MASENO UNIVERSITY.
SCHOOL OF EDUCATION ARTS.
DPS 304: POLITICS OF INDUSTRILIZATION AND AGRICULTURE IN AFRICA.
CAT 1
LECTURER: DR. SOI KIMUTAI JOEL.
NAME: GERALD WAINAINA.
ADM: EAR/00866/021.
The evolution of industrialization and agriculture in Africa has been a complex process, with
various factors influencing the development of these sectors over time. Historically, agriculture
has been the backbone of African economies, providing food and income for the majority
population. However, the continent has also experienced periods of industrialization which have
had a significant impact on economic development and food security.
INDUSTRIALIZATION.
Industrialization in Africa has faced various challenges, but it has made modest progress in
recent decades.
The first wave of industrialization in Africa occurred during the colonial period, when European
powers established manufacturing industries to extract raw materials from the continent. These
industries were largely focused on mining and processing minerals such as gold, diamonds and
copper. While they provided some economic benefits, they were largely exploitative and they
did not contribute significantly on food security.
After independence many African countries sought to develop their own industries, with a focus
on import substitution and export-oriented manufacturing and industrialization.
1. IMPORT SUBSTITUTION INDUSTRILIZATION.
In the mid-20th century, many African countries adopted import substitution industrialization
strategies, aiming to reduce reliance on imported goods and stimulate domestic industries.
Governments implemented protectionist policies, promoted local manufacturing and
established state owned enterprises. However, this approach had limited success due to poor
infrastructure, inadequate investment and lack of competitiveness.
2. EXPORT ORIENTED INDUSTRILIZATION.
African countries shifted toward export-oriented industrialization to integrate into the global
market and enhance economic growth. This involved promoting manufacturing, diversifying
exports, attracting foreign direct investment and creating jobs. Industries such as textiles, agro
processing, mining and manufacturing have experienced growth contributing to economic
development.
In recent years there has been renewed interest in industrialization in Africa with a focus on
value addition and diversification these has led to the growth of sectors such as agro-
processing which involves adding value to agricultural products through processing and
packaging. This has the potential to boost food security by reducing post-harvest process and
increasing the value of agricultural products.
AGRICULTURE.
Agriculture has been the back bone of African economies, providing lively hoods for majority of
population. At the same time agriculture remains a critical sector for economic development
and food security in Africa. The continent has vast agricultural potential with abundant land,
water and sunshine. However, productivity levels are low due to range of factors such as poor
infrastructure, limited access to finance, technology and climate change. However, the sector
has undergone notable changes and transformation over time:
I. TRADITIONAL SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE.
Historically, African agriculture was predominantly small scale, subsistence-oriented farming.
Farmers focused on traditional crops, using rudimentary tools and traditional farming
techniques. This limited productivity and left communities vulnerable to food shortages.
II. GREEN REVOLUTION AND AGRICULTURAL MODERNIZATION.
The green revolution reached Africa in the late 1960s and aimed to boost agricultural
production through the adoption of modern technologies, improved seeds, fertilizers, irrigation
systems and mechanization. These advancements led to increased yields, improved food
production and reduced dependance on food imports.
III. COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE.
With increasing demand for food, urbanization and globalization, commercial agriculture gained
momentum. Large scale farms and agri-businesses emerged, adopting modern practices and
technologies to produce crops for local and international market. This shift towards commercial
agriculture aimed to generate income, create employment opportunities and enhance
economic growth.
IV. CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE.
Climate change poses significant challenges to African agriculture. Erratic weather patterns,
droughts, and other environmental factors adversely affect production and food security. As
response, climate-smart agriculture practices have been promoted, focusing on sustainable
farming techniques, resource conservation and resilience-building to mitigate climate risks while
ensuring food production.
The evolution of industrialization and agriculture in Africa has had mixed impacts on economic
development and food security:
i. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT.
Industrialization contributes to economic diversification, job creation, export revenues,
technology transfer and human capital development. The growth of industries and
manufacturing sectors provides opportunities for value addition, trade and investment.
However, challenges such as infrastructure gaps, limited access to affordable financing,
inadequate skills and policy uncertainties hinder industrial development.
ii. FOOD SECURITY.
Improved agricultural practices, modernization and increased productivity have led to enhanced
food security in many African countries. Increased crop yields, climate resilience and market-
oriented agriculture have reduced dependency on food imports, increased self sufficiency and
supported rural livelihoods. However, challenges related to smallholder farmers access to
resources, post-harvest losses, market integration and climate change effects on agricultural
productivity persist, affecting food availability and access.
In conclusion, the evolution of industrialization and agriculture in Africa has played a crucial role
in economic development and food security. Despite challenges, advancement in agriculture
and the growth of manufacturing sectors have contributed to increased productivity, exports
and employment opportunities. However, further efforts are needed to ensure inclusive and
sustainable development that benefits all segments of society, especially smallholder farmers
and rural communities.
