Agriculture
Types of Farming
1. Primitive Subsistence Farming
Practiced on small patches of land with that help of primitive tools like hoe, dao and digging sticks.
This type of farming is mainly done for farmers family use not for commercial.
It is a type of farming which is dependent on monsoons, natural fertility of the soil and the
environmental conditions.
It is also called slash and burn agriculture.
Farmers use a patch of land and when its fertility decreases, the farmers shift and clears a fresh patch
of land.
It is also known as Jhumming in north-eastern states like Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Nagaland.
It is also known as Khil in Himachal Pradesh, Milpa in Mexico
2. Intensive subsistence Farming
This type of farming is practiced on high population pressure on land.
It is labor intensive farming, where high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation is used to obtain
higher production.
3. Commercial Farming
This type of farming is done by large land holders.
In this type of farming higher doses of modern inputs like high yielding variety [HYV] seeds,
chemical fertilizers, insecticides, and pesticides to obtain higher productivity.
Rice is a commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab, but in Odisha, it is a subsistence crop.
Plantation - A type of commercial Farming where large patches of land are used to gro a single type of
crop.
Cropping Pattern
There are 3 cropping seasons Rabi, Kharif and Zaid
Rabi crops.
They are soon in winter from October, December and harvested in summer from April to June.
These are. Wheat, barley peas, Gram and mustard.
grown in North. Northwestern parts of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand, A
new trap Pradesh.
Rely on the precipitation. During winter months from western temperate cyclones.
Kharif crops.
Soon, in the onset of monsoon, Ann harvested in September to October.
These are. Paddy maize Jawar Bajra. tur. Moong, urad, cotton jute, ground nut and soya bean.
Grown in Assam, West Bengal. Coastal regions of Odisha. Andra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Kerala
mahaRashtra. Particularly konkan costs.
Assam west Bengal and Odisha grow 3 crops of Paddy in a year. These are Aus , Aman, boro ,
Zaid crops
Grows between rabi and kharif seasons.
Summer season – these are watermelon , muskmelon, cucumber, vegetables and fodder crops.
MAJOR CROPS
RICE
Staple food crop of India.
India is the second largest producer of rice after china.
It needs high temp (25 degree) and 100 cm rainfall.
Areas- North northeastern coastal and deltaic region
In other states like Punjab Haryana western uttarpradesh and parts of rajastan where use of tubewells and
irrigation system makes rice growth possible.
Wheat
Is the second most important crop of India.
Area- north , north western parts of the country
It is a Rabi crop that grows in cool season.
Conditions – 50 – 75 cm rainfall and bright sunshine at the time of ripening.
2 important growing zone 1) Ganga sutluj plains
2) Black soil in deccan
States – Punjab Haryana Uttarakhand uttar pradesh ,bihar rajasthan
Millets ( jowar bajra and ragi)
They are coarse grain and high nutritional value.
Ragi – Grown in red, shallow black, sandy , loamy soil.
Rich in iron and calcium and roughage.
Area- Karnataka , Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh , Sikkim, Jharkahnd
Jowar – Third most important food crop of india.
It is a rain fed croip mostly grown in moist areas
Area- Mahrastra Karnataka Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh
Bajra – grows in sandy soil and shallow black soil.
Areas- Rajasthan , uttar Pradesh , maharasthra Gujarat , Haryana
Maize
Crop used for both food and fodder.
It is a kharif crop requiring 21 – 27 degree Celsius.
Grows well in alluvial soil.
Exception - In bihar its grown in rabi season.
Using capital intensive inputs has increased the commercial production of maize.
States – karnatak madhyta oradesh bihar Andhra Pradesh Telangana
Pulses – major pulses are moong peas arhar gram.
Need less moisture and can survive in dry condition
They are leguminous it can restore the soils fertility by fixing the nitrogen from air except arhar.
States- Madhya Pradesh mahartra uttar Pradesh rajasthan Karnataka
Food crops other than grains.
Sugarcane
It a Tropical as well as subtropical crop.
It grows well in hot and humid climate with a temperature of 21°C to 27°C. And needs a rainfall of more than 75
centimetres.
India is second move producer after brazil. Sources of sugar , gur , molasses
States – Karnataka tamil nadu Andhra Pradesh Telangana bihar Punjab Haryana uttar Pradesh maharatra
Oil seeds.
In 2018 india became the second largest producer of groundnut.
Groundnut, mustard, cocnut, sesamum, linseed, soya bean, castor seed, cotton seeds and sunflower grown in
india.
SGroundnut is \kharif crop.
Gujarat in largest producer of groundnut.
Linseeds and mustanrd are rabi crops.
Sesasum is a kharif crop – north
Rabi crop – south
Castor oil is grown as both Rabi and kharif crop.
Tea
India is second largest producre of tea after china
Grows in trophical and subtrophical climates.
It needs deep fertile and well drained soil rich in humus and organic matter.
Labor intensive industry .
Major tea producing states are assam , hills of Darjeeling and Jal Paiguri district, west Bengal , Tamil Nadu and
kerala
Coffee
Initial cultivation was started in baba budan hills and even confined to nilgiri in Karnataka,kerala and tmil nadu
Horticulture crops
India is. The largest producer of fruit and vegetables in the world after china
Important producer of pea, cauliflower, onion, cabbage, tomato, brinjal, and potato.
Non food crops.
Rubber
It is an Equatorial crop.
Grown in tropical and subtropical areas.
It requires moist and humid climate, with rainfall of more than 200 centimetres and temperature above 25°C.
State-Karnataka. Kerala. Tamil Nadu. And Andaman and Nicobar islands.
Fibre. Crops.
Cotton
india is the second most largest producer of cotton after china
'Cause well in their parts of black soil of Deccan Plateau. It requires high temperature, light rainfall. 21 frost, free
days and bright sunshine.
It is a Kharif crop. Requires 6 to 8 months to mature
States.- Maharashtra Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka under Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana an
Uttar. Pradesh.
Jute
Is also known as golden fibre
Well drained hotel style in floodplains. High temperature is required.
States.-West Bengal. Bihar. Asaam. Odisha. And Meghalaya.
