HORMONE MECHANISM & ACTIONHORMONES “A hormone is a chemical Natural organic substance that is produces in minute quantity by glands to regulate growth, metabolism and other functions of an organism “ They are simply biochemical messengers “* They can be classified according to the chemical composition, organs where they work e.g. reproductive hormones in the reproductive organs, and if they either act on the same cell producing them i.e. autocrine or paracrineGENERAL PRINCIPLES OF HORMONE ACTION Trophic hormone: A hormone that has its primary function the regulation of hormone secretion by another endocrine gland. + Synergism: When different hormones work together and have a greater effect Permissiveness: A smal! amount of one hormone allows a second hormone to have its full effect on a target cell; i.e. first hormone ‘permits’ the full action of the second hormone, * Antagonism : One hormone produces the opposite effect of the otherThe hormones fall into two general classes based on their solubility in water. © 1. Hydrophilic Hormone: + The water soluble hormone. They are transported simply dissolved in blood Examples: the catecholamine’s (epinephrine and nor epinephrine) and peptide/protein hormones. ~~ 2. Lipophilic Hormone: © They are poorly soluble in water. So they cannot be dissolved in watery blood. They bind to plasma protein and present in the blood in protein bound form. They are lipid soluble. Examples: The lipid soluble hormones include thyroid hormone, steroid hormones and Vitamin D3Broad Classification (Structure) Sp Rees rs ane Proteins, peptide hormones & Steroid and thyroid hormones catecholamine’s | | Activate genes on binding with Primarily act through second receptors in the nucleus messenger system | Largely bound to plasma proteins Circulate mainly dissolved in the plasmaMODE OF HORMONE ACTION Generally hormones work in two ways * Synthesis of new protein molecules. “> Changing cell permeability “ Lipid-soluble hormones involves in *MOBILE-RECEPTOR HYPOTHESIS” « whereas water-soluble hormones involves in ‘THE SECOND- MESSENGER MECHANISM”TYPES OF RECEPTOR =MEMBRANE RECEPTOR Receptors present in or on the surface of the cell membrane. Types Ion channel-linked receptor G-protein couple receptor Enzyme —linked receptor E.g., Proteins, peptides, & catecholaminesCYTOPLASMIC RECEPTOR Receptors present in cell cytoplasm E.g., Steroid hormones.NUCLEAR RECEPTOR Receptors present in nucleus & there is direct association with one or more chromosomes. E.g., Thyroid hormones, Retinoid hormones, Vitamin-D.HOW LIPID-SOLUBLE HORMONES WORK? % Binding to specific cell receptor in the cell membrane and form hormone-cell receptor complex, which diffuses to nucleus The receptor is eventually released for re-use Steroid activates a specific gene to produce MRNA “mRNA pass out into the cytoplasm and initiates protein [enzyme] synthesis ** The whole process is called mobile-receptor hypothesis in which a steroid hormone is not attached to the plasma membrane, but seem to move freely in the nucleoplasm© Step]: Free lipophilic hormone (hormone not bound with its plasma protein carrier) diffuses through the plasma membrane of the target cell and binds with the receptor which is intracellular located inside the cytosol/or in the nucleus. © Step2. Each receptor has specific binding region with hormone and another region with binding with DNA. Receptor alone cannot bind to DNA unless it binds to hormone. Once the hormone is bound to receptor, the hormone receptor complex binds to specific region of DNA known as Hormone response element(HRE). © Step3: Transcription of gene Step4: m RNA transported out of nucleus into the cytoplasm © StepS: Translation at Ribosome © Step6: Protein/enzyme released from ribosome © Step7: protein/enzyme mediate ultimate responseHOW WATER-SOLUBLE HORMONES WORK? + 1 A water-soluble hormone (the first messenger) diffuses from the blood nei interstitial fluid and then binds to its receptor at the exterior surface of a target cell's plasma membrane. The hormone— receptor complex activates a membrane protein called a G protein. The activated G protein in tum activates adenylate cyclase. 2 Adenylate cyclase converts ATP into cyclic AMP (cAMP). Because the enzyme’s active site is on the inner surface of the plasma membrane, this reaction occurs in the cytosol of the cell. “+ 3 Cyclic AMP (the second messenger) activates one or more protein kinase, which may be free in the cytosol or bound to the plasma membrane. A protein kinase is an enzyme that phosphorylates (adds a phosphate group to) other cellular proteins (such as enzymes). The donor of the phosphate group is ATP, which is converted to ADP.HOW WATER-SOLUBLE HORMONES WORK? ‘? 4 Activated protein kinases phosphorylate one or more cellular proteins. Phosphorylation activates some of these proteins and inactivates others, rather like turning a switch on or off. © S Phosphorylated proteins in turn cause reactions that produce physiological responses. Different protein kinases exist within different target cells and within different organelles of the same target cell. Thus, one protein kinase might trigger glycogen synthesis, a second might cause the breakdown of triglyceride, a third may promote protein synthesis, and so on. 6 After a brief period, an enzyme called phosphodiesterase inactivates cAMP. Thus, the cell’s response is turned off unless new hormone molecules continue to bind to their receptors in the plasma membraneHOW WATER-SOLUBLE HORMONES WORK? + The whole process above is called SECOND MESSENGER MECHANISM) also called +=FIXED-MEMBRANE- RECEPTOR HYPOTHESIS. * In this instance, the first messenger delivers message to fixed receptors in the target cell’s plasma membrane. * The message then is passed to the cell where second messenger triggers appropriate cellular changesThank you