Pencil l
ecrayon
Table l
atable
Chair l
achaise
Chalk l
acrai
e
Televi
sion l
atélé
visi
on
Air-
condit
ioning l
ecl
ima t
ise
ur
Fan l
eventi
lat
eur
Textbooks l
esl
ivres
Exerci
seb ookslesc
ahie
rs
Blackboar
d l
etabl
eaun oi
r
Marker l
afeutr
e
I
nth
ecl
ass
:
A: Qu'est-
cequec'
est? Whatisthat
?
B: C'estunvent
il
ateur. I
tisafan.
C'
estunet
é l
évi
si
o n. I
tisatel
e vi
si
on.
Cesontde
ss t
yl
os . Thes
earep ens.
C'
estunt
abl
eaun
oir
. I
tisab
lac
kbo
ard.
Alama
iso
n(Ath o
me ):
A: Qu' es
t-c
eq uec'
est
? Whatisthis
?
B: C' e
stunear moi
re. I
tisawar dr
obe.
C'e
stuneamp oul
e. I
tisab ul
b.
Cesontdesc h
aussur
es. Thes
ear eshoe
s.
I
nth
eci
ty(
Da nsl
avil
le)
:
A: Qu'est-
cequec'
est? Whati
sit?
B: C'estunpot
eaué l
ect
ri
que. I
tisanel
ectr
icpol
e.
C'
estunemboutei
l
lage. I
tisatr
aff
icjam.
C'
estungr
a t
te-
ci
el. I
tisaskys
craper
.
Onc
ampus:
A: Qu' es
t-c
eq uec '
est
? Whatisthi
s?
B: C' e
stunb ureau. I
tisano f
fi
ce.
C'e
stunla bo
ratoi
re. I
tisalabor
ator
y.
C'e
stlafacul
té. I
tistheFacul
ty
.
Cesontlessalle
sd ecl
ass
e. Theyarecl
assr
ooms
.
Th
eMonument
sinFra
nce
Ar
eyo
ufamil
ia
rwitht
hes
emo
nume
ntsi
nFr
a nc
e?
LaTourEi
ff
el Ei
ff
elTour
L'
ArcdeTri
omphe Tr
iumphalAr
k
L'
ArcdelaDéf
ens
e Defe
ncebow
Le
arna
boutmount
ain
sinF
ran
ce:
LesPyr
énées ThePyr
e ne
es
Mo n
tBlan
c MontBlanc
LesAlp
es TheAlp
s .
Doy
oukno
wt hatt
hesea
rer
iv
ersi
nFr
anc
e?
LaSei
ne
LaRhône
LaGaron
n e
LaLoi
re
LaDordogne
LaGir
onde
LeRhin,
a n
d
LaSaône
Fr
enchpeop
let
rav
eli
nth
efo
ll
owi
ng:
L'
aut
obus Bus
L'
avi
on Aer
opl
ane
Lavoi
tur
e Car
Letr
ain Tr
ain
L'
hél
ic
optè
re Hel
ic
opt
er
TheSeason
sExp
res
sedi
nFr
enc
h:
Lepri
nte
mp s = spri
ng
L’
été = summe r
L’
automne = f
all
L’
hiv
er = winte
r
Pr
epos
it
ionsus
edwi
thS
eas
ons
:
À+lepri
ntemps = a
upri
ntemp
s = i
nspri
ng
En+été = e
nété = i
nsumme r
En+automne = e
nauto
mn e = i
nfal
l
En+hiv
er = e
nhi
ver = i
nwinte
r
LaDae(
t Date
):
Toex
pres
sd a
tesi
nFrenc
h,thef
ollo
wingex p
res
sio
nsa
reus
ed:
Q: Que lj
ours
omme s-
nousaujour
d’h
ui? Whatdayi
sitt
oday
?
er
A: No ussommesLundil
e1 déce
mb re2014. To
dayisMonday
,1stDe
cemb
er
2014.
Q: Quelj
ourest
-ceauj
ourd
’hui? Whatdayi
sitt
oday?
A: C’
estauj
ourd
’hui
leme r
credi3dé
cembr
e. Todayi
sWednesday
,De
cemb
er3.
C’
estauj
ourd
’hui
lejeudi
q uat
reav
ri
lde
ux
mil
l
eq uat
orz
e. To
dayi
sFr
iday
,Ap
ril4,
2014.
Oth
erfor
mso fwri
ti
ngthed
atei
nFr
enc
hare:
Le20août2012. = August20,2012.
Leven
dredi1
0j a
nvier1
998 = Fr
iday,J
anuary10,1998.
Oth
erexpre
ssi
onsfo
rta
lki
ngab
outd
ate
s:
Aumo i
sdejanvi
er = int
hemo ntho
fJanuary
Enfév
rie
r = inFe
bruary
Lepre
mierjui
l
let = Jul
y1,orthef
ir
stofJul
y
Lequat
resept
embre = Sep
tember4or4tho
fSepte
mbe
r.
Le
sson3
Def
ini
teandI
nde
fi
nit
eArti
cl
e
The
rea r
ethr
eeki
ndsofa
rti
cl
esi
nFr
enc
h.Th
esea
re:t
hed
efi
ni
te
,th
ein
def
ini
te
,an
dth
epa
rti
ti
ve.
Thedefi
ni
teart
icl
e
Thedefi
nit
earti
cl
einEn g
li
shis‘the
’wh i
chi nFre
nchis‘le
’bef
oreama sc
uli
nesin
gula
rn ounand
‘
la
’befor
eaf emini
nesing
ularnoun.Th eplura
lofthesetwowordsis‘
les
’whichi
susedfo rb
oth
ge
n d
ers.However,b
efor
ema sc
ulin
ea ndfemini
nes i
ngul
arnoun
sb eg
inn
ingwit
hav owelo
ramut e
‘
h’
,both‘l
e’an
d‘la’ar
eshort
enedtol’
.Co n
siderthefo
llo
wingexampl
es:
Ma
scul
i
ne F
emi
ni
ne Co
ntr
act
edF
orm Pl
ural
Le l
a l
’ l
es (
the
)
leli
vre(t
heb ook) l
esli
vres( t
heb o oks)
lagomme( thee r
aser)le
sg o
mme s(thee r
ase rs)
l’
arbe(
r t
hetree) l
esarbres(thet rees)
l’
hame çn(
o thef i
sh-
ho o
k) l esh a
me ç
ons( theho o
ks)
l’
habit
ude(thehab i
t) l
esh a
bitudes(thehab it
s)
Thede
fi
n i
tearti
cl
es‘l
e’,‘
la’
,and‘le
s’combinewith‘à’ (to,
inorat)i
nth
efo
ll
owi
ngwa
ys:
à+l e=a u (
tothe,atthe,int he)
à+l a = àl a (
tothe,atthe,int he)
à+l ’ = àl ’ (
tothe,atthe,int he)
à+l es= a ux (
tothe,atthe,int he)
Ex
a mp
les:
Jev a
isauma rché. (
Iamg oingtot hemar ket.
)
Jep a
rleaug a
rçon. (
Iamt alki
ngt ot heboy.
)
Il
ss o
n tauj
a r
din. (
Theyarei ntheg ar
den.
)
Jepar
leàlafi
l
le. (
Iams peakingtothegi
rl
.)
Nousall
onsàlari
vi
ère
. (
Wear egoingtotheri
ver
.)
Est
-el
l
eàl amais
on?( Iss
hei
nthehouse?)
J
epar
leàl’
enf
ant
. (
Iamtalkingtothechi
ld.
)
J
epar
leàl’
homme. (
Iamspe akingt
otheman.)
I
lac
ouchéàl’
hôt
el. (
Hesp
e ntt heni
ghtatahote
l.
)
Jepar
leauxenf
ant
s. (
Iamtal
kingtothechil
dren.
)
Tuparl
esauxgar
çons. (
Youar
es peaki
ngtothebo y
s .
)
El
levaauxEta
ts-
Unis
. (
Shei
sgoingtotheUnite
dS tate
s.)
Nouspar
lonsa
uxfil
l
es. (
Wearetalki
ngtothegir
ls.)
Jepar
leauxhommes. (
Iamtal
kingtotheme n.
)
Inl
ik
ema nne
r,th
ed ef
ini
tea
rti
cl
eco
mb i
neswi
th‘de’o
(forfr
om)asfol
l
ows:
de + le = d
u (
ofthe,fromthe)
de + la = d
ela (ofthe,fromthe)
de + l’ = d
el’ (ofthe,fromthe)
de + les = d
es ( ofthe,fromthe)
Exa
mp l
es:
Lelivr
edug ar
çon (
Theboo
ko ftheboy/Theboy
’sboo
k)
Leli
vredelafemme (
Theboo
ko fthewoman/Thewo man’
sboo
k)
Leli
vredel’
homme (
Theboo
ko ftheman/Theman’sbook)
Leli
vredesgar
ç o
ns (
Theboo
ko ftheboys/Thebo
ys’bo
ok)
Nousarr
ivonsduTogo. (
Wearecomingfro
mTo go.
)
El
le
sv i
enn
entduNi
géri
a. ( The
yar ec
omingfr
omNiger
ia.
)
LeNig
éri
aestungr
andpay
sdel’
Afr
ique(
.Ni
geri
aisag
reatcount
ryo
fAf
ri
ca.
)
I
tsh
ouldb enotedh er
et h
atthea r
ti
cl
e‘le
’,‘
la’
,or‘
l
es’a l
waysp rec edesthen amesofcoun
tri
es,
c
ont
ine
nts,moun tai
ns,r
iv e
rs,a
ndlakes,
e.g.
l
eNi g
éria(Niger
ia), leGhana(Ghana) ,
l’
Algér
ie(Algeri
a), laGuinée(Guine a),
l
’Ase(
i As i
a) laFrance(Franc e)
,
l
eNi l(
theNile)
, ` lelacTchad( LakeChad) ,
l
eTo go(Togo), leCamer
oun(Came roo n),
l
aGa mb e(
i Gamb ia), l’
Afr
ique(Africa),
l
’Euro
pe( Euro
pe), lesEtat
s-Unis( theUnitedSt
ate
s),
l
eNi g
er(theNige r)
, leKil
imandjaro( Mo untKil
i
manjar
o),
etc.
Thefol
lowingquesti
o nma yn o
wb eask
ed:‘Howdowek nowtheg enderofth
en ameso fc
ountr
ies
?’
I
na nswerin
gt h
isv eryimp or
tantquest
ion,i
tsuf
fi
cest
os aytha tapar
tfromav eryfewexcept
io
ns,
thename sofcountri
esth atendin‘e’ar
ef e
mini
neingender
,wh i
l
ethoseendinginanyothe
rlett
er
oftheal
p hab
eta r
ema scul
ine.Forin
stanc
e ,t
hef
oll
owi
nga r
efe minin
eing end
er:
laGamb e(
i t
heGamb i
a), l
aSier
ra-Lé o
ne(Sie
rraLeone),
l’
Anglet
erre(England), l
’
Amé ri
que( Americ
a),
l’
All
ema gne(Germany )
, l
’
Ita
le(
i I
t aly
),
l’
Espagne(Spain)etc.
Notethefol
lowingpoints:
()‘
i In’
an d‘t
o’ i
s‘en’i
fthenameo fth
ec ount
ryisfe
mi ni
ne,
and‘
au’i
fiti
sma
scul
i
ne.
()‘
i
i Fro
m’ is‘de’ord’ifth
en ameisfeminin
e,and‘du’i
fiti
smas
culi
ne.
(i
i
i)‘
Of’is‘dela’wit
hfe mi
nin
en ames,and‘du’wit
hma scul
i
nenames.
(i
v)‘To’
, ‘
at’or‘
in’wit
hn amesoftownsis‘à;‘
’from’is‘de’
.
E.
g.
Jev ai
se nFrance. (Iamg oi
ngtoF r
ance
.)
Il
sv ontenAlle
ma gne. (TheygotoGe r
many.
)
Ell
ev aenGa mb i
e. (Sheisgoi
ngtotheGambi
a.)
Jeva
isauTogo
. (
Iamg o
ingtoTogo.
)
Il
svonta
uCamero
un. (
TheygotoCameroon.
)
El
levaauCa
nada. (
Sheisgoi
ngtoCanada.
)
Il
revi
entd’
Améri
que. (Hei
sc o
mingb ac
kfro
mAme r
ic
a.)
El
lessontr
eve
nuesduCa
nada.(
TheycamebackfromCanada.
)
Cel
avientdeFr
anc. (
e Thatc
omesfromFrance.
)
I
lsv
ontàLago
s. (
The
yar
eg o
ingt
oLago
s.)
J
evaisàLo
ndres
. (
Iamgo
ingtoLo
ndo
n.)
El
l
ess
ontàTo
ulo
use
. (
The
yar
einTo
ulo
use
.)
Th
ein
def
ini
tea
rti
cl
e
Theind
e f
ini
tear
ticl
e‘a’or‘
an’inEngl
is
his‘un
’inFrenc
hf o
rth
ema s
cul
i
ne,and‘
une
’fort
he
fe
mini
nes i
ngul
ar,whi
le‘s
ome’or‘
any
’inEng
li
shis‘
des
’inFre
nchf
orb
othmasc
uli
nea
ndfemi
ni
ne
si
ngul
ar.Consi
derthefo
ll
owi
nge x
amples
:
Masc
uli
ne Fe
mini
ne
Un une (
a,an)
Si
ngul
ar
Pl
ural De
s (
some
)
S
ing
ula
r Pl
ura
l
unli
vr
e (
abook) d
esl
i
vres (
someboo
ks)
unegomme (
aner
aser) d
esg
omme s (
someer
aser
s)
unhomme (aman) d
esh
omme s (
somemen)
unarbr
e (
atre
e ) d
esa
rbres (
somet
rees)
unefmme (
e awoman) d
esf
emme s (
somewomen)
unefi
l
le ( agi
rl
) d
esf
il
le
s (
somegi
rl
s)
Ex
amp
les:
J’
aiunli
vre (
Ihaveab oo
k.)
Tuasun egomme. (
Youhaveane r
aser.
)
Nousavonsdesli
vres (
Wehav esomebooks.
)
Il
sontdesgomme s
. (
Theyhaveerase
rs.
)
Il
yad esarbr
esdanslej
ard
in. (
Therearesometre
esinthegar
den.
)
Desenfant
sjoue
ntd a
nslecoul
oi. (
r Somechil
drenar
ep l
ayi
ngint
hec o
rri
dor
.)
Ya-t-
ild
esétudi
antsdan
slac l
ass
e?(Ar
ethereanyst
udentsi
nthecl
ass?)
ThePar
ti
ti
veArt
ic
l =s
e( ome
)
‘
Ofthe
’meani
ng‘
some’(
du,d
ela
,del
’
,de
s)i
nFr
enc
hisd
eri
veda
sfo
ll
ows
:
d
e+l
e = d
u
d
e+l
a = d
ela
d
e+l
’ = d
el’
d
e+l
es = d
es
F
ore
xample,
duri
z = s
omeric
e
delaconf
it
ure = s
omejam
del’
alc
ool = s
omealcoho
l
desorang
es = s
omeoranges.
Th
eref
ore
,inord
ertoex
pre
s s
s‘ome
’ofa
nyt
hin
g,wes
a o
y‘ft
he’
bef
oret
hen
oun
,an
diti
s
n
eve
romi
tt
edinFren
ch,e.
g.
No
usb
uvo
nsd
elab
ièr
e. (
Wear
edr
inki
ngb
eer
.)
El
l
ema
nged
esg
âte
aux
. (
Shei
seat
ingc
ake
s.)
Al
so,
weus
eth
esef
ormsi
nque
sti
ons
,e.
g.
Av
ons-no
usd el
’
arg
ent?(Hav
eweanymoney
?)
A-
t-
ild
eso r
ange
s?(Hasheanyo
rang
es?)
Th
eFr
enc
hve
rb‘
All
er(
’tog
o)i
sco
njug
ate
dth
usi
nth
epr
ese
nt:
Jev a
is (
Igo/
Iamg o
ing/
Idog o)
Tuv as (
Youg o
/Youaregoing/Youdogo)
I
l/Ell
eva (
He/Shegoes,He/
S heisgoi
ng,He
/Shedo
esg
o)
Nousa l
lon
s (
Weg o/Wearegoing/Wedog o
)
Vousa l
le
z (
Youg o
/Youaregoing/Youdogo)
I
ls/El
lesvont (
Theygo/Theyar
eg o
ing/
Theydogo).
N.
B.‘
al
le
r’i
sani
rr
egul
arv
erb
.
Le
tusf
ormsent
e nc
eswi t
h‘All
er’
:
Jevai
sauma r
ché. (
Iamg oi
ngt othemarket.
)
Ilv
aàLa gos. (
Heisg o
ingtoLag o
s.)
Nousall
onsàlab anque
. (
Wear egoingtothebank.
)
Ell
esvontàl'
égl
ise. (
Theyareg oi
ngtochurch.
)
Ell
evaàl '
hôpi
tal
. (
Sheisgoingtothehospit
al.
)
Il
svontaubureau. (
Theyareg oi
ngtotheoffi
ce.
)
Ap
artf
romus
ing‘
al
le
r’t
ote
llwh
erey
oua
reg
oin
g,i
tca
nbeus
edi
ngr
eet
ing
s.
E.
g.
A: Commentçava? (
Ho wareyou)?
B: Çavabi
en,merci
. (
Fine,
thanky ou)
.
A: Commental
le
z-vous
? (
Ho wareyou?)
B: Jeva
isbi
en,me r
ci
. (
Iamf i
ne,thankyou.
)
A: Commentvas
-tu? (
Ho wareyou?)
B: Jeva
isbi
en. (
Iamf i
ne.)
Apar
tfr
omgr
eet
ings
,‘a
ll
er’
canb
eus
edt
ote
llwhethers
ome t
hingb
efi
tso
ne.
E.
g.
A: Lac hemis
emev a? (Doestheshi
rtfi
tme?)
B: Oui ,
çateva. (Ye
s,itbef
it
sy o
u.)
Ot
here
xpr
ess
ion
swi
th‘
All
er’
:
Al
l
eràl
apê
che: t
ogofi
shi
ng
Al
l
eràl
ach
asse: t
ogohunt
ing
Al
l
eràpi
ed: togoo nfoo
t,towal
k
Al
l
eràbi
cycle
tte: t
og obybicy
cle
Al
l
erenvoi
ture,
ena vi
on,
parl
etr
ai:t
n og
ob ycar,bypl
ane,bytr
ain
Al
l
erl
oin
: tosucceed
Al
l
ert
roploi
n: t
ogotoofar
Al
l
erbi
en,mal,mieux
: t
ofee
lwe l
l,bad,b
ette
r
Al
l
eràquel
qu’un: tosuit,
tobecome
TheVerb“Av
oir
”int
h ePre
sentTe
nse
J'
ai (
Ihave),
Tuas (
Youhave),
I
l/
Ell
ea (
He/Shehas)
,
Nousavons (Wehav e)
,
Vousavez ( Youhave),
I
ls/
Ell
esont (Theyhave)
.
Letusfo
rms omesent
enceswi
th‘
avoir
’:
J'
aiunpanta
lon. (
Ihaveatrousers
.)
Tuasdixdoig
ts. (
Youhavetenfingers.
)
Il
/El
leadeschauss
ure
s. (
He/Shehassomes ho
es.
)
Nousavonsunecér
émoni. (
e Wehav eac e
remo ny.
)
Vousavezdeuxsœurs. (
Youhavetwos is
ters.
)
Il
sontcour
s. (
Theyhavelect
ures.)
InFr
ench,‘
avoi
r’i
sus
edtotel
l a
ge.
Example
:
J'
aitr
enteans
. (Iam30ye ar
sold.
)
Ilaci
nqa n
s. (Heis5yearsol
d.)
Vousavezsoi
xant
eans(
.Youare60y ear
sold.
)
Dial
ogue:
Q:Que lâgeas-
tu/Que
lâgea
ve z-v
ous?(Ho wol
darey
ou?)
A:J'a
is e
izeans (Iam16y earsol
d.)
Q:Ettonpère? (
Andyourfathe
r?)
A:Ilasoixant
e-di
xans. (Heis70ye arso
ld.
)
TheF
ren
chuse‘a
voi
r’t
oexpr
esst
hei
rst
ateo
fhe
alt
han
dmi
nd.
E.
g. J'ai
soi
f(
Iamthi
rst
y),
J
'ai
fai
m (
Iamhungr
y),
Wh e
noneissic
k:
J'
aimalàl'
est
oma c (
Ihavest
omachache
.)
Il
ama l
d etê
te (
Hehasheadac
he.
)
El
leama la
uxy eux (
Shehaseyepr
obl
em.)
Ot
herEx
pre
ssi
onswi
th‘
Avo
ir’
:
Av
oirchaud: t
obewar m
Av
oirf
roid: t
obec old
Av
oirf
aim: t
obehung r
y
Av
oirsomme i
l: t
obes leepy
Av
oirpeurde:tobeaf
rai
do f
Av
oirhontede: t
obeas hame dof
Av
oirr
aison: t
ober ig
ht
Av
oirt
ort: t
obewr o ng
Av
oirma là: t
ohav eanac hein
Av
oirl
ieu: t
otakep lac
e
Av
oirbeau: t
odos ome thi
nginvai
n
Av
oirl
’ai
r: t
olook,tose e
m
Av
oirdelachance: tobel ucky
Av
oirdelapatie
nce:t
obep ati
e nt
Av
oirenvi
ed e: t
owantt o
Av
oirbesoi
nd e: t
onee d/tobeinneedof
Letuse xa
minewi
tht
heverb‘Êt
re’
inthep
res
ent
.
Jesuis Iam
Tue s Youare
Il
/Ell
eest He/Sheis
Nou ssommes Wear e
Vousê t
es Youare
Il
s/Ell
essont Theyare(m./
f.
)
Youc anusethev e
rb‘Êtr
e’tosayyournati
onali
ty
.
E.
g. Jesui
sNi gé
ria
n( mascul
in
). IamaNi gerian.
JesuisNigér
iane(fémini
n). IamaNi g
erian.
Tue sdequellenati
onali
t? Wh
é atisyournati
onal i
ty?
JesuisTogolai
s. IamaTo go l
e se(masculi
n).
JesuisTogolai
se. IamaTo go l
e se(fémi
nin)
.
Il
s/Ell
essontBéninoi
s(es)
. TheyareBe nineses.
Vousê t
esMa li
en. YouareaMal ian.
Nou ssomme sBurki
na b
ées. WeareBur kinab é
s.
‘
Être
’canbeusedtosayyo
urp
rof
ess
ion
:
E.
g.
Il
estinf
ir
mier. Hei
sanur
se.
El
leesti
nfi
rmièr
e. Shei
sanurse.
Jesui
sp r
ofe
sseur
(e)
. Iamateache
r.
Cl
assAc
ti
vi
ty:
Q: Tue sét
udian
te? Ar
ey ouastudent?
A: No n
,jesui
sprof
esseur
e. No,Iamat eacher
.
Q: Ett oi
? Whataboutyou?
A: Mo i
,jesui
singé
nie
ur. Me
,Iamane ngine
er.
Cl
assAc
ti
vit
y¬-cont
d.
A: I lestmé d
ecin? I
sheame di
caldoc
tor
?
B: No n,i
lesttai
l
leur
. No,
heisatai
lor
.
A: El leestchi
miste? I
ssheachemist
?
B: No n,e
lleestvend
eus
e. No,
sheisasel
ler
.
Lear
ntoma k
euseo f‘
Êtr
e’t
oe xp
ressyourmood
/emo
ti
on:
E.
g.
Jesui
sc o
ntent(
e). Iamhap py.
Il
estheureux. Heishappy.
Il
ssontfâc
h és
. Theyareangr
y.
Ot
herExp
res
sion
swi t
h‘ê
tre
’(t
ob e
):
Êt
reentrai
nde: tobeintheactof
Êt
reà: tobel
ongto
Êt
rede: tobefro
m
Êt
reégalà: tomakenodiffe
renc
e(e
.g.Ce
lam’
esté
gal
).
Êt
redereto
ur: tobeback
Çayest: It
’sal
lri
ght.I
t’
sdone
Le
s s
on4
Mascul
inea
n dFemi
ni
neofNo
uns
Thefol
l
owingfe
mini
neno
unsared
eri
vedf
romma
scul
i
nen
oun
s:
Ad
dingsi
le
nt‘
-
e’t
oth
ema
scul
i
nev
ersi
on:
Masc
uli
ne Femini
ne
Una
mi Un
eami
e
Unv
ois
in Un
evo
isi
ne
Uné
tud
ian
t Un
eét
udi
ant
e
Unc
ous
in Un
eco
usi
ne
Sy
ll
abicmo di
fi
cat
io
noft
hema
scul
i
nen
oun
:Ch
a n
gin
g‘ -
e r
’endi
ngst
o‘-
ère
’en
din
gs:
Masculi
ne Fe
minine
Uninf
irmier Unei
n f
ir
mi èr
e
Unboulanger Uneboulangèr
e
Unépici
er Uneépic
ière
Unouvrie
r Uneouvriè
re
Unétranger Uneétr
an gèr
e
Uncouturi
er Unecouturi
ère
Unr
omanci
er Un
ero
ma nci
ère
Unb
erg
er Un
eber
gère
Und
ente
ll
ir(
e l
ace
make
r/l
ace
wor
ker
) Un
edent
ell
i
ère
Byc
han gi
ng-xen
din
gsto‘-s
e’end
ing
s:
Mas
culine Engli
shMeani
ng Fe
mini
ne
Unépo
ux Spouse Uneé
pouse
Unj
aloux Jeal
ousper
son Unej
al
ouse
Unamb i
ti
eux Amb i
ti
ousper
son Unea
mb i
ti
euse
Unor
gue i
l
leux Ap r
oudper
son Uneo
rguei
l
leus
e
N.
B.:Ro
ux=Ro
use(
s r
eddi
sh-
bro
wn)
.
Cha
ng i
ng-fe
ndi
ngst
o-veendi
ngs:
Mascul
ine Meaning Femin
ine
Lej
uif Jew Lajui
ve
Unveuf Widower Uneveuve
Unsport
if Spor
tsman/s
port
swo
man Unespor
ti
ve
Cha
ng i
ng‘-
c’e
ndi
ngsto‘
-que’en
din
g s
:
Mascul
ine Meaning Fe
mini
ne
Unlaï
c Lay
man/ l
aywoman Unel
aï
que
UnTur
c Tur
kis
h Un
eTur
que
N.
B.:unGr
ec=Un
eGr
ecq
ue.
Cha
n gi
ng‘-
eau’
end
ing
sto‘
-
ell
e’e
nd i
ngs
:
Mascul
ine Meaning Fe
mini
ne
Unjumeau Twin Unej
umel
le
Unc
hame
au Came
l Un
ech
ame
ll
e
Cha
ng i
ng‘-
p’e
ndi
ngst
o‘p
-e’
endi
ngs:
Mascul
ine Me
anin
g Fe
mini
ne
Unlo
up Wo
lf Unel
oupe
Cha
ng i
ng‘-eur
’en
din
gst
o‘-
euse’e
ndi
ngs
:
Mascul
ine Meani
ng Fe
mini
ne
Unme nt
eu r Li
ar Unementeus
e
Unvendeur Sel
l
er Uneve
nd e
use
Unchanteur Si
nger Unech
an t
euse
Unvole
ur Thi
ef Unevo
leuse
Uno
ffr
eur Off
ere
r Un
eof
fr
euse
Und
énicheur Tal
entscout/s
pott
er Un
edéni
cheuse
Und
énigreur Dis
parager Un
edéni
greuse
Unc
ontour St
oryt
ell
er Un
econ
teuse
Und
écideur Adeci
s i
on-maker Un
edéc
ideuse
Une
mp oi
s on
neur Poi
sner/
nuisance Un
eempoi
s onne
use
Una
cheteur Buyer Un
eache
teuse
Unp
êcheur Fi
sher
man/ fi
sher
woman Un
epêc
heus e
Cha
ng i
ng‘-
deur’
end
ing
sto‘-
dri
ce’
:
Mascul
ine Meani
ng Fe
mini
ne
Unamb as
sadeur Ambassado
r Unea
mb a
ssa
dri
ce
Cha
ng i
ng‘-eur
’en
din
gsto‘-esse’endi
ngs
:
Mascul
ine Meaning Fe
mini
ne
Undéfendeur Defendant Uned
éfende
resse
Unvengeur Avenger Unev
enger
esse
Unenchanteur Enchanter/c
harmer Unee
nchant
eress
e
Unchasseur Hunter/hunt
ress Unec
hasser
esse
Undocte
ur Doctor/
female Uned
octo
resse
do
cto
r
Cha
n gi
ng‘-teur’
end
ing
st o‘-
tri
ce’ending
s:
Mascul
ine Meaning Fe
mini
ne
Unédit
eur Edi
tor/p
ub l
isher Uneé
dit
ri
ce
Unexécuteur Execut
ioner/exec
uto
r Unee
xécutr
ic
e
Uninve
n t
eur Inv
entor Unei
nvent
ri
ce
Unperséc
ut eur Persec
uto r Unep
erséc
utri
ce
Uncantat
e ur Prof
essi
o nalsi
nger Unec
antat
ri
ce
Unimpérateur Empe r
or/emp r
ess Unei
mpérat
ri
ce
Undir
ecteur Dir
ector Uned
ire
ctr
ice
Uninsp
e c
te ur Ins
pector Unei
nspec
tri
ce
Unagit
ateur Agit
ator Unea
git
atr
ice
Undénoncia t
eur Inf
ormer Uned
énonci
atri
ce
Ot
hers:-e
lto-
el
le;- e
tto–e tte
;-att
o-att
e;-o
tto-ot
te;-
ont
o-o
nne
;-e
nto-
enn
e;-
ant
o-a
nne
:
Masc
ul i
ne Me ani
ng Fe
minine
Uncol
o nel Co lonel Unecol
onell
e
Uncadet Younger/youngest Unec adet
te
Unchat Cat Unechat
te
Unboulot Chub b
yp er
s on Uneboul
otte
Unsot Fool/i
diot Unesott
e
Unbaron Baron/baroness Unebaronn
e
Unfé
lon Trait
or Unefél
onne
Unl
i
on Li
on/ l
i
oness Un
eli
onne
Unc
hie
n Dog/bit
ch Un
echi
enne
Und
oyen Dean/doyen/
seni
or Un
edoyenn
e
Ung
ardi
en Guardi
an/keepe
r/w Un
egard
ienne
atc
hman/ watc
hwo
man
Unp
ays
an Peasant/c
ountr
y Un
epa
ysa
nne
dwelle
r
So
men oun
swi
th‘
-
esse’ addedtof or
mt h
efe
mini
ne:
Masculi
ne Engli
shMe ani
ng Fe
minine
Unâne Donke y/she-
as s(j
enny
) Uneâne sse
Uncl
o wn Clown Unecl
ownesse
Undi
a bl
e Devil Unedi
ables
se
Unma ît
re Mas t
e r/
mi st
ress Unemaîtr
esse
Unhôte Host/hos t
ess Unehôt
esse
Unprêtr
e Pri
e s
t Uneprê
tres
se
Unpri
n c
e Pri
nce /pri
ncess Unepri
ncess
e
Unti
gre Tigr
e/tigress Uneti
gre
sse
Unabbé Abbot.abbess/pri
est Uneabbes
se
Undevin Divi
ne r/
s oot
hsayer Unedevi
neres
se
Undi
a cr
e Deacon/ deaconess Unedi
aconesse
Undi
e u god/godde ss Unedéess
e
Unduc Duke/duc hess Uneduches
se
Unnègre Negro/ne gr
ess Unenégr
esse
Unpécheur Si
nne r Unepéche
resse
Unpoète Poet Unepoét
esse
S
omema
scul
i
nen
oun
sta
ke‘
-
ïne
’,‘
-
ine
’int
hef
emi
ni
ne:
Mas
culi
ne Engli
shMe ani
ng Fe
mini
ne
Unhér
os He r
o/heroi
ne Uneh
éroï
ne
Uns
peaker Announc e
r,ne
wsre
ade
r Unes
peaker
ine
Ungo
sse Kid/y
o ungs
ter Uneg
ossel
i
ne
Cer
tai
nn o
unsar
eirreg
ular:
Mascul
ine Engli
shMe aning Fe
mini
ne
Uncopai
n Pal/mate Unec
opi
ne
Uncanar
d Drake/duck Unec
ane
Undind
on Turkeycock/t
urkeyhe
n Uned
inde
Unperr
oquet Parrot
/chatt
erbox Unep
err
uche
Noun
sderi
vedfr
omadj
ect
iv
es:
Adj
ect
ive Engli
shMe
ani
ng Noun Eng
li
shMeani
ng
Ai
mable Pl
eas
ant
/ki
nd L’
amab
ili
té Ki
ndne
ss/
cour
tes
y/
pl
easantness
Di
vers Di
v er
se/v ari
ous /
se ve
ral Lad
ive
rsi
té Di
v er
s i
ty
/var
iety
/range
Bon Good/l
o v
e ly/
fine/r
ight Lab
onté Ki
ndne ss/
goodness
Cl
ai
r Cl
ear/l
ight /
fresh/fair Lac
lar
té Cl
ar i
ty/
li
ght/
fai
rness
Co
hérent Coherent Lac
ohére
n e Co
c herence
Gr
and Bi
g /
tal
l/large/main/ i
mport
ant
/ Lag
randeur Gr
e atnes
s/si
ze/mag ni
tude
gr
and/imp o
rtant/major
Ce
rtai
n Cert
ain Lace
r t
it
ude Cert
aint
y
Doux So
ft/swee t/mild/
ge nt
le/
ple
asant
/ Ladouceur Soft
ness/
sweet
ness/
l
ovely smoothnes
s/mi
ldne
ss/
gent
lenes
s
Ch
arma
nt Charming/del
i
ghtf
ul/
nic
e/l
ove
ly/
w Lec
harme Char
m/s
pel
l
onder-
ful
F
idè
le Loyal
/fai
thful
/r
eli
abl
e Laf
idé
li
té Fi
del
it
y/f
ait
hful
nes
s/l
oyal
i
t/
re
li
abi
li
ty
/accur
acy
Ré
el Re
al Lar
éal
i
té Real
i
ty
Adj
ect
iv
e Eng
li
shMeani
ng No
un Engl
ishMeaning
S
a g
e Wi
se/
sensi
bl
e/mode
rat
e/ Las
ages
se Wisdom/commons ense/
r
easonabl
e//s
ober/ so
undne s
s/moderat
ion/go
od
well
behav
ed/wiseman/e
xpert se
ns e
Ja
loux Je
alousy Laj
al
ousi
e Je
alousy
Malad
e Si
ck/i
ll
/di
sease
d/bad/
inj
ure
d/ Lamal
adi
e Si
ckness/
il
lnes
s/dis
e as
e
cr
azy
F
ou Mad/wil
d/cr
azy Laf
ol
ie Madness/c
razi
ness/wi
ldne
s
s
Pl
ei
n Ful
l/s
oli
d/r
ounded Lapl
éni
tude Ful
lness
/amplenes
s
Ex
act Exact
/cor
rec
t/ac
curat
e/t
rue
/ri
ght
/ L’
exa
cti
tud
e Exact
it
ude/co
rrect
ness/
/pr
eci
se accur
acy/p
reci
seness
Cl
ai
rvo
yat Pe
n rc
epti
ve La Perce
pti
veness
cl
ai
rvo
yance
Pe
ti
t Small/li
tt
le/yo
ung /
mi nor Lapet
it
ess
e p
ett
ine
ss
/l
it
tleb oy
/ p
ett
y
Large Wide, br
oad,big Lala
rgeur Width,breat
h
Poli Poli
te ,
poli
shed Lapol
it
e s
se Poli
teness,decency
Étr
an g
e Str
ang e L’
étr
angeté Str
ang eness
Rapi
d e Rapid,fast,
quick,swift
,spe
edy Larapi
dit
é Speed,b r
is
kness
Sensuel Sensual Lasensual
it
é Sensualit
y
Viol
ent Viol
e nt Lavi
olence Viol
enc e
Fort Str
ong Lafor
ce Str
ength
Import
ant Impor t
ant L’
impor
tance Importance
Sot Sil
ly Lasot
ti
s e Sil
ly
ne ss,f
ooli
shness
Gourmand Greedy,fondofs weetthi
ngs La Greedi
ne ss,
we aknes
sfo
r
gour
ma nd
ise swee
tthi
ngs
,gl
utt
ony
La
s Wear
y Lalas
sit
ude Wear
ines
s
Le
nt Sl
ow Lalent
eur Sl
owness
Somea r
ed er
ive
dfr
omv e rb
s:
Verb Engli
shMeani
ng No un Eng l
is
hMe aning
Admini
stre
r Admi nist
er L’
admini
strati
on Admi nist
rati
on
Annexer Anne x L’
annexi
on Anne xe,annex ,appendi
x
Appar
aîtr
e Appe ar L’
appar
it
ion Appar i
tio
n/app earance
Autor
ise
r Autho r
ise L’
aut
o r
isa
tio
n Autho r
isati
on
Const
rui
re Cons tr
uct Laconst
ruct
ion Cons t
ructi
on
Abatt
re Beat L’
abatt
eme n
t Beating
Acqui
tte
r Acqui t L’
acqui
tt
eme nt Acquittance
Agi
r Act L’
agi
sseme nt/
l’
act
io
n Acti
o n
Changer Chang e Lechangeme nt Chang e
Dérob
er St
ealf rom,hi
def
rom Ladérob
ade Avoidanc e,r
efus al
,
evasion,runningo ut
Ab
andon
ner Abando
n L’
aband
on Abando nme nt
Ar
rêt
er St
op,ar
rest
,to L’
arr
êt Arrest,stoppi
ng,
ap
p r
ehend,
togiv
eup cancell
at i
on,halt,
cessati
o n
Ch
ass
er Chas
eaway,dr
iveaway
, Lac
has
se Hunti
ng,s
hoo
ti
ng,
hunt
,sho
ot chas
e,pur
sui
t
Et
udier Study L’
ét
ude Study
Fi
ni
r End, f
inish Lafi
n End
Appe
ler Call L’
appel Call
,appeal
,plea
Pos
er Toas kq uesti
on,tolay Lapose Putti
ngin,i
nstal
lat
io
n,
down, toputdo wn,to putti
ngup,hangi
ng,pos
e
setdown, toinstal
l,put
i
n, putup ,p
o s
tulat
e
Réf
ormer Re f
orm, di
scharge Lar
éfo
rme Reform,di
schar
ge
Sa
uter Jump Les
aut Jump
Vol
er Fly Lev
ol Fli
ght
Bl
esser Wo und Lab
less
ure Wo und
Br
ûler Burn,s etf
ireto,scal
d, Lab
rûl
ure Burn
scorch
Ver
b Eng l
is
hMe aning Noun Engl
ishMeaning
Cul
ti
ver Grow, cult
iv
ate Lac
ult
ure Cult
iv
ati
on,g
rowing
Déc
hir
er Tear,ripup,break,rend, Lad
échi
rur
e Tear,
bre
ak,ri
ft
shatter,spl
it
Li
re Read Lal
ect
ure Readi
ng
Co
uvri
r Co
v e
r Lac
ouver
tur
e Co
v er
Ro
mpr
e Break,
breakof
f,upse
t, Lar
upt
ure Breaki ngo f
f,bre
ak
dis
rupt
;end;i
nte
r r
upt down, spl
itt
ingup,
fal
lout gractur e
,fail
ure
Si
gner Sig
n Las
ign
a t
ure Signature
Cas
ser Break,
crack Lac
assure Break, crack,spl
it
,
rupture
Ep
lucher Peel L’
épl
uchure Pe el
ing ,peel
Pl
ier Fol
d Lapl
iure Fold,fo l
ding
Mordr
e Bi
te Lamo r
sure Bite
Ouvr
ir Open L’
ouver
ture Op ening
Co
iff
er comb,b
rush Lacoi
ff
ure Hairdo ,hair
s t
yl
e
Ga
rgoui
ll
er Rumble
,gur
gle Gar
goui
ll
is/ Rumb li
ng, g
urgli
ng
gar
goui
ll
eme n
t
Pl
uralFor
mso fNouns
I
nF re
nch,‘-
s’isbasi
cal
l
yad
dedt
ono
unst
ofo
rmt
hei
rpl
ura
lswi
th‘
l
es’a
cco
mpa
nyi
ngt
hema
s
th
eirdef
ini
teart
ic
les
.
Theplura
lformo fi
nde
fin
iteart
icl
es‘de
s’i
suse
dwh eno nei
sno
tsp
ecifi
cabouttheo
bje
cti
n
que
s t
io
n.
Fr
enchSingul
ar Fr
enchPlural Engli
shSingul
ar Engli
shPlur
al
Lesty
lo l
ess t
yl
os Pen Pens
Lafi
ll
e Lesfi
ll
es Gi
rl Gi
rls
Lavoi
ture Lesvoi
tures Car Cars
Letoi
t Lestoi
ts Roof Roofs
Latoi
let
te Lestoi
let
tes Toil
et Toil
ets
Lebonbon Lesbonbons Sweet Sweets
L’
ami(e) Lesami(e)
s Fri
end Fri
ends
L’
orang
e Lesorange
s Orange Oranges
L’
homme Leshomme s Man Me n
L’
habi
t Leshabi
ts Dress/
cloth Dresses
/Clo
the
s
Howe
ver
,th
erear
ee xc
epti
onst
othi
srule
.Thesee xc
epti
onsaredete
rmin
edb
yth
een
din
gso
fth
e
no
unswhos
efor
ma t
io
no ft
hei
rpl
ural
sdoesnotfo
ll
owt h
ea bo
verule.
Fo
rnoun
sendi
ngin-s
;-x;o
r-z,
the
ya r
einva
riab
leinthe
irpl
uralf
orms.
Exa
mp l
e:
Si
ngul
ier Pl
uri
el Si
ngular Pl
ural
Lebra
s Le
sbras Ar
m Ar
ms
Lepas Le
spas St
ep/foo
tst
ep St
eps/fo
otpr
int
s
Lepays Le
spays Countr
y Countr
ies
Lepoi
ds Le
spoids Weight Weight
s
Lafoi
s Le
sfois Ti
me Ti
me s
Lever
s Le
svers Verse Verses
Lefi
ls Le
sfil
s Son Sons
L’
os Le
sos Bone Bone s
Si
nguli
er Pl
uri
el Si
ngular Plural
Lasouri
s Le
ssouri
s Mouse Mic e
Lavis(s
cre
w) Le
svis Scr
ew Screws
Leprogr
ès Le
sprogrè
s Progr
ess Progress
es
Leme t
s Le
sme ts Dis
h di
s hes
Lacroi
x Le
scroi
x Cros
s Crosses
Lepri
x Le
sprix Pri
ce Prices
Lenez Le
sn e
z Nose No ses
Legaz Le
sgaz Gas Gas es
Lavoix Le
svoix Voic
e Voices
Lanoix Le
sn o
ix Nut Nut s
Pl
ural
sofno
unswi
th-au,
-eau,-
œua
ref
ormedbyadd
ing‘
-
x’a
tthee n
do fth
ewo r
d.
Exa
mp l
e:
Si
ngul
ier Pl
uri
el Si
ngul
ar Plural
Lenoyau Le
sn oy
a ux St
one(of Stones(off
rui
ts
)
fr
uit
)/nucle
us /nucl
euses
L’
ét
au Le
séta
ux Vice
/strangl
eho
ld Vice
s/st
rangl
eho
lds
Le t
uyu(
a dr
ain- Le
stuy
aux Drai
n-pipe Drai
n-pi
pes
p
ipe
)
Leb
ate
au Le
sba
tea
ux Boat Boat
s
Leb
edeau Le
sbe
deaux beadl
e/ver
ger/
usher
/b e
adles
/ve
rger
s/ushe
rs
campus / campus
poli
ceman/p
ort
er. po
lic
emen/p
ort
ers.
‘
Verger
’isano f
fi
ci
al
whosejobistotake
car
eo ftheinsi
deof
t
h e c hurc
h a nd
per
formsomes i
mple
dut
ies
duri
ngch
urchse
rvi
ce.
Lema
nte
au Le
smant
eaux Coat Coat
s
Le ce
rne
au Le
sce
rne
aux Shel
l
edwal
nut Shel
l
edwal
nut
s
(
she
ll
ed)wal
nut
)
Si
ngul
ier Pl
uri
el Si
ngul
ar Plural
Lechape
au Le
schapeaux Hat
/cap Hats/caps
Lechât
eau Le
schâte
aux Cas
tle Castle
s
Lep i
nceu(
a p
aint Le
spinc
eaux Pai
ntbrus
h Paintbrus
hes
b
rus
h)
Lep
otea
u Le
spo
tea
ux Pol
e/p
ost
/mas
t Pol
es/
pos
ts/
mas
ts
Led
ieu Le
sdi
eux go
d go
ds
Lefeu Lesfeux Fi
re Fi
res
Leje
u Lesjeux Game Game s
Lecheve
u Lescheveux Hair Hairs
Leneveu Lesneveux Ne phew Ne p
hews
Leli
eu Lesli
eux Place/ve
nue Places
/ve
nues
Levœu Lesvœux Wish Wishes
Ex
ce p
ti
onstothi
srul
eare:l
el a
n du(
a c
arr
iage),lesorr
au,l
ebl
eu,l
ep neu,l
eli
eu(t
ypeo
ffi
sh)
,
whi
chtakean‘-
s’i
nth
eplura
l.
Th
efoll
owin
gno
unsendi
ngi
n-ou,
tak
e‘-
x’i
nt h epl
ura
l:
Si
nguli
er Pl
uri
el Si
ng ular Pl
ura
l
Lebij
ou Le
sbij
oux Jewe ll
ery je
we l
ler
ies
Lecail
l
ou Le
scail
l
oux St
o ne Sto
ne s
Lechou Le
schoux Cabb age Cabbages
Legenou Le
sgenoux Kne e Knees
Lejouj
ou Le
sjouj
oux Toy Toys
Lepou Le
spoux Lous e Li
ce
Nounswith-alend
ing
stake‘-
x’i
nthep
lur
al:
Ex
amp le:
Sin
g uli
er Pl
uri
el S
ing
ula
r Pl
ura
l
L’a
n imal Le
sa ni
maux Animal Animal
s
Leb ocal(
jar) Le
sbocaux Jar Jar
s
Lec anal Le
scanaux Canal Canal
s
Sin
g uli
er Pl
uri
el S
ing
ula
r Pl
ura
l
Lec heval Le
schevaux Ho
rse Ho
rse
s
L’h
ô pit
al Le
sh ô
pit
aux Ho
spi
tal Ho
spi
tal
s
Lejo ur
nal Le
sjourna
ux Ne
wspaper Ne
wspaper
s
I
nexce
pti
ontothi
srule
,thef
ol
lowi
ngwordsend
ingi
n-alt
ak e‘-s
’int
hep
lur
al:
Sin
gul
ier Pl
uri
el Si
ng ul
ar Plural
Lecarna
val Lesca
rnav
als Carnival Carniv
als
Lecere
mo ni
al Lesce
remoni
als Ceremo ni
al Ceremonial
s
Le chorl(
a cho
ir/
chor
al Lesch
oral
s Choir/chor
al Choirs
/chor
al
s
oci
et
y) society societi
es
Lec
hacal(
jackal
) Le
schac
als Jackal Jackals
Lef
est
iva
l Le
sfe
sti
val
s Festi
v al Festi
v al
s
Ler
éci
tal Le
sré
cit
als Re ci
tal Re ci
tals
Ler
égal(
deli
ght/
tre
at) Le
sré
gals De l
ight/
tre
at De l
ights/
tre
ats
Lef
ina
l Le
sfi
nal
s Final Final
s
Lep
al(st
ake/pal
e) Le
spal
s Stake/pal
e Stakes /
pal
s
Wordsendi
ngi
n-ai
lta
ke‘
-
s’ i
nthep
lur
al:
Exa
mp l
e:
Si
ngul
ier Plur
iel S ing
ular Pl
ural
Leb
éta
il Le
s Li
ves
toc
k/c
att
le Li
ves
toc
k/c
att
le
(l
iv
estoc
k/cat
tl
e) bé
tai
ls
Leb er
cail(f
ol
d/f
amil
y Les F
old/
fami
l
ybas
e F
olds
/fami
l
ybas
es
bases
) be
rcai
l
s
Lechandai
l(s
weate
r) Le s S
weat
er S
weat
ers
ch
andail
s
Ledéta
il Les Detai
l detai
l
s
dét
ail
s
L’
évent
ail(f
an,rang
e, Les Fan/r
ang
e/s
pre
ad/
spe
ctr
um Fans/r
ange
s/s
pre
ads
spr
ead,sp
ect
rum) év
entai
ls /spec
trums
S
omeexcep
ti
onst
oth
isr
ulewhic
hh a
ve‘
-
aux
’ast
hei
rte
rminal
sar
eli
st
edb
elo
w:
S
ing
uli
er Plur
iel S
ing
ular Sing
ular
Leb
ai(
lle
ase
) Le
sba
ux Le
ase Le
ase
s
Lec
ora
il(
cor
al) Le
sco
raux Co
ral Co
ral
s
L’
éma
il(
ename
l) Le
séma
ux Ename
l Ename
ls
Les
oup
ira
il(
airho
le) Le
sso
upi
raux Ai
rho
le Ai
rho
les
Let
rav
ail Le
str
ava
ux Wo
rk Wo
rks
Lev
ent
ai(
lve
ntai
l
) Le
sve
nta
ux Ve
ntai
l Ve
ntai
l
s
Lev
it
rai
l Le
svi
tr
aux Gl
asswi
ndo
w Gl
asswi
ndo
ws
(
glas
swi
ndo
w)
Ir
reg
ularNouns:
Li
stedb el
owa resomeirre
g ula
rn oun
s .Theseno
u nsha v
eb ee
nt husclassi
fi
edbecaus
ethe
fo
rma t
ionofth
eirpl
ura
lsdoesn otfol
lowa nyoft
heaboverul
es.Theyt
here
forehavetobele
arn
ed
byheart
.
Si
nguli
er Plur
iel Si
ngular Plur
al
L’
aïeul Lesa ïe
ux Ancesto
r Ancest
ors
L’
ail(g
arli
c) Lesa ul
x Garl
ic Garl
ic
s
Leb onhomme (chap
,o l
d Le sb onshomme s Chap/ol
d Chaps/
old
man/f
el
lo
w/ man/fel
l
ow/l
i
ttl
e me n/f
el
lows/
li
tt
le
l
it
tl
echap/
lad chap
/lad chaps/l
ads
Leci
el Le
sci
eux Sky Skies
Le g
ent
il
homme Le
sge
n t
il
sho
mme
s Nobl
eman/g
entl
eman Nob l
emen/g
entl
emen
(
nob
leman/
gent
leman)
L’
œil Le
sye
ux Ey
e Ey
es
Lemons
ieur Le
smess
ieur
s Mi
ster Mi
ster
s
Mada
me Le
sMesd
ame s Madam Madams
Made
moisel
l
e Le
sMesd
emo i
sel
l
es Mi
ss Mi
sses
Ce
rta
inno
unsa r
erender
edi
nthep
lur
al:
Lesapp
laudi
ssement
s = app l
aus e
Lesmeuble
s = furniture
Lesmathémati
ques = mat he matic
s
Lest
énèbres = darkne ss
Lesf
ianç
a i
l
les = eng ag e
me nt
Lesf
unérai
ll
es = fune ral
Lesge
ns = peo ple
Lesenv
irons = outs kir
ts,vi
cini
ty,aro
und,re
gion
Lesr
enseig
neme n
ts = inf
o rmat i
on,enquiri
es(whenitmeansenq
uir
ies
)
Lesvac
ances = holidays(but‘ l
ava c
ance’meani
ngvacanc
yisrend
ere
din
boths i
ngularandp l
ural
).
Lesvi
vre
s = food/ foo
dstuffs/
provi
sio
ns.
Lesdép
ens = exp ense/cost.
F
amil
ynames:
Wheni
tisasi
mplef
ami
lyname,‘
-s’i
snotad
dedtot
hen
amee
xce
ptf
ort
hea
rti
cl
e«l
es»
whi
chisth
eonl
yma r
kth
atd
ist
ingui
she
sitaspl
ural
.
Ex
amp
le:Th
eAd
eye
mos=Le
sAd
eye
mo
Whenthenamei sth
atofah i
st
ori
calfami
ly,e
xample
:ruli
ngfami
li
es/
dyn
ast
ie
saswe l
las
i
mpor
tantb
ibl
i
calandanc
ien
tpe
rson
ali
ti
es,‘
-s
’isadd
ed.Thi
sgive
sitameani
ngt
hatc
onn
otesa
ge
ner
ati
ona
lsense
.
Ex
amp l
e:Le
sAkint
ol
as,LesAwol
owo
s,LesAd
eye
misd
’Oy
o,l
esS
ij
uwa
desd
’I
fe,Le
str
ois
Mari
esbi
bl
iq
uesq
uisontl
esami
esdeJ
ésus
.
Pl
ural
is
ati
onofLoan-
words
Loa
n-word
so b
eythesamerul
esa
sinF
ren
chwords.Th
ere
for
e,wh
enf
ore
ignwo
rdse
ndi
n-s
,-x
,-z
asi
nF r
ench,
theyr
ema i
nthes
ameast
hesi
ngul
ar.
Exa
mp l
e:
Si
ngul
i
er Pl
uri
el S
ing
ula
r Pl
ura
l
Leb
oss Le
sbo
ss Bo
ss Bo
sse
s
Lekibbout
z( k
ibbutzisa Le
s ki
bbo
utz (
or Ki
bbut
z Ki
bbut
z
ty
peo ffar
mo rfactor
yink i
bbo
utz
im)
Is
raelwh er
eag roupof
peop
lelivetoget
h erand
shar
e a l
lt he wo rk
,
deci
si
o n
sa ndinc
o me)
Oth
erswoul
do r
din
ari
l
yta
kean‘-
s’int
hep l
ura
li
seds
tat
e:
Exampl
e:
Si
ngul
ier Pl
uri
el Si
ngul
ar Pl
ural
L’
ali
bi Le
sa l
ibi
s Ali
bi Al
ibi
s
L’
audi
tor
ium Le
sa udi
tor
iums Audi
tor
ium Audi
tor
iums
Lefor
um/ f
ↄRↄm/ Le
sfo r
ums For
um For
ums
Th
euseof‘
ilya’(
ther
eis/are
):
Co
nsi
derf
ir
stofal
lthefol
lowi
n gexpress i
ons:
I
lya (
thereisorthe r
ear e)
I
ln’
yap s (
a thereisnoto rthereareno
t )
Ya-
t-
il
? (
IsthereorAr ethere?)
N’
ya-t
-i
lpas?(I
stherenoto rAr ether
enot?/Ar
en’
tthe
re?)
Th
ere
for
e,i
fwewantt
oexpr
essso
met
hin
gli
ke‘
The
rei
sab
ooko
nthet
abl
e’
,wes
ay:
I
lyaunl
iv
resurl
atabl
e.
Le
tusc
onsi
derfurt
herthefoll
owingex
pressi
ons:
Iln’
yap asun/d
el i
vresurl
atabl. (
e Thereisnoboo
ko nthet
able.
)
Ya -
t-
ilunli
vresurlatabl
e? (
Isther
eab o
oko nthet
able
?)
N’ya-t
-i
lpasun/delivr
esurlatab
le?(I
sn’
tthereabookonthetabl
e?)
Pl
easen
otet
hattheque s
ti
o n‘
Ist
hereab o
o konthet
abl
e?’
canb
eas
kedi
nth
efo
ll
owi
ngt
hre
e
way
s:
i
) Il
yaunl i
vresurl
atabl
e?
i
i) Est
-ceq u’
i
lyaunl i
vr
es urlata
b l
e?
i
ii
) Ya -t-
ilunli
v r
esurl
atable?
Al
so,
theneg
ati
vequesti
on‘I
sn’
tthereaboo
kont het
abl
e?’
canb
eas
kedt
hus
:
i
) Il
n ’
yap a
sunliv
res url
atab
le?
i
i) Est-
cequ’i
ln’
yapa sunli
vr
esurlatab
le?
i
ii
) N’ ya-t
-i
lpasunl
ivresurl
atabl
e?
Howe
ver,i
fwewa nttoinc
lud
es ometh
ingl
i
ke‘
a ny’
o r‘
some ’
inoure xpr
essi
on,t
hen
,wes
houl
d
co
mbinethi
swith‘i
lya’asfol
l
o ws:
Oui,i
lyena . (
Ye s
,therei
s /
aresome .)
Non,iln
’yenap as
. (
No ,t
he r
eisn’
t/ar
en’tany.
)
Ye na-
t-i
l?/
Est-
cequ’
ilyena? (
Isthereany?/Arethereany?)
N’yena-t-
ilp
as? (
Isn’
tthereany?/Aren’
tthereany
?)
Le
sson5
Pr
onouns
Aprono
uni sawo r
dus edi
nstea
do fan o
un,anditmusta g
reeingende
r,n
umber
,andp
ersonwit
h
i
tsa nt
ecedent
. Th e
rea res ev
eralk i
ndso fpronouns,name l
y,thepe
rsona
l,pos
sessi
ve,
de
mo ns
trati
ve,r
elat
iv
e,int
err
ogat
ive,an
dindef
ini
tepr
ono uns
.
Per
sonalorsubj
ectpr
onouns
Thes
ea r
ec al
le
d‘prono
msp er
sonnels
’or‘pr
ono
msp er
son nel
ssuje
ts’
.
Fr
enc
h Engl
i
sh
Je I
Tu You
Il He
El
le She
On(neut
er) One,t
hey
,pe
opl
e,we
Nous We
Vous You
Il
s They
El
les They
Exampl
e(usedwit
hav
erb
):
Jemange Ieato rIame atingorIdoe at
Tuma ng
es Youe atorYo uar eeat
ingo rYoudoe at
Il
ma n
ge Hee atsorHei se ati
ngorHedo eseat
El
lemange Shee atsorShei seati
ngo rS hedoeseat
Onma ng
e Onee ats,orTheye at,Pe
o pleeat,Weeat
Nousmangeons Wee ato rWear ee ati
ngo rWedoe at
Vousmangez Youe atorYo uar eeat
ingo rYoudoe at
Il
smangent Theye atorThe yaree at
ingo rTheydoeat.
El
lesmange
nt Theye atorThe yaree at
ingo rTheydoeat.
Exa
mp l
e switht heuseo fperso
nalpro
nouns
Jevaisa uma rché. (
Iamg oi
ngt othemarket.
)
Ilv
aàLa go s
. (
Heisg o
ingtoLag o
s.)
Nousa llo
n sàlab anque. (
Wear egoingtothebank.
)
Ell
esv ontàl '
égli
se. (
Theyareg oi
ngtochurch.
)
Ell
ev aàl '
hôpit
a l
. (
Sheisgoingtothehospit
al.
)
Il
svon taub ureau. (
Theyareg oi
ngtotheoffi
ce.
)
Obj
ectPronoun s
Obj
ectpronoun sarecomp le
me ntsofpe
rso
nalpr
onouns.
Fr
ench Engl
ish
Me Me
Te You
l
e/l
a/l’ hi
m/ her
/it
Nous Us
Vous You
Le
s Them
Ex
amp
le:
F
ren
ch Eng
li
sh
To
lamev
oit
. To
las
eesme
.
J
eter
ega
rde
. Il
ookaty
ou.
I
lba
tlegar
çon
. Heb
eat
stheb
oy.
I
ll
ebat. Heb
eat
shim.
Ke
mil
avel
echi
en. Ke
miwas
hest
hedo
g.
Ke
mil
elav
e. Ke
miwas
hesi
t.
No
usc
ond
uis
onsl
avoi
tur
e. Wedr
ivet
hecar
.
No
usl
aco
ndui
son
s. Wedr
ivei
t.
Lep
rof
ess
eure
nsei
gneTundee
tmo
i. Thet
eac
hert
eac
hesTundeandme
.
Lep
rof
ess
eurn
ousense
ign
e. Thet
eac
hert
eac
hesus.
I
lsi
nvi
te
ntBodeett
oi
. The
yinv
it
eBodeandy
ou.
I
lsv
ousinv
it
ent
. The
yinv
it
eyo
u.
J
’ai
mel’
or
angee
tlama
ngue
. Il
oveo
rang
eandmang
o.
J
elesa
ime. Il
ovet
hem.
Bi
mboa
chèt
elepo
iss
on. Bi
mbob
uysf
is
h.
Bi
mbol
’
ach
ète. Bi
mbob
uysi
t.
Th
irdPer
sonDi
rectOb
jectPr
onouns
Th
irdpe
rsondi
rec
tobj
ectpro
nounsare
:le
,la
,l’
,an
dle
s.
Ler
epl
ace
sma
scul
i
nes
ing
ula
rno
uns
.
J
ema
ngel
epa
in. = J
e l
e ma
nge
.
ma
s.s
ing
.no
un. d
ir.
obj
.pr
on.
Lar
epl
ace
sfe
min
ines
ing
ula
rno
uns
.
Bi
odunl
avel
avo
it
ure
. = Bi
odun l
a l
ave
.
f
em.
sin
g.n
oun
.
d
ir.
obj
.pr
on.
L’
rep
lac
esma
scul
i
neo
rfe
min
ines
ing
ula
rno
unsb
efo
rev
erb
sth
ats
tar
twi
thv
owe
ls.
No
usé
cri
von
slal
ett
re = No
us l
’ é
cri
von
s.
f
em.
sin
g.n
oun
. d
ir.
obj
.pr
on.
Le
sre
pla
cesma
scul
i
neo
rfe
min
inep
lur
aln
oun
s.
Vo
usc
her
che
zle
sli
vre
s. = Vo
us l
es c
her
che
z.
ma
sc.
plu.
noun
. d
ir.
obj
.pr
on.
I
lsd
esc
end
entl
esv
ali
ses
. = I
lsl
esd
esc
end
ent
.
TheObj
ectpr
onoun
sa r
eth
epron
oun
sth
ats
tan
dfo
rth
edi
rec
tob
jec
tsi
nas
ent
enc
e.Le
tus
co
nsid
erthef
oll
owin
gsent
enc
es:
J
evo
ismonfr
ère. ( Is
eemybrot
her.
) – Jelevoi
s.(
Iseehim.
)
J
evo
ismasœur. ( Is
eemysi
s t
er.
) – Jelavoi
s.(
Iseeher.
)
J
evo
ismesre
lat
ions
.(Iseemyr
elat
ives
.) – J elesvo
is.(
Iseethe
m.)
J
evo
isMar
ieetAli
ce.(
IseeMar
yandAl i
ce.
)– J
ele
svo
is.(
Iseethe
m.)
TheThi
rdPer
sonI
ndi
rec
tObjec
tPron
ouns(
lui
,le
ur)
TheIn
dire
ctObj
ectPr
onounssta
ndforth
ein d
ire
ctobj
ect
sinas
ent
enc
e.Le
tusc
ons
ide
rth
e
fo
ll
owi
ng:
Jepar
leàmonfr
ère
. Jelui
par
le.
(
Iams
peaki
ngt
omyb
rot
her
.)(
Iams
peaki
ngt
ohi
m.)
J
epa
rleàmas
œur
. J
elui
par
le.
(
Iams
peaki
ngt
omys
ist
er.
) (
Iams
peaki
ngt
ohe
r.)
J
epa
rleàme
sre
lat
io
ns. J
ele
urp
arl
e.
(
Iams
peaki
ngt
omyr
elat
io
ns.
) (
Iams
peaki
ngt
othe
m.)
J
epa
rleàMa
riee
tàAl
i
ce. J
ele
urp
arl
e.
(
Iams
peaki
ngt
oMar
yandAl
i
ce.
) (
Iams
peaki
ngt
othe
m.)
F
ortheF i
rstandS ec
ondPe r
son(
Singul
ara ndPl ur
al)Ind
ire
ctOb
jec
tpr
ono
uns
,co
nsi
dert
he
f
ol
lo
wingexamples:
Ilmep arl
e. (Heistal
kingtome .)
Jet e
/vousparl
e. (Iamt al
kingtoyou.
)
Ilsnousparl
ent
. (Theyaretalki
ngtous.
)
No uste/
vousparl
ons
. (Wearet alki
ngtoyou.
)
TheFr
enchPronoun‘on’
‘On’i
sap r
onouninFre
ncha
nditcor
resp
ondstoth
eEn g
li
sh‘
o n
e’a susedi
nsent
enc
es
suc
hast h
efol
lowing:
Ond i
tqu’
e l
l
ee stf
ol
le
. (
Theys
aythatshei
smad./I
tiss
aidthatshei
smad.
)
Onn esai
tjama i
s. (
Oneneve
rknows./
Youneve
rknow.
)
Ondoi
têt
ret
ravai
l
leu
r. (
Onemustbehard-
work
in g
./
Youmustbeh
ard
-wo
rki
ng.
)
Onfrap
peàlaport
e. (
Someoneisknocki
ngatt hedoor
.)
Oncroi
tquec’
estvr
ai. (
Peopl
ethi
nkthati
tist
r ue.
/I
ti
sthoug
htt
hati
ti
str
ue.)
Lors
qu’
onestf
atig
ué,ons
ere
pose(
.Wheno neisti
red,onere
sts.
)
ThePronoun‘en’
Thi
slit
tleword‘en’i
sapro
nounanditalway
sst
andsf
orde+somet
hin
gandi
tisal
way
splac
ed
be
forethev er
b.Itmeansei
ther‘
ofit
’,‘
oft
hem’
,‘s
ome’o
r‘an
y’.Letusc
ons
idert
hef
oll
owi
ng
ex
a mpl
e s:
As-t
uduc i
dre
?–Oui
,j’
enaibe
aucoup
.
(
Hav
eyo
uanyc
ide
r?––Ye
s,Ihav
epl
ent
yofi
t.
)
Av
ez-
vousp
eurd
esv
ach
es?
–Oui
,no
use
nav
onsp
eur
.
(
Arey
ouaf
rai
dofc
ows
?––Ye
s,wear
eaf
rai
doft
hem.
)
Co
mbi
end
esœur
sas
-tu
?–J
’ena
itr
ois
.
(
Howmanys
ist
ershav
eyo
u?––Ihav
ethr
eeo
fthe
m.)
A-
t-
el
led
esb
onb
ons
?–Oui
,el
l
eena
.
Hass
heanys
wee
ts?––Ye
s,s
hehass
ome
.
As-
tuduf
romage
?–Non,j
en ’
enaipas.
(
Havey
ouanyc
heese
?––No,
Ihave
n’tany
.)
ThePro
n oun‘Y’
‘Y’ i
sanoth
erpron
ounanditmean
s‘t
her
e’i
nEn
gli
sh.Jus
tli
ke‘en
’,i
tispl
ace
dbe
for
eth
e
ve
rbinFrench,e.
g.
Vas-t
uàl ’
éco
leauj
our
d’h
ui? – Oui
,j’
yvai
s.
(Areyougoi
ngtosc
hoolt
oday
? – Yes
,Iamg oi
ngthe
re.)
Êt
es-
vousd
ansl
ama
iso
n? – Oui
,j
’ys
uis
.
(
Arey
oui
ntheho
use
? – Ye
s,Iamt
her
e.)
Al
l
ons
-no
usa
uma
rch
éce
tap
rès
-mi
di? – Oui
,no
usya
ll
ons
.
(
Areweg o
ingt
othemar
kett
his
aft
erno
on? – Ye
s,wear
ego
ingt
her
e.)
Vo
nt-
il
sàl
abo
ula
nge
riec
eso
ir? – No
n,i
l
sn’
yvo
ntp
as.
(
Aret
heygo
ingt
otheb
ake
ryt
his
e
veni
ng? – No
,the
yar
en’
tgo
ingt
her
e.)
Poss
essi
v ePron
o un s
Poss
essi
v ep r
ono unsr ep
laceposse
ssi
vea dj
ect
ive
swi t
ht h
eo bje
ctsp o
ssessed
.Po ss
ess
ive
pr
onounsa r
en otfrequent
lyuse
d.Wh enuse
d,theytak
ethegend
erandnumb erofth
en o
unthey
re
plac
eo rref
erto. Poss
essi
vepron
ounsal
soagr
eeinnumberwi
ththeobj
ectpos
s e
ssed.
Possessi
vepro
nounsr
epl
acepossessi
veadj
ect
iv
eswiththeo
bje
ctsp
oss
essed.
Examp l
e:
Possessi
veAdjec
ti
ve Engl
ishMe ani
ng Pos
sessi
vePro
noun Engl
ishMeani
ng
Mo nvi
sage Myface Lemien Mine
Tonc a
hier Yourexerc
iseboo
k Let
ien Your
s
So
nf rèr
e Hisbrot
her Lesi
en Hers
/his
Notrepèr
e Ourfat
her Lenôtr
e Ours
Votrest
ylo Yourpen Levôt
re Your
s
Leurargent Thei
rmo ney Lel
eur Thei
rs
Observ
ethatpossessi
vep ronounsar
ea cc
ompani
edb ydef
ini
tea
rti
cl
esdependi
ngonth
egender
.
Poss
e ss
ivep r
onounsa ls
oa greeinn umberwit
ht heobje
ctposs
essed
.(Seetableofa
gre
eme n
t
bel
ow):
Masculi
n e Femi
nine
Si
ngular Plura
l Si
ngular Pl
ural
Lemi e
n(Mine) Lesmi en
s Lami e
nne Lesmienne
s
Leti
e (
nYours) Lestiens Lati
e n
ne Lesti
ennes
Lesi
e n(
His/Her
s/It
s) Le ssiens Lasienne Lessi
ennes
Lenôtre(
Ours) Lesn ô
tres Lanôtre Lesnôt
res
Levôtr(
eYours) Lesvôtres Lavôtre Lesvôt
res
Leleur(
Their
s) Lesleurs Laleur Lesl
eurs
i
)J’
aimamo nt
reett
uaslati
enne
. =Ihavemywat c
handy ouhav eyour
s.
i
i
)Nousavonsnosca
ma r
ade
s.Vousa
v e
zlesv
ôtr
es= Weh
. aveourfr
iends.Youhaveyours
.
i
i
i)Vosen
fant
ss o
ntj
oli
setl
esleu
rsauss
i. =Yourchi
l
drenarebeauti
fulandthei
rsals
o.
i
v)Leurv
oit
ureestdeh
orsmaisl
amiennen’
yestpa.=Th
s ei
rcarisoutsi
deb utmineisnot
t
her
e.
v
)Sonsa
cestpl
ei
ne tl
emiena
ussi
. =Her
/hi
sbagi
sfullandmineto
o.
v
i)Monamies
tlà.Etl
eti
en?Est
-ceq
u’i
les
tlàa
uss
i?= Myfr
iendisthe
re.Andyo
urs
?Ishe
t
her
eto
o?
Whenth
ep o
sses
sorisani
ndef
ini
tes
ubje
ctp
ron
oun,f
orexa
mpl
e,on,
p e
rso
nne,t
outl
emo
nde
,
ch
acun
,thefo
ll
owin
gp r
ono
unsareus
ed:l
esi
en,l
asi
enne
,le
ssi
ens
,lessi
enne
s.
Exa
mp l
e:
Onaimesone
nfa
nt.
Ona
imel
esi
en.
(
Onel
ove
she
r/hi
schi
l
d.Onel
ove
she
rs/
his
.)
To
utl
emo
ndeas
ach
anc
eda
nsl
avi
e.To
utl
emo
ndeal
asi
enn
e.
(
Eve
ryo
nehashe
r/hi
schanc
einl
i
fe.Ev
ery
onehashe
rs/
his
.)
Ch
acun
(e)as
ato
ur. = Ch
acun
(e)al
asi
enn
e.
(
Eac
honehashe
r/hi
stur
n. =Eac
honehashe
rs/
his
.)
Whenchac
unr
epl
ace
sap
lur
als
ubj
ectp
ron
oun
,th
epo
sse
ssi
vep
ron
ouna
gre
eswi
tht
hes
ubj
ect
pr
onoun
.
Examp
le:
Vo
uscond
uis
ezv
osv
oit
ure
sch
acunl
esv
ôtr
es. = (
Eac
honedr
ive
sthe
irc
ars
.)
Themascul
i
nep l
ural
ofpos
ses
siv
epr
ono
un sar
eus edt
od esi
gnat
ere
lat
iv
es,
fri
end
s,a
nda
ll
ie
s.
Exampl
e:
Vousêt
esdesleur
s. = (Youareoneofthem.)
Noussommeslesvôt
res
. = (Weareo neofyou.
)
Il
sson
tlesnôt
res. = (Theyareoneofus.
)
TheDemons t
rat
iv
ePron
o uns
Demonstr
ati
vepr
onounsinFr
enchar
e:
Si
ngul
ar Pl
ura
l
Mascul
ine Cel
ui Ce
ux
Fe
mi ni
ne Cel
le Ce
ll
es
Theyareequi
val
entt
othat,t
hese
,andth
osei
nEn
gli
sh.
Lep
èred
eSa
mue
letc
elui
deTo
miwa
. = (
Lit
.:Thef
athe
rofS
amue
landt
hato
f
To
miwa)
Lav
oit
ured
etamè
ree
tce
ll
edel
ami
enn
e = (
Lit
.:Thec
aro
fyo
urmo
the
randt
hat
o
fmi
ne)
Le
sma
rch
ésàI
bad
ane
tce
uxàAb
uja = (
Lit
.:Themar
ket
sinI
badanandt
hos
e
i
nAb
uja)
Le
séc
ole
sduNi
gér
iae
tce
ll
esd
esEt
atsUn
is = (
Lit
.:Thescho
olsofNig
eri
aand
t
hoseo ft
heUnit
edStat
es)
Whe nfol
lowedbyarel
ati
vepron
o un
,theymeant
heone
, t
heones
,he/shewh o
,theseort
hos
e.
Examp l
e:
Cel
ui quicha
nteestmonfav
ori
. = (Theonewhosi
ngsismyf avour
it
e.)
Lesd e
uxr ob
essontj
ol
iesmaisjepréf
ère
ce
llequ i
estroug
e. =(Thet
wodresse
sarebeaut
if
ulbutI
p
ref
ert
heo
net
hati
sre
d.)
Le
sfor
me sdupro n
omd émo
nst
rati
f:
Ce
lui
,ce
lui
-ci
,celui
-l
à = unnommasc
uli
ns i
nguli
er
Ce
ux,ce
ux-ci
,ceux-l
à = unnomma sculi
npluri
el
Ce
ll
e,ce
ll
e-c
i,ce
lle-l
à = unnomfémininsin
g ul
i
er
Ce
ll
es,c
ell
es-
ci,
c el
les-
là= unnomfé
mini
nplur
iel.
Fol
l
o wedbyd
e,th
edemons
tra
tiv
epr
ono
unindi
cat
esposs
ess
ion
:
Example:
Leli
vredeBol
aetce
lui
deTin
u = Bo
la’
sbookandTi
nu’
s
Toma keadist
inct
ionbet
weenthi
soneandt
hato
ne,andbet
we entheseandth
o s
e,th
eset
wo
suf
fi
xes-c
iand-làareadded:
Exampl
e:
J’
ai
mec el
ui-
ci
.Jen ’
aimepascel
ui
-l
à. =Ili
kethi
sone.Idon’
tliket
hatone.
Jepar
leàcell
e-
ci.Jeneparl
epasàcel
le
-l
à. =It
alkt
othi
sone .Ido
n’ttal
ktot
hatone.
Betwe
entwothi
ngs,‘
cel
ui
-c
i’and‘c
ell
e-
ci
’me anth
elat
ter
;‘cel
ui
-l
à’and‘
cel
le
-l
à’meant
he
fo
rmer.
Exampl
e:
Tol
aetBol
aso
ntétudi
ant
es.Ce
ll
e-c
iesti
nte
ll
ig
entemai
scel
le-
làn’
estp
asin
tel
l
igen
te.
(
Tol
aandBo
laar
est
ude
nts
.Thel
att
eri
sint
ell
i
gentb
utt
hef
orme
risno
tint
ell
i
gent
.)
Wo
leS
oyi
nkae
tCh
inuaAc
heb
eso
nté
cri
vai
ns.
Cel
ui
-c
ies
tmo
rte
tce
lui
-l
àes
tvi
van
t.
(
Wol
eSo
yinkaandChi
nuaAc
heb
ear
ewr
it
ers
.Thel
att
eri
sde
adandt
hef
orme
risal
i
ve.
)
‘
Cel
ui
-c
i’c
anb
ere
pla
cedb
y‘c
ede
rni
er’
and‘
cel
ui
-l
à’b
ylep
remi
er.
Ced
ern
ieré
cri
vai
nes
tIb
ota
ndi
squel
epr
emi
ere
stYo
roub
a.
(
Thel
att
eri
sIb
owhi
l
ethef
orme
risYo
rub
a.)
TheIndef
ini
teDemo nst
rat
iveProno
uns
Ce,ce
ci,c
e l
a(ça)
:
Ce(C’
)isusedma i
nlywiththever
b‘êt
re’an
dsometi
me swith‘
al
ler’
,‘
d evoi
r’
,or‘p
ouvoi
r ’
.
Ceisatti
me sre
placedbycela.
Example:
i
)Wh enusedwithamo difi
ednoun:
Mangeonscett
ema ngue!C’es
tunbonfrui
t=Le
. tuseatthi
smang o!Itisago o
dfrui
t.
i
i)bef
oreap r
opernoun:
Jevoi
sun ebel
lefemme .C’
estMadameOladel
e.(
Iseeab eaut
if
ulwo man.ItisMrsOladele.
)
i
ii
)befor
eap rono
un:
Lavoit
ureestdevantl
’égl
ise
.Est-
cel
av ôt
re?(
Thecarisinthefr
onto fthechurc
h.I
si tyour
s?)
i
v)befor
eas uper
lat
ive:
Lesétudi
a nt
sd efrançai
ss onti
ntel
l
igent
s.Cesontlesme i
l
leursé tudi
antsdel’Univer
si
té
d’
Ib
a d
an.
(
Thes t
ude
ntss
tudy
ingF
renc
har
eint
ell
i
gent
.The
yar
etheb
ests
tude
ntso
ftheUni
ver
si
tyo
f
I
badan.
)
v)bef
orea
ninf
ini
ti
ve:
Pourr
éussi
ràsesexa
men
sc’
estd
epo
uvo
irl
i
ree
tét
udi
er=(
. Pas
singo
ne’
sex
amsi
sbe
ingab
le
t
ore
adands
tudy
.)
Lep
rob
lèmec
’es
td’
avo
irunp
eud
’ar
gen
tpo
ura
che
terl
eli
vre
.=(
Thep
rob
lemi
stohav
eal
i
ttl
e
mo
neyt
obuyt
heb
ook.
)
Ceq
uie
sti
mpo
rta
ntc
’es
tdes
avo
irv
ivr
e.=(
Whati
simp
ort
anti
stokno
who
wtol
i
vewe
ll
.)
Cequi e
sturgentc’
estd’al
le
rma n
ger=(
. Whati
sur
g e
ntistogoande at
.)
vi
)beforeana dv
erb:
C’
estaujourd’
huiunjourfér
ié. = (
Todayisapubl
icho l
i
day.
)
C’
estma int
enantoujama i
s. = (
Iti
snowo rnever
.)
vi
i)asan eute
rsubje
ct:
I
le s
tlundiaujo
urd’
hui.Oui
,c’e
stvr
ai. = (
TodayisMonday.Yes,i
tist
rue
.)
TheDemons
tra
tiv
ePronoun‘ce
ci’
,‘
cel
a’(
ça )
Whenthedemonst
rat
ivepro
nounrepl
acesanindefi
ni
teex
pres
sionorani
dea
,ce
cia
ndc e
lais
us
e d
.Çaisusedinfamil
ia
rs t
yl
e.Iti
snots t
andardFr
enc
h.Celaisus
edwhenanexp
ress
ion
ha
sa l
rea
dybeenmenti
oned.Ceci
isuse
dt oint
rod
uceanexpr
essi
on.
Ce
cieste
xcel
l
ent.C’
estunbonrés
umé. =(
Thi
sisex
cel
l
ent.I
tisag o
odsummary.
)
C’
estunca
sd’ac
cide
nt.Cel
aestur
gen
t. =(
Iti
sacas
eofanaccide
nt.I
tisur
gent
.)
(
Ordi
nar
il
y,‘
cel
a’i
snotuse
db e
for
ethev
erb‘
êt
re’
exc
epti
nth
ety
peo
fex
amp
leg
ive
nhe
re,
i.
e.
,
whe
na nexp
ress
ionh
a sa
lre
adybeenme
nti
one
d).
‘
Cec
i’r
efe
rst
oth
ecl
ose
r/c
los
esto
bje
cta
nd‘
cel
a’t
oth
efa
rth
er/
far
the
sto
bje
ct.
(
TheRe
fl
exi
vePr
ono
uns
)Le
spr
ono
msr
éfl
éch
is
Refl
exi
vepro
nounsa
reusedwh ent
hesubjectordoeri
st here
ceiv
erofthea c
ti
on.Theyar
e:
me,te,
se,no
us,v
ous
,se.Th
eyc a
neit
herbedirec
torindi
rec
tobje
cts.
Exampl
e:
Jemev oi
sdansl
emir
oir
.=Iseemysel
finthemirro
r.
Il
selavel
esdent
schaq
uema t
inets
oir
.=Heb rus
heshisteet
heachmo r
ningandeveni
ng.
Befo
rever
bsbeg
inn
ingwi
thvowel
so rmuteh,me ,t
e,s
ebe
comem’
,t
’,
s’.E.
g.
Jem’ai
de. = Ihel
pmy self
.
Tut’
habi
ll
es = Youdres
sy ours
elf
.
Il
s’ai
me = Helove
s/li
keshimself
.
El
less’
ai
me n
t = Theyl
ovet hemsel
ves(f
.)
.
(
Pos
it
io
nofRe
fl
exi
vePr
ono
uns
)Lap
lac
ede
spr
ono
msr
éfl
éch
is
Pr
onom(Suj
et) Pr
o n
omr
éfl
éch
i Ver
be
Je Me l
ave
Tu Te l
aves
I
l/
Ell
e/On Se l
ave
Nous Nous l
avons
Vous Vous l
avez
I
ls/
Ell
es se l
avent
Lesson6
Adjec
tive
s
Itsh
ouldben o
tedthatt
hedefi
ni
tear
tic
les(l
e,l
a,l
es)
,theind
efi
ni
teart
icl
es(un,une,d
es),a
n dthe
Possessi
veAdjec
ti
ves(mon,ma,mes)t
akeo nt
hegenderandnumberofthenounwithwhichthey
arepl
a c
ed.Inli
kema nne
r,o
rdi
naryadj
ecti
vesl
ik
e‘bi
g’
,‘smal
l’
,‘
handso
me ’
,etc
.d oagr
eeingender
andnumb erwi
ththenounth
attheyd
e s
cri
be.
Thus,i
no r
dertoobt
ainth
efemini
nefor
mo fanadj
ect
ive
, weadd‘
-e’
tothema scul
in
eform.E.g.
Eng
li
shMas
cul
i
ne F
emi
ni
ne
b
ig/
lar
ge/
tal
l g
rand g
rande
s
mall/
sho
rt/
li
tt
le p
eti
t p
eti
te
pret
ty j
oli j
oli
e
bad mauvai
s mauvai
se
wicked mécha
nt méchan
te
black noi
r noi
re
all t
out t
oute
green ve
rt ve
rte
grey gr
is gr
is
e
I
tshoul
dben ot
eda l
sothattherearesomea d
ject
ive
swh ic
he ndi
nt hesil
ento
rmut e‘e’i
nthe
masc
uli
nefor
m( e.
g.jeun
e,young;malade
,il
l
;jaune
,yell
ow).The
seadjec
ti
veshavethesameform
whet
herth
eya r
euse dwithama s
culi
neorafe mi
ninenoun.Fore
xa mpl
e,‘l
ejeun
eh omme (
’t
he
yo
ungman)and‘
lajeunefemme (
’t
heyoungwoman).Consi
derth
efol
lowing
:
Engli
sh Mascul
ine F
eminine
young j
eune j
eune
red r
ouge r
ouge
near pr
oche p
roche
fast vi
te v
ite
l
o ve
ly ai
mab l
e a
imable
huge éno
rme é
norme
seri
ous gr
ave g
rave
easy si
mple s
imple
Howe
ver,
wh e
nthen
ouni
spl
ura
linF
ren
ch,
thequal
if
yi
nga
dje
cti
vemus
tal
sob
eini
tsp
lur
alf
orm.
Fo
rexampl
e,
Si
ngul
ar Pl
ura
l
l
ep et
itenfat(
n thesmal lchil
d) l
espet
it
sen fans(
t thes mallchi
ldren)
l
ejoliti
ssu(t
hef i
nec l
oth) l
esj
oli
stis
s us(t
hef i
nec l
o t
hs)
l
ema uv a
isélèe(
v t
heb adp upil
) l
esmauvaisélèves(t
heb adp upi
ls)
ungarçonint
ell
igent(ac l
everboy) desgarço
nsi nte
ll
igents(somec lev
e rboy
s)
unefi
llein
tel
li
gente(abrightgir
l) de sfi
ll
esintell
ig
entes(someb ri
ghtg i
rl
s).
Agr
e e
me ntofAdject
ive
s
TheAdject
ivemus tal
wa ysagreeinn umbera
ndgenderwi t
hthen ouno rpr
o n
o unthati
tdes
cri
bes
orqual
if
ies,
e.g.
Lega r
çonestbeau. I
les
tbeau.
(
Theb
oyi
shands
ome
.) (
Hei
shands
ome
.)
Le
sga
rço
nss
ontb
eaux
. I
lss
ontb
eaux
.
(
Theb
oysar
ehands
ome
.) (
The
yar
ehands
ome
.)
Laf
il
lee
stb
ell
e. El
l
ees
tbe
ll
e.
(
Theg
irli
sbe
aut
if
ul.
) (
Shei
sbe
aut
if
ul.
)
Le
sfi
l
less
ontb
ell
es. El
l
ess
ontb
ell
es.
(
Theg
irl
sar
ebe
aut
if
ul.
) (
The
yar
ebe
aut
if
ul.
)
L’
hommee
stc
ont
ent
. I
les
tco
nte
nt.
(
Themani
shap
py.
) (
Hei
shap
py.
)
Le
sho
mme
sso
ntc
ont
ent
s. I
lss
ontc
ont
ent
s.
(
Theme
nar
ehap
py.
) (
The
yar
ehap
py.
)
Laf
emmee
stc
ont
ent
e. El
l
ees
tco
nte
nte
.
(
Thewo
mani
shap
py.
) (
Shei
shap
py.
)
Le
sfe
mme
sso
ntc
ont
ent
es. El
l
ess
ontc
ont
ent
es.
(
Thewo
menar
ehap
py.
) (
The
yar
ehap
py.
)
No
tet
hata
nadj
ect
iv
equa
li
fyi
ngno
unsofmi
xedg
end
eri
smademasc
uli
nepl
ura
l,e
.g.
Monon
clee
tmatant
eson
tcont
ent
s. – Il
sson
tco
nten
ts.
(
Myunc
leandauntar
ehap
py.
) – (
The
yar
ehap
py.
)
Mamè
ree
tmat
ant
eso
ntc
ont
ent
es. – El
l
ess
ontc
ont
ent
es.
(
Mymo
the
randmyauntar
ehap
py.
) – (
The
yar
ehap
py.
)
To
npè
ree
tto
nfr
ères
ontl
à? – Oui
,i
lss
ontl
à.
(
Arey
ourf
athe
randb
rot
hert
her
e?) – (
Yes
,the
yar
ethe
re.
)
Agr
e e
me ntofAdj
ect
iv
es
TheAdject
ivemustal
waysa
gre
einn
umb
era
ndgend
erwitht
hen
ouno
rpr
ono
unt
hati
tde
scr
ibe
s
orqual
if
ies,
e.g.
Legarç
onestbe
au. I
les
tbeau.
(
Theb
oyi
shands
ome
.) (
Hei
shands
ome
.)
Le
sga
rço
nss
ontb
eaux
. I
lss
ontb
eaux
.
(
Theb
oysar
ehands
ome
.) (
The
yar
ehands
ome
.)
Laf
il
lee
stb
ell
e. El
l
ees
tbe
ll
e.
(
Theg
irli
sbe
aut
if
ul.
) (
Shei
sbe
aut
if
ul.
)
Le
sfi
l
less
ontb
ell
es. El
l
ess
ontb
ell
es.
(
Theg
irl
sar
ebe
aut
if
ul.
) (
The
yar
ebe
aut
if
ul.
)
L’
hommee
stc
ont
ent
. I
les
tco
nte
nt.
(
Themani
shap
py.
) (
Hei
shap
py.
)
Le
sho
mme
sso
ntc
ont
ent
s. I
lss
ontc
ont
ent
s.
(
Theme
nar
ehap
py.
) (
The
yar
ehap
py.
)
Laf
emmee
stc
ont
ent
e. El
l
ees
tco
nte
nte
.
(
Thewo
mani
shap
py.
) (
Shei
shap
py.
)
Le
sfe
mme
sso
ntc
ont
ent
es. El
l
ess
ontc
ont
ent
es.
(
Thewo
menar
ehap
py.
) (
The
yar
ehap
py.
)
No
tet
hata
nadj
ect
iv
equa
li
fyi
ngno
unsofmi
xedg
end
eri
smademasc
uli
nepl
ura
l,e
.g.
Monon
clee
tmatant
eson
tcont
ent
s. – Il
sson
tco
nten
ts.
(
Myunc
leandauntar
ehap
py.
) – (
The
yar
ehap
py.
)
Mamè
ree
tmat
ant
eso
ntc
ont
ent
es. – El
l
ess
ontc
ont
ent
es.
(
Mymo
the
randmyauntar
ehap
py.
) – (
The
yar
ehap
py.
)
To
npè
ree
tto
nfr
ères
ontl
à? – Oui
,i
lss
ontl
à.
(
Arey
ourf
athe
randb
rot
hert
her
e?) – (
Yes
,the
yar
ethe
re.
)
ThePos
it
ionofAdject
ive
s
SomeFr
enchAd j
ect
ivesarep
lac
edb
efor
ethenoun swhi
leman
yot
her
sco
mea
fte
rth
eno
unst
hat
th
eyqual
if
y.Fori
nstance
,
a) l
ep et
itél
ève = t
hesmallpupil
l
eb ea
ug arç
on = t
hehandsomeb oy
ungrandhomme = atal
l
man
l
ap et
itef
il
le = t
hesmallgir
l
l
ab el
lema î
tr
esse = t
hebeauti
fulmist
res
s
unegrandefemme = atal
lwoman
S
omeo
ftheFren chadj
ecti
vest
hatc
omeaf
tert
hen
ounsthatthe
yq ual
if
yar
easf
ol
lo
ws:
b
) l
eliv
rer ouge = t
here dbook
unchi
e nmé chant = awickeddog
l
av o
it
ur efra
nçais
e = t
heF renc
hc ar
unefemmec ha
rmante = acharmingwo man
Compari
sono fAd je
ctiv
es
InEngl
ishandF r
ench,therearethreedegreesofco mparis
on ,vi
z.positi
ve,c
omp ara
tiv
e,and
super
lat
ive.Con si
derthefoll
owinge xample
s :
Posi
tive Co mparati
ve Sup e
rlat
ive
beau( pre
tty) plusbeau(p r
ett
ier
) lep l
usb eau(thepre
tti
est)
fac
ie(
l easy) plusfaci
le(easi
er) l ep l
usf a
cile(t
hee as i
est
)
gai(
me rr
y) plusgai(me r
ri
er) lep l
usg ai(t
heme rr
iest
)
gra
nd( tall
) plusgrand(tal
ler
) l ep l
usg r
an d(thetall
e s
t)
vi
te(fas t
) plusvie(
t f
aster
) lep l
usv i
te(thefast
est)
anci
e n(ancient
) p l
usa nci
en( moreanci
e nt)l eplusan ci
en( t
hemo stanci
ent)
E.g
.
Pie
rree stbeau.(Peterishandsome.)
Ekee stplusbeauq uePierre
. (
Ekeismo rehands omet hanPe ter.
)
Paule stlepl
usb eaud etous.(
Paulisthemo sthands o
meo fall
.)
Ma
riee
stl
’
étud
ian
tel
apl
usi
nte
ll
ig
ent
edel
acl
ass
e.
(
Mar
yist
hemo
sti
nte
ll
ig
ents
tude
nti
nthec
las
s.)
Mar
iee
tAma do
usontle
sétudi
antsl
esplusint
ell
i
g en
tsdelac
las
se.
(
Mar
yandAmaduar
ethemos
tint
ell
i
gents
tudent
sinthecl
ass
.)
Adj
ect
ifsposs
ess
is(
f Poss
essi
veAdj
ecti
ves):
InF
rench,t
hepre
posi
ti
on‘de
’pl
usaproperno
unind
ica
tesp
oss
ess
ion
.
Exa
mp l
e:
Lavoi
turedeBol
a = Bol
a’scar
Lef
il
sdeMo
nsi
eurBa
nko
le = Mr
.Banko
le’
sso
n
Lesf
ormesd
esa d
jec
ti
fspo
sse
ssi
fs:
Mas
culi
neSi
ngul
ar F e
mini
neSin
gul
ar Ma s
culi
ne/
Femi
ni
ne Eng
li
shMe
ani
ng
Pl
ural
Mo n Ma Me s My
Ton Ta Tes Your
So
n Sa Se
s Her/hi
s
Notr
e Notr
e Nos Our
Votr
e Votr
e Vos Your
Leur Leur Leurs Thei
r
st n
Thepossessiv
ea dj
ect
iveagr
eesinn umb erandg en
derwit
hth
eobje
ctpos
ses
sedatt
he1,2d,and
r
d s
t n
2da r
d
3 p
ers
o nsingul
arlev
els.
Atthe1 , nd3 p
ersonp
lur
all
eve
ls,
the
yagre
ewit
hnumbera
lon
e.
Mo nli
vre = Myb ook
Mar ègle = Myr ul
e r
Sonb ébé = Her/Hisbaby
Sac hai
se = Her/Hischair
Tonc ahi
er = Yourex e
rci
s ebook
Tata b
le = Yourtable
Notrema i
son= Ourho use
Nosma i
sons= Ourho uses
Votremè r
e = Yourmo ther
Vosmè res = Yourmo thers
Leursœur = Theirsis
ter
Leurssœur s= Theirsis
ters
Pl
eas
en o
tetha
tthepos
sess
iveadj
ecti
vedoesn otagreewit
hthep oss
essor
.
‘
Mon,t
on,so
n’areus
edforf
emini
neo b
ject
sbeginningwithavowe lo
rsil
ent‘
h’
:
Ex
ample:
Monamie = Myfri
end(fe
malef ri
end)
Monorange = Myo r
ange(f
eminineo bj
ectst
art
ingwithavowel
)
Tonégl
i
se = Yo
uc hur
ch(feminineobjects
tar
tingwit
hav owe
l)
Sonhi
st
oire = Her/Hisst
ory
/hero rhi
shistor
y(f
e mini
neobj
ectst
art
ing
wi
thasil
ent‘
h’)
S
ono
mbre = He
r/hi
sshadow(mas
culi
neo
bjec
tstar
ti
ngwit
havowel
)
S
onh
ôpi
tal = He
r/Hi
shospi
tal(
mascul
i
neobj
ects
tart
ingwi
thas
il
ent
‘
h’
)
Thepo
sse
ssi
vead
ject
iv
eisre
pea
tedbe
for
eeac
hob
jectp
oss
ess
ed:
J’
aimonc
ahi
erd
’exe
rci
ces
,monsacàmai
netmagomme.
Whenonlyanobj
ectispos
ses
sedb
yea
chp
ers
on,t
hesi
ngul
arpos
sess
ivea
dject
iv
eisus
ed.
Ex
amp l
e:
Le
sé t
udi
a nt
sport
entle
ursac
. = Thest
ude
ntsarec
arr
yi
ngthei
rbag.
Nousavo
n snot
resty
lo. = Wehaveourp
en.
TheDemo n
str
a ti
veAd j
ecti
ves
Ce(thi
s),
ce (
tthis),c
e t
te(t
his),
c es(
the
s e
):
Ceisusedf orma sculi
nen oun.
Ceti
sus edfo rma scul
inen ounb eg
inni
ngwithavo
we l
o rasi
lent‘
h’.
Cett
eisuse df o
raf emininen ounwh enitb
egin
swit
hav oweloras i
l
ent‘
h’
.
Cesisusedf orpluralnouns.
Exampl
es:
J’
ai
mec ecahi
e r(mas culi
neno un). = Ili
kethise
xe r
cis
eb o
ok.
Tureg
ardesceta rbre(mas c
ulineno un)
. = Youlookatthi
stree/
Youarelooki
ngatt histree.
Il
veutcet
teorange(f
emini
neno un). = Hewa ntsthi
so r
ange .
El
lepar
leàc e
ttedame(feminineno un)
. = Shespeakstothiswo man/
Sheisspeaki
ngt othislady.
Vouséc
rivezcett
ehist
oi
re(feminineno un)
. = Yo uwr i
tethi
ss t
ory/his
tory/
Youarewr i
ti
ngthiss t
ory/his
tor
y.
Nousvoyo
nsc estab
les(pl
uralfemininenoun)
.= Wes eethesetable
s /Wear esee
ingt
hes
e
tab
les.
Le
sso
n7
Adverbs
Adverbsmo di
fyver
bs,ad
ject
ives,o
rotheradv
e r
bs.Theya r
einva
riable.Mostadv er
bsinF r
encha r
e
fo
rme dbya d
ding-mentt
othef e
minin
efo r
mo fadj
ecti
v e
s .
Regul
a rfo
rmso ffr
enc
hAd verb
s:
Masculin
eAd j
e c
ti
ve F emi ni
neAdjec
tiv
e Ad verb Eng l
ishme ani
ng( ofAdverb)
Fi
nal f
ina
le fi
naleme n
t fi
nal l
y
fo
rt f
ort
e Fort
eme nt strongl
y
Parf
ait p
arfai
te parf
aitement p e rf
ect
ly
Complet c
omp l
ète complètementc o mplet
ely
Heureux h
eureuse heureusementh ap pi
ly
Doux d
ouce douceme nt ge nt
ly/So
ftl
y
Rapi
de r
api
d e rapi
deme nt r ap i
dl
y
Fr
an c f
ranche fr
anch e
me nt f rankly
/reall
y/def
init
el
y /
cle
arly
Fr
ais f
raî
che fr
aîcheme nt f reshly
Long l
ongue lo
n g
ue ment f oral ongtime /
long/thoro
ughly
/
inde
pth/
inde
tai
l
/atl
eng
th
Ad
ver
bsf
orme
dfr
oma
dje
cti
vese
ndi
ngi
nav
owe
lap
artf
rommut
e‘e
’:a
dd-
men
ttot
hema
scul
i
ne
fo
rmo ft
head j
ect
iv
e:
Fr
enchMa s
culi
neAdjec
ti
ve F re
nchAdver
b Engl
ishAdve
rb
Hardi Hardi
ment bol
dly
Pol
i Pol
iment pol
it
ely
Vrai Vrai
ment tr
uly
Absol
u Absol
ument absol
ute
ly
Résol
u Résol
ument res
olut
ely
Exce
pt:
Gai=gaî
me ntorgai
ement(
gai
l
y).
Fo
rs omeadj
ect
iv
esendi
ngi
n-uint hema s
cul
i
ne,a
ddc
ir
cumfl
ext othe‘
-u’wh
enf
ormi
ngt
he
ad
verb:
Exa
mp l
e:
Fr
enchMasc
uli
neAdj
ect
iv
e F r
enchAd ve
rb Engl
ishAdverb
Ass
idu Ass
idûme n
t att
enti
vely
Cont
inu Cont
inûment cont
inual
ly
Cr
u Cr
ûme nt coar
sely
Somea dj
ect
ive
sen
din
gi n‘e’muteinthef
emi
ni
n efo r
mc hanget
he‘
e’to‘é’b ef
ore-me
ntt
ofo
rm
theadv e
rb:
Examp le
:
Ma s
c .
Adject
iv
e FeminineAdj
ect
iv
e Adve r
b English
Aveugle Aveug l
e aveugléme nt bl
indly
Commo de Commo de commo dément conve ni
entl
y
Commun Commun e commun ément commo nly
Confus Confuse confuséme nt confus i
ngl
y
Enorme Enorme énormé ment enormo usly
Exquis Exquise exquiséme n
t exquis i
te
ly
Importun Importune i
mp ortunément i
mp ortunatel
y
Opportun Opportune opport
un ément opportunely
Obscur Obscure obscuréme nt obscur el
y
Préci
s Préci
se pr
éc i
sé ment preci
s el
y
Prof
o nd Prof
o nde pr
ofo ndément prof
o undly
Unif
o r
me Unif
o r
me uni
fo r
mé me nt unif
o rmly
Adjec
ti
vesendi
ngin-
antan
d-entinthemascul
i
nef
ormc
han
ge‘ -ant’to‘
-a
mme
nt’a
nd‘
-
ent
’to‘
-
emme nt
’tof
ormadve
rbs
.Fori
nst
ance:
Ma s
culi
neAdj
ect
iv
e Adverb Eng l
is h
Abondant Abondamme nt abundant ly
Bri
ll
iant Bri
ll
ame nt bri
lli
ant l
y
Const
ant Constamment cons tantl
y
Courant Couramment fl
ue ntly
Puis
sant Puissament powe r f
ull
y
Decent Décemme nt dece ntly
Evi
dent Evidemment evide ntl
y
Fr
équent Fr
équemment f
requent
ly
Pat
ien
t Pat
iemmen
t pat
ient
ly
Pr
udent Pr
udemment wis
ely
Ir
regularAdv
erbs
Masc ul
inAd
ject
iv
e Femini
neAd
jec
ti
ve Adver
b Engl
ish
Bref Brève br
ièv
ement bri
ef
ly
Genti
l Genti
l
le ge
nti
me n
t ni
cely
Impun i Impuni
e i
mpunément wit
himp uni
ty
So
mea dve
rbsdi
ff
erf
romthei
rcor
res
pondi
nga
dje
cti
ves
.Fo
rex
amp
le:
Masculi
neAdj
ect
ive F e
minineAdj
ect
iv
e Ad ve
rb Engl
ish
Bon Bonn
e Bi
en well
Mauva i
s Mauvai
se Mal badl
y
Mei
ll
e ur Mei
ll
eure mie
ux bett
er
Pet
it Pet
it
e Peu l
itt
le
Moi
nd re Moi
ndre moi
ns l
e s
s
Somea dv
erb
sarei
den
tic
al tothemas
culi
nes
ingularadj
ect
iv
es:
Ma s
culi
neAd
jec
ti
ve F emi nine
Adj
ect
iv
e Adverb Eng l
ish
Bas Bas se Bas l
o w
Bon Bon ne Bon goo d
Chaud Cha ude chaud war m
Cher Chè re Cher exp ensi
ve
Cl
a i
r Claire Clai
r clearly
Court Cour te Court sho r
t
Dur Dur e Dur har d
Faux Fau sse Faux false
Fort Forte Fort l
o udly,st
rongl
y
Haut Ha ute Haut highly,l
oudly
Just
e Jus t
e Juste strai
g ht
Mauvais Ma uv ai
se mauv ai
s bad
Net Ne tt
e Net clean, s
hort
ThePosi
ti
onofAdve
rbs
Insi
mpl
es en
tenc
es,ad
verb
sar
epl
ace
daft
erthev
erbst
heymo
dif
y.
Exampl
e:
Ell
echant
ebien. = Shesi
ngswel
l.
I
lpa
rler
api
deme
nt. = Hes
peaksr
api
dl
y.
I
nc ompoundtens
es,s
hor
t,c
ommo nadver
bsands omeadver
bsofmanne
ra r
ep l
acedb
etweenth
e
auxi
li
aryver
bandthepas
tpar
tic
ipl
e.S
omeo ft
hesea d
ver
bsareasf
oll
ows:
Assez,bi
en,be
aucoup
,bi
ent
ôt,déj
à,enc
ore,enf
in,j
amais
,ma l
,mie
ux,moins,so
uvent
,to
ujour
s,
tr
op,v i
te
.
Ex
amp l
es
El
l
eab eaucoupp ar
lé. = Hespokealot
.
Nousavo
n sbiendormi. = Wes l
eptwel
l.
El
l
eat r
opb u. = Shedrankt
oomuch.
El
l
ee s
tde sce
nd ueenf
in. = Shehasdesc
ende
datlas
t.
Adver
bso fpl
aceandcert
ainadv
erb
so fti
mes uchas‘h i
er,a
ujourd’
hui
,demai
n,avant-
hie
r,a
prè
s
demai
n ,
autref
oi
s,ta
rd’a
nda d
ver
bsendin
gin‘-
me nt
’us ual
lyf
ollo
wt hepas
tpart
ic
ipl
e.E.
g.
El
leav o
yagépart
out. = S hehastr
av e
ll
ed/Shetravel
led.
El
leestarr
ivé
eh i
er. = S hehasarr
ivedyester
day/Shearri
vedye
ste
rday.
Il
estpart
itar
d. = Hel ef
tlat
e.
Onl’
arencontr
élà-
bas. = I /You/Wesawhe r/
hi mther
e .
El
leacomp r
isfac
il
ement. =S hehasunder
stoodeasily
/Sheunderst
oodeasi
l
y.
Thead
v e
rbtha
tmo d
ifi
esa
ninf
ini
ti
vec
anb
eplac
edbefo
reo
raf
teri
t.
Examp
le:
Je voudr
ais to
ujour
s gar
der mon san
g-f
roi
d= I wo
. ul
d alway
s l
i
ke t
o ke
ep my
c
alme
nes
s/c
omp
osur
e/s
elf
-c
ont
rol
.
J
e v
oud
rai
s g
ard
ert
ouj
our
s mo
n s
ang
-fr
oid
.= I wo
uld l
i
ke t
o al
way
s ke
ep my
c
almne
ss/
comp
osur
e/s
elf
-c
ont
rol
.
So
meadver
bsma yappearatthebegi
nni
ngo
fth
esentence
.
Exa
mpl
e:
Fin
alement,el
l
ee starr
ivé
e. = Final
ly
,shehasarr
ive
d/shearr
ive
d.
Ell
eesta r
ri
vée,f
inale
me n
t. = Shehasarri
ved/s
hearri
vedfi
nal
ly.
Heureusement
,ill
’abienfat = Ha
i pp
il
y,hehasdonewe l
l
/hedidwell
.
Ill
’
ab ie
nfait
,heureusemen. = Heh
t asdonewe l
l/
hedidwell
,happ
il
y.
Manyadver
bso fti
mema yap pearatthebeg i
nni
ngofasent
ence.
E.
g .
Enfi
n, i
lafin i
. = Fi
nal
l
y,hehasfi
ni
shed/hefi
nished.
Aujourd’
hui nousir
onsa uci
néma . = Today
,wewillgotothecine
ma.
Dema innousp art
ir
ons . = Tomorr
ow,wewi l
lle
ave .
Le
sson8a
Ver
b(Si
mp l
ePr esen tTense)
Ex
amp l
efr
omf i
rstg roupverbs
Parl
e r(t
ot alk,tospeak)
Jepa rl
ef ra ncas(
i Isp eakfre
nch)
Tupa rl
esa n gl
a s(
i Yo us pe
akEng l
ish)
Ilp
arleh aous a(Hesp eakshausa)
Nousp arl
on sIg o(
b Wes peakIgbo)
Vousp arl
eza l
lemand( YouspeakGe r
man)
Il
spa rl
entr use(Theys peakRus s
ian)
Ec
out
er(
tol
i
ste
n)
J’
écout
elarado(
i Ili
st
entoradi
o )
Tuécouteslep
rofes
seur(Youl
iste
nt otheteacher)
I
lécoutelacha
n s
on(Helist
enstotheso ng)
Nousécouto
nsleprog
ramme( Wel i
stent ot
hep ro
g r
amme
)
Vousécoute
zl’
arbi
te(
r Youli
stentothere f
ere
e)
I
lsécout
entleprés
ident(
Theyli
stentothep r
esident)
Teacherss
houl
dusesomefir
stg
roupver
bsl
ikemang
er,marc
her,r
egarder
,tr
avai
l
ler
,co
mmenc
er,
habit
er,ac
hete
re t
cconj
ugat
eandf o
rms e
ntenc
eswiththem.Also,putthesent
ence
sint
he
negati
veusi
ngne…pas
Examplefr
oms ec
on dgroupv er
bs
fi
nr(
i tofi
nish)
Jefi
nismo nd evor(
i Ifinishmyassignment
)
Tufin
islale s
sive(Youf i
nishwashing)
El
lefi
nitl’
inscr
ipti
on(S hefini
shes
)
Nousfini
ssons(Wef i
nish)
Vousfi
nissz(
e Youf i
nish)
El
lesfi
niss
en t(Theyfinish)
Jechoi
si
sl ebic(Ichoosethepen)
Tuc h
oisi
slach emise(Youchoosethes
hir
t)
I
lchoi
sitlefoot(Hecho o
sesfoot
bal
l)
Nouschoi
siss
on slesj upesnoi
res(
Wec ho
oset
hebl
ackski
rt
s)
Vouschoi
sis
sezl ab el
l
ef i
le(
l Youchoos
ethebe
aut
if
ulgi
rl
)
I
lschoi
sis
sent( Theychoose)
Teacher
ss houl
dusesomesec
o ndgro
upv e
rbsli
keref
léc
hir
,rale
nti
r,rempli
r,ré
ussi
r e t
c
co
njugateandfor
msent
enc
eswi
ththe
m.Als
o,putt
hese
ntenc
esinthenegat
iveusi
ngne…pas
ExamplefromThirdg r
oupve r
bs
Li
re(toread)
Jeli
smo nlive(
r Ireadmyt extbook)
Tuli
slec ahi
erdefrançais(
Yo ureadthef r
enchno t
eboo
k)
Il
li
tl ejournal(
Her eadsnews p
ap er)
Nouslis
onsleroma n(Wer eadtheno vel)
Vousli
sezlaBi bl
e/leKoran(Your eadtheBib
le /
Quran)
Il
sli
sentleurcahi
ers( Theyreadt hei
rnotebo
o ks)
Teac
herss
houl
duses
omeseco
ndgro
upv e
rbsli
keéc
ri
re,
dir
e,f
air
e,vo
ulo
ir,
pouv
oiret
cco
njug
ate
andfo
rmsent
ence
swit
hthe
m.Als
o,putt
hesente
nce
sinthene
gati
veusi
ngne…pas
.
Les
son8b
LePass
éComp
osé
Thepa s
to rpe
rfectte
nseisusedtoindi
cat
eap astact
ionincon
versat
ion
,le
tte
rwrit
ingoracc
ount
s
ofr
e c
e nthappen
ings.I
no r
dertofor
mt heper
fectte
ns e
,theauxi
li
aryver
bs‘t
oh a
ve’and‘t
obe’ar
e
usedwh il
ethep astpart
ic
ipl
erema i
nsuncha
n g
e dexceptonl
yinca s
eswh e
reitispre
cededbya
di
rectob j
ect
.Ho we ver
,verb
sc o
njugat
edwiththea uxi
li
aryver
b‘êtr
e’mustagreeinper
sonand
genderwiththesubjec
tofthesent
ence.
F
irs
tgr
oupVerb
p
arl
er(
tospe
ak):
J’
aipar
léanglai
s. (
IspokeEng l
i
sh. )
Tuaspa r
léfranç
ais. (
Yous p
o keFrench.)
I
lap ar
léhaoussa. (
Hesp okeHaus a.
)
Nousavonsparl
éigbo. (
Wes pokeIgbo.)
Vousavezparl
éy oro
uba. (
Yous p
o keYoruba.)
I
lsontparl
éa r
abe. (
Theysp okeArabic.
)
J’
aipar
lélala
ngueanglai
se. (
Ihavespokent heEng l
is
hlanguage.)
Tuaspa r
lél
alanguefr
ançai
se. (
Youhaves po
ke nt heFrenchl
anguage.)
I
lap ar
lélal
anguehaoussa. (
Hehass p
o kent heHausalanguage.)
Nousavonsparl
élalang
ueigbo. (
Wehav espoke nt heI
gbolanguag
e .
)
Vousavezparl
élalan
guey o
rouba
. (
Youhaves po
ke nt heYorubal
anguage.)
I
lsontparl
élalan
guea r
abe. (
Theyhaves p
o ke ntheArabi
clanguage.
)
Teache
r ssho
ulduseothe
rve
rbsl
i
kes
alue
r,do
nne
r,b
aig
nere
tci
npas
séc
omp
oséandp
utt
hemi
n
thenegati
vesent
ence
s.
Sec
ondgroupve
rb
menti
r(
totel
lal
ie,t
oli
e)
J’
aimenti
. (Ihavetol
dalieo
rItoldali
eo rIdi
dtel
lalie.
)
Tuasme nt
i. (Youhavetol
dali
eo rYoutoldali
eorYoudidtellali
e.)
I
l/
Ell
e/Oname nt
i. (He/She
/Onehastol
dal i
eo rHetol
dalieorHedi dte
llali
e.
)
Nousavonsment
i. ( Wehav eto
ldali
eorWet oldali
eorWedi dtel
lal i
e.
)
Vousavezment
i. ( Youhavetol
dali
eo rYoutoldali
eorYoudidtellali
e.)
I
ls/
Ell
esontme nt
i. (Theyhavetol
dali
eo rTheytol
dalieorTheydidtel
lalie.
)
Teache
r ssho
ulduseothe
rve
rbsl
i
kef
ini
r,o
bei
r,s
our
ir
e,r
ir
eet
cinp
ass
éco
mpo
séandp
utt
hemi
n
thenegati
vesent
ence
s.
Thi
rdg
roupver
b
Li
re-t
oread
J
’ai
lu (
Ihaveread)
Tuaslu (
Youhaver e
ad)
I
l/
/Ell
eal u (
He/Shehasread)
Nousavonslu (
Wehav eread)
Vousave
zl u (
Youhaver e
ad)
I
ls/El
l
eso ntl
u (
Theyhaveread)
Te
ache
rss
houl
dus
eot
herv
erb
sli
kee
nte
ndr
e,r
épo
ndr
e,é
li
r,p
rodui
ree
tci
npas
séc
omp
oséand
p
utt
hemi
nthene
gat
iv
ese
nte
nce
s.
Mo
ree
xamp
leso
npas
séc
omp
osé
J’
aire
gardélatél
évisi
on. (
Ihavewatchedtel
evi
si
o n.
)
Tuasé c
ri
tun elet
tr
e. (
Youhavewr i
tt
enalett
er.)
El
lesontl
ulel i
vre
. (
Theyhavereadthebook.)
Nousavonsma ngéduriz (
Wehav eeatensomeri
c e.
)
Lesfi
ll
esontvuleursamies
. (
Thegir
lshaveseenthei
rfri
ends
.)
Ver
bscon
jug
ate
dwith‘
êt
re’
inp
assécomp
osé
:
ve
ni(
rt
ocome)(
i.
e.
,aver
bofmot
io
n):
Fre
nch Eng
li
sh
Jesui
sv enu(e) (
Icame/Ihav ecome/Ididcome )
Tuesv e
n u(e
) (
Youcame /Youhavec ome /
Youdidcome.
)
Il
estvenu (
Hecame /Hehasc ome /
Hedi dcome)
El
leestvenue( f
em./s
g.) (
Shecame /Shehascome /Shedidcome)
Noussomme sv en
u(e)
s (
Wec ame/Wehav ec ome/Wedi dcome)
Vousêtesvenu(e)
s (
Youcame /Youhavec ome /
Youdidcome)
Il
ssontvenus (
Theycame /Theyhavec ome/Theydi
dcome)
El
lessontvenues(
fem.
/pl
.) (
Theycame /Theyhavec ome/Theydi
dcome)
i
i)selave(
rtowasho ne
s e
lf
)(i
.
e .are
flexivev erb):
Jemes ui
slavé() (
e Iwashedmy sel
f/Ihav ewas hedmy se
lf/Ididwas hmysel
f)
Tut’
eslavé(
e) (
Youwas hedyoursel
f/ Youhavewas hedy ourse
lf
.)
Il
s’es
tlavé (
Hewashe dhi
ms elf/Hehaswas hedhims el
f/Hedidwashhimsel
f)
El
les’
estlavée(
Shewas hedhe
rs e
lf
/Shehaswas hedhers
e l
f/
S hedidwas hhers
elf
)
Nousnoussomme slavé(e
)s( Wewas he do urselv
es/Wehav ewas hedo ur
sel
ves)
Vousvousêteslavé
(e)s (Youwas hedy o ur
selve
s/Youdidwas hyours
elv
es)
Il
ssesontlavés (Theywas hedt hems el
ves/
The yhav ewashedthemsel
ves–masc
.)
El
lessesontlav
ées. (Theywas hedt hems el
ves/
The ydidwas hthemsel
ves–fem.)
Thefoll
owingaresomee xamplesoft
heuseo fthePerf
ectte ns
eo ft
hev erbsconj
ugatedwit
h‘êtr
e’
.
Plea
sen otethati
nFrench,t
hep as
tpart
ic
iple
so fthe
setype sofverb
smus tal
wa y
sa gr
eewiththe
ir
subj
ectsinperson
,numb er
,andg e
nder
,asindicat
edinFren chbytheun d
e rl
i
neda gr
eei
n gl
ett
ersor
vowelsintheFrenc
hv e
r b
sb e
low:
Ell
eesta r
riv
éeh i
er. (
Shear r
ivedyest
erday.–f em./
sing.)
Il
ssontd é
jàp a
rti
s. (
Theyhav ealr
eadyle f
t.–mas c.
/plur.
)
Nouss o
mme sdéj
àretourné
s. (
Wehav eal r
eadyreturned.–mas c./pl
ur.
)
J’
ysuisa l
l
é (
e)avant
-hi
e r
. (
Iwe ntther
ethedayb ef
oreyest
erday.–
mas
c./f
em./s
ing.
)
Il
sseson
tlav
és. (
Theyhavewashedt
hemsel
ves–masc
./p
lur
.)
El
less
esontaus
sil
avé
es. (
Theyhaveal
sowashedt
hemsel
ves–f
em./pl
ur.
)
Les
son8c
Fut
ureS
impl
e
(
TheF
utur
ete
nse
)LeF
uturS
imp
le
Asthen a
mei mpli
es,th
efuturetens
eisus e
dinb ot
hEngli
sha ndFre
ncht oexp
ressanacti
ono ra
stat
eofbein
gwh i
c hwil
lta
k eplac
esome t
imeinthefut
ure.InEn g
li
sh,however
,togi
vetheideaof
fut
ureact
ion,weh av
etobringi
na not
hersepar
ateword‘s
h a
ll’f
ortheperson
alprono
unsIandWe ,
and‘wil
l’f
orotherper
sons.ButinFrenc
h,theFutur
etenseisexpr
essedinoneword.Forexa
mp le
,
theFre
nch‘j
ep ar
lera
i’t
ran
s l
ates‘
Ishal
lspeak’
inEngli
sh,whil
e‘i
lpar
lera
’ means‘
hewil
l s
peak’
.
Thefo
rma
tio
no ft
heFren
chFut
ureten
seisv e
rysimpl
e.Allwen
eedt
odoi
sjus
ttop
utt
he
fo
ll
owi
ngt
ermin
ati
onsa
tthee
ndofth
einfi
ni
ti
vefor
mo ft
hev
erb:
-
ai
-
as
-
a
-
ons
-
ez
-
ont.
mange(
rtoeat)
:
Jemangeraidupoi
sson ( Ishalle atfish)
Tuma ng
erasdesb a
nanes(Youwi lle atbananas)
I
lma n
gerdup ai
n (Hewi lle atbread)
Nousman g
eronslepet
it
-de
jeuner ( Wes halleatbr
eakf
ast
)
Vousman g
erezdurizaupoul
e t (
Yo uwil
leatri
cewit
hchic
ken)
I
lsmangerontdesfr
omages ( The ywi lleatchesses
)
selev
er(t
os t
andup):
Jemelèveraià8heures (Is
hallstandupat8o ’c
loc
k)
Tutelève
rastrèst
ôt (
Youwillstandupv e
ryearl
y)
El
leselèver
ap l
ustar
d (
Shewillstanduplate
r)
Nousnouslèver
ons (
Wes hallstandup
)
Vousvouslèver
ez (
Youwillstandup)
El
lesselèv
eront (
Theywillstandup)
These
condoneiswh enwewa nttotal
ka b
outthenearfuture.I
nt hatc ase,onecanus
eth
eve
rb
‘
al
ler
’(t
ogo).Forinstance:
i) J evai
sma ngerd uriz. (
Iamg oi
ngtoe atri
ce.)
i
i) J evai
sp a
rleran gl
ais
. (
Iamg oi
ngtos peakEng l
ish.)
i
ii
) J evai
sv o
yag e
ràLa gosdema i
n.(IamgoingtotraveltoLago sto morrow.)
i
v) No usall
onsé couterl
ar adi
o. ( Weshalll
i
stent otheradio.)
v) No usall
onsn ousa ss
eo i
r. (Wear egoingtositdo wn. )
vi
) I l
vadirel
av érit
é. (Heisg o
ingtot e
llthet ruth.
)
vi
i
) I l
vamed irelav ér
ité
. (Heisg o
ingtot e
llmet het r
uth.)
vi
i
i) Nousall
onsa pprendr
el efra
n ç
ais
. (Wear egoingtolearnF rench.)
I
mp e
rat
iv
e
TheImp
erat
iv
eisusedt
oexp
ressc
ommand
s,p
rohi
bi
ti
ons
,ex
hort
ati
onsormer
ewish
es.Howe
ver,
i
tisi
mport
antton
oteth
atacommandc
anbeg
ive
ntothr
eeset
sofpeop
le,
namel
y,S
econ
dPers
on
s
ing
ula
r,F
irs
tPe
rso
npl
ura
l,a
ndS
eco
ndPe
rso
npl
ura
l.
p
arl
er(tospeak,t
otal
k):
j
eparl
e (Ispeak) I
mpe
rat
iv
e:
t
uparl
es (yous p
e ak) Pa
rle
! (
Spe
ak!
)
i
l
/el
leparl
e (he/shes peaks
)
n
ousparl
ons (wes peak) Pa
rlo
ns! (
Letuss p
eak!
)
v
ousparl
ez (yous p
e ak) Pa
rle
z! (
Speak!
)
i
l
s/el
le
sp ar
lent (theyspe ak)
c
hoi
sr(
i t
ocho
ose
):
j
echoi
sis (
Ich
oos
e)
t
uchoi
sis (
youc hoose) Ch
ois
is! (
Cho
ose
!)
i
l
/el
lechoi
sit (
he/shec hoos
es)
n
ouschois
isso
ns (
wec ho o
se) Ch
ois
iss
ons! (
Letuscho
ose
!)
v
ouschoi
siss
ez (
youc hoose) Choi
si
ssez
! (Cho
ose!
)
i
l
s/el
le
sc hoi
si
sse
nt (
theyc hoos
e)
a
tte
ndre(towai
t,
towaitfor
):
j
’
att
ends (Iwait
)
t
ua t
tends (youwait
) At
ten
ds! (
Wai
t!
)
i
l
/el
leatt
end (he /
shewaits
)
n
ousatt
endons (wewait
) At
ten
don
s! (
Letuswai
t!
)
v
ousatt
endez (youwait
) At
ten
dez! (
Wai
t!
)
i
l
s/el
le
sa t
ten
dent (theywait
)
I
two ul
db eobse
rvedthatallthethreever
b sconjugat
eda boveareregul
a rverb
s.Anda sfaras
gi
vinganorderi
sc o
ncerned,wec angiveano r
d ertothr
ees et
so fpeopl
e.Wec angiveano r
dert
o
asecondperson‘you’(si
ngula
r),wec ang i
vea no rde
rtoo ur
s e
lves,andwec a
ng iv
ea nordert
o
‘
you’(p
lura
l),e.
g.Tal
k!,Letust a
lk!,andTalk!Re spec
ti
vel
y ,ascanb eseeno nthec ol
umna tth
e
r
ighthandsideabove.Neverth
e l
ess,theimperativ
ei snotrestr
ict
edtor egula
rv er
bsa l
one.The
i
rr
e g
ularver
b sa
lsohavethei
ro wnfo r
mso ft
hei mpe r
ati
ve.Letustakeaf ewe xample
so ft
hem:
ê
tre (tobe )
: So
is (
Be)
; S
oy o
ns ( Letusbe
); S
oyez( Be
)
a
voir(t
ohav e)
: e (
Ai Have)
;Ayons ( Letushave); Ayez (
Have)
s
avoir(
toknow): Sa
che(
know)
;Sac
hons( Letusknow); Sac
hez(
Know)
b
oie(
r t
odrink): Bos (
i Dri
nk)
;Buvons(Le tusdri
nk); Buvez(
Dri
nk)
I
twoul
da l
sobeobserv
e dtha
t(excep
tfort
h esakeofe mpha
sis)t
heI mper
ati
vema kesno
useofth
esubj
ectpr
onouns‘you’
,‘we’,
and‘you’
,andthi
sistruefo
rbothEngli
shandFrench
.I ti
s
i
mp or
tantt
onotehereth
a tthe‘-
s’ofthestemoft heS ec
on dPerso
ns in
gularvani
shesinthe
Imper
ati
veofa
llt
heregul
ar‘-
er’ver
bs(i
ncl
uding‘
al
ler’
wh i
chisa ni
rr
egula
rverb)
,e.g
.parl
e,donne
,
mange,etc
.ins
teadof:parl
es,donnes,mangeso fthepresenttens
ewi th‘Tu’
. Letusn ow
conj
ugat
ethei
rre
gula
rverb‘a
ll
e r
’i
nrelat
io
ntowh atwehavejustsai
d:
a
ll
er(
tog
o): I
mpe
rat
iv
e:
j
evai
s (
Igo)
t
uvas (
youg o
) ! (
Va Go!
)
i
l
/el
leva (
he/shegoe
s)
n
ousall
ons (
weg o) Al
l
on!(
s Le
tusg
o!)
v
ousall
ez (youg o
) All
ez!(
Go!
)
i
l
s/el
le
sv o
nt(
theygo)
Withregardtot hi
sirr
egularverb‘a
ll
er’
,th e‘
s’re
surf
acesinthes ec
o n
dp er
sonsingul
ar
whenwewa n
ttoe xpresssomethi
n gli
ke:Goo n!Letusgoo n!andGoo n!wh i
chinFrenc
ha re
ex
press
eda sfol
lo
ws :Va s-
y!All
ons-y!andAll
ez-y!Res
pect
iv
ely
.F urt
hermore,t
herefl
exi
veve r
bs
t
hemselve
sa r
en o
tleftouti
nt h
ef o
rma t
ionoftheimper
ati
vemoo d
.Co n
sequentl
y,i
twil
lbefr
uitf
ul
her
eforust ohaveal o
oka tthec onj
ugat
ionofo neofthe
sev er
bsint h
ep rese
nttens
ewh i
ch
se
rvesasab a
sisfort
h efor
ma t
ionoftheImpera
tive:
s
’as
seor(
i t
ositone
sel
fdown) : I
mpe
rat
iv
e:
j
em’ a
ssied
s (Isi
tdo wn)
t
ut’ass
ieds (yous i
tdown) As
sie
ds-
toi
! (
Sitdo
wn!
)
i
l
/el
les ’
assi
ed (he/shes i
tsdo
wn)
n
ousnousa s
seyons (wes itdown) As
sey
ons
-nous! (
Letussi
tdo
wn!
)
v
ousvousasseyz (
e yous i
tdown) As
sey
ez-
vous! (
Sitdo
wn!
)
i
l
s/el
less’as
seyent (theys i
tdown)
Ho weve
r,i
tisnoti
mp oss
ibl
etoh ea
rs omethi
ngli
ke:qu’
il
ss ’
assey
ent(l
etthems i
tdown),
qu’
ell
esp art
ent(l
etthe
ml eave)
,qu’e
lles’
a s
s e
ye(lethersi
tdown),qu’
ils’
asseye?(mayhes i
t
down?),quejem’ass
eye?(mayIsitdown?),quenousnousasseyi
ons
?(maywes itdown?)
,andso
on.Ne verth
ele
ss,t
hisusagebelo
ngstoad i
ffe
rentmoode nt
ir
ely
,namely
,thesubjunc
ti
vemo od
.
Now,let’
stakeafewmo r
ee xa
mp l
esoftheimp er
ati
vetocle
arl
yshowitsusei
nFrench:
Par
lefra
nçai
s! (
Spe akFr
e nc h.
)
Par
lonsfr
ançai
s! (
Le tusspe akF r
ench.)
Par
lezfr
ançai
s! (
S p
e akFrenc h.
)
Fi
ni
stond ev
oir
! (
F i
nishyourho me work.
)
Fi
ni
ssonsnotr
ed e
voir
! (
Letusf
ini
s hourho me work.
)
Fi
ni
ssezvotr
ed e
voir
. (
F i
nishyourho me work.
)
At
tendsunpeu! (Wai tal
ittle.)
At
tendonsunpeu! . (Letuswai talit
tl
e.)
At
tendezunpeu! (Wai tal
ittle.)
Vaàl’
éco
le! (
Gototheschoo
l.
)
Al
lo
nsàlali
bra
iri
e! (
Letusgototheboo
ksho
p.)
Al
le
zauma r
ché! (
Gotothemarket
.)
S
oiscal
me! (
Becalm.
)
S
oyonsgen
til
s! (
Letusb
ekind.
)
S
oyezheur
eux! (
Behapp
y.)
Ai
epi
ti
édemoi
! (
Havepi
tyonme.)
Ay
onspi
ti
édel
ui
! (
Letushav
epit
yonhi
m/he
r.)
Ay
ezpi
ti
édeno
us! (
Havepi
tyonus.
)
Re
gar
dePaul
! (Lo
okatPaul
.)
Re
gar
de-
le
. (Lo
okathim.
)
Re
gar
del
’homme. (Lo
okattheman.
)
Re
gar
de-
le
. (Lo
okathim.
)
Re
gar
deMarie
. (
Loo
katMary
.)
Re
gar
del
ad ame. (Lo
okatthel
ady.
)
Rega
rde-
la. (Lo
okathe r
.)
Rega
rdeceli
vre. (
Lookatthi
sb ook.
)
Rega
rde-
le. (
Lookati
t.)
Rega
rdonsl
ap hoto
. (
Letuslo
o katthephoto
.)
Rega
rdons-
la. (
Letuslo
o katit
.)
Rega
rdezcesphotogr
aph
ies
. (
Lookatthesephotog
raphs
.)
Rega
rdez-
les
. (
Lookatthem.)
Rega
rdez-
lestrèsbi
en. (
Lookatthemv erywel
l.
)
Fe
rmezlaporte
. (
Clo
sethedo or
.)
Fe
rmez-l
a. (
Clo
seit.
)
Do
nnez-
mo ilecrayon. (Gi
vemet hep enci
l.)
Do
nnez-
le-moi. (Gi
vei
ttome .
)
Do
nnons-
luilamo to
. (Le tusg i
vehi mt hemo t
or-
cycl
e.)
Do
nnons-
la-l
ui. (Le
t’
sgi
v eittohim. )
Do
nnezleca hi
eràMa ri
e. (Givet heex e
r ci
seb ooktoMar y
.)
Do
nnezleca hi
eràe l
le
. (Givet heex e
r ci
seb ooktoher.)
Do
nnez-
luilecahi
e r
. (Givehe rthee xercisebook.)
Do
nnez-
leàe ll
e. (Giveittohe r.)
Do
nnez-
le-l
ui. (Giveittohe r.)
Do
nnel’
argentàe ux. (Givet hemo ne ytothe m.)
Do
nne-
leàe ux. (Giveittot hem. )
Do
nne-
le-l
eur. (Giveittot hem. )
Do
nnonslesli
vresàe l
les
. (Le tusg i
vet heb ookstothem.)
Do
nnons-
lesàe l
les. (Le tusg i
vet hemt ot hem.)
Do
nnons-
les-l
eur. (
Le tusg ivethe mt othem.)
Do
nnez-
n o
usd esp o
mme s. (
Giv euss omeap ples.
)
Do
nnez-
n o
us -
en. (
Giv euss ome .)
Do
nnons-
luidup a
in. (
Le tusg ivehe rsomeb re
ad.)
Do
nnons-
lui-
en. (
Le t’
sg iv
ehe rs ome .
)
Do
nne-
leurdelas al
ade. (
Giv ethems o
mes alad.)
Do
nne-
leur-
en . (
Giv
ethems ome.)
As
sie
ds-t
oi
. (
Sitdo
wn.
)
As
seyon
s-no
usi
ci
. (
Letussi
tdo
wnhe
re.
)
Ass
eyez-
vouslà
-bas
. (S
itdownoverther
e.)
Ass
eyez-
vouslà
. (S
itdownthere
.)
Onacco
unto ft
heimpo
rta
n c
eo ft
hei
mp er
ati
ve,Ifee
litisess
ent
ialfo
rusheretoco
nsi
dery
et
an
othe
rv e
rb.Thi
sti
mearound,
iti
san
otherre
fl
exiv
ev er
b,buto
newithsomed
iff
ere
nce
.Theve
rb
i
s:
s
’ena
ll
er(
tog
oawayo
rtol
eav
e):
I
mperat
ive
:
j
em’envai
s (
Igoaway )
t
ut’
envas (
youg oaway) Va-
t’
en! (
Goaway
!)
i
l
/el
les’
env a (
he/shegoesaway
)
n
ousnousenall
ons (
weg oaway) Al
lo
ns-no
us-en! (
Letusg
oaway
!)
v
ousvousenall
ez (
youg oaway) Al
le
z-vo
us-en
! (
Goaway!
)
i
l
s/el
le
ss ’
env ont (
theygoaway)
TheImp erat
iveNegati
ve
Howe ver
,asweh a
ves e
ens omee xa
mplesoftheimperat
ivei
nt h
ep o
sit
ivef
orm,i
tno
w
behov
e sust oseeth
ema lsoi
nt h
en eg
ati
vefor
m.Th enegati
veimper
ati
veisver
yeas
ytofo
rmin
Fre
nch:j us
tus ene…p as.Inotherword
s,wep utn
eb e
foretheimper
ati
vefo
rmo ft
hever
band
pasafterit
,e
.g.‘
neparl
epas(Don’
ttal
k).Moreexampl
esareasfol
lows
:
Nep
arl
epas. (
Don’
ttal
k.)
Nep
arl
epasangl
ai
s. (
Don’
tspeakEngl
i
sh.
)
Nep
arl
onspasa
ngla
is. (
Letusnotspe
akEngl
i
sh.
)
Nep
arl
ezpasang
lai
s. (
Don’
tspeakEngl
i
sh.
)
Nef
ini
spast
atâc
he. (
Don’
tfi
ni
shy
o urtask.
)
Nef
ini
sso
nspasno
tretâ
che. (
Don’
tl
etusf
inishourjob
.)
Nef
ini
sse
zpasvo
tretâ
che. (
Don’
tfi
ni
shy
o urjob
.)
N’
at
ten
dspastonami(
e). (
Don’
twai
tfo
ry ourf
ri
end.
)
N’
at
ten
donspasnot
refr
ère. (
Letusno
twaitforo
urbrot
her
.)
N’
at
ten
dezpasvossœurs. (
Don’
twai
tfo
ry ours
ist
ers
.)
Nel
esatt
end
ezp a
s. (
Don’
twai
tfo
rt hem.
)
Nevapasàl ’
écol
e. (Don’
tgotos chool
.
)
N’
yvap as. (Don’
tgothe r
e.)
N’
al
lonspasàlab i
bl
iot
hèq .(
ue Letusnotgotothelibr
ary.
)
N’
yall
onsp as
. (
Don’
tletusgothere.
)
Nere
gardep a
sl’h
omme . (Don’
tlookattheman.)
Nel
erega r
depas. (Donotlookathim.)
Nere
gardonspaslaphot
o. (Don’
tletuslookatthepho
to.
)
Nel
are g
a r
donspas. (Don’
tletuslookatit
.)
Nefe
rme zpaslaport
e. (Don’
tshutthedoor.
)
Nel
aferme zpas. (Don’
tshutit.
)
Nedonnepasleli
vreàPaul. (Don’
tgivethebooktoPaul
.)
Nedo
nn epasleli
v r
eàl ui. (
Don’
tgivethebo okt ohim.)
Nel
uidonnepasl eli
vre. (
Don’
tgivehimt heb o o
k.)
Nel
eluidonnepa s. (
Don’
tgivei
ttohi m. )
Nel
uidonnonspa slescahie
rs. (
Letusnotgivehe rthee xerci
sebooks
.)
Nel
esluidonnonsp as. (
Don’
tletusgivet hemt ohe r.
)
Nemed onn
ezp aslec r
ayon. (
Don’
tgivemet hep enci
l.
)
Nedo
nn ezpaslec r
ayonàmo i
. (
Don’
tgivethepe nciltome .)
Nemeled o
nnezp as. (
Don’
tgivei
ttome .
)
Nedo
nn epasl’
argentàe ux. (
Don’
tgivethemo neytot hem.)
Nel
eurdonnep asl’
argent. (
Don’
tgivethemt hemo ne y
.)
Nel
eleurdonnep as. (
Don’
tgivei
ttot he m.)
Nedo
nn ezpaslescah i
ersàell
es. (
Don’
tgivetheno teb ookstothem.)
Nel
eurdonnezp aslescahier
s. (
Don’
tgivethemt heno t
eb ooks.
)
Nel
esleurdonnezp as. (
Don.tg
ivethemt ot hem.)
Nenousd o
nn ezp asd epommes. ( Don’
tgi
veusapp
les.
)
Nenousend onn ezp as. (
Don’
tgi
veusany
.)
Nel
ui d
on no
n spa sd epai
n. (
Don’
tl
etusgi
vehimbread.
)
Nel
ui e
nd onnon spa s. (
Don’
tl
etusgi
vehi
many.)
Nel
eurd onnepa sd esalade
. (
Don’
tgi
vethe
ms al
ad.
)
Nel
eure ndonn ep as. (
Don’
tgi
vethe
many.)
Net
’
assi
edspas. (
Don’
tsitdo
wn.)
Net
’
assi
edspasl
à. (
Don’
tsitdo
wnthere
.)
Nen
ousassey
onspasic
i. (
Letusnotsi
tdownher
e,
)
Nev
ousasse
yezpas
. (
Don’
tsitdo
wn.)
Net
’
envaspas! (
Don’
tgoaway!)
Nen
ousenall
onspas! (
Don’
tl
etusgoaway!)
Nev
ousenall
ezpas
! (
Don’
tgoaway!)
Nowth
a twehav
ek nowntheF
irs
tPerso
ns i
ngul
arandp
lur
alaswel
lastheFir
stPers
onplur
al
f
ormsoftheI
mper
ati
ve,l
etusal
sole
arntheI
mp e
rat
iv
eofRef
le
xiv
ever
bs.Con
sidert
hefol
l
owing
ex
ampl
es :
selever(t
os t
andup ):
Presenttense I
mpe
rat
iv
Jemel ève(Istandup ) ––
Tut el
è vs(
e Yous tandup ) Lè
ve-
toi
! (
Standup
!)
I
l/Ell
es elèe(
v He /Shestansdup
) ––
Nousn ouslevons(Wes tandup) Le
von
s-no
us!(
Letusst
andup
!)
Vousv ouslevz(
e Youstandup) Le
vez
-vo
us!(Standup
!)
I
ls/Ell
esselèvent(Theys t
andup) ––
selaver(towasho nesel
f):
Pr
ese
nttens
e I
mpe
rat
iv
e
J
emel ave(
Iwashmy
sel
f) ––
Tutel
aves(
Youwashyo
urse
lf) La
ve-
to! (
i Washyour
sel
f!
)
I
l/
Ell
eselae(
v He/
Shewashe
shim/her
sel
f) ––
Nousno
uslavo
ns(Wewashours
elv
es) La
von
s-no !(
us Le
tuswash
o
urs
elv
es!
)
Vousvousl
avez(
Youwashyours
elv
es) La
vez
-vo
us!(
Was
hyo
urs
elv
es!
)
I
ls
/ El
l
essela
vent(
Theywas
ht hemsel
ves
) ––
s’
asseoir(t
os i
tdown):
Presenttense I
mp e
rat
ive
Jem’ assi
eds(Iams i
tti
ngdown) ––
Tut ’
assi
eds(Youares i
tt
ingdown) Ass
ieds
-to
i! ( S
itdo wn!
)
I
l/Ell
es ’
assi
ed(He /
Sheissit
ti
ngdo wn) ––
Nousn ousasseyons(Weares i
tt
ingdown) As s
eyons-
nous!(
Le tusbeseat
ed!
)
Vousv ousasseyez(Youaresi
tti
ngdo wn) As s
eyez-
vous!(Sitdown!)
I
ls/El
less’ass
e y
ent(Theyaresi
tti
ngdo wn) ––
Hav
inglearntthep osi
ti
veI mperat
iv
e,letusn o
wa l
solear
ni t
sNe ga t
ivefo
rms.Cons
ide
rth
e
f
ol
lowi
nge xamples:
s’
asse
oir(
tositdown):
Posi
ti
ve Neg
ativ
e
Assi
eds-
to!(
i S
itdown!) Net’
assi
edspa!(
s Don’tsi
tdown!)
Asse
yons-
nous!(Letusbes
eat
ed!
) Nenousasse
yonspa
s !(Don’
tle
tusbe
seat
ed!
)
As
sey
ez-
vo !(
us S
itdo
wn!
) Nev
ousa
sse
yezp
as!(
Don’
tsi
tdown!
)
sel
ever(tog etup):
Pos
iti
ve Neg
a t
iv
e
Lèv
e-t
oi!(Standup !
) Netelèv
ep a!(
s Don’
tstandup!)
Lev
ons-nous!(Letusstandup
!) Nenouslev
onsp a
s!(Don’tl
etusst
andup
!)
Lev
ez-vous!(Standup!
) Nevouslev
ezp a
s!(Don’tst
andup!
)
sel
aver(t
owashonese
lf
):
Pos
it
iv
e Neg
a t
iv
e
Lav
e-t
oi!(
Washyour
sel
f!
) Netelav
epas!(
Don’
twashyo
ursel
f!
)
Lav
ons-no
us!(
Letuswashour
sel
ves
!) Nenouslav
onspa!(
s Le
tusnotwash
our
sel
ves
!)
La
vez
-vo
us!(
Was
hyo
urs
elv
es!
) Nev
ousl
ave
zpa
s!(
Don’
twashy
our
sel
ves
!)
fi
nr(
i tof
ini
sh)
:
Posi
ti
ve Neg
a t
iv
e
Fi
ni!(
s Fi
nis
h!) Nef
ini
spas!(
Don’
tfi
ni
sh!)
Fi
nis
sons!(
Letusfi
ni
sh!
) Nefi
nis
sonspa
s!(Don’
tl
etusfi
ni
sh!
)
Fi
nis
sez!(F
ini
sh!
) Nefi
nis
sezpa!(
s Don’
tfi
ni
sh!
)
Le
sso
n9
L’
Impa r
fai
t
Allyoun e
edt odoisjus
tt oaddt h
eI mperf
ectter
minat
io
nt othes t
emo rradi
caloftheprese
nt
i
nd i
cati
veformofthefi
rs
tp er
sonp l
ural
.F orexampl
e,‘
Nousd onn
on s
’ l
eav
esuswi t
h‘donn-
‘aft
er
re
mo vingthefi
rs
tpers
onpluralendi
ng‘-o
ns’ofthever
b.Inli
kema nner,‘
Nousfi
ni
ssons’l
eavesus
with‘
fini
ss-
’aft
erremovi
ngthe‘-ons
’endingofthef
ir
stper
sonp l
uralt
enseofth
ev er
b.Itistothi
s
re
ma ini
ngs t
emt ha
twen owa ddtheImperf
ectter
minat
ion.Theo nlyexce
pti
ontothisrul
et h
at
re
a di
lycomestomindistheverb‘ê
tre’
.The r
efo
re,t
heImper
fectte
rminati
onsar
ea sfol
l
ows :
-
ai
s
-
ai
s
-
ai
t
-
io
ns
-
ie
z
-
ai
ent
Examples:
parl
er(tospeak,t
otal
k):
Jeparl
ai
s (Iwasspeaki
ngo rIus edtospeak)
Tuparl
ais (YouwerespeakingorYo uusedtospeak)
Il
/El
le/
Onp ar
lait (He/She
/Onewass peakingorHe/S
he/Oneusedt
osp
eak)
Nousparli
ons (Wewe respe
akingo rWeus edtospeak)
Vousparl
iez (YouwerespeakingorYo uusedtospeak)
Il
sparl
aient (Theywerespeakingo rTheyusedtospeak)
fi
nir(tofi
ni
sh):
Jefini
ssai
s (
Iwasf i
nishingorIuse dtofi
nis
h)
Tufini
ssai
s (
Youwe refinis
hingorYo uusedtofini
sh)
I
l/Ell
e/Onfi
niss
ait (He/She/Onewasf i
ni
s hingorHe/S
he /
Oneuse
dtof
ini
sh)
Nou sf
ini
ssi
ons(Wewe
refi
nishi
ngo rWeus edtof i
ni
sh)
Vousfini
ssi
ez (
Youwe refinis
hingorYo uusedtofini
sh)
I
ls/Ell
esfi
nis
saiet (
n Theywe refini
shingorThe yusedtofi
nis
h)
vendre(tosel
l)
:
Jev en
d a
is (
Iwassell
i
ngo rIusedtosel
l)
Tuv endai
s (
Youweresel
li
ngo rYouusedtose
ll
)
I
l/Ell
e/Onvendai
t (
He/She
/Onewass e
ll
ingorHe/
She/
Oneus
edt
ose
ll
)
Nou svendi
ons (
Wewe resel
l
ingo rWeusedtosel
l
)
Vousv endi
ez (
Youweresel
li
ngo rYouusedtose
ll
)
I
ls/Ell
esvendai
ent (
Theyweresel
lingorTheyuse
dtosell
.
)
Ona cc
ounto fthedif
fi
cul
tiesthats t
udentso fFre
nche ncounterinthefo
rma t
io
no fthi
s
t
ense,part
ic
ularl
ywithregardtothe‘ -
ir
’verbs,wesh al
lelabo
ratewh atweh avej
ustsaidb ef
ore.
I
tsho ul
db en ot
edt hatthesecondg ro
upo fv erb
s,i .
e.thos
ee nd i
ngin‘ -
ir
’behav
es o mewh a
t
d
iff
erentl
yfromtheo th
ergroupsintheforma t
ionoftheimp e
rfec
tte ns
ei nFre
nch.Ther ulehere,
a
ss ai
db ef
ore,istousetheprese
n tte
nseo ft
hev er
b‘ f
ini
r’
,fo
rinsta
n ce,andthengotothe‘ Nous’
f
ormo fit
,i.
e.Nousfini
ssons
.Itist h
es t
emo rr a
dicalofthi
sconj
ug at
iontowh i
chwen owa ddthe
I
mperfectendingso rter
minations.F orexample,t
hei mper
fectste
mo ft heverb‘ ch
oisi
r’willbe
‘
cho
isi
ss-’becauset hepres
en ttenseoftheverbis‘Nouscho i
si
ssons’
.Th i
sisa ppl
i
cabletoallthe
r
egul
ar‘-ir
’v e
rbswh os
ep r
ese ntindi
cati
vestemse ndin‘ -
iss-
’.Howev er
,itisimport
antton ote
t
hatitisn otallthev e
rbstha tendin‘-i
r’th
atb el
ongtothes eco
ndg r
o upofv e
rbs.Forins
tan ce
,
v
erbsli
k e‘men t
ir
’,‘par
ti
r’
,tenir,etc
.arethosebelo
n g
ing,nottothesecondgroup,buttotheth i
rd
g
roupo fverbs.Fori ns
tance,th eimperf
ectstemo ftheverbs‘menti
r’
,‘part
ir
’,and‘teni
r’wil
lb e
‘
ment-’
,‘par
t-’
,a nd‘ten-
’respectiv
elybecaus
ewes ay:‘No
usme n
tons’
,‘Nousp ar
tons’
,and‘No us
t
enons’i
nt hep re
se ntt
ense.Th efol
lo
wingistheconjugat
ionofthre
eo fthe‘-
ir’v
erbsthatbelong
t
othethirdgroupo fverb
s:
me nti
r(tot
ellali
e,t
oli
e):
Jeme nta
is (
Iwaslyi
ngorIusedtotel
lali
e)
Tume ntai
s (
Youwerely
ingorYouus e
dtoli
e)
I
l/Ell
e/Onme nt
ait ( He/She
/OnewaslyingorHe/S
he/Oneus
edt
oli
e)
Nou smenti
ons(Wewerely
ingorWeus e
dtol i
e)
Vousme nti
ez (
Youwerely
ingorYouus e
dtotel
lali
e)
I
ls/Ell
esmentai
ent ( Theywerel
yingorTheyusedtol
ie)
senti
r(t
ofeel
):
Jese n
tai
s (
Iwasfeel
ingorIusedtofe
el…)
Tus ent
ais (
Youwerefeel
ingorYouusedtof
eel
…)
I
l/Ell
e/Onsenta
it (
He/She
/Onewasf eel
ing
…)
Nou ssent
ion
s (
Wewe ref
e e
li
ng …)
Vouss ent
ie
z (
Youwerefeel
ing…)
I
ls/Ell
essent
aient (
Theywerefeel
ing…)
ac
cue i
l
li
r(t
owe l
come,t
oc ol
lec
t):
J’
accuei
ll
ais (Iusedtowe lc
ome…)
Tuaccueil
l
ais (Youusedt owelc
ome…)
I
l/
Ell
e /
Ona ccuei
ll
at(
i He/She/Oneusedtowel
come
…)
Nousaccuei
ll
ions (Weus edt owel
come…)
Vousaccuei
ll
iez (Youusedt owelc
ome…)
I
ls/
Elle
sa cc
ue i
l
lai
ent(Theyuse dtowel
come…)
Ona cc
o untoftheimport
anceofthi
stenseinFrench,weshallnowg ivetheimperf
ectfor
mso f
moreve rb
s.Itisimport
antt
on ot
e,however
,th
a tasfarasthefi
rstan dth
irdgro
upso fve
rbsa r
e
conc
erne d
,thefo
rma t
io
no ft
hei
rimperf
ectt
ensesisasexpl
ain
e dearl
ieron.I
no t
herwords,
weus e
th
e‘No us’fo
rmo fthever
binthep re
sentte
nse,removethepres
en tstemo ft
hec o
njugat
io
na nd
th
ena ddtheimperfe
ctter
minat
ions
.Asfurt
herexamples,
theconj
uga t
ionsofth
reesecondgroup‘
-
i
r’re
gularverbsar
ea sfo
ll
ows:
c
hoisr(
i tochoo
se)
:
Jechois
issa
is (
Iwasfe
e l
i
ngo rIusedt
ofe
el…)
Tuc ho
isi
ssai
s (
Youwerefee
li
ng )
I
l/El
lechoi
siss
ait (
He/S
hewasf eel
ing)
Nouschoisi
ssi
ons (
Wewe r
efeel
ing)
Vouscho
isi
ssi
ez (
Youwer
efe
eli
ng)
I
ls
/Ell
eschoi
si
ssai
ent (
Theywe
ref
eel
ing
)
obé
ir(toobe
y):
J’
obéi
ssai
s (Iwaso b
eyingorIusedt
oob
ey)
Tuobéi
ssai
s (Youusedtoo bey)
I
l/
Ell
e/Onobéi
ssai
t (He/Shewaso beyi
ng)
Nousobéi
ssi
ons (Weus edtoobey)
Vousobéi
ssi
ez (
Youus
edtoo be
y)
I
ls/
Ell
esobéi
ssai
ent (Theywe r
eo be
ying)
réf
léchr(
i tothi
nk,tomedi
tat
e,torefl
ect
):
Jeréfl
échi
ssais (Iwasme di
tat
ingo rIusedt
ome
dit
ate
)
Tur éf
lé
chis
sais (Youusedtome di t
at e
)
I
l/Ell
eréfl
échi
ssai
t (He/Shewasme ditati
ng)
Nou sré
fl
échi
ssions (Weus edtome ditate)
Vousréfl
échi
ssiez (Youusedtome di t
at e
)
I
ls/Ell
esréf
léchi
ssai
ent (Theywe r
emedi tating)