Part-tll Grammar Preposition A preposition is a word which is used before a noun or a pronoun to show its connection to other words in the sentence, Prepositions are usually short words, and they are normally placed directly in front of nouns. In some cases, you will find prepositions in front of gerund verbs. For example: The man rests on the armchair, (The word "on" is used before "the armchair". We understand that the man is in the armchair. He is not under it, above it or beside it, for example.) The name "preposition" (pre + position) means “put before". So prepositions usually come before the noun. Here are some more examples: + eT ae a. She stands by the tree. Roe ln ll nt b. The cat is leaning against the garbage can. ave it is _ separ OE 5 c. The cat is under the table. “ek 2 pea d. The car went through the forest. fe le e. They jumped into the pool. «ed fpsver? ‘ = f. She is reading to her babies, Ye! n oe g. He is climbing up that mountain, A preposition can come before a pronoun as well. For example: a. Thisis for you! b. Sheis standing beside him. Three basic types of preposition are: 1, Preposition of place 2. reposition of time 3. Preposition of movementer Own sary aves fh eC Orvere hea . reg 1, Preposition of place ape eo ie ont Prepositions of place help us understand where something is. on (is: xa The easiest way to explain the basic prepositions of place is to use pictures: 5, eon ® ! (ke igi ais ae ae oat Anna sits next to the box. The man is under the table. rm qecrerner! ATR Undert. 357 gre rea? \cO- by ‘ a © ‘The eggs are in the pot. a pica eo ol oS a werel Gite St cet 1 ae wee @ in hoy wate G5 freee ele in hoy \ Kage cet cae Pl oe pa han 5% mebon into xi mae ide 1; y rt o plese eT © ae a The coffee is In the mug. os C oe Kopave ingeneral, we use: oo MS - _adreie at for a POINT( Spo“! wen OY res Infor an ENCLOSED SPACE fm in wt ng ‘on for a SURFACE ay orer RE" Example sentence: 'n ‘© Jane is waiting for you at the bus stop. ‘© The shopis at the end of the street. \ za Y, ave # Do you work in an office? Yeurfoee Aoueh @ Ihave a meeting in New York. on tee tebe 7 ‘¢ The author's name is on the cover of the book. cow ‘© There are no prices on this menu. v&, © Youare standing on my foot. ww a Notice the use of at, in and on in th dard am lotice the use o in these standard expressions: ors) 5 a » GER ST yO¥ < qewIL OAS > s a At jaar in / dou on ~~ A oe “3 “=I | athome inacar onabus xe at work ina taxi onatrain at school inahelicopter | ona plane atuniversity | ina boat onaship at college | inalift (elevator) | on abbicycle, on a motorbike atthetop | inthe newspaper | on a horse, on an elephant atthe bottom | in the sky on the radio, on television Vageck hol - : 7 \" tyor: eetenye My birlhody 1 Lb -lep sor 2c4 ; Or apna e ab the betlom Th the rrodeh 48 @ on he 1 On Ike reall Copyrighy wonwmentorscombd | Page-7 in the retle |% ‘ RCo FTE Th Minder a ata. Ao Hordry ort he Cob GO, Ay Theuse of some other prepositions of place “Thee bin i, ue | Preposition Use Sentence ‘Above [01 | higher than something The picture hangs above my bed. [PP Against (21 GC | directed towards something | The man is standing against the wall. Among ina group Tlike being among people. | at Position at a point Tarrived at the meeting. Behind at the back of Our house is behind the supermarket. Below lower than something Death Valley is 86 metres below sea level. Beside next to Our house is beside the supermarket. Between something /somebody is on | Our house is between the supermarket each side and the school. Near He lives in the house by the river. Near ‘ur house is close to the supermarket. Sot From the place where it starts Do you come from Tokyo? "6 | n front of the part thatis in the Our house isin front of the supermarket sre OA ZO | ection it faces Inside ‘opposite of outside You should not stay inside the castle. « ws a Raho | Hace seenin tree eae Barker dels ce Guure! Toes | dimensions Oe. ra larger areas T was born in England, Near close to Our house is near the supermarket. Next to Beside Our house is next to the supermarket. on touches a surface There isa fly on the table. bya lake or sea London lies on the Thames. ‘Opposite ‘on the other side Our house is opposite the supermarket. “outside, | opposite of inside Can you wait outside? zy Under below something The cat is under the table. an Grea fest yao) Se Te bx inside lhe corexercise 7.2: Describe the position of the Triangle, Circle and Square using the words from the table: onthe right | inthe center | next to between on the left is poe . The triangle is_nev-+ to the circle. \ree| the wake om . The circleis_ be} ween, the triangle and the square. a . Thesquareis__mevt lo the circle. { . The triangle is_om the Id-+ of the circle. 3. The square is_on -Ihe réaid of the circle. . The circleis_in Ihe cent AY Pwne te egeterl aa. The plantis_T°o™ the door. b. The carpetis__©° ___the floor. c. The vase is__©0 the table. d. Thechairis_besi-’© _ the table. e. Theslippersare_Osor. the bin. f. The teddy bear, brush and mirror are__\ the closet. g. The posteris__ON the wall. h. The desk is ned Re bed. i, The blanketis___ Of {he bed. j. The deskis_below by les the window. k. The desk is cet the bed and the closet. |. The shelfis__O0 ‘pgs m. The pillow is ircftord [lee ol ote 2. Preposition of time: A preposition of time is a preposition that permits you to discuss a specific time period such as a date on the calendar, one of the days of the week, or the actual time a certain thing takes place. In general, we use: © “At” to discuss clack times, holidays and festivals, and other very specific time frames including exceptions, such as “at night.” “In” to discuss months, seasons, years, centuries, general times of day, and longer periods of time such as “in the past.” “@n'” to discuss certain days of the week or portions of days of the week, specific dates, and special days such as “on New Year's Day.” Detailed use of “At, in and on” at 1. We use the preposition at when we want to refer to a specific time, meaning a specific hour. Example: a. Henry's test ends at 3 o'clock! He is afraid he will not finish! b. Henry's test ends at 3 o'clock! c. Your plane leaves at 4:55pm, We should go to the airport now. d. late my breakfast very early this morning. Could we have lunch at 12:30? e . She had a doctor's appointment yesterday at 7 o'clock.2, We can also use the preposition at when we are referring to a meal time. examples: a, Atlunch, | like to have a big glass of water. b, We always listen to the radio at breakfast-ti c. Her family never turns on the TV at dinner, 3, Finally, ime so that we can hear the morning news. we can use at for some fixed expressions, Look at the sentences below, Examples: a. Atthat time, Maggie didn't know that he was b. She was about to make a cup of tea, c. She was about to make a cup of tea, @ secret agent! but right at that moment, the phone rang. but right at that moment, the phone rang. In 1. Weuse the preposition in when we are referring toa year, Example: deoale: In the 4990's ai month, or season. We love to go to the beach in the ‘summer to build sand castles and swim in the sea. b. We love to go to the beach in the summer to build sand castles and swim in the sea. ¢. We moved into this house in 2003, We love this place! 4. e. + Classes will begin in September, Be sure to sign up for all your courses before then, Inthe winter of 1937, my grandfather was born, 2. We also use the preposition in when we want to talk about a part of the day, Examples: a, Greg is never hungry in the morning. His first meal is lunch! b. My uncle likes to take a nap in the afternoon, ¢. Do your parents watch the news on television in the ‘evening? “But, there is an exception! When we want to talk about the night and noon, we use the Preposition at. Example: Roosters never crow at night, They only start crowing in the morning. Roosters never crow at night.On 1. We use the preposition on when we are talking about a specific day or date. Example: a. On Christmas Day, some families give each other gifts under the Christmas tree. Other families have their celebrations on different special days. . On Christmas Day, some families give each other gifts under the Christmas tree. We have a very important meeting on Wednesday. Please don't be late! . She will be arriving on the Sth of August. Will the apartment be ready by then? 1am starting my new job on Monday, July 12th. | am a bit nervous! paos 2. We also use the preposition on when we are talking about a day + (morning, night, etc.). Examples: a. There was a big parade on Saturday afternoon. Didn't you hear the music? b. She has a lot of trouble getting out of bed on Monday mornings! c. like to go to the park on the weekends. *But, remember! We use "on the weekend" in the U.S., but we use "at the weekend” in Britain. Both are correct. Exercise 7.4: Put in the correct preposition (choose in / on / at). The weather is often terrible in the United States__'\__February. It is better to get a taxi if you are out alone night. They usually go to the south of Spain _in. the summer. Ihada party_ON my birthday. Weare meeting__at lunchtime _©7 Tuesday. Columbus sailed to the Americas the 16th century. The Beatles were popular__10__ the 1960s. He graduated from university__{n 2003. His birthday is__{ __June. ak 10. | usually go to my parents’ house ON Christmas Day. 11, We met at the restaurant at 7.30pm. 12. The class is_ eck _8am_ON _ Monday mornings. 13. I like todrink coffee__i _the morning andtea__if\__the afternoon. 14, We went out fordinner__01) _ Wednesday. 15. Sornois arriving__in_February the 14th seveno'clock__'_ the morning. Sener eyprr Christmas. We eat turkey togetherOther important prepositions of time are: FOR We use for + a period of time expressing duration for seven years - for three hours - for a week Example: | have lived in this house for eight years. They have been watching TV for four hours. UNTIL/TIll We use until/till to say how long a situation continues Example: Let's wait until it stops snowing, | stayed in bed till half past nine. DURING We use during + noun to say when something happens during the lunch time - during our holiday - during the night Example: We met a lot of interesting people during our vacation. fell asleep during the movie. SINCE We use since + a starting point, a specific time since April - since 1987 - since 7 0! clock Example: It has been raining since ten o' clock. They have known each other since they were at school. FROM -TO We use from - to + beginning and end of a period Example: Last evening we watched TV from 4 to 7 o' clock. BY We use by to indicates a deadline = at the latest Example: We need to finish the project by the end of July. You should meet him by 10 o'clock. Submit your assignment by tomorrow. Before We use before to indicate earlier or sooner than Example: You should come to the office before 9.00 am.After We use after to indicate a later time Example: You should come to the office after 9.00 am. Typical time expressions where no prepositions are needed © Next week, year, month etc, © last night, year etc. © this morning, month etc. © every day, night, years ete. © today, tomorrow, yesterday Exercise 7.5: Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the preposition She returned home the party. o, till o after oc by co during b) Thay aes the party. at o after ro sé o by we — during ¢) Please do not receive any phone calls the meeting. a till 2 after a by a~ during d) Shenin came dinner. a before 2 after a by a during e) | will wait for you 4.00 pm. o after o by o during untilf) They have lived here 2002. since a for a still a till g) They have lived here five years. a since o for a still o till h) They have been working two hours. a _ since a for a still o till 3. Preposition of movement: Prepositions of movement or direction are used to show movement from one place to another. These prepositions are most often used with verbs of motion and are found after the verb. TO Meaning: a function word used to indicate movement or action or condition suggesting movement in the direction of a place, person, or thing Use: We use “to” to show movement in a specific direction. Examples: . go to school by bus. -You walk to work every day. “They came to the wedding. _Sofia flew to Canada. HEROS (= side. CTR GAS Sides TR) Meaning: from one side to the other Use: “Across” is used to show movement from one side to the opposite side, Examples: . The boat will take you across the river. . You must walk across the street at the crosswalk.graighh bee a atone GI fra ae AGT we Y along 4 ‘ : Lice) Meaning: in a line; a point in the length of; from one point to another an eaith slorge Examples: along 204 z _He’s walking along the path, Bre “4 The street runs along the seafront. AROUND Meaning: in a circle; in or along with a curving path Examples: . You must drive around the city center to reach the cinema. _Let’s go for a walk around the park. DOWN Meaning: high to low; to or toward the south Use: “Down” is used to indicate movement from a higher to a lower position. Examples: _I prefer to ride my bike down the hill. _We are going down to Florida this summer. INTO Meaning: to or toward to inside of; in the direction of; to enter Examples: Don’t go into your sister’s room! _We went into the shop on the corner. OFF Meaning: away from Examples: _ Get your feet off the sofa! We get off the train at the next stop.eS ow af in Geet ne? CSS 5 mat ONTO (a ae Meaning: to move to a higher position Examples: path pen onde pole _We can get onto the bus here. The dog got onto the sofa. A eae et fac MmacreF ape over (21 com =a) uherd bucking Meaning: in an upward and forward direction across something; from one place to another; from or to a place that is higher than Examples: . The cat jumped over the dog. _You must cross over the bridge. PAST Meaning: at the far side of something; beyond; up to or going near Examples: . Walk past the theatre on the right and the bank is on the left. .Go past Satmosjid road and turn left at the next street. THROUGH GR ering | ST CE EIT Meaning: from one point to the other; from one end to the other Use: “Through” is used to show movement within an enclosed space. Examples: -You must turn on your lights when passing through the tunnel. She walks through the park on her way to work. TOWARD{S} Meaning: in the direction of Examples: . Who is that woman running towards us? . Walk towards the sea and turn left at the first street.UP Meaning: low to high; toward the ceiling, sky or the north Use: “Up” is used to indicate movement from a lower to a higher position. Examples: _| don’t like riding my bike up these hills. .We climbed up the mountain this morning. In, into, out of Sally is in her bedroom. [fell into/in the river. He came out of the room and locked intoorin out of the door. He jumped onto/on the horse. ontooron off Take your feet off the table. On, onto, off a a F Your keys are on the table. on Inside, outside She was siting inside/in the cafe. There is a telephone box outside the bank. inside or in To + GMT ¢ Store —s Sart po er awa ge MOAT 4 taal Prose the bbleExercise 7.6: Look at the picture and fill in the blanks with the correct form of the preposition: Prepositions of movement ‘the finish Onthe left of the picture, the first man is climbing__UP___the ladder. | ® Wg the pole, onfaeross } alorg-lover, a al b The second man is walking ©) The third mans sliding_do"__the slide. d) The fourth man is jumping _‘inlo, the pool. e) The fifth man is swimming the pool. ‘in | eres f) The sixth man Is coming_Ou* of the pool. ) The seventh man is crawling the tunnel, Tarw¥gh h) The eighth man is climbing__ © the wall, VP|Overt, the track anownd [aluraylon overt The ninth man is runningExercise 7.7: Fill in the blanks with the correct form of preposition a, We are walking the street and singing. a along u-on oof a for b. Can you come me? ° on o of o for o towards c. The arrow went the air. w through 3 on oof a for e. He fell his bike. oon wv off oof a for f. Wewillswim___theriver. oon across oof ooOff g. The boy runs the house. oon a off s/ around o ontoPart -IV: Common Mistakes Incorrect: We discussed about the matter. Correct: We discussed the matter. Explanation Verbs such as enter, resemble, lack, discuss, marry, reach, order and approach are normally followed by direct objects without prepositions. Incorrect: We ordered about some food. Correct: We ordered some food. Incorrect: He resembles to his father. Correct: He resembles his father. How can we remember which prepositions to use in front of transportation? There are two easy tricks to remember: 1. Use “in” for small transportation and “on” for big transportation 2. Use “in” for private transportation and “on” for public transportation (here you can move around as well!)Part-V i Exercise 7.8: Sentence Making 1. Write five sentences that must include “Preposition of Place” ® 4 am sittiog on he chouire (2) He ‘is inside the roorn Ore be is chee my heed ON ate in beferer Ww © T am trokn the bone 2. Write five sentences that must include “Preposition of Movement” We ome wallace along lhe street Th Plane flew orere my heel Needy cue tuere, ereessing~ (hrtetegh Ahe Sesnre Poe chew come otf 45 of thy pool He essed by me and didnt notice rre of all3. Write five sentences that must include “Preposition of Time” 4 Lies In Tareisal reo AOTL +o 2023 4 cerepleled! ry Isc in 2020 A dent cvork on weclerdy Everylhrg eroded od Seo PM Q war cahicg lon here ill dhe lex more