WORKSHEET ON EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE Universe Ris the entire body of space and beam including Eee fluences A. Bor fer consisting of protons, el ns, and neutrons that comprises atoms, planets, stars, galaxies, and other bocies B. Dark matter - matter that has gravity but does not emit light C.Dark Energy - a source of anti-gravity: a force that counteracts gravity and ‘ouses the universe to expand, D. Protostar - an ear sravitational colle E. Thermonuclear r produced by star F Main Sequenc in their core sravitational force G. Light years - the distance light can travel ina year rly 6 trillion me 1 unit gth 5 the Universe is at least 138 billion of years old ge in the formation of a star resuiting from the n- anuclear fusion re sn responsible for the energy stars the ire resulting from nuclear fu: e hydrogen atoms to form helium ond the Earth/Solar System at least 4.5-4.6 billions of years old, But how large exactly is a billion? This is equivalent to the time it takes you to pend 1 billion p you spend 1 peso second, + Ibillion/(60 sim 0 min/hr*2: 6 138 billion y iday*2 + The Earth os part of the solar system - in tric suier goseous planets) . Earth is also known as sird rock from the fem as part of the Milky Way Galaxy, Note the Sun (solarsStructure, Composition, and Age + The universe as we currently know it comprises all space and time, and all matter and energy in it + ILis made of 4.6% baryonic matter ‘ordinary’ matter consisting of protons, electrons, and neutrons: atoms, planets, stars, galaxies, nebulae, and other bodies), 24% cold dark matter (motter that has gravity but does not emit light), and 71.4% dark energy (a source of anti-gravity) + Dark matter can explain what may be holding galaxies together for the reason that the low total mass is insufficient for gravity alone to do so while dark energy con explain the observed accelerating expansion of the universe Hydrogen, helium, and lithium + Starg- the building block of galoxies-ore born out of clouds of gas ond dust in galaxies. Instabilities within the clouds eventually results into gravitational collapse. rotation, heating up, and transformation into 0 protostarthe hat core of o future stor as thermonuclear reactions set in, re the three most abundant elements. + Stellar interiors ore like furnaces where elements are synthesized or combinedifused together Most stars such as the Sun belong to the so-called ‘main sequence stars."In the cores of such stars, hydrogen atoms are fused through thermonuclear reactions to make helium atoms, Massive main sequence stars burn up their hydrogen faster than smaller stars, Stars like our Sun. burn up hydrogen in about 10 billion years, + Hydrogen and Heliumas the most dbundont elements in the universe. Having the lowest mass, these ore the first elements to be formed in the Big Bang Model of the Origin of the Universe oA tar's energy comes from combining light elements into heavier elements by jon, oF “nuclear burning’ (nucleosynthesis). In small stars like the sun, H burning is the fusion of 4 H nuclei (protons) into a He nucleus (2 protons + 2neutrons). « Forming He from H gives off lots of energy(i. a natural hydragen bomb). « Nucleosynthesis requires very high T. The minimum T for H fusion is 5x10 C. Birth, evolution, death, and rebirth of stars + The remaining dust and gas may end up as they are or as plonets, asteroids, or other bodies in the accompanying planetary systerr + A galaxy is a cluster of billions of stors and clusters of galaxies form superclusters. In between the clustersis practically an empty space, This oganization of matter in the universe suggests that it is indeed clumpy at a certain scale. But at a large scale, it appears homogeneous andisotropic + Based on recent data, the universe is 18.8 billion years old. The diameter of the universe is possibly infinite but should be at least 91 billion light-years (1 light-year 9.4607 = 1012 km). Its density is 4.5 x 10-31 giem3, Sey Tne i! ad origins of a -liphed a ution ite ei Daa)+ The narrative from Genesis, one of the books of the Heorew Bible ond Christian Old Testaments, describe how God separated light from darkness, created the sky, land, sea , moon, stars and every living creature in the span of six days. Origin of the Universe Non-scientific Thought + Ancient Egyptians believed in mony gods and myths which narrate that the world arose from an infinite sea at the first rising of the sun, + The Kuba people of Central Africa tell the story of a creator god Mbombo (or Bumba) who, alone in a dark and water covered Earth, felt an intense stomach pain and then vomited the stars, sun, and moon. + Inndia, there is the narrative that gods sacrificed Purusha, the primal man whose head, feet, eyes, and mind became the sky, earth, sun, and moon respectively. + The monotheistic religions of Judaism, Christionity, and Islam claim that a supreme being created the universe, including man and other living organisms. The Oscillating Universe + -describe by the Hindu Text Requeai, + According to this Theory it describes thot the universe is an oscillating universe in which the cosmic egg or Brahmanda containing the whole universe , including the moon , moon, planet and space, expand it of a singe concentrated point called the Bindu, The Primordial Universe +-Greek Philosopher Anaxagoras +The origina’ sate of the cosmos was a primordial mixture which existed in infinitesimally small fragments The Atomic Universe + Greek Philosopher Leucippus and his student Democritus. - the universe was composed of very small indivisible and indestructible The Stoic Theory + philosophers and ancient Greece +The universe is like a giant living body with the stn and the stars are the mast important parts, Steady State Theory + The now discredited steady state model of the universe was proposed in 1948 by Bondi and Gould and by Hoyle.+ It maintains that new matter is created as the universe expands thereby maintaining its density. + Its predictions led to tests and its eventual rejection with the discovery of the cosmic microwave background The Big Bang Theory *As the currently accepted theory of the origin and evolution of the universe, the Big Bang Theory postulates that 138 billion years ago, the universe expanded from a tiny, dense and hot mass to its present s.ze and much cooler state. + The theory rests on two ideas: Genera’ Relativity and the Cosmological Principle. In Einstein's General Theory of Relativity gravity is thought of as a distortion of space. time and no longer described by a gravitational fieldin contrast to the Low of Gravity of Isaac Newton. General Relativity explains the peculiarities of the orbit of Mercury and the bending of light by the Sun and has passed rigorous tests, The Cosmological Principle assumes that the universe is homogeneous and isotropic when averaged over large scales, This is consistent with our current large-scale image of the universe. But keep in mind that it is clumpy at smaller scales. * The Big Bang Theory has withstood the tests for expansion: 1) the redshift 2) abundance of hydrogen, helium, and lithium, and 3) the uniformly pervasive cosmic microwave background radiation-the remnant heat from the bang, Expanding Universe ++ In 1929, Edwin Hubble announced his significant discovery of the ‘redshift and its interpretation that galaxies are moving away from each other, hence as evidence for an exponding universe, just as predicted by Einstein's Theory of General Relativity. + + He observed that spectral lines of starlight made to poss through a prism are shifted toward the red part of the electromagnetic spectrum, ie, toward the band of lower frequency; thus, the inference that the star or galaxy must be moving away from us. *Red shift is evidence for an expanding universe. The positions of the absorptions lines for helium for light coming from the Sun are shifted towards the red end as compared with those for a distant star. This evidence for expansion contradicted the previously held view of a static and unchonging universe Cosmic Microwave BackgroundEvolution of the Universe According to Big Bang *From time zero (13.4 billion years ago) until 10-43 second later, all matter and energy in the universe existed as a hot, dense, tiny state. It then underwent extremely rapid, exponential inflation until 10-82 second later after which and until 10 seconds from time zero, conditions allowed the existence of only quarks, hadrons, and leptons ++ Then, Big Bang nucleasynthesis took place and produced protons, neutrons atomic nuclei, and then hydrogen, helium, and lithium until 20 minutes ofter time zero when sufficient cooling did not allow further nucleosynthesis, + From then on until 380,000 years, the cooling universe entered a matter-daminated period when photons decoupled from matter and light could travel freely as still observed today in the form of cosmic microwave background radiation + + As the universe continued to cool down, matter collected into clouds giving rise to only stars after 380,000 years and eventually galaxies would form after 100 million years from time zero during which, through nucleosynthesis in stars, carbon and elements heavier than carbon were produced + + From 9.8 billion years until the present, the universe became dork-energy dominated and underwent accelerating expansion. At about 9.8 billion years after the big bang, the solar systern was formed, The Origin of the Solar System + 1. GEOCENTRIC MODEL - states that Earth is the center of the Solar System. During the time of Claudius Ptolemy , the geocentric model was the accepted explanation of the oifferent motion in the universe. The sun moon stars and five planets around the earth 2. HELIOCENTRIC MODEL - which states that the sun is the center of the solar center. During the sixteenth century, Nicholas Copernicus proposed an opposing idea to the geocentric model by developing another model that explained the structure of the Solar System. THE SOLAR SYSTEM OVERVIEW + The solar system is located in the Milky Way galaxy - a huge dise- and spiral-shaped aggregation of about at least 100 billion stars and other bodies + Its spiral arms rotate around a globular cluster or bulge of many, many stors, at the center of which lies a supermassive blackhole * This galaxy is about 100 million light years across (I light year = 94607 * 1012 km:+ The solar system revolves around the galactic center once in about 240 million years + The Milky Way is port of the so-called Local Group of galaxies, which in turn is part of the Virgo super cluster of galaxies = Based on on the assumption that they are remnants of the materials from which they were formed, radioactive dating of meteorites, suggests that the Earth and solar system are 46 billion years old on the assumption that they are remnants of the materials from which they were formed. LARGE SCALE FEATURES OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM |. Much of the mass of the Solar Systemis concentrated at the center (Sun) while angular momentum is held by the outer planets 2, Orbits of the planets elliptical and are on the same plane. 3. All planets revolve around the sun. 4, The periods of revolution of the planets increase with increasing distance fram the Sun; the innermost planet moves fastest, the outermost, the slowest: 5. All planets are located at regular intervals fiom the Sun. SMALL SCALE FEATURES OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM 6. Most planets rotate prograde (counter clockwise -in same direction as the sun rotates . The rotation of most planets, except Venus and Uranus which rotate retrograde: clockwise, are also prograde. Most natural satellites have prograde orbits about their planets) 7. Inner terrestrial planets are made of materials with high melting points such as silicotes, iron , and nickel. They rotate slower, have thin or no atmosphere, higher densities, and lower contentsof volatiles - hydrogen, helium, and noble gases. 8. The outer four planets - Jupiter, Satu, Uranus and Neptune are called "gos giants because of the dominance of gases and their laiger size. They rotate faster, have thick atmosphere, lower densities, and fluid interiors rich in hydrogen, helium ond ices (water, ammonia, methane) Theories/Hypothesis on the Origin of the Solar System + 1. Nebular Theory ~ Immanuel Kant (1724-1804 and Pierre Simon Laplace (1749-1827), -solar system began as a cloud of dispersed interstellar gas called nebula The mutual gravitational attraction between particles caused them to start moving and colliding and they were kept together by electrostatic forces. The resulting nebular aggregates become larger than others, grew more rapidly and ultimately became the plonets. +2. Planetesimal Hypothesis~ Thornas Chowder Chamberlain and Forest Ray Moulton work on the Kant - Laplace nebulor hypothesis, which became the Chamberlain-Moulton planetesimal hypothesis, “They propsed that a star passed closed enough to the sun , creating huge tidesand causing matetiais to be ejected. These smaller masses quickly cooled and became numerous smaller bodies called planetesimals *Accretion of plonetesimals created the larger bodies or protoplanets. 3, Tidal Theory - James Hopwood Jeans and Harold: variation of planetesimal concepts. The Jeans-Jeffreys' tidal theories suggested that when a huge tidal wave was created from sun's collision with another star , a long filament was drawn out and detached from the principal mass. As the gaseous materials condensed, separated into masses of various sizes and condensed to form the planets. 4, Protoplonet theory - a modified version of Nebulor hypothesis + -Gorald Kuiper and Cal von Weizsacker The dense area of the nebula and the gaseous matter surrounding it ceased to rotate uniformly. Under the influence of turbulence and tidal action , the nebula broke into whirlpools of gas within a rotating mass called protoplanets + This theory does not explain however the formation of terrestrial planets and gas giants + The chemical and physical differences of the planetary formation was provided by Harold Urey. He provided the evidence that the terrestrial planets were formed at low temp. ~2200 degrees F —high enough to drive off the lighter substances ( Hydrogen and Helium), but low enough to allow the condensation of heavier substances (iron and silica) . Because of their proximity to the sun , the gos giants where prevented from forming earthly materials and were only made up of methane (CH), water (H:0 ) and Ammonia (NH). GUIDE QUESTIONS: 1. Describe a Universe How old is 't? 2. What are the different theory that explains about the Origin of the Universe? 3. Describe the composttion of the universe. 4, Differentiate Heliocentric from Geocentric Theory and give its proponent. 5, What are the cifferent theories that explain the origin of the solar system? 6. Describe: Red shifts, Cosmic mictowave background, and Big Bang Nucleosynthesis. 7. Big Bang Theory is the most accepted theory about the origin of the universe, describe its ideo 8, Differentiate pragrade from retragrode motion . Give the planets that mave in its type of motion. 9. What are the lighter elements produced during the formation of the planets. 10, Describe the Solar system Note: Take note the important concepts and please answer in yellow pad. DO NOT WRITE ANYTHING ON THE WORKSHEET. PREPARED BY: AILEEN B. PABLICO, TEACHER