के य व यालय संगठन , कोलकाता संभाग

STUDENT SUPPORT MATERIAL

वषय- इ तहास
SUBJECT- HISTORY

क ा / CLASS - XI - 2023-24

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 STUDENT SUPPORT MATERIAL
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SAGATHAN
KOLKATA REGION
Chief Patron
Sh. Y. Arun Kumar, Deputy Commissioner, KVS RO Kolkata
Our Motivators
Sh. Sanjib Sinha, Asst. Comm. , KVS RO Kolkata
Sh C Vijaya Ratnam, Asst. Comm. , KVS RO Kolkata
Sh Dibakar Bhoi, Asst. Comm. , KVS RO Kolkata
Sh Amit Baidya, Asst. Comm. , KVS RO Kolkata

Subject Coordinators
Dr. H P Singh, Principal KV IOC Haldia
&
Sh Uttam Kumar, Principal KV Ballygunge

Resource Persons
Md Zahid Hussain, PGT History, KV Barrackpore(AFS)
Sh Rajesh Ranjan, PGT History, KV NO.2 ISHAPORE

Content Team
Sh.K.K. Prabhakar , PGT History, K.V No.-1 Salt lake
Sh B.K. Singh, PGT History, K.V No.-1 Kanchrapara
Sh Gyaneshwar Jha, PGT History, K.V Bamangachi

Editing & Compilation

Md Zahid Hussain, PGT History, KV Barrackpore(AFS)

Sh Rajesh Ranjan, PGT History, KV NO.2 ISHAPORE

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pg. 3
 THEME-1
WRITING AND CITY LIFE
TIMELINE

C.7000-6000 BCE Beginning of agriculture in the northern Mesopotamian plains

C.3200 BCE First writing in Mesopotamia

C.2600 BCE Development of Cuneiform Script

C.2400 BCE Replacement of Sumerian by Akkadian

2370 BCE Sargon, King of akkad

C.1100 BCE Establishment of the Assyrian Kingdom

C.1000 BCE Use of Iron

668-627 BCE Rule of Asurbanipal

331 BCE Alexander Conqures Babylon

MCQS

Q. 1. The agriculture began in Mesopotamia between ___________ and ______________ BCE.

A. 8000-7000 BCE B. 5000-4000 BCE
C. 7000-6000 BCE D. 9000-8000 BCE
ANS- C
Q.2. In the northern part of Mesopotamia _______________ offers people a better livelihood
than agriculture after the winter rains.
A. Fishing B. Trading/ trade
C. Animal herding D. Transportation
ANS- C
Q.3. Tributaries of the ------------river in the East provide the roots of communication into the
mountains of Iran.
A. Indus B. Euphrates
C. Nile D.Tigris
ANS- B
Q.4. Where was the first cities and writing emerged in Mesopotamia?
A. South B. East
C. West D. North
ANS- A
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Q.5.The name Mesopotamia is derived from the ___________ words ‘mesos’ and ‘potamos’.
A. Latin B. English
C. Greek D. Persian
ANS- C
Q.6.The __________ is a mark of urban life of Mesopotamia.
A. Division of labour B. Canals
C. Transportation D. Trade
ANS- A
Q.7.The people of Mesopotamia had abundant food resources but they don’t have
_____________ resources.
A. Forest resources B. Agriculture
C. Natural D. Mineral
ANS- D D.Turkey and Iran
Q.8.The cheapest mode of transportation in Mesopotamia is __________________.
A. Water transport B. Bollock carts
C. With the help of people D. None of the above
ANS- A
Q.9. After 2000 BCE, the city that flourished as the royal capital of Mesopotamia was –
(A) Ur (B) Mari.
(C) Mohenjodaro. (D) Kalibangan.
ANS- B
Q.10.The Mesopotamian ruler who became the king of Akkad, in 2370 BCE, was
(A) Enmerkar (B) Gilgamesh
(C) Hamurabi (D) Sargon
ANS- D
Q.11.Inanna was the Goddess of
(A) The Moon (B) love and War
(C) wind (D) fire
ANS- B

Q.12. In Mesopotamian Civilisation, War captives and local people who were put to work for the
temple or for the ruler were paid

(A) Bronze tools (B) cattle (C) coins (D) rations

ANS- D
Q.13.Which statement is correct about the kingdom of Mari?
A. After 1000 BCE the royal city of Mari flourished.
B. Mari stands on the southern plain with its highly productive agriculture.
C. Some communities in the kingdom of Mari were food gatherer and hunter.
D. Most of its territory was used for pasturing sheep and goats.
ANS- D
Q.14.Which was the earliest civilization of Mesopotamia?
(A) Sumerian civilization (B) Babylonian civilization
(C) Caldian civilization (D) Assyrian civilization
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ANS- A
Q.15. Which Mesopotamian king was famous for ‘codification of laws’?
A. Assurbanipal B. Enmerker
C. Hammurabi D. Sargon I
ANS- C
Q.16. ___________________ family was common in Mesopotamia.
A. Nuclear B. Joint
C. Happy D. Large
ANS- A
Q.17. Cuneiform is derived from the ____________________words ‘Cuneus’ and ‘forma’.
A. German B. English
C. Latin D. Arabic
ANS- C

SHORT QUESTION ANSWERS [03 MARKS]

Q.1.What do you know about the ancient town Ur of Mesopotamia?

Ans: - (i) The city was founded by Mesapnanda about 1670 BCE.
(ii) It was a well – known commercial center and a port was destroyed by Elemites around 2200
BCE.
(iii) Ur was re-established under Ur-Nammu in 2100 BCE. It was first excavated by British
excavator J. E. Taylor in 1854-55.
(iv) This city was designed without planning as the excavation depicted.
(v) Excavation was carried out on a large scale during 1920s and 1930s.

Q.2 .What do you know about sacred temples of Mesopotamia?

Ans: - (i) Mesopotamian religion was polytheistic.
(ii) Each city worshipped different gods and goddesses such as Erlin, Inanna, Marduk, Ashur etc.
(iii) The earliest known temple was a small shrine made of unbaked bricks.
(iv) They were known as Ziggurats. Temples were the residences of various gods and Goddesses.
(v) They were constructed in brick; temples became larger over time, with several rooms around
open courtyards.

Q.3. Discuss the features of town planning of early urban society of Mesopotamia.Or,
Discuss the essential values of Mesopotamian town planning.
Ans: - (i) The Mesopotamian cities were designed according to a plan. Hammurabi issued special
order in this respect.
(ii) They paid special attention towards the strength of the building.
(iii) Baked bricks were used for constructing buildings.
(iv) Most of the buildings were of single storey.
(v) There were also well adequate provisions for roads in towns.

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Q.4. Describe the important features of Mesopotamian script.
Ans: - (i) Mesopotamians wrote on tablets of clay.
(ii) A scribe would wet clay and pat it into a size he could hold comfortably in one hand.
(iii)With the sharp end of a reed cut obliquely, he would press wedge-shaped (‘cuneiform*’)
signs on to the smoothened surface.
(iv) Then they were dried in the sun.
(v) The clay would harden and tablets would be almost as hard.

Q.5. Explain the importance of Mesopotamian art of writing.

Ans: - (i) The first Mesopotamian tablets, written around 3200 BCE, contained picture-like signs
and numbers.
(ii)These were about 5,000 lists of oxen, fish, bread loaves, etc
(iii) Writing began when society needed to keep records of transactions.
(iv)Writing was now used not only for keeping records, but also for making dictionaries.
(v) Writing was used for giving legal validity to land transfers, narrating the deeds of kings.

Q.6. Describe the status of women in Mesopotamian society.

Ans: - (i) Women enjoyed a respectable position in society.
(ii) They enjoyed equal status with men in religious and social affairs.
(iii) Women were free to set up their own trade and could even keep slaves.
(iv) They were allowed to remarry in case of death.
(v) Devdasi system was also prevalent in the society.

Q.7. Why Mesopotamia is considered important by Europeans? Give reasons.

Ans: - (i) Mesopotamia was important to Europeans because of references to it in the Old
Testament, the first part of the Bible.
(ii) The Book of Genesis of the Old Testament refers to ‘Shimar’, meaning Sumer, as a land of
brick-built cities.
(iii)Travellers and scholars of Europe looked on Mesopotamia as a kind of ancestral land.

LONG QUESTION ANSWERS [08 MARKS]

Q.1. Describe the achievements of Mesopotamians in the field of writing, Literature,
science and Education.
Ans: - (i) Mesopotamians were known for developing urban life first time ever in the world.
(ii) Mesopotamians valued city life.
(iii) The Epic of Gilgamesh remind us the pride of the Mesopotamians who took in their cities.
(iv)Perhaps the greatest legacy of Mesopotamia to the world is its scholarly tradition of time
reckoning and mathematics.
(v) Around 1800 BCE they wrote tablets with multiplication and division tables, square- and
square-root tables, and tables of compound interest.
(vi) The square root of 2 was given as 1.414 which is very near to be accurate.

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(vii) The division of the year in to 12 months, month in to four weeks, a day into 24 hours and
the division of the hour into 60 minute.
(viii) Solar and lunar eclipses were observed and recorded.
(ix)There were schools where students read and copied earlier written tablets.

Q.2. Describe the contribution of Mesopotamian civilization to the whole world.

Ans: -(i) Mesopotamia around 4000 BCE—or 6000 years ago—which would make it the first
urban civilization in the region.
(ii) The invention of the potter’s wheel is credited to the Sumerians.
(iii)They developed the calendar system of 360 days and divided a circle into 360 units.
(iv)The cuneiform system of writing was their contribution.
(v) The Hammurabi’s law code was another legacy of the Mesopotamians.
(vi)The Code consists of 282 laws with scaled punishments depending on social status, adjusting
"an eye for an eye”.
(vii) Sumerians built ships that allowed them to travel into the Persian Gulf and trade with other
early civilizations.
(viii) Sumerian religion was polytheistic—or worshipped multiple gods.
(ix)Temples to these gods were constructed a top massive ziggurats which were in the centers of
most cities.

CASE BASED QUESTIONS (04 MARKS)

SOURCE-1
Q.1. Read the passage and answer given question-
This woman’s head was sculpted in white marble at Uruk before 3000 BCE. The eyes and
eyebrows would probably have taken lapis lazuli (blue) and shell (white) and bitumen (black)
inlays, respectively. There is a groove along the top of the head, perhaps for an ornament. This is
a world-famous piece of sculpture, admired for the delicate modelling of the woman’s mouth,
chin and cheeks. And it was modelled in a hard stone that would have been imported from a
distance.
1.1 Where was the woman’s head sculpture discovered? What was it called? (02 M)
1.2 What were its unique characteristics? (01 M)
1.3 Which quality of this sculpture made it so famous? (01 M)

ANSWER:-
1.1 A. The woman’s head was sculpted in white marble at Uruk.
B. It was called the Warka head.
1.2 The eyes and eyebrows would probably have taken lapis lazuli (blue) and shell (white) and
bitumen (black) inlays.
1.3 This is a world-famous piece of sculpture, admired for the delicate modelling of the woman’s
mouth, chin and cheeks
SOURCE-2
Q.2. Read the passage and answer given question-
The great palace of Mari was the residence of the royal family, the hub of administration, and a
place of production, especially of precious metal ornaments. It was so famous in its time that a
minor king came from north Syria just to see it, carrying with him a letter of introduction from a
royal friend of the king of Mari, Zimrilim. Daily lists reveal that huge quantities of food were
presented each day for the king’s table: flour, bread, meat, fish, fruit, beer and wine. He probably
ate in the company of many others, in or around courtyard 106, paved white. You will notice
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from the plan that the palace had only one entrance, on the north. The large, open courtyards
such as 131 were beautifully paved. The king would have received foreign dignitaries and his
own people in 132, a room with wall paintings that would have awed the visitors. The palace was
a sprawling structure, with 260 rooms and covered an area of 2.4 hectares.
1.1 What was the importance of great palace of Mari. (01 M)
1.2 The King of Mari met with foreign delegates at where? (01 M)
1.3 Explain any two architectural features of palace of Mari (02 M)

ANSWER
1.1 The great palace of Mari was the residence of the royal family, the hub of administration, and
a place of production.
1.2 The king would have received foreign dignitaries and his own people in 132, a room with
wall paintings.
1.3 A. The palace had only one entrance, on the north. The large, open courtyards such as 131
were beautifully paved.
B. The palace was a sprawling structure, with 260 rooms and covered an area of 2.4 hectares.

MAP- SKILL

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 THEME- 2
AN EMPIRE ACROSS THREE CONTINENTS
Timeline
27 BCE TO -14 BCE Augustus, first roman emperor

Trajan 117 – 38 CE Greatest extent of Roman Empire

Constantine 312-37 Constantine new sole ruler of empire

310 CE Constantine issues new gold coins ‘solidus’

312 CE Constantine converts to Christianity

MCQS

1. The Papyrus was a reed like plant that grew along the bank of the -------------- river in Egypt.
A). Rhine B). Nile C). Ganga D). Danube
ANS- B
2. The Heart of Roman Empire is called ---------------------- .
A). Red Sea B). Black Sea C). Adriatic sea D). Mediterranean Sea
ANS- D
3. The regime established by Augustus was called?
A). Senate B). principate C). Denarius D). Augustine
ANS- B
4. Which is not comes under three key players of Roman empire?
A). the emperor B). senate C) traders D). Army
ANS- C
5. Which is not include under Roman Gods ?
A). Mars B). Jupiter C). Juno D). Fobos
ANS- D
6. Solidus , a Gold coin introduced by ------------------
A). Trajan B). Augustus C). Julius Caesar D). Constantine
ANS- D
7. Which is not correct about Roman marriage system?
A). age gap between husband and wife
B). males married in their late 20s and early 30s
C). women married off in the late 10s and early 20s
D). husbands were subject to domination by their wife.
ANS- D

SHORT QUESTION ANSWERS [03 MARKS]

Q.1. Briefly discusses the sources which help reconstruct Roman history.
Answer: (i) There were the sources that reconstruct the Roman History
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(ii) Text- Annals, letters, speeches, sermons laws
(iii) Documentary sources- papyrus, inscriptions, contracts, accounts, letters and official
documents
(iv) Material remain- Archaeological – buildings, monuments, structures, couns, mosaics.

Q.2.Give some of the major differences between the two superpowers Rome and Iran.
Answers: 1. Rome dominated the Mediterranean and all regions around the sea in both directions
north as well as south.
2. Iran controlled the whole area south of the Caspian sea down to eastern Arabia, and sometimes
large part of Afghanistan as well
3. The Roman Empire was culturally much more diverse than that of Iran.
4. The Roman had a paid professional army but in Iran had a conscripted army

Q.3. Why 3rd century is considered crisis for Roman Empire?

Answer: (i) In 225, new dynasty called Sasanians emerged in Iran. They were more aggressive
and expanding rapidly in the direction of the Euphrates.
(ii)The Germanic tribes (barbarians) began to move against the Rhine and Danube frontiers.
(iii)From 233 to 280 saw repeated invasions. The Romans were forced to abandon much of the
territory beyond the Danube.
(iv)The quick succession of emperors (25 emperors in 47 years) is a sign of strain faced by the
empire in the 3 rd century.

Q.4. How was the Economic condition in the Early Roman Empire?
Ans: - (i) The Roman Empire had substantial economic infrastructure of harbours, mines,
quarries, brickyards, olive oil factories etc.
(ii)Goods for trade consisted mainly wheat, wine and olive oil and they came from Spain, the
Gallic provinces, north Africa, Egypt and Italy.
(iii) Spanish olive oil was a vast commercial enterprise that reached its peak in the years 140-
160.

Q.5. What were the status of women in Roman society?

Ans: - (i) The women enjoyed considerable legal rights in owning and managing property.
(ii) They were married off in the late teens or early thirties.
(iii) Women were often subject to domination by their husbands
(iv) Women remained a primary heir to father's property after marriage.
(v) Divorce was easy for both men as well as women.

Q.6. Describe salient features of Roman Army.

Ans: - (i) The Army which was a paid and professional army where soldiers had to put up twenty
five years of service.
(ii)The existence of paid army was a distinctive feature of the Roman Empire.
(iii)The army was the largest single organised body of the Roman Empire.
(iv)The army was hated by the Senators.
(v)Thus, it can be said that the emperor, the aristocracy, and the army were the three players in
the political history of the empire.

LONG QUESTION ANSWERS [08 MARKS]

Q.1. Briefly discuss the the causes for the decline of the Roman Empire?

pg. 11
Answer : Among the various causes which lead to the decline of the Roman Empire were -
1.highly exploitive Roman social formation
2. crisis in slave mode of production
3. exploitive methods of surplus extraction
4. mounting military and bureaucratic costs
5. parasitic nature of city of Rome imperial code oligarchy government officials
6. decline in political and administrative importance of the city of Rome leading to
displacement of all economic activity centred on the city
7.monetary crisis silver denari's reform to currency bye declaration and Constantine not
very successful
8.internal crisis of Roman Empire coincident with external pressure from barbarian tribes
9.unification of the Arabian Peninsula an emerging Islamic states
Q.2. ‘The age of Augustus is regarded as the golden period of the Roman Empire’. give
regions.
Answer : Augustus ruled over Rome as Principets from 27 BC till his death in 14 CE.
1. His reign was heard in a period of peace and prosperity after decades of internal strife and
centuries of military conquest.
2. He concentrated on consolidation of the empire rather than on conquering new territories.
3. Augustus was successful in ensuring proper balance between the three centres of power and
the emperor.
4. The aristocracy and the army while keeping alive the function that he was only the leading
citizen
5. His reign led to establishing a permanent dictatorship which developed into a monarchy
6. He developed an imperial bureaucracy equators answerable solely to the emperor and
dependent upon him for its authority
7. This Period was marked by gradual expansion of Roman direct rule by absorbing of
independent kingdoms into the Roman provincial territory
8. Establishment of peace and unification of the empire facilitated exchange between different
parts of the Mediterranean long distance seaborne trade and growth of new urban centres in
Spain and gaul.
9. It was a golden age of Latin writing and produces the most outstanding poets of the
language.

Q.3. What do you mean by ‘Late Antiquity’? Describe the important changes came in
Roman Empire during this period.
Ans: - Late antiquity is the term used to describe the final, fascinating period in the evolution
and break-up of the Roman Empire and refers from the fourth to seventh centuries.
The period saw considerable changes in cultural, economic, and administrative levels-
(i) The emperor Diocletian abandoned territories with little strategic and economic importance.
(ii) He granted greater autonomy to the military commanders who became powerful.
Constantine consolidated some of these changes and added others of his own.
(iii) The most important innovations of Constantine were in the monetary sphere. He introduced
Solidus, a coin weighing 4 ½ gm of pure gold.
(iv) The other innovation was the creation of a second capital at Constantinople.
(v) Monetary stability and an expanding population stimulated economic growth.
(vi)The period also saw a revival of the long- distance trade. All this led to strong urban
prosperity.
pg. 12
(vii)There were significant changes in the religious life.
(viii)Emperor Constantine declared Christianity as official religion of the Roman empire.

CASE BASED QUESTIONS (04 MARKS)

SOURCE-1
Read the following extract carefully and answer the following question-
To sum up, the emperor, the aristocracy and the army were the three main players in the political
history of the empire. The success of individual Emperors depended on their control of the army,
and when the armies were divided, the result usually was civil war. Except for one notorious year
69 CE, when four emperors mounted the throne in quick succession, the first two centuries were
on the whole free from civil war and in this sense relatively stable. Succession to the throne was
based as far as possible on the family descent, either natural or adaptive, and even the army was
strongly wedded to the principal. For example, Tiberius 14-37 CE, the second in the long line of
Roman Emperors, was not the natural son of Augustus, the ruler who found the Principate, but
Augustus adopted him to ensure a smooth transition.
1.1.Who established the regime "The Principate"? 1
1.2. In which year four emperors changed or mounted the throne? 1
1.3. Give reasons for rapid succession on throne. 2
Ans: -

1.1 It was established by Augustus.

1.2 In 69 CE, four emperors mounted the throne in quick succession.
1.3 A. Due to family descent
B. Interfere of Roman army in politics
SOURCE-1I
2. Read the following extract carefully and answer the following question-
‘Soon afterwards the City Prefect, Lucius Pedanius Secundus, was murdered by one of his
slaves. After the murder, ancient custom required that every slave residing under the same roof
must be executed. But a crowd gathered, eager to save so many innocent lives; and rioting began.
The senate-house was besieged. Inside, there was feeling against excessive severity, but the
majority opposed any change (….) [The senators] favouring execution prevailed.
However, great crowds ready with stones and torches prevented the order from being carried out.
Nero rebuked the population by edict, and lined with troops the whole route along which those
condemned were taken for execution.’
2.1. In whose region did the incident occur? 1
2.2. Slave labour declined after the 1st century.Why? 1
2.3. How did users of slave labour try to overcome decline in supply? 2

ANSWER-
2.1 Emperor Nero
2.2 because of widespread establishment of peace.
2.3 a. Slave breeding
b. And to cheaper substitutes such as wage labour

pg. 13
 MAP-SKILLS

On the given map mark or identify the followings-

Rome, Mediterranean sea, Black Sea, Adriatic Sea, Naples, Sicily, Alexandria, Constantinople

pg. 14
 THEME- 3
NOMADIC EMPIRE
Timeline
C.1167 Birth of Temujin
1206 Temujin proclaimed Genghis Khan, “Universal Ruler”
1227 Death of Genghis Khan
1260 Accession of Qubilai Khan as Grand Khan in Peking
1921 Republic of Mongolia

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Who was the founder of Mongol Empire?

A) .Juwaini B). Batu C). Mongke D). Genghis Khan
ANS- D
2. Name the grass land where Mongol empire was established?
A) Prairie B). Pampas C). Steppe D). Savannah
ANS- C
3. He was a grandson of Genghis Khan, he warned the French ruler louis IX” In Heaven
there is only one Eternal Sky, on Earth there is only one Lord, Genghis Khan”. Who was
he?
A). Juwaini B). Batu C). Mongke D). Genghis Khan
ANS- C
4. What was the childhood name of Genghis khan?
A) Juwaini B). Temujin C). Mongke D). Genghis Khan
ANS- B
5. In which year Temujin proclaimed the Great Khan of the Mongols, ,The Oceanic Khan or
Universal Ruler?
A) 1180 B). 1200 C). 1206 D). 1215
ANS- C
6. For which town, Genghis khan commanded that the “ town should be laid waste in such a
manner that the site could be ploughedupon and not even cats and dogs should be left
alive”
A) Bukhara B). Mari C). Londan D). Nishapur
ANS- D
7. Who was the eldest son of Genghis Khan ?
A) Ogodei B). Jochi C). Chaghatai D. Toluy
ANS- B
8. What was the name of courier system?
A) Qubcur B). yam C). Paiza D). Baj tax
ANS- B
pg. 15
 9. Who drafted the speech that Ghazan Khan delivered to his Mongol compatriots asking
them protect, not harass, the peasantry?
A) Ghazan Khan B). Rashiduddin C). Juwaini D). Babur
ANS- B
10. How was Boete related with Genghis Khan?
A) Father B). Brother C). Mother D). Wife
ANS- D
SHORT QUESTION ANSWERS [03 MARKS]

Q.1. State the three realms into which China was divided?
Answer: China in the 13th and 14th centuries was divided into three realms-
(i)Hsi hacia people of Tibet Ian origin in the north-western provinces.
(ii)The Jurchen , whose Chin dynasty ruled north China from picking
(iii)the sung dynasty which controlled South China

Q.2. Write a short note on the Courier system developed by the Mongols.
Answer: The Courier system developed by the Mongols were as follows-
(i)Chengiz Khan fashioned the Courier system which was later further refined after his death
the Courier system was called Yam
(ii)it was an important factor in enabling Mongol administer their vast empire as a connected an
enabled communication
(iii)under the system press mounts an dispatches riders were placed in outpost at regular
distances

Q.3. Write a note on Mongol Society.

Ans: -(i)Patriarchal in nature.
(ii)The eldest male was the head of family, take care of others
(iii)The rich families were larger in size
(iv)Polygamy was in practice
(v)Constant wars among different sections of society

Q.4. Write a brief description of Genghis Khan.

Ans:- (i) Genghis Khan(d. 1227) had united the Mongol people.
(ii) He was born in the year 1162. His father name was Yesugei.
(iii) He organized a powerful army which helped him to lay down the foundation of vast empire.
(iv) His main achievements were the conquest of Northern China, Qura Katie, Bukhara,
Samarkand etc
(v) He also contributed a lot in improving administration of the empire.

LONG QUESTION ANSWERS [08 MARKS]

Q.1. Briefly discuss the factors responsible for the decline of the Mongolian empire.
Answer-Among the factors responsible for the decline of the Mongol Empire in the late 14th
century were-
1. The gradual separation of the descendents of Genghis Khan into separate lineage groups and
alteration in past family concordance.
2. Competition amongst cousin clans as presented by the Toluyid branch.
3. The pressure to sedentarise in the new areas of Mongol domicile and contradictions between
nomadic and sedentary elements.
pg. 16
4. Failure of conquered people to feel a sense of affinity with their new nomadic masters.
5. During campaigns in the first half of the 13th century, cities were destroyed, agricultural lands
laid waste, trade and handicrafts production disrupted. Tens of thousands of people were killed
and even more enslaved.
6. The old clan chieftains felt disgruntled as the reorganization of the army did not preserve
the rights of the old clan chieftains.
7. They were replaced by the new aristocracy which derived its status from close relationship
with the Great Khan of the Mongols.
7. The success of establishment of a large empire rested on the military skills, but with the
introduction of new elements.

Q.2. Discuss the rules and regulations of the Yasa as evolved by Genghis Khan.
Ans- (i) The Mongols had started using the related term yasa in a more general sense to mean the
‘legal code of Genghis Khan’.
(ii) All religions are equal. They must be respected.
(iii) Don’t indulge into adultery; people doing so will be given death penalty.
(iv) Always respect the aged and poor and don’t deceive anyone.
(v) No one in his empire can employ a Mongol as his slave or servant.
(vi) It was mandatory for all abled to serve in the Army.
(vii) All the Mongol princess should preserve this Yasa.
(viii) The Priests should be exempted from all kinds of taxes.

Q.3. Discuss the methods of the warfare of Mongol Army.

Ans:- (i) The horse-riding skills of the Mongols
(ii) The Turks provided speed and mobility to the army;
(iii)Their abilities as rapid-shooting archers
(iv) Its knowledge of the terrain and the weather to do the unimaginable.
(v) They carried out campaigns in the depths of winter, treating frozen
(vi) Rivers used as highways to enemy cities and camps.
(vii) Genghis Khan learnt the importance of siege engines and naphtha bombardment very
quickly.
(viii) His engineers prepared light portable equipment, which was used against opponents with
devastating effect.

CASE BASED QUESTIONS [04 MARKS]

SOURCE-1
Read the following extract carefully and answer the following question-
Juwaini, a late-thirteenth-century Persian chronicler of the Mongol rulers of Iran, carried an
account of the capture of Bukhara in 1220. After the conquest of the city, Juwaini reported,
Genghis Khan went to the festival ground where the rich residents of the city were and addressed
them: 'O people know that you have committed great sins, and that the great ones among you
have committed these sins. If you ask me what proof I have for these words, I say it is because I
am the punishment of God. If you had not committed great sins, God would not have sent a
punishment like me upon you'... Now one man had escaped from Bukhara after its capture and
had come to Khurasan. He was questioned about the fate of the city and replied: They came, they
[mined the walls], they burnt, they slew, they plundered and they departed.'

pg. 17
1.1. Who wrote an account of the conquest of Bukhara? (1 M)
1.2. Who said “ he was a punishment from God, “ to the conquered people? (1 M)
1.3. Give two important contributions of Genghis Khan. (2 M)

ANSWERS-
1.1 Juwaini, the Persian chronicler
1.2 Genghis Khan
1.3 A. Controlled disciplined and united his nomadic hordes.
A. Made the Mongols into a fighting machine with a destructive power

SOURCE-1I
2.Read the following extract carefully and answer the following question-
Ghazan Khan (1295-1304) was the first Il-Khanid ruler to convert to Islam. He gave the
following speech to the Mongol-Turkish nomad commanders, a speech that was probably drafted
by his Persian wazir Rashiduddin and included in the minister's letters: I am not on the side of
the Persian peasantry. If there is a purpose in pillaging them all, there is no one with more power
to do this than 1. Let us rob them together. But if you wish to be certain of collecting grain and
food for your tables in the future, I must be harsh with you. You must be taught reason. If you
insult the peasantry, take their oxen and seed and trample their crops into the ground, what will
you do in the future? ... The obedient peasantry must be distinguished from the peasantry who
are rebels...

2.1. Who was Ghazan Khan? (1M)

2.2. Who drafted the speech? (1M)
2.3. What did he inform the nomad commanders? (2M)
Answer-
2.1 grandson of Genghis Khan, and the first 11 Khanid ruler to convert to Islam
2.2 Persian wazir Rashiduddin
2.3 I. Not to pillage the peasantry as it did not lead to a stable and prosperous realm.
II. To distinguish between obedient and rebellions peasantry to be rational.

MAP SKILLS
1. Show on the Map of world
a.Nishapur b. Bukhara c. Mongolia d. Merv e. Balkh f. Herat

pg. 18
 THEME – 4
THREE ORDER

Timeline
1066 Normans defeat Anglo-Saxcons and conquer England

1100 onwards Cathedral being built in France

1347-50 Black death

1461-1559 New monarchs in France

1485-1547 New monarchs in England

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

Q.1. Fourth order in medieval society was?
A) .Priests B).Nobles C).Peasants D).Town’s people
ANS- D
Q.2. A lord’s estate was called-
A). Cathedral B). Manor C). seigneur D). Vassel
ANS- B
Q.3. Monks who moved from one place to another, preaching to the people and living on charity.
These monks were known as
(A) Manor (B) Friars(C) Tithe (D) Serfs
ANS- B
Q.4.What were Cathedral towns?
(A) Towns developed around plains(B) Towns developed around Churches
(C) Towns developed around industries(D) Towns developed around Capital
ANS- B
Q. 5. The land granted by the lord to the knights was called:
(A) Fief (B) Feud(C) Seigneur (D) Manor
ANS- B
Q. 6.A guild was an association of
(A) monks (B) farmers(C) craft and industry (D) lords
ANS- C
Q. 7. The king who was declared the Holy Roman Emperor was
(A) Charlemagne (B) Louis I(C) Louis II (D) Louis III
ANS- A (d) new towns
Q.8. According to French priests, the basis of classification among the three orders was
(a) education (b) race
(c) wealth (d) nature of work

Q.9. The Church was given the right to take one-tenth of the total produce of the peasant over the
course of a year which was called a
(A) Taille (B) Toll(C) Tithe (D) Franks

pg. 19
ANS- C
SHORT QUESTION ANSWERS [03 MARKS]

Q.1. Describe three features of Early Feudal society in France.

Ans:- (i) It was based on the relationship of lord and peasants.
(ii) The peasants had to offer labour in the service of their lords.
(iii) The lord enjoyed special status. His order was supreme.

Q.2. Why did Knights become a distinct group?

Ans:- (i)There were frequent localized wars in Europe which led to the rise of Knights.
(ii)The lords granted a piece of land called fief, for knights in lieu of their services as their
protectorate.
(iii)The fief of knight could be hereditary
(iv)The peasants cultivated the land of the fief.
(v)In exchange, the knight paid his lord a regular fee and promised to fight for him in war.

Q.3. What was the function of Medieval monasteries?

Ans- (i) Monks opted to live isolated.
(iii) They lived in religious communities called abbeys or monasteries away from human
settlements.
(iii) It inspired people to lead a simple life.
(iv) It inspired people to donate for a noble cause.
(v) It inspired people to donate serve the sick and the needy.

Q.4. What do you understand by Manor? Describe in brief.

Ans: - (i) A lord house was known as manor-house in feudal society.
(ii)He would control peasant's villages in the manorial estates.
(iii)The manorial estates were self-sufficient economic centers.
(iv) where each and every requirement of daily life was fulfilled in the estate.
(v)The grains were grown in the fields, blacksmiths and carpenters maintained the lords
equipment and refurnished the ornaments.

Q.5. What do you understand by Guild system?

Ans: - (i)The basis of economic organisation was the guild.
(ii)Each craft or industry was organised into a guild.
(iii)They were an association which controlled the quality of the product, its price and its sale.
(iv)The ‘guild-hall’ was a feature of every town.
(v) In it, the heads of all trade organization formally met.

Q.6. Describe a few characteristics of Feudal system?

Ans: - (i) Nobles were vassals to the Kings.
(ii) The Peasants were vassals to the nobles.
(iii) The lord could protect the vassal loyal to him.
(iv) The Vassals would receive a written charter.
(v) They were the symbol of the land being given to him by his lord.

Q.7. What were the Conditions of the peasantry class in European Feudal Society?
Ans - (i)Peasants and Serfs were two kinds of cultivators in medieval Europe.
(ii)Free peasants laboured for cultivating the lord’s fields to provide labour rent.
(iii)They paid a direct tax, called taille to the king and Tithe to the Clergy despite so many
pg. 20
manorial dues were imposed on them.

Q.8. What were Cathedral – Towns?

Ans- (i) From the twelfth century, large churches – called cathedrals – were being built in
France.
(ii)These belonged to the monasteries. Cathedrals were built of stone.
(iii)The area around the cathedrals became more populated and they became centres of
pilgrimage.
(iv)Small towns developed around them.
(v)Two of the more well-known monasteries were those established by St Benedict in Italy in
529 and of Cluny in Burgundy in 910.

Q.9. Describe some features of new agricultural technology?

Answer-(i) Heavy iron-tipped ploughs and mouldboards were used,
(ii)Shoulder-harness of bullock came into use,
(iii)Water and canal powered mills were set-ups,
(iv)Three field system of land-use followed,
(v)Arable land was used for growing crops.

LONG ANSWER QUESTION:

Q.1. Discuss how the new monarchy replaced the feudal set-up of European society?
Answer:The feudal society was based on the power of church, monasteries, Cathedrals .
A network of three orders made successfully by the Catholic Church and died with the crisis of
the fourteenth century, i.e. change in environment, depletion of gold and silver stock, marginal
fertility of the soil and spread of bubonic plague all over Europe.
These situations made feudal set-up tougher to maintain as starving conditions had emerged.
It brought revolts of peasants in and the European Kings began to strengthen their military and
financial power.
The Kings have duly understood the situation and took * immediately these changes.
These new Kings were called new monarch by the historian because they were no more feudal
lords. These were autocratic absolutist rulers.
Louis XI of France, Maximilian of Austria, leary VII of England, and Isabelle and Ferdinand of
Spain were these autocratic rulers.

CASE BASED QUESTIONS [04 MARKS]

SOURCE-1
1. Read the following extract carefully and answer the following question-
The large churches were called cathedrals. By 12th century onwards, cathedrals were being built
in France. The cathedrals belonged to monasteries. Different people contributed to their
construction with their own labor, material or money. A cathedral was made of stone and took
several years to complete. The area around the cathedrals became more populated and they
became centers of pilgrimage. Small towns developed around them.

1.1 What are the Cathedrals? 1

1.2 When and where did the construction of the Cathedral begin? 1
1.3 Mention any two features of Cathedral 2

pg. 21
ANSWER-
1.1 Large churches are called Cathedrals.
1.2 They were being built in France from 12th century.
1.3 A cathedral was made of stone and took several years to complete. The area around the
cathedrals became more populated and they became centers of pilgrimage.

SOURCE-1I
2. Read the following extract carefully and answer the following question-
Because of the inadequacy which we often felt on feast days, for the narrowness of the place
forced the women to run towards the altar upon the heads of the men with much anguish and
noisy confusion, [we decided] to enlarge and amplify the noble church… We also caused to be
painted, by the exquisite hands of many masters from different regions, a splendid variety of new
windows… Because these windows are very valuable on account of their wonderful execution
and the profuse expenditure of painted glass and sapphire glass, we appointed an official master
craftsman for their protection, and also a goldsmith…who would receive their allowances,
namely, coins from the altar and flour from the common storehouse of the brethren, and who
would never neglect their duty, to look after these [works of art].‘

2.1 What was the Cathedral? 1

2.2 What were the purposes to enlarge and amplify the noble church? 2
2.3 Why were an official master craftsman appointed? 1
ANSWER-
2.1 A cathedral was made of stone and took several years to complete. The area around the
cathedrals became more populated and they became centers of pilgrimage.
2.2 Because of inadequacy which we often felt on feast days, for the narrowness of the place.
2.3 Because these windows are very valuable on account of their wonderful execution of painted
glass and sapphire glass.

SOURCE-1II
3. Read the following extract carefully and answer the following question-
In Benedictine monasteries, there was a manuscript with 73 chapters of rules which were
followed by monks for many centuries. Here are some of the rules they had to follow:
Chapter 6: Permission to speak should rarely be granted to monks.
Chapter 7: Humility means obedience.
Chapter 33: No monk should own private property.
Chapter 47: Idleness is the enemy of the soul, so friars and sisters should be occupied at certain
times in manual labour, and at fixed hours in sacred reading.
Chapter 48: The monastery should be laid out in such a way that all necessities be found within
its bounds: water, mill, garden, workshops.
3.1 What was humility mean? 1
3.2 What does chapter 47 say? 2
3.3 What sort of values is reflected in this chapter? 1

ANSWER:-
3.1 Humility means obedience.
3.2 Chapter 47 says that idleness is the enemy of the soul, so friars and sisters should be
occupied at certain times in manual labour, and at fixed hours in sacred reading.
3.3 Humanity, truthfulness etc.
pg. 22
 THEME-5
CHANGING CULTURAL TRADITIONS
Timeline
1454 Gutenberg prints the Bible with movable types

1492 Columbus reaches America

1517 Martin Luther Writes the Ninety-five theses

1628 William Harvey links the heart with blood circulation

1687 Isaac Newton’s Principia Mathematica published

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Q.1. Which of these towns began to develop as centers of art and learning during 14th centuries?
(A) Florence (B) Venice(C) Rome (D) All of these
ANS- D
Q. 2. What is the literal meaning of ‘Renaissance’?
(A) Re-generate (B) Rebirth(C) Reborn (D) Rethink
ANS- B
Q.3. Which of these statement is false about Cicero?
(A) He was Roman lawyer(B) He was Roman essayist
(C) He was contemporary to Julius Ceasar(D) He was a British officer
ANS- D
Q.4. Who was regarded as the Father of Humanism?
(A) Francesco Robert B) Francesco Petrarch(C) Joseph Conard (D) Cicero
ANS- B
Q.5. The term Renaissance Man’ used to describe a person who.........
(A) Has many interests(B) Has no interest in development
(C) Has many interests and skills(D) Has technical knowledge
ANS- C
Q.6. Which of these documents was issued by church?
(A) Indulgences (B) Luther’s theses(C) Stamp papers (D) Legal documents
ANS- A
Q.7. Who was Giotto?
(A) A scholar (B) Humanist(C) Historian (D) Artist
ANS- D
Q.8.Which of the following book is written by Niccolo-Machiavelli?
(A) The State (B) The Kinship (C) The Prince (D) The Kingdom
ANS- C
Q.9. Who popularised Luther’s idea in Switzerland?
(A) Martin Kullar (B) Ulrich Zwingli(C) Jean Calvin (D) Both Zwingli and Calvin
ANS- D

pg. 23
SHORT QUESTION ANSWERS [03 MARKS]

Q1.Why did Renaissance start in Italy? Write any three reasons to justify.
Answer: (i) Rome had been the centre of Ancient Roman Empire.
(ii) There was freedom of expression in Italy since the clergy and nobility classes were
comparatively weak.
(iii) Traders class was very strong and accumulated huge wealth from overseas trade which was
used to finance new changes.
(iv) Many universities and towns were set-up in Italy which emerged as the centre of new
learning.

Q2. What do you mean by the term ‘Renaissance Man’?

Answer: An individual who has many interests, innovations and skills. For example, a person
could be a scholar, diplomat, theologist and artist even a historian.eg. Leonardo –Da Vinchi.

Q. 3.What was the causes of Reformation Movement?

Ans.-(i) Renaissance made the man critical and rational.
(ii) Autocracy of the Church and Catholic Corruption,
(iii) 95 Thesis of Martin Luther and his call to the clergy for debate, Printing press etc.

Q4. What do you know about Counter Reformation?

Answer: (i) This movement was started by the Roman Catholic Church to counter the effects of
the Protestant Reformation.
(ii) Catholic Church tried to reform itself of some of its objectionable practices. For example
now the Bishops were appointed on the basis of ability.
(iii)This movement tried to recover the lost influence of the Roman Church.

Q.5. Describe the Periodisation used by humanist’s scholars of history.

Ans.5th-14th century - The Middle Ages
5th-9th century - The Dark Ages
9th-11th century - The Early Middle Ages
11th-14th century - The Late Middle Ages
15th century onwards - The Modem Age

Q.6. Name any three geniuses of Renaissance with their achievements.

Ans: - (i) Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519): Italian painter, architect, inventor, and “Renaissance
man” responsible for painting “The Mona Lisa” and “The Last Supper.
(ii) Raphael (1483–1520): Italian painter who learned from da Vinci and Michelangelo. Best
known for his paintings of the Madonna and “The School of Athens.”
(iii) Michelangelo (1475–1564): Italian sculptor, painter, and architect who carved “David” and
painted The Sistine Chapel in Rome.

LONG ANSWER QUESTION [08 MARKS]

Q1. What were the causes of Renaissance or change in cultural traditions?
Ans. - (i) Crusades (ii) Decline of Feudalism
(iii) Rise of new towns and trade (iv) Rise of the new middle class
(v) Rise of nation states (vi) Contact of the East and the West
(vii) Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453

pg. 24
Q.2. Describe the changes brought by the Renaissance in the contemporary life of the
people.
Ans:- (i) Old age superstitions and social evils came to an end.
(ii) New ideas and scientific beliefs began to gain much importance.
(iii) It also laid emphasis on humanism.
(iv) People began to discard old values.
(v) It inspired the contemporary writers and philosophers.
(vi) Many universities were established to provide education.
(vii) Education and knowledge began to spread quickly.

CASE BASED QUESTIONS [04 MARKS]

SOURCE-1
1. Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow:
Niccolo Machiavelli wrote about human nature in the fifteenth chapter of his book, The Prince
(1513). ‘So, leaving aside imaginary things, and referring only to those which truly exist, I say
that whenever men are discussed (and especially princes, who are more exposed to view), they
are noted for various qualities which earn them either praise or condemnation. Some, for
example, are held to be generous, and others miserly. Some are held to be benefactors, others are
called grasping, some cruel, some compassionate; one man faithless, another faithful; one man
effeminate and cowardly, another fierce and courageous; one man courteous, another proud; one
man lascivious, another pure; one guileless, another crafty; one stubborn, another flexible; one
grave, another frivolous; one religious, another sceptical; and so forth.’ Machiavelli believed that
‘all men are bad and ever ready to display their vicious nature partly because of the fact that
human desires are insatiable’. The most powerful motive Machiavelli saw as the incentive for
every human action is self-interest.

1.1 Name the book written by Machiavelli. 1

1.2 Which one important value did it depicts? 1
1.3 What did Machiavelli believe in? 2

ANSWER-
1.1 ‘The Prince’
1.2 1.2 The human nature
1.3 He believed that all men are bad and ever ready to display their vicious nature partly because
of the fact their desires are insatiable.
SOURCE-1I
2. Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow:

William Tyndale (1494-1536), an English Lutheran who translated the Bible into English in
1506, defended Protestantism thus: ‘In this they be all agreed, to drive you from the knowledge
of the scripture, and that ye shall not have the text thereof in the mother-tongue, and to keep the
world still in darkness, to the intent they might sit in the consciences of the people, through vain
superstition and false doctrine, to satisfy their proud ambition, and insatiable covetousness, and
to exalt their own honour above king and emperor, yea, and above God himself... Which thing
only moved me to translate the New Testament? Because I had perceived by experience, how
that it was impossible to establish the lay-people in any truth, except the scripture were plainly
laid before their eyes in their mother-tongue, that they might see the process, order, and meaning
of the text.
2.1 What do you know about William Tyndale? 1
pg. 25
2.2 What were his objectives to translate the Bible into English? 1
2.3 What were the issues on which the Protestants criticized the Catholic Church? Write any two
issues. 2
ANSWER-
2.1
.1 William Tyndale was an English Lutheran. He translated Bible into English.
2.2 To make available the copies of Bible to the layman.
2.3 The Protestants also criticized the Catholics because of immoral and luxurious life led by the
Clergy. Sale of “letterr of Indulgence” by the church to those people who had committed sins.

MAP-SKILS

1. On the map, mark and locate the following Italian states.

Rome, Venice, Padua, Genoa, Mantua, Florence

pg. 26
 THEME-6
DISPLACING INDIGENOUS PEOPLES
Timeline
1770 British sailor James Cook reached Australia

1774 Quebec Act was passed

1781 Britain recognized USA as an Independent country

1865 Slavery was abolished in the USA

1870 Transcontinental railway introduced in the USA

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Q.1.The word Settler is NOT used for-

(A)Dutch in South Africa (B) British in Ireland ©British in Australia (D) British in India
ANS- D
Q.2.The earliest inhabitants of North America came from
(A)Asia (B)Europe (C)Africa (D) Australia
ANS- A
Q.3.The Native Peoples of North America bought horses from
(A) Franch (B) Dutch (C) Spainish (D) British
ANS- C
Q.4.”Trail of Tears” is related to
(A) Georgia (B) California (C) Florida (D) Lousiana
ANS- A
Q.5.In which year the USA’s continental expansion was complete
(A)1776 (B) 1782 (C) 1863 (D)1892
ANS- D
Q.6.Captain Cook was killed by a native in
(A)Australia (B)Hawaii (C)Canada (D)California
ANS- B
Q.7.”Why were not we Told”book has been written by
(A)Thomas Jafferson (B) Captain Cook (C) Henry Reynolds (D)W.E.H.Stanner
ANS- C
Q.8. In 1968, anthropologist W.E.H.Stanner delivered a lecture ‘The Great Australian Silence ‘It
refers to
A) The silence of historians about the origin about the aborigines.
B) The silence of historians about the past inventions.
C) The silence of politicians about the problems of people.
D) The silence of environmentalist about the ecological change.
ANS- A
Q.9. The Constitution Act in America, which accepted the existing aboriginal and treaty rights of
the natives, was passed in the year
A) 1984 B) 1986 C) 1982 D) 1988
ANS- C
pg. 27
Q.10. Workers who provided cheap labour in Australia were-
A) Chinese immigrants B) African slaves C) Australian aborigines D) Indian labourers
ANS- A
Q.11.Who was Judith Wright?
A) An Australian writer B) A famous politician of Africa
B) C) The President of America D) A scientist
ANS- A

SHORT QUESTION ANSWERS [03 MARKS]

Q.1.How did expansion of USA take Place?

Ans .i) Large areas were acquired by Purchase like Louisiana (1803) and Alaska (1867)
(ii)By war - much of Southern USA was won From Mexico.
(iii)Assigned by treaty with Great Britain in 1846.

Q.2. How did USA solve the problem of Slavery?

Ans.(i)The northern states argued for ending slavery which they condemned as an inhuman
Practice.
(ii)Southern States Plantation Owner bought slaves in Africa to bring USA.
(iii)Protests by anti-slavery group led to a ban on slave trade.
(iv)In 1861 - 65 a civil war took place in which northern states won to abolish slavery.
(v)In 1968 African American won the battle of civil liberties.

Q.3. Write three points about the life of native peoples of North America.
Ans:(i) They spoke various languages.
(ii)They were in the primitive stage of civilisation.
(iii)They were polytheist & worship nature.
(iv)They believed that time moved in cycles.
(v)They could understand the climates and different landscapes.

Q.4. List the items of exchange between the natives and Europeans.
Ans :(i) The items of exchange between the natives and Europeans were the following:
(ii)The Europeans gave them iron vessel and alcohol.
(iii)In return, they (the natives) gave Europeans fish and fur.

Q.5. Why did the Europeans consider natives of America as uncivilized?

Ans: (i)The Europeans believed that literacy and urbanization are the basis of a civilized society.
(ii)The natives of America lacked all these.
(iii)That’s why they considered them uncivilized.

Q.6.What enabled the Europeans to dictate their terms to the natives of North America?
Ans: (i)The natives of North America were quite ignorant about alcohol.
(ii)But the Europeans gave them alcohol and made them addicted to it.
(iii)It became their weakness.
(iv)This way the Europeans became capable of dictating their terms to the natives of North
America.

pg. 28
LONG QUESTION ANSWERS [08 MARKS]
Q.1. How did Natives of a North America lose their land? What were their sufferings?
Ans.(i)Natives forced to move by signing treaties or selling lands .
(ii)Cheated by taking more land or paying less.
(iii)Depriving the native peoples of their land was seen wrong.
(iv)Cherokee tribe governed by the state but could not enjoy the rights of citizens
(v)A judgement of Chief Court that cherokee were a distinct community
occuping its own territory in which law of Georgia had no force.
(vi)Andrew Jackson - Trail of Tears
(vii)Natives were called lazy, not skilled, not learning English or dressing Properly
viii) Deserve to die out.
ix) Concentrated into reservation
x) A series of rebellions were crushed.

Q.2. What do you mean by the term Gold Rush? How was it connected with the Growth of
Industries?
Ans: (i) traces of gold led to ‘Gold Rush’ in 1840s in California.
(ii)A lot of Europeans hurried to America in the hope of making a quick fortune.
(iii)The Gold Rush led to the building of railway lines across the continent.
(iv) In North America industries developed to manufacture railway equipment.
(v)In order to make large scale farming machinery produced.
(vi) Industrial development led to the growth of towns and factories.
(vii) By 1890 the USA emerged as a leading industrial power in the world.

Q.3. Write a description about the winds of change in Australia.

Ans: - (i) The anthropologist W.E.H. Stanner, entitled ‘The Great Australian Silence’ – the
silence of historians about the aborigines.
(ii) Henry Reynolds later articulated in a powerful book, Why Weren’t We Told?
(iii) University departments have been instituted to study native cultures, galleries of native art.
(iv) From 1974, ‘multiculturalism’ has been official policy in Australia
(v) It gave equal respect to native cultures and to the different cultures of the immigrants from
Europe and Asia.
(vii) The government had always termed the land of Australia terra nullius, that is belonging to
nobody.
(viii) Judith Wright spearheaded a powerful movement for the rights of natives.

CASE BASED QUESTIONS [04 MARKS]

SOURCE-1
1. Read the following extract carefully and answer the following question-
THE DAY BEFORE AMERICA
‘At Sunset on the day before America [that is before the Europeans reached there and gave the
continent this name], diversity lay at every hand. People spoke in more than a hundred tongues.
They lived by very possible combination of hunting, fishing, gathering, gardening, and farming
open to them. The quality of soils and effort required to open and tend them determined some of
their choices how to live. Culture and social biases determined others. Surpluses of fish or grain
or garden plants or meats helped create powerful, tired societies here but not there. Some
cultures had endured for millennia….
pg. 29
Questions:
1.1 Who named ‘America’? 1
1.2 What were native doing for their livelihood? 1
1.3 How was the culture of natives changed? 2

ANSWER -
1.1 Europeans reached there and gave the continent this name
1.2 hunting, fishing, gathering, gardening, and farming
1.3 mixed with Europeans, adopted their ideas and tradition

SOURCE-1I
2. Read the following extract carefully and answer the following question-
‘Aboriginal production had been dramatically disturbed by the British presence. The arrival of a
thousand hungry mouths, followed by hundreds more, put unprecedented pressure on local food
resources. So what would the Daruk people have thought of all this? To them such large-scale
destruction of sacred places and strange, violent behaviour towards their land was inexplicable.
The newcomers seemed to knock down trees without any reason, for they were not making
canoes, gathering bush honey or catching animals. Stones were moved and stacked together, clay
dug up, shaped and cooked, holes were made in the ground, large unwieldy structures built. At
first they may have equated the clearing with the creation of a sacred ceremonial
ground…Perhaps they thought a huge ritual gathering was to be held, dangerous business from
which they should steer well clear. There is no doubt the Daruks subsequently avoided the
settlement, for the only way to bring them back was by an official kidnapping.’
Questions:
2.1 What do you mean by aboriginal production? 1
2.2 Who are the New comers? 1
2.3 What is the name of book from which this passage has been taken? 1
2.4 What were the activities of the natives? 1

ANSWER –
2.1 Local production by the Daruk people
2.2 The Britishers
2.3 Creating a Nation.
2.4 Making canoes,gathering bush honey and catching animals.

Map Skill
1. On the outline map of Australia (world) locate the followings:
Perth, Darwin, Adelaide, Melbourne, Canberra, Sydney

pg. 30
 THEME- 7
PATH TO MODERNISATION
Timeline
1603 Tokugawa establishes the Edo Shogunate rule

1839-60 Two Opium wars

1868 Restoration of Meiji

1904-05 War between Japan and Russia

1912 Sun Yat-Sen found Guomingdang

1921 CCP was founded

1934 Long March

1945 Atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were dropped

MCQ

1.Sima Qian is considered the greatest historian of early-

(A)Japan (B) Korea (C) China (D) Taiwan
ANS- C
2.The dominant ethnic group in China was
(A)The Han (B) The Uighur (C)The Hui (D) The Manchu
ANS- A
3.Which one is Not the island of Japan
(A)Honshu (B) Kyushu (C) Shikoku (D) Yangtse
ANS- D
4.From 1603 to 1867, Japan was divided into over 250 domains under the control of lords called
(A) Shoguns (B) Samurais (C) Daimyos (D) Tokugawas
ANS- C
5.Nishijin in Kyoto was famous for
(A)Gold & Silver (B) Rice (C) Textiles (D) Silk
ANS- D
6.In which year Commodore Perry signed treaty with Japan for opening trade and diplomatic
relation
(A) 1854 (B) 1853 (C) 1867 (D) 1868
ANS- B
7. Schooling became almost universal in Japan in
(A)1910 (B) 1911 (C) 1912 (D) 1914
ANS- A
8. The first railway line in Japan was between
(A)Tokyo to Nagasaki (B) Tokyo to Hiroshima
(C) Tokyo to Yokohama (D) Tokyo to Okinawa
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ANS- C
9.The Opium Wars between 1839 to 1842 took place between China and
(A) Japan (B) France (C) England (D) India
ANS- B
10.Which one was not the policy of Sun yat Sen
(A) Nationalism (B) Democracy (C) Socialism (D) Secularism
ANS- D
11.Who was the founder of modern China
(A)Confucious (B) Sunyat Sen (C) Liang Qichao (D)Mao Zedong
ANS- B
12. Identify the image and chose correct answer?

A) Perry’s arrival to Japan B) Perry’s arrival to China

C) Perry’s arrival to South Korea D) None of these
ANS- A

SHORT QUESTION ANSWERS [03 MARKS]

Q1. Explain the significance of the Meiji Restoration.

Ans:- (i) In 1868 the Tokugawa Shoguns saw its decline and a new dynasty called Meijis was
restored.
(ii) The Meijis well understood the opening of Japan by the Americans. So, they began
industrialisation and militarisation of Japan.
(iii) The Emperor System was westernised,a new education system was introduced.
(iv) Formation of a strong army, legal system and control over army by the emperor and
aggressive nationalism gave rise to a modern Japan.

Q.2. “Japan’s transformation in a modern society can be seen in the changes in everyday
life” Justify the statement with suitable arguments.
Ans:- (i) The Japanese society was patriarchal. But the growing prosperity gave birth to a new
family concept.(ii) The modernisation resulted in the evolution of nuclear family.
(iii) It increased the demands for domestic goods such as rice cooker, grill, toaster etc.Many Car
Clubs came in existence.
(iv) Housing companies provided house at onetime down payment for 22 yen and a monthly 12
yen for 10 years.
(v)In this way we have many examples proving the statement.

Q.3. Who was Sun yat Sen? Explain his Three Principles.
Ans: - (i)Sunyat Sen can be called ‘Gandhi of China’.
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(ii)He was the leader of the Revolution of 1911 which ended the Manchu dynasty in China. Till
1925, he remained the President of Republic of China.
(iii) His first principle was nationalism, second was democracy and third was Socialism.

Q.4. Write about the rise of Communist Party in China.

Ans:-(i) As a result of the Russian Revolution,the Chinese Communist Party came in being in
1921.Its leader was Mao Zedong.
(ii) The CCP was compelled for Long March in 1934-35 and had to shift to Shanxi.
(iii)During the second world war both the CCP and Guomindang combinedly fought against the
Japanese attacks.This is the time Mao became established leader of China.

Q.5. Discuss the establishment of New Democracy in China between 1949 and 1965.
Ans:- (i) Under the rule of Mao Zedong the govt was trying to bring some changes in its
economic policies and to reconsolidate the CCP at grassroot level. This they call New
Democracy.
(ii) New democracy was based on alliance of all social classes.Private ownership of land and
industries were gradually ended.
(iii)In 1958,the communist govt launched” The Great Leap Forward” movement.It was for rapid
industrialisation.
(iv) Under the new democracy mass organisations were created for farmers,students,women etc.

LONG QUESTION ANSWERS [08 MARKS]

Q1. Discuss re-emergence of Japan as a global economic power after the Second World
War.
(i) No war clause of article 9 of the new constitution laid foundation for the rise of Japan as
world economic power.
(ii)Monopoly of big industrial family dismantled,
(iii) agrarian reforms,trade unions
(iv) right to vote to women helped in the process.
(v) After a long time democratic values got importance.Now govt, bureaucracy and industry
started working closely.
(vi) America’s war against Vietnam and Korea indirectly strengthened Japanese economy.
(vii) Beginning of Bullet trains and Olympic games in 1964 symbolised its growing economy.
(viii) Strict rules for health and pollution became stepping stone.

Q.2. Discuss the important part of Meiji reforms in Japan.

Ans- (i) Administrative Reforms: altering old village and domain boundaries to integrate the
nation. In 1871, feudalism was abolished under the Meiji rule.

(ii)Economic Reforms: Japan’s first railway line, between Tokyo and the port of Yokohama, was
built in 1870-72. In 1872, modern banking institutions were launched. Zaibatsu (business
families) dominated the economy.
(iii)Industrial Reforms: Textile machinery was imported from Europe, and foreign technicians
were employed to train workers, as well as to teach in universities and schools, and Japanese
students were sent abroad.The size of factories also began to increase.
(iv)Agricultural Reforms: Funds were raised by levying an agricultural tax.
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(v)Constitutional Reforms: In 1889, Japan adopted the new constitution. The Meiji Constitution
had created a Diet and declared emperor as the commander of the forces; it was based on a
restricted franchise.
(vi)Educational Reforms: A new school system began to be built from the 1870s. Schooling was
compulsory for boys and girls and by 1910 almost universal. Tuition fees were minimal. Tokyo
University was established in 1877.
(vii)Military Reforms: All young men over twenty had to do a period of military service. A
modern military force was developed.

CASE BASED QUESTIONS [04 MARKS]

SOURCE-1
1. Read the following extract carefully and answer the following question-

THE EXAMINATION SYSTEM

Entry to the elite ruling class (about 1.1 million till 1850) had been largely through an
examination. This required writing an eight-legged essay [pa-ku wen] in classical Chinese in a
prescribed form. The examination was held twice every three years, at different levels and of
those allowed to sit only 1-2 per cent passed the first level, usually by the age of 24, to become
what was called ‘beautiful talent’. At any given time before 1850 there were about 526,869 civil
and 212,330 military provincial (shengyuan) degree holders in the whole country. Since there
were only 27,000 official positions, many lower-level degree holders did not have jobs. The
examination acted as a barrier to the development of science and technology as it demanded only
literary skills. In 1905, it was abolished as it was based on skills in classical Chinese learning
that had, it was felt, no relevance for the modern world.
1.1 What do you know about Confucianism? (1 M)
1.2 Why was the examination system abolished? (2 M)
1.3 How did people enter the elite ruling class? (1 M)

ANSWER:

1. 1 Ans-It was a way of life based on good conduct, practical wisdom and proper social
relations.It led to the foundation of many political institutions.
1.2 Ans-The system of examination was lengthy and traditional.It was an obstacle in the spread
of new ideas and institutions.It was based on only literary skills .
1.3 Ans - It was tough to enter an elite class.people had to go through levels of exam.It was held
twice in 2-3 years.People had to pass in essay writing test.

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MAP SKILL

Q:1. on the given map locate with appropriate symbol any three islands and two places where
atom bombs were dropped in Japan. (5 Marks).

Q:2. Identify the important places A, B, C, D and E of East Asia on the basis of following
information.

i. An Island now is a part of China.

ii. North province of China.
iii. Place where atom bomb was dropped.
iv. A national capital city.
v. The biggest city of China

***
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