5G
5G networks feature lower latency, higher capacity, and increased
bandwidth compared to 4G. These network improvements will have far-
reaching impacts on how people live, work, and play all over the world.
5G is divided into three frequency bands (low, mid, and high). Each band has different
capabilities: the low band (less than 1GHz) has greater coverage but lower speeds, the
mid band (1GHz–6GHz) offers a balance of both, and the high band (24GHz–40GHz)
offers higher speeds but a smaller coverage radius.
5G speeds will range from around 50 Mbps to 1,000 Mbps (1 Gbps)
In 5G, the ideal "air latency" is of the order of 8 to 12 milliseconds
5G is likely to reach speeds that are 10-20 times faster than 4G
The biggest difference between 4G and 5G is latency. 5G promises low latency under 5
milliseconds, while 4G latency ranges from 60 ms to 98 ms.
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Cloud computing is the on-demand availability of computer system resources,
especially data storage (cloud storage) and computing power, without direct
active management by the user thru internet.
Cloud computing is the on-demand delivery of various computing services like
physical or virtual servers, data storage spaces, and data development and
management tools. These are provided over the Internet by a remote data center
managed by a cloud service provider. Cloud computing works on a
consumption-based, pay-as-you-go model; businesses pay only for the cloud
services they use and not for comprehensive services all at once.
The most common types of cloud computing are Dropbox—an application that
enables easy file storage and data sharing, and Microsoft Azure which provides
data backup and recovery services. Other popular examples of cloud computing
include Google Photos, Google Drive, Gmail, Amazon Prime, and Microsoft
OneDrive.
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Big data primarily refers to data sets that are too large or complex to be dealt
with by traditional data-processing application software. Data with many entries
(rows) offer greater statistical power, while data with higher complexity (more
attributes or columns) may lead to a higher false discovery rate.
Big data sizes are ranging from a few dozen terabytes to many zettabytes of
data
1000 kB kilobyte
10002 MB megabyte
10003 GB gigabyte
10004 TB terabyte
10005 PB petabyte
10006 EB exabyte
10007 ZB zettabyte
some examples are transaction processing systems, customer databases,
documents, emails, medical records, internet clickstream logs, mobile apps and
social networks.
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AI: Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence—perceiving, synthesizing, and
inferring information—demonstrated by machines, as opposed to intelligence
displayed by non-human animals and humans. Example tasks in which this is
done include speech recognition, computer vision, translation between (natural)
languages, as well as other mappings of inputs.
AI applications include advanced web search engines (e.g., Google Search),
recommendation systems (used by YouTube, Amazon and Netflix),
understanding human speech (such as Siri and Alexa), self-driving cars (e.g.,
Waymo), automated decision-making and competing at the highest level in
strategic game systems (such as chess and Go)
ChatGPT is a natural language processing tool driven by AI technology that
allows you to have human-like conversations and much more with a chatbot.
The language model can answer questions, and assist you with tasks such as
composing emails, essays, and code.
[A chatbot is software that simulates human-like conversations with users via
chat. Its key task is to answer user questions with instant messages.]
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IoT: The Internet of things (IoT) describes physical objects (or groups of such
objects) with sensors, processing ability, software and other technologies that
connect and exchange data with other devices and systems over the Internet or
other communications networks. Internet of things has been considered a
misnomer because devices do not need to be connected to the public internet,
they only need to be connected to a network, and be individually addressable.
Now that we can connect everyday objects—kitchen appliances, cars,
thermostats, baby monitors—to the internet via embedded devices, seamless
communication is possible between people, processes, and things.
By means of low-cost computing, the cloud, big data, analytics, and mobile
technologies, physical things can share and collect data with minimal human
intervention. In this hyperconnected world, digital systems can record, monitor,
and adjust each interaction between connected things. The physical world meets
the digital world—and they cooperate.
Home automation
Medical and healthcare
Transportation
V2X communications
industrial IoT (Industry automation)
AR vs VR
AR uses a real-world setting while VR is completely virtual
AR users can control their presence in the real world; VR users are
controlled by the system
VR requires a headset device, but AR can be accessed with a
smartphone
AR enhances both the virtual and real world while VR only enhances
a fictional reality
SMART CITY
A smart city uses information and communication technology (ICT) to improve operational
efficiency, share information with the public and provide a better quality of government
service and citizen welfare.
smart city is a technologically modern urban area that uses different types
of electronic methods and sensors to collect specific data. Information gained
from that data is used to manage assets, resources and services efficiently; in
return, that data is used to improve operations across the city. This includes data
collected from citizens, devices, buildings and assets that is processed and
analyzed to monitor and manage traffic and transportation systems, power
plants, utilities, water supply networks, waste, Criminal
investigations, information systems, schools, libraries, hospitals, and other
community services.[3][4] Smart cities are defined as smart both in the ways in
which their governments harness technology as well as in how they monitor,
analyze, plan, and govern the city. In smart cities the sharing of data in not
limited to the city itself but also includes businesses, citizens and other third
parties that can benefit from various uses of that data. Sharing data from
different systems and sectors creates opportunities for increased understanding
and economic benefits.
The smart city concept integrates information and communication
technology ('ICT'), and various physical devices connected to the Internet of
things ('IoT') network to optimize the efficiency of city operations and services
and connect to citizens.[6][7] Smart city technology allows city officials to
interact directly with both community and city infrastructure and to monitor
what is happening in the city and how the city is evolving. ICT is used to
enhance quality, performance and interactivity of urban services, to reduce
costs and resource consumption and to increase contact between citizens and
government. Smart city applications are developed to manage urban flows and
allow for real-time responses. A smart city may therefore be more prepared to
respond to challenges than one with a conventional "transactional" relationship
with its citizens.
