College of Engineering Perumon Department of Mechanical Engineering

INDEX

SI. Name of Experiment Page No.

No

1. Venturi meter Test Rig 1

2. Orifice meter Test Rig 6

3.Calibration of Triangular notch 11

4. Apparatus for determination of Coefficient of discharge, 16

Velocity and Contraction of Orifice
5.Metacentric height Apparatus 18

5.Reynolds Apparatus 20

7.Pipe friction Apparatus 24

.Apparatus for determination of Co-efficient of discharge, 26

Velocity & Contraction of mouth piece
Performance test on Pelton wheel 29

.|Kaplan turbine test rig 33

Francis turbine test rig 37

Performance test on centrifugal pump 41

Performance test on gear pump 44

Performance test on reciprocating pump 47

College of Engineering Perumon Department of Mechanical Engineering

VENTURIMETER TEST RIG

Aim:

1. To determine the coefficient of discharge (C) of given Venturi meter for

different rates of flow
2. To calibrate the instrument

Apparatus:
1. The given Venturimeter fitted in a horizontal pipe line wih pressure tapings
connected to a differential mercury manometer,
2. Measuring tank and
3. Stop watch.
Specification:

SL. No Venturimeter Size Thróat diameter

1 20 mm 11.8 mm
2 25 mm 14.79 mm
Measuring tank size 500x 500 x 600 mm
Sump tank size-2000 x 500 x400 mm
Theory :
Water is allowed to flow through the meter at differcnt rates ranging from zero
to the maximum and the corresponding pressure differences shown in the
manometer are noted. The actual discharge, Q, is determincd using the measuring
tank and the stop watch.
Actual discharge, Q,-AHt cm²/s.
Where
A=Area of measuring tank in cm
H-Height differences in piezo meter in cm.

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 Departmentof
o Mechanical )
College ofEngineering Perumon
Engine ring College of Engincering Perumon Department of Mechanical Engineering

t=the tme Taken to collect water for a height difference of Hcm,

measured in seconds
of water log (Q)
h= Venturimeter head in cm Ay
Ax
using the relationshin.
The theoretical discharge through the meter is calculated
a ax|2gh
Qt =
Va -a C=log K
where,
aj=the area at inlet side in cm² log (h)
a) = the area at throat in cm?. Constats
1. n=Ay/ Ax
The coefficient of discharge Ca=Qa/Q 2. C=log K
Tocalibratethemeter, he cquation Q,=CaxQe is written as Qa-K* h ccls From the value of K, Co-efficient of discharge (C) can be found
where out from the relation
K-Ceexfs K=(C1 a, a, N(2 g) / V(a-a))
Va- a
After taking logarithm on both sides, log Qa =log K+n*log h, the graph log h Hence Ca(K Na?-a) /a,az V(2 g))
vs log Q, is plotted. From the straight line graph, the y-intercept gives log K and Calibration curve:
The actual discharge (Q in cm/s) can be found out for known values (e.g. 1,2,
the slope of the line gives n. The calibration graph Q, vs h is then drawn. Here, h
is the difference (hË - hT) in reading shown on the mercury 3,4, 5,6) of Manometer reading (h in cm) using the equation, Q.-Kh.From
manometer. This
enables to find the Qa values directly coresponding to the manometer reading. this Calibration Curve, actual discharge (Q, in cms) can be found out for any
value of Manometer reading (h in cm).
Graphs
Plot the graph
log (Q) vs. log (h)
From the graph findn=Ay/ Ax Qa(cm?/s)
C=log Kis the intercept on 'log (Q)' axis

h (cm)

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 Department of Mechanical
College ofEngincering Perumon \Engincering College of Engincering Perumon Department of Mechanical Engineering

Procedure :

inlet and throot

the mercury manometer to the Result:
1. Connect thetwo limbs of
the Venturi meter.
and vary till, rate of flow to the
2. Allow water to flow through the meter
head differenceh. Inference:
maximum level in order to find the highest possible
pressure difference in the
3. Adjust the inlet valve to get the required
manometer.

4. Note the time in seconds to collect water for a rise ofH cm in the measuring
tank
5. Repeat the cxperiment for different manometer readings by adjusting the
inlet valve and tabulate the observations.

Observation and tabulation:

SI. Manometer reading, Time Q: Cá log log

No Cm of Hg (hl- for (cm?/s)(cm²/s) Qa h
h1 h2 h h2)x 10cm
(hl-h2) 12.6 rise,
cm of Sec
water

Table 1

h,
cm of
Hg

Kht,
cm³/s
Table 2

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College ofEngineering Perumon Department of Mechanical
Engincering College of EngineeringPerumon Department of Mechanical Engineering

ORIFICEMETER TESTRIG Actual discharge, QAHt cms.

Aim: Where
A =Area of measuring tank in cm?
H=Height differences in piezo meter in cm.
1. To determine the coefficient of discharge (Ca) of given Orifice meter
t=the time Taken to collect water for a height difference of Hcm,
different rates of flow
measured in seconds
2. To calibrate the instrument
h=Orifice meter head in cm of water

Apparatus:

The theoretical discharge through the meter is calculated using the relationship:
1. The given Orifice meter fitted in a horizontal pipe line with pressure tapines
connected to a differential mercury manometer, a a x/2gh
Q =
Va -
2. Measuring tank and
where,
3. Stop watch.
aj the area at inlet side in cm²
a, the area of orificethroat in cm?.
Specification:

SI. No Orifice meter Size

The coefficient of discharge CaQa/Q
Throat diameter
1
To calibrate the meter, the equation Q, =CaxQ is written as Qa-K*hccls
20 mm 13.41 mm where
2 25 mm 16.77 mm
Measuring tank size =500x 500 x 600 mm K-Gere
Va -a
Sump tank size 2000 x 500x 400 mm After takinglogarithm on both sides, log Qa = log K+n*log h, the graph In K
vs In Q is plotted. From the straight line graph, the y-intercept gives log K and
Principle : the slope ofthe line gives n. The calibration graph Qa, vs h is then drawn. Here, h
is the difference (hË - h2) in reading shown on the mercury manometer. This
Water is allowed to flow through the meter at enabls to find the Qa values directly corresponding to the manometer reading.
to the
different rates ranging from zero
maximum and the corresponding pressure differences shown in the
manometer are noted. The actual discharge, Q, is
tank and the stop watch.
determined using the measuring

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 Departmentcof Mechanical
College ofEngineering Perumon
Bngine ring CollegeofEnginccring Perumon
Department of Mechanical Engincering

Graphs
Plot the graph
log (Q) vs. log (h) Q.(cm?/s)
From the graph find n=Ay/ Ax
axis
C=log Kis the intercept onlog (Q)'

h (cm)
Ay
log (Q)
Procedure:
Ax

to the inlet and throat of

1. Connect the two limbs of the mercury manometer
the Orifice meter
C= log K 2. Allow water to flow through the meter and vary till,
rate of flow to the

maximum level in order to find the highest possible head difference h.

log (h) the
3. Adjust the inlet valve to get the required pressure difference in
Constants manometer.
1. n= Ay/l Ax 4. Note the time in seconds to collect water for a rise ofH cm in the measuring
2. C=logK tank
From the value of K', Co-efficient of discharge (Ca) can be found 5. Repeat the experiment for diferent manometer readings by adjusting the
out from the relation inlet valve and tabulate the observations.
K-(Caa a, V(2 g) / N(a-a)
Observation and tabulation:
Hence Ca= (K Va'-a)/a a, N(2 g))
Calibration curve:
The actual discharge (Q, in cms) can be found out for known SL. Manometer reading, hy Time Qa Q Ca log log
values (e.g.1,2, No cm of Hg (h1-h2)x for (cm/s) (cm/s) h
3,4, 5,6) of Manometer reading (h in cm) using the
equation, Q, Kh. From hl h2 h 12.6 10cm
this Calibration Curve, actual discharge (Q, in (hl-h2) cm of rise,
cmls) can be found out for any water Sec
value of Manometer reading (h in cm).

Table 1

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 Department of Mechanical
College ofEngineering Perumon Engine ring College of Engineering Perumon Department of Mechanical Engineering

h
cm of CALIBRATION OF TRIANGULAR NOTCH
Hg
Qa=
Kh', Aim:
for different
cm/s Table 2 1. To determine the coefficient of discharge Ca of the given V-notch
discharges.
2.Calibrate the given notch
Result:

Apparatus:
Inference:
The triangular notch experimental set up, measuring tank, hook gauge and stop
watch.

Theory:
A notch is a device used for measuring the rate of flow of a liquid througha
small channel or a tank .It may be defined as an opening in the side of a tank or a
small channel in such a way that the liquid surface in the tank or channel is below
the top edge of the opening. This may be generally triangular or rectangular
shaped. Water flow over notch is ranging from zero to maximum possible level
and corresponding head over notch shown in hook gauge is noted. The actual
discharge is determined using the measuring tank and stop watch.
The actual discharge, Qa-(A*h)yt m²/s
Where,
A=area of measuring tank in cm²
hlevel difference of thewater in the measuring tank in cm.
t= time to collect water for a height of hmeter ,measured in seconds.

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 Departmenttof Mechanical
College ofEngineering Perumon
Enginecring College ofEngineering Perumon
Department ofMechanical Engineering

In (Q)
Ay
Ax
Trangular Notch

usino
The theoretical discharge through the triangular notch is calculated
relation C=n K

In (H)
2
Where, Constants
H-Head over the notch in cm of water
1. n=Ay/ Ax
Coefficient of discharge, C Q/Q 2. C=n K From the value of K, Co-efficient of discharge (Ca)
-angle of notch in degrees. can be found out from the above relation
known values (e.g. 0.5,
To calibrate the notch The actual discharge (Q, in cm²/s) can be found out for
we haveQa=CaQi-Ca (8/15)tan(/2)2g H2-K* ccs 1.0, 1.5, 2.0,2.5,3.0) of Headover sill of Notch (H in cm) using the equation,
where K= Ca (8/15) tan(9/2)2g Q,=KH.From this Calibration Curve, actual discharge (Q, in cm²/s) can be
Taking logarithm on both sides, found out for any value of Head over sill of Notch (H in cm).
log Qa- log Ktn* log H
The graph In Hvs log Qa is a straight line. The y intercept gives log Kand the
Slope of the line gives n. After finding K&n values, the calibration curve Qa vs
His drawn. Thercfore for any value of H
within the range shown on Hook gaue Qa(cms)|
will get Qa directly from the curve.
Graphs:
Plot the graph
H(cm)
In (Q) vs. In (H)
From the graph find n=Ay/Ax
And C=n Kis the intercept on ln(Q.)' axis.

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 Deprtil
Perumon tonanical Bngineein
College of Engineering College of Engincering Perumon Department of Mechanical Engineering

Procedure:
1Allowthe water to fill inthe notch tank till it tends to over flow &take the
provided
sill level reading HË, using hook gauge Result:
2. Increasethe discharge of the notch at the maximum possible level and take
maximum head over the notch H-H,-H.
hook gauge reading H, The
3. Allow the waterto collect in the collecting tank and note the time required
Inference:
the measuring tank.
for a rise of 'h meter ofwater in
valve
4.Repeat the experiments for different heads by adjusting the inlet

Observation and calculation

Angle of notch =..... deg

Sill level reading-......cm
Area of the collecting tank A=......n

S. Hookgauge Head over Time Qa Ca log log

No reading, the notch for (cms) (cm/s) Qa
Cm H-(H2 10cm
H2 HI) TiSe,
Cm Sec

Table 1

h.
Cm

Kh.
cm/s
Table 2
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CollegeofEngineeringPerumon College of Engineering Perumon
Department of Mechanical Engineering
CO-EFFICIENT
DETERMINATION OF ORIFICE OF
APPARATUS FOR CONTRACTIONOF
DISCHARGE, VELOCITY& Where,
X= Horizontal co-ordinate of the jet at the
Aim: measuring point (Xoi)
Y=Vertical co-ordinate of the jt at the measuring
hydraulic coefficients oforifice. H-Height of liquid above the centre ofthe point (YoY)
To determine the Mouthpiece.
3. Co-efficient of contraction
ApparatuS required:
and...
tank, Set of Mouthpieces, Scale
Supply Tank, Measuring Tank, Sump Ce=Co-efficient of discharge (ca)
apparatus Co-efficient of Velocity (cv)

Specification: Procedure:
1. Measuring tank: size 500 x 500 x 600 mm (1) Open the inlet valve and maintain the head constant (at supply tank)
and Y co ordinates ofthe
2.Scale and sliding apparatus: To measure the X mounted on the Sunnlv over the orifice.
jet suitable hook gauge &Horizontal scale are Measure the X and Y co - ordinates
(2)
tank for convenience of handling. (3)Measure the time for raise of water level.
(4) Adjust the head over the orifice and repeat the experiment.
Theory:
Observation and tabular form:
1.Co-efficient of discharge
Xo Horizontalco-ordinate of the jet at the vena-contracta,m
Ca -Q./(av2gi) Yo- Vertical co-ordinate of thejet at the vena-contracta,m
where, Time for Head over Actual Co |HorizontalVertical Co- Co
raise of the Mouth dischargeefficient cO co efficient efficient
Ca=Co-efficient of discharge, water picce, H, Qa of ordinate, ordinate, of of
Q.-Actual discharge -A*ht level, t, (m) discharge, X, (m) Y, (m) Velocity,contracti
A=Area of the measuring tank (sec) Ca C on, Ce
h= Rise of water level (say10cm) in meters,
t=Time in seconds for raise of water level,
d= Diameter of the Orifice
a=Area ofthe Orifice =u/4 d
H-Height of liquidabove the centre ofthe orifice
2. Co-efficient of
Velocity
Result:
X

Inference:
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 Department oof Mechanical
CollegeofEngineeringPerumon Engineering College ofEngincering Perumon Department of Mechanical Engineering

METACENTRIC HEIGHTAPPARATUS Procedure:

1. Fill the water in the sump.
the given 2. Note down the height of water (before putting the ship model-Yl)
Aim: height and radius of gyrationof
To determine the metacentric 3. Keep ship model with out weights.
floating body. 4. Note down the height of water (after putting the ship model - Y2)
5. Note the weight of floating body by measuring the volume of water
Apparatus Required: displaced by the body.
Sump, Ship model, Weights stop watch 6.Set angle scale to zero by adjusting the side weights.
Specifications: 7. Put rider weights and note down the angle of tilt.
Sump tank= Size: 0.8 x 0.8 x 0.3 metre 8. Move the rider weight to different x distance and note down the angle of tilt.
Weights Rider
9. Bring the weight on its original position and allow the float to oscillate and
Ship: note the time taken for 10oscillations.
500gms 2nos. 500gms -lno.
300gms 2nos 300gms-Ino Observation and tabulation:
200gms 2nos 200gms 1no.
100gms 2nos Weight of the floating body
Mass of rider weight
Theory: Time for 10 oscillations
Meta-centric height: The distance MG, ie, the distance between the meta
centre of afloating body and the centre of gravity of the body is called meta
centric height.
Mx
Metacentric Height GM Wtan 0
No Initial Final Weight DistanceMass of| AngleMetacentric
Where
height of height of ship,ofrider rider of height
M=rider weights in gms water, Y1, of W, weight, weight, tilt,0, GM,Cm
X= distance from the centre (25 mm for cach step) Cm water gms X, M, gms |deg
W= Weight of the ship in gms Y2, Cm

W=(Y2-Y1) Aw Cm

0= Angle of the tilt when rider weight is moved by x distance.

YË=Initial height of water
Y,= Final height of water
w=Unit weight of water = 1gm/cm²
Result:
A=area of sump tank
To find radius of gyration ,the floating body is
time required for oscillation is measured. oscillated freely and the Inference:
Radius of gyration,K-T N(g*GM)2r
Where T is the time for oscillation.

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College of Engineerlng P

PIPE FRICTION APPARATUS ne ring College of Engineering Perumon

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Aim: Specification:
constants
To determine the Darcy's and Chezy's Piping System size= 15, 20, 25mm diameter with control valve.
Tapings-3-metre distance with aflow control valve.
Apparatus Required: Measuring tank Size 500 x 500 x 600 mm
Differential Procedure:
Piping System , Mcasuring Tank, Sump tank, |Manometer stop
watch. 1. Close all the valves (pipe linc & manometer)
2. Select the pipeline in which you wanted to conduct the experiment &
Theory: keep the gate valve open.
3. Open the inlet valve
1) h= 4flV 4. Open the necdle valves of the manometer & pressure täpping (Make sure
2gd
while taking readings, that the manometer is property primed. Priming is
filling the Manometer upper part and the connecting pipes with waterventing
Where, the air from the pipes.
h= head loss in meters of water 5. Adjust the control valve kept at the exit side ofthe apparatus to a desired
f= coefficient of friction for the pipe (to be determined) flow rate and maintain the flow steadily.
1=Length of pipe between sections (3 meters) 6. Note down the readings of manometer &time for 10cm rise in measuring
V= Average velocity of flow in msec = Qa tank.
g acceleration due to gravity 7. Adjust the gate valve and repeat the experiment.
d=Pipe diameter in metres.
a= Area of thepipe = (r/4)* d m?
Friction factor (Darcy's contant), f= (hr*2gd) /41V2 Observation and Tabulation:

2) DischargeQ=* M/sec SI. Dia Area of Time for Disc Velo Manom Head Darcy'sChezy's
t No of the rise of harge city eter loss constan constan
pipe pipe water reading in t
Where, d (m²) level t (ms (m/s) Hin mete () (C)
A= Area of the measuring tank in m². (m) (sec) mm of s of
h= Rise of water level (say 10cm) in metres. Hg water
t=Time in seconds for raise of water level (say10cm). ,he
3). Chezy's formula
V-CV(mi)
where m-d/4
Result:

Inference:

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