THE INFLUENCE OF REFUGEE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ON LIVELIHOODS

OF HOST COMMUNITIES’ LIVELIHOODS AT KYAKA II REFUGEE

SETTLEMENT IN UGANDA

BY

STELLA NAHABWE
22/MPA/KLA/WKD/0071

SUPERVISORS
ASSOC. PROF. GERALD KAGAMBIRWE KARYEIJA.
DR. WILBER BATEISIBWA.

A PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES AS A

PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF A
MASTER’S DEGREE IN INSTITUTIONAL MANAGEMENT AND
LEADERSHIP OF UGANDA MANAGEMENT
INSTITUTE

NOVEMBERFEBRUARY, 20232024
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS...........................................................................................................................i

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS.................................................................................iii

CHAPTER ONE........................................................................................................................................1

INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................1

1.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................................1

1.2 Background to the study........................................................................................................................2

1.2.1 Historical background.........................................................................................................................2

1.2.2 Theoretical background......................................................................................................................3

1.2.3 Conceptual background......................................................................................................................5

1.2.4 Contextual background.......................................................................................................................6

1.3 Statement of the Problem.......................................................................................................................8

1.4 Purpose of the study..............................................................................................................................9

1.5 Objectives of study................................................................................................................................9

1.6 Research Questions...............................................................................................................................9

1.7 Research hypothesis..............................................................................................................................9

1.8 Conceptual framework........................................................................................................................10

1.9 Significance of the Study.....................................................................................................................10

1.10 Justification of the study....................................................................................................................11

1.11 Scope of the Study.............................................................................................................................12

1.11.1 Geographical Scope........................................................................................................................12

1.11.2 Content Scope.................................................................................................................................12

1.11.3 Time Scope.....................................................................................................................................12

1.12 Operational Definition of key terms..................................................................................................12

CHAPTER TWO.......................................................................................................................................14

i
LITERATURE REVIEW..........................................................................................................................14

2.0 Introduction.........................................................................................................................................14

2.3 Theoretical review...............................................................................................................................14

2.4 Related literature.................................................................................................................................15

2.3.1 Current refugees’ equal rights to employment and livelihoods of host communities........................15

2.3.2 Current refugees’ free integration and livelihoods of host communities...........................................19

2.3.3 Current refugees’ free access to social services and livelihoods of host communities......................22

2.5 Summary of the literature review........................................................................................................25

CHAPTER THREE...................................................................................................................................26

METHODOLOGY....................................................................................................................................26

3.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................................26

3.2 Research Design..................................................................................................................................26

3.3 Study population..................................................................................................................................26

3.4 Sample size determination...................................................................................................................26

3.5 Sampling techniques and procedure....................................................................................................27

3.5.1 Purposive Sampling..........................................................................................................................27

3.5.2 Simple Random Sampling................................................................................................................27

3.6 Data collection methods......................................................................................................................28

3.6.1 Questionnaire survey method...........................................................................................................28

3.6.2 Interview Method.............................................................................................................................28

3.7 Data Collection Instruments................................................................................................................29

3.7.1 Questionnaire....................................................................................................................................29

3.7.2 Interview Guide................................................................................................................................29

3.8 Data Quality Control...........................................................................................................................30

3.8.2 Reliability of the Questionnaire........................................................................................................32

3.9 Data collection procedures..................................................................................................................33

ii
3.10 Data analysis......................................................................................................................................33

3.10.1 Quantitative analysis.......................................................................................................................33

3.10.2 Qualitative analysis.........................................................................................................................33

3.11 Variable measurement.......................................................................................................................34

3.11 Ethical consideration.........................................................................................................................34

REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................................36

iii
 LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
OPM: Office of the Prime Minister

UNHCR: United Nations High Commission for Refugees

OPM: Office of the Prime Minister

UN: United Nations

iv
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction
Uganda is widely recognized as having one of the most progressive refugee policies in the world.
In addition to hosting more refugees than any other country in Africa, it allows refugees the right
to work and significant freedom of movement. The Ugandan government considers and projects
refugees as "assets" economic factors that make contributions to the state rather than as
"burdens". The government’s approach stands in sharp contrast to many other refugee-hosting
countries in the region, which often require that refugees live in camps where they have
restricted socio-economic rights and freedoms (UNHCR, 2021). Unlike in many other
developing countries including neighbouring Tanzania and Kenya, where refugees are forced to
live in camps and have limited rights those in Uganda can self-settle. Over 95% of refugees,
however, choose to reside in one of 42 designated refugee settlements across 13 districts where
they are provided with basic assistance such as small land plots, food, and non-food
items. UNHCR manages the allocation of refugees to various settlements in close collaboration
with the Office of the Prime Minister (OPM). Allocation decisions are based mainly on the
settlements' capacity, the refugees’ county of origin and ethnicity, and whether they are joining
family members already residing in the country (d’Errico, Mariani, Pietrelli, & Rosati, 2022).

Two major regulatory frameworks guide refugee hosting in Uganda—the 2006 National Refugee
Act and the 2010 Refugee Regulations introduced to operationalize it. This legal framework
provides refugees with freedom of movement and religion, the right to access social services
such as health, water and sanitation and education, the right to documentation (e.g., birth and
death certificates, identity cards), the right to own and rent land for agricultural use and shelter,
the right to start a business or seek employment, the right to receive fair justice, the right to
transfer assets within and outside the country, and the right of association (Nabuguzi,
1993, Sharpe and Namusobya, 2012). These rights and freedoms are designed to allow refugees
to establish their own livelihoods and attain a degree of self-reliance (Ronald, 2022). However,
since refugee-hosting districts are among the poorest and least developed in the country, access
to basic services such as health care, education, and sanitation has been a major concern (World

1
Bank, 2019). It is somewhat unclear how successful Uganda’s integration policy has been,
mainly because of the paucity of studies analysing how the presence of refugees has affected
host communities, and their limited scope. Based on focus group discussions in host
communities near the Nakivale refugee settlement, Ronald (2022) reports that host communities
are concerned about environmental degradation. Similarly, based on stakeholder
interviews, IRRI (2019) also reports tensions over natural resources, especially around the
allegation that refugees engage in illegal logging.
1.2 Background to the study
This section presents the background of the study that is; the Historical Background, Theoretical
Background, Conceptual Background and Contextual Background as follows;
1.2.1 Historical background
Forced migration is a global issue that has resulted to displacement of 68.5 million people around
the world due to violation of human rights, political tensions, civil war, and armed conflict;
forcing them to flee and seek asylum in search of peace and security. 25.4 million are refugees
half of whom are under the age of 18 (UNHCR, 2018). In addition, there are 10 million stateless
people with no nationality; they are unable to access essential basic services such as education,
healthcare, employment and freedom of movement. In every two seconds, one person is forced
to leave their home due to conflict or persecution (UNHCR, 2020), making refugees 1% of the
world population according to the Global Peace Index (Viscusi, 2016).

The continued existence of refugees in Africa has been deepened by a combination of new
conflicts emerging thus generating new refugee influxes and failure to find lasting solutions to
old conflicts. As a result, conflicts such as those in Democratic Republic of Congo, Burundi,
Sudan and Somalia have been characterised by intermittent escalation and de-escalation of
hostilities and violence such that peace that could prompt refugees to repatriate has remained
elusive for decades. The protracted nature of these conflicts has rendered specific nationalities
refugees for generations (UNHCR, 2020). The longer the conflicts have prevailed in the African
geopolitical space, the more complex the conflicts and the refugee crises have become. The
complexities and protracted nature of the refugee phenomenon in contemporary Africa has
prompted increasing number of refugees to self-settle in both rural and urban areas as they seek
to forestall the unsavoury prospect of spending decades or even a lifetime in refugee camps. As

2
refugees self-settle among host communities, this creates possibilities of integration which
remains eschewed as a durable solution to the plight of refugees in Africa.

Uganda’s history with refugees began after World War II when over 4,000 Polish refugees were
hosted in Uganda in Mpumude in Mukono District, much earlier than the UN Refugee
Convention of July 1951 and its protocol of January 1967. Moreover, Uganda is surrounded by
refugee producing countries like the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, Sudan,
and Kenya. Refugees also come to Uganda from as far as Somali, Eritrea, Malawi, Pakistan,
Tanzania, Central African Republic, Chad, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Cost
and Guinea’s It goes without saying, therefore, that during the Second World War, Uganda
became the home to many Europeans displaced by the war. They were allocated specified camps
where they remained for the duration of the war (Barman, 2020).

In Uganda, most refugees live in settlements with semi-permanent structures and the settlements
are aimed at providing refugees with reasonable level of self-sufficiency. This policy has been
lauded by the UNHCR, Filippo Grandi, as “the most progressive refugee policies in Africa, if not
the world” (Bohnet & Schmitz-Pranghe, 2019). Because of self-reliant policy, by 2015 at least
25% of refugees in Uganda derived livelihood from different economic activities such as
farming, vending, barbering, and other smaller businesses, to supplement the support offered to
them by the international organization (UNHCR, 2015). Nevertheless, these supplementary
livelihood options are unstable, and refugees face shortage of start-up capital, government
support, electricity, demand for their goods and services, and disposable income among
prospective refugee clients and customers (Wamara et al., 2021). Moreover, the allotted plots of
land are small and largely of poor quality, presenting difficulty for deriving livelihood from crop
production (Bohnet & Schmitz-Pranghe, 2019) Furthermore, in Uganda, while the government in
collaboration with European Union built four vocational institutes to train refugees in skills such
as “bakery, tailoring, carpentry and joinery, building, and metal fabrication to allow them to
become competitive in the job mark” which is a big step forward in achieving self-reliance and
integration, refugees still face high level of unemployment and job shortages, employment
insecurity, and discrimination (Ssemugenyi 2011, cited in Wamara et al., 2021).

3
1.2.2 Theoretical background
The study will be guided by structural-functional theory by David Émile Durkheim (1858-1917)
promotes social solidarity or cohesion. This is a theoretical approach that sees society as a
complex and interconnected system with many independent parts that work together as a whole
to promote solidarity, stability, and harmony (Moffitt, 2003). The principle of this theory viewed
the social life from the nature of society and not from the individual because when an individual
is eliminated the society remains alone. From this principle when considering integration, we
can’t separate the refugees’ situation and the society; we must view the refugees as part of a
whole or wider system (Sinn, 2016).

The theory emphasizes on seeking causes before trying to ascertain functions. To understand the
social phenomenon, we must seek separately the efficient cause which produces it and the
function it fulfils. For us to understand local integration we should seek to understand the cause
of forced migration and the functions local integration fulfils which in this study were socio-
economic factors and political factors that influence local integration of refugees in Uganda.
Implementing local integration as a social function can cause the host community and the
refugees maintain a social system where they can live in harmony and solidarity within a stable
environment as they share values, languages, and symbols to enjoy the socio-economic benefits
and get political support to enhance local integration.

The refugees will be guided by political facts such as laws, morals, values, religious beliefs,
customs, fashion, rituals and all the cultural rules that govern life in a host country (Sinn, 2016).
The aim of local integration is to create a healthy society where all parts work together to
maintain stability, a state called dynamic equilibrium which was coined by sociologist Talcott
Parsons in 1961 (Whittemore, 2015) where everyone has a role to play in order to support the
structure of the society and promote social order. The parts of a society also known as social
facts or manifest functions are put in place to make the society move forward such as social
institutions (hospitals, schools, media), or forms of beliefs and behaviors focusing on meeting
social needs, such as government, education, family, healthcare, religion, and the economy
(Sinn, 2016) these social facts or manifest functions are mainly key areas and form the basis for
socio-economic factors that can be used to promote local integration of refugees in Uganda.

4
The structural-functional theory is applicable to the current study, relates to the political factors
as it identifies everyone has a role to play as they are part of a complex but whole society that
should promote political and social order. To achieve this, there should be government support
and political goodwill to initiate, promote and facilitate local integration. This will ensure that
the barriers that undermine local integration of refugees are eliminated while ensuring that the
refugees are engaged and encouraged to participate in development of the host country and are
part of the society. The theory also identifies the need for political factors to provide social
services such as government, education, family, and religion.

1.2.3 Conceptual background

The key concepts of this study will include response of regulations and development.
Regulations are rules, guidelines, or laws set forth by governing bodies or organizations to
govern the conduct of individuals, businesses, or other entities (UN, 2022). These regulations
can cover a wide range of topics, including health and safety, environmental protection, financial
management, employment practices, and more. The purpose of regulations is to ensure that all
parties involved in a particular activity or industry comply with certain standards and practices to
ensure fairness, safety, and ethical conduct. Regulations can be enforced by government
agencies, industry associations, or other organizations, and may carry legal consequences for
those who fail to comply.

According to Braithwaite (2011), regulations are "rules that are mandated by the state and
enforced by the authorities to control the behavior of individuals or organizations" (p. 3).
Regulations are rules and guidelines established by a governing authority to oversee and control
the behavior of individuals or organizations. They are designed to promote safety, fairness,
equality, and transparency, and to prevent misconduct or illegal activities. Regulations are often
enforced through administrative or legal measures and aim to ensure that businesses, industries,
and individuals operate in a responsible and ethical manner. They are a critical tool for achieving
public welfare and are developed in response to social and political demands, shaped by interest
groups, and influenced by cultural and social norms. Regulations are necessary to balance the
interests of different groups, prevent harmful practices, and democratize economic relations
while also promoting sustainability.

5
The refugee regulatory framework is built upon the principles of human rights and international
refugee law, and seeks to provide refugees with the necessary protection and support they need
to rebuild their lives. This framework is made up of a complex network of international, regional,
and national laws and policies, and includes provisions for the resettlement of refugees, the
protection of their rights, and the provision of humanitarian assistance.

Refugee regulatory framework is a complex system of laws, policies, and practices aimed at
ensuring the safety, rights, and well-being of refugees. It is built upon the principles of human
rights and international refugee law, and seeks to provide refugees with the necessary protection
and support they need to rebuild their lives. The challenge of the refugee regulatory framework is
to ensure that refugees are protected from persecution and violence, and that they have access to
durable solutions that allow them to rebuild their lives and participate in the communities in
which
Integration, much as it is ubiquitously referred to, does not enjoy consensus definition or
theoretical conceptualisation (Ager & Strang, 2008). Integration is broadly understood as a dual
process where migrants are infused in the political, social, and economic fabrics of the host
society (Global Migration Data Portal, 2022). This research therefore focuses on the
socioeconomic aspects of integration as explained in the integration framework (Ager &
Strang, 2008). Practically, the socioeconomic situations investigated include immediate physical
needs including livelihoods, health, education, and daily social interactions between refugees and
members of the host community, and how access to these elements within and around the
settlement affects refugees’ motivation and their attitudes towards integrating in the Ugandan
host communities.
1.2.4 Contextual background
The settlement was initially established in 1984 to settle Rwandan Tutsi refugees after a decision
was taken by the government of Uganda to host all refugees in designated areas. The majority of
refugees in the settlement (88%) now are Congolese. Refugees located in Kyaka II settlement are
able to access basic services and easily receive needed security protection. Interactions between
refugees and the host communities is friendly due in part to the implementation of The Refugees
Act 2006 and the Refugees Regulations 2010 which ensure those refugees’ human rights as
codified in the United Nations Convention are observed.

6
Kyaka II Refugee Settlement covers 81.5 square kilometers in the three sub counties of Mpara,
Kyegegwa and Kabweza in Kyaka County, Kyegegwa district. The settlement is divided into
nine zones: Sweswe, Buliti, Bukere, Mukondo, Ntababiniga, Kakoni, Bwiriza, Byabakora and
Kaborogota. Kyaka II Refugee Settlement was established in 2005 to receive the remaining
population of Kyaka I following the mass repatriation of Rwandan refugees the same year.
Renewed violence in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in December 2017 led to an
influx of refugees with an estimated 17,000 making their way to the settlement (UNHCR, 2018).
Kyaka Refugee Settlement currently accommodates over 125,000 Congolese refugees with few
remnants from other countries and despite sustained activities to promote voluntary repatriation
for refugees, very few are willing to return home (Windle international, 2018). Such a tragic
state of affairs has ramifications not only for the people who have been forced from their
homelands, but also for those who must receive and subsequently host them (Jacobsen, 2018).
Though the main aim of hosting refugees is to create co-existence between refugees and the host
community, this has not been the case.

Refugee receiving host communities also tend to be poor, experience precarious livelihood
conditions and face many socio-economic challenges, such as low economic status, poor access
to public services, and infrastructural development. For these communities, refugees might bring
both challenges and benefits. On the one hand, refugees increase competition for natural
resources (wood for energy, construction, land), public services and infrastructure (e.g.,
education, health, water supply), and economic opportunities (e.g., traditional livelihoods, labour
employment). Refugee inflow may also affect the local market by mainly depressing wages and
raising product prices. On the other hand, refugees might also bring benefits to the local
communities by: (i) providing skilled and unskilled labour, potentially leading to the
establishment of new firms and also improving the performance of existing firms; (ii) creating
extra demand for both agricultural and non-agricultural products in the local economy, leading to
further intensification and commercialization of livelihood activities; and (iii) attracting
humanitarian assistance and, increasingly, development aid (Alix-Garcia et al. 2018; Maystadt
and Verwimp 2014). The presence of refugees may also attract infrastructural development
projects to host communities.

7
While these changes affect people’s livelihoods both negatively and positively in host
communities and while the overall effect would depend on the dominance of one effect over the
other, our understanding of the effect of refugee inflow on people’s livelihoods in host
communities is limited. Hence, this paper contributes to bridging this gap by assessing the
impact of refugee inflow on the livelihood strategies of host communities. The paper focuses on
two main livelihood strategies at a household level: the diversification of livelihood activities
and the degree of agricultural commercialization. We measure livelihood diversification using
two main variables: the degree of diversification of activities as a primary occupation and the
degree of diversification of activities as a secondary occupation. The degree of agricultural
commercialization is also measured using two variables: the value from the sale of crop and
livestock products. We measure refugee inflow (presence) as the number of refugees
(population) in the nearest refugee camp to the household location weighted by the household's
inverted distance to the camp.

8
1.3 Statement of the Problem

The study of refugee regulations and livelihoods is a relatively

recent area of research, but it has become increasingly important in
the context of the global refugee crisis (UNHCR. 2020). The history
of this research can be traced back to the early 1990s, when the
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) began to
focus on the issue of refugee self-reliance and economic integration.
Prior to this time, the primary focus of refugee policy had been on
providing immediate humanitarian assistance and finding durable
solutions, such as repatriation or resettlement (UNHCR. 2020). The
local communities in Uganda are heavily reliant on natural
resources for their livelihoods, including land and water. The
presence of refugees in their communities has put pressure on these
resources, resulting in increased competition and conflicts that have
adversely affected the local community's ability to sustain their
livelihoods.
Effective refugee regulations and policies have been put in place to prioritize the protection and
integration of refugees into host communities can have a positive impact on the livelihoods of
the local community. Such regulations can help mitigate the negative impacts of refugee
settlement on natural resources and provide opportunities for the host community to benefit from
the presence of refugees. Therefore, it is necessary for the government to develop and implement
effective refugee regulations that cater to the needs of both refugees and the host community to
ensure sustainable livelihoods. Uganda has a progressive refugee model: Open borders, non-
camp policies, free integration of refugees, equal access to government-provided social services,
a chance to work and land allocation for farming and shelter. Home to over 125,000 Congolese

9
refugees; Kyaka II settlement has quadrupled in size over the past three years and is now
populated well beyond its intended capacity. Consequently, despite Uganda’s progressive and
welcoming refugee policy, UNHCR has stated there is no funding to meet residents' needs
beyond basic emergency provision. 65% of arrivals in Kyaka II are children, many of whom
have witnessed horrific violence and lost family members. An estimated 15 - 20,000 3–6-year-
olds are cut off from early years services and vulnerable to serious child protection risks, with
nowhere safe to go during the day. They are missing out on this foundational education stage
which develops key social, physical and cognitive skills (UNHCR, 2020). The regulatory
framework for refugees in Uganda is often criticized for being weak and ineffective, which has
led to uncontrolled refugee migration and settlement in host communities. The lack of effective
regulations has also resulted in the inefficient distribution of resources and services, which has
further exacerbated the challenges faced by the local community. Thus, it’s from this background
that the study intends to examine the influence of the Uganda’s refugee framework on the host
community development of Kyaka II.
1.4 Purpose of the study
The purpose of the study is to explore the influence of refugee regulatory framework on host
communities’ livelihoods at Kyaka II refugee settlement in Uganda.
1.5 Objectives of study
i. To examine the effect of refugees’ equal rights to employment on the livelihoods of host
communities
ii. To examine the effect of refugees’ free integration on the livelihoods of host
communities in Uganda.
iii. To examine the effect of refugees’ free access to social services on the livelihoods of host
communities in Uganda.
1.6 Research Questions
i. What is the effect of refugees’ equal rights to employment on the livelihoods of host
communities in Uganda?
ii. What is the effect of refugees’ free integration on the livelihoods of host communities in
Uganda?
iii. What is the effect of refugees’ free access to social services on the livelihoods of host
communities in Uganda?

10
1.7 Research hypothesis
H1: Refugees’ equal rights to employment significantly affect the livelihoods of host
communities in Uganda
H2: Refugees’ free integration significantly affect the livelihoods of host communities in
Uganda.
H3: Refugees’ free access to social services significantly affects the livelihoods of host
communities in Uganda.

1.8 Conceptual framework

Refugee Regulatory Framework (IV)

Equal rights to employment

 Formal
 Non-formal
 Entrepreneur development
Livelihoods of host communities (DV)
Free integration
 Food security
 Community participation
 Access to safe water
 Freedom of movement
 Access to education
 Economic engagement

Free access to social services
 Health
 Education
 Access to shelter

Source: Ager and Strang, 2008

11
Figure 1: conceptual framework showing the relationship between Refugee Regulatory
Framework and Livelihoods of host communities.
From the figure above, the independent variable is Refugee Regulatory Framework measured in
terms of Equal rights to employment with subthemes of Formal, Non-formal and Entrepreneur
development, free integration with subthemes of Community participation, Freedom of
movement and Economic engagement and free access to social services with subthemes of
Health, Education and Access to shelter. The dependent variable is Livelihoods of host
communities measured in terms of Food security, Access to safe water and Access to education.
It is hypothesized that any changes in the independent variable will bring changes in the
dependent variable.

1.9 Significance of the Study

The findings from the empirical study will be vital to the Government of Uganda and UNHCR to
plan, handle, and/or make relevant policies relating to the refugee phenomenon in Uganda. The
findings will enable the formulations of better policies that ease on the partnership between the
refugees and the host communities so that to create a conducive environment for all to leave
amicably.
The study shall be of great help to the policy makers in the refugee affairs both in the
government and at the Non-Governmental Organization levels, to contribute to developing a
legal framework that could be used to initiate, facilitate and promote local integration of
refugees. Besides, it will assist the new scholars in the refugee studies or related topics in
identification of the gaps for study based on the presented study findings and recommendations.
Finally, it will add to the bulk of knowledge in the school library and form part of the literature
for other scholars conducting similar studies.
The study will benefit the practitioners in various humanitarian organizations as well as
government agencies involved in refugee affairs. It will enable them to relook at the policy
framework that facilitates the integration of refugees into local community as enshrined in the
refugee act of 2006. It shall be used to inform the need to improve record keeping of integration
of refugees into local communities.

12
1.10 Justification of the study
Studying the refugee regulatory framework in Uganda is important for several reasons. First,
Uganda is one of the few countries in the world that has adopted a progressive and inclusive
approach to refugee protection and integration, known as the Refugee Act of 2006. This legal
framework provides refugees with the right to work, access to education and healthcare, freedom
of movement, and other basic rights and protections. Understanding how this legal framework
operates in practice, and the impact it has on refugees and host communities, can provide
valuable insights for policymakers, practitioners, and scholars working in other contexts.

Second, Uganda hosts one of the largest refugee populations in Africa, with over 1.4 million
refugees and asylum seekers as of early 2023. This has placed significant strains on host
communities, particularly in the northern and western regions of the country, where most
refugees are settled. Understanding the impact of the refugee regulatory framework on host
communities is therefore critical for ensuring that policies and programs are designed in a way
that promotes peaceful coexistence and shared prosperity between refugees and their hosts.

The fact that Uganda has an open refugee framework thus being one of the biggest hosts in
Africa, this clearly has a huge influence on the host communities like Kyaka II, the case study
which is a home to a large number of refugees thus, this justifies the study to explore how the
community if influenced by the refugee framework whether positively, or negatively.
1.11 Scope of the Study
This will be comprised of the subject scope, geographical scope and the time scope
1.11.1 Geographical Scope
The study will be conducted in Kyaka II settlement, Kyegegwa District. Kyaka II encompasses
81.5 square kilometers in the three sub counties of Mpara, Kyegegwa and Kabweza in the
eponymous Kyaka County. The settlement is divided into nine zones: Sweswe, Buliti, Bukere,
Mukondo, Ntababiniga, Kakoni, Bwiriza, Byabakora and Kaborogota.
1.11.2 Content Scope
The content scope of the study is to investigate the influence of the refugee regulatory
framework on host communities' livelihoods in Kyaka II refugee settlement in Uganda. The
study will explore the relationship between two variables: the implementation of refugee
regulatory policies and the impact on the livelihoods of the host communities. Additionally, the

13
study will examine the demographic and socio-economic factors that influence the livelihoods of
both refugees and host communities in the settlement.
1.11.3 Time Scope
This study will consider a time period from the year 2018 to 2023. The period where different
legal frameworks on refugees have been formulated to accommodate host communities.
1.12 Operational Definition of key terms
Refugee law. The body of customary international law and various international, regional, and
national instruments that establish standards for refugee protection. The cornerstone of refugee
law is the1951 Convention on the Status of Refugees.
Refugee. Every person who, owing to well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race,
religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the
country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the
protection of that country, or who, not having a nationality and being outside the country of his
former habitual residence as a result of such events is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling
to return to it. The term “refugee” also applies to every person who, owing to external
aggression, occupation, foreign domination or events seriously disturbing public order in either
part the whole of his country of origin or nationality, is compelled to leave his place of habitual
residence in order to seek refuge in another place outside his country of origin or nationality.

14
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction
This chapter will include the related literature to the study and it will be reviewed in three parts,
the theoretical review, conceptual review and the review of the objectives. The purpose of the
literature review is to discover relevant and available material that has been published in the field
of refugees. It also aims to help achieve a deeper understanding of these topics, identify
problems and weaknesses, and discover the state of knowledge of refugee framework on host
communities in order to develop an argument about the significance of the research.

2.3 Theoretical review

The study will be guided by structural-functional theory by David Émile Durkheim (1858-1917)
promotes social solidarity or cohesion. This is a theoretical approach that sees society as a
complex and interconnected system with many independent parts that work together as a whole
to promote solidarity, stability, and harmony (Moffitt, 2003). The principle of this theory viewed
the social life from the nature of society and not from the individual because when an individual

15
is eliminated the society remains alone. From this principle when considering integration, we
can’t separate the refugees’ situation and the society; we must view the refugees as part of a
whole or wider system (Sinn, 2016).
The theory emphasizes on seeking causes before trying to ascertain functions. To understand the
social phenomenon, we must seek separately the efficient cause which produces it and the
function it fulfils. For us to understand local integration we should seek to understand the cause
of forced migration and the functions local integration fulfils which in this study were socio-
economic factors and political factors that influence local integration of refugees in Uganda.
Implementing local integration as a social function can cause the host community and the
refugees maintain a social system where they can live in harmony and solidarity within a stable
environment as they share values, languages, and symbols to enjoy the socio-economic benefits
and get political support to enhance local integration.

The refugees will be guided by political facts such as laws, morals, values, religious beliefs,
customs, fashion, rituals and all the cultural rules that govern life in a host country (Sinn, 2016).
The aim of local integration is to create a healthy society where all parts work together to
maintain stability, a state called dynamic equilibrium which was coined by sociologist Talcott
Parsons in 1961 (Whittemore, 2015) where everyone has a role to play in order to support the
structure of the society and promote social order. The parts of a society also known as social
facts or manifest functions are put in place to make the society move forward such as social
institutions (hospitals, schools, media), or forms of beliefs and behaviours focusing on meeting
social needs, such as government, education, family, healthcare, religion, and the economy
(Sinn, 2016) these social facts or manifest functions are mainly key areas and form the basis for
socio-economic factors that can be used to promote local integration of refugees in Uganda.

The structural-functional theory is applicable to the current study, relates to the political factors
as it identifies everyone has a role to play as they are part of a complex but whole society that
should promote political and social order. To achieve this, there should be government support
and political goodwill to initiate, promote and facilitate local integration. This will ensure that
the barriers that undermine local integration of refugees are eliminated while ensuring that the
refugees are engaged and encouraged to participate in development of the host country and are

16
part of the society. The theory also identifies the need for political factors to provide social
services such as government, education, family, and religion.
2.4 Related literature

2.3.1 Current refugeesRefugees’ equal rights to employment and livelihoods of host

communities
The sum of the various supply and demand effects of hosting refugees on the labour markets of
developing countries is a priori ambiguous. One may presume that the overall effect on resident
workers will tend to be positive because the labour market effects of immigration in general are
small to start with (Tulibaleka et al., 2021), while international financial support provides an
unambiguous expansive stimulus to labour demand. More importantly, however, the labour
market impact will differ substantially across professions and sectors. Especially if refugees are
restricted to working in the informal sector, resident informal workers remain at a high risk of
real income loss. Which production sectors benefit from refugee consumption demand depends
on refugees’ consumption choices and the structure of the local economy. In particular, if
refugees cannot obtain work permits, they may be restricted to seeking jobs in the informal
sector, forcing them all into the same narrow labour market segment. In this case, the impact on
informal sector wages may be substantial and resident informal workers may incur sizable
income losses and unemployment. Displacement effects on resident workers may become worse
if some of the refugee population are overqualified for most informal jobs and outperform most
resident informal workers. While resident workers will suffer, firms and households that employ
informal workers will benefit from lower labour costs. Hence, local firms may become more
competitive and especially agricultural producers may earn higher profits.

Employment is the variable that is investigated most often in the studies reviewed by Verme and
Schuettler (2019). Yet, two out of three studies do not detect a significant impact. Among those
studies that identify a significant relationship, only slightly more than half (19 vs 14% of all
studies) find negative effects on residents. The results differ sharply across refugee situations, in
part because the socioeconomic characteristics of refugees (language skills, education, work
experience) determine to a large extent how refugees compete with residents in the labour
market. Besides employment, wages are the most relevant indicator of labour market
performance. Once again, the studies reviewed by Verme and Schuettler (2019) show fairly

17
balanced results: most estimates are insignificant and of the significant estimates, (only) slightly
more are negative than positive. Importantly, negative effects tend to be limited to the short term:
The authors find that the more time has passed since the refugee inflow, the less negative is the
impact on residents’ wages. There is some evidence that refugees contribute to their host
economy through their country-specific knowledge and networks in both, their country of origin
and their host country. By facilitating communication and reducing the cost of international
transactions, they may help to expand bilateral trade, especially once the country of origin moves
towards post conflict reconstruction. The possible role of refugees in helping to expand
international trade between their host and home countries mirrors the positive impact of
immigrants in general on international trade (Bjørkhaug, 2020). In the case of refugees, this
effect is likely to be the larger the better the refugees are integrated into their host economy.

Apart from allowing refugees to become economically self-sufficient and live with dignity,
granting them the right to work will also help to minimize any negative impact on resident
workers from refugee participation in the labor market. Since refugees in developing countries
receive only limited income support and there is typically a large informal economy, many
refugees will seek work irrespective of their legal status and will likely find informal
employment. Under these conditions, allowing refugees to work legally will ensure that the
increase in labor supply due to their presence does not affect only current informal workers (who
may be particularly vulnerable) but is widely dispersed throughout the economy. If refugees also
enjoy the right to establishment, firms founded by refugees may help to create job for a growing
workforce of refugees and residents (Altındag et al., 2018).

Some refugees in Uganda have entrepreneurship skills and experience, and run businesses in
Uganda (Betts et al., 2019; Ebere and Mwesigwa, 2021). Around the settlement areas, both
refugees and the nationals have set up shops, markets, or central business trading areas
(Tulibaleka et al., 2021). It is vital to promote self-employment through “soft loans for refugees
and entrepreneurship education and training for both urban and rural refugees”. This is similar in
Pagirinya Settlement where there were shops, small restaurants, grinding machine, and
bodabodas (motorcycle for transport), which were businesses run by refugees. Refugees who

18
were business oriented requested to be granted access to business loans just like Ugandan
citizens, to improve their businesses.

According to, research done in Uganda found that refugee has a positive impact on the host
economy in human capital as a source of labor and employment opportunities due to long time
interaction emerged in camps (Ahimbisibwe, 2018). Therefore, refugees impose a variety of
security, economic and environmental burdens on host countries, but also embody a significant
flow of resources in the form of international humanitarian assistance, economic assets, and
human capital (Reddick & Dryden-Peterson, 2021). These refugee resources represent an
important state building contribution to the host state, but security problems and other hindrances
inhibit the state's ability to access and The burdens and benefits associated with the refugee
presence are not distributed evenly among local hosts. Some communities stand the chance of
benefiting from the presence of refugees and international relief agencies to a large extent, while
others struggled to maintain access to even the most basic resources (Boamah-gyau, 2008).

Entrepreneurship is defined as the ability to start new businesses, particularly when it involves
seeing new ways to make money (Skran & Easton-Calabria, 2020). Entrepreneurship is another
option that enables refugees to earn income and gives them more opportunities to integrate into
the host country because refugees are willing to become entrepreneurs for better integration and
to become self-employed (Fuller-Love et al., 2006). The refugees find it difficult to get a job and
start a new life in the host countries because, most of the time, they leave their countries
unprepared without money or other assets that can help them start a new life or get employment
(Fuller-Love et al., 2006). Refugee entrepreneurship may be viewed as a promising avenue for
reducing time to economic participation and income generation, as well as for building bridges to
local economies and communities, possibly leading to more socioeconomic integration in the
future (Desai et al., 2021). The entrepreneurship approach for refugees helps the refugees start
economic activities that help them integrate well through entrepreneurship participation (Desai et
al., 2021). Some refugees don’t have documentation or other proof of their qualifications, and it
is difficult for them to be employed in host countries, which makes them excluded from some
work opportunities. Refugees are primarily motivated to start businesses to facilitate or

19
accelerate integration into their host economies and ensure economic self-sufficiency (Mawson
& Kasem, 2019).

Entrepreneurship for refugees leads refugees to be seen as having economic independence from
humanitarian aid in the host countries and reduces the burden of hosting them (Skran, 2020). The
UNHCR defines self-reliance as an individual's, household's, or community's social and
economic ability to meet its basic needs in a sustainable and dignified manner (Easton-Calabria
& Omata, 2018). According to Kambela, local integration of refugees is the most realistic and
sustainable solutions for refugees since other models such as repatriation were not working
because some refugees could not return to their home countries (Kambela, 2020). The refugees
have skills and the ability to work like other people to support their families and the country in
general without waiting for humanitarian donations if they are given the right opportunities. The
idea of self-reliance for refugees is not only about changing policies to allow refugees to work
and leave the camps but also to stabilize them in host countries by regaining economic abilities
to meet their needs like other people (Easton-Calabria & Omata, 2018). Self-reliance can help
refugees support themselves and promote a hard-working spirit in them so that they can progress.
Some self-reliance programs, such as agricultural production, vocational training, and
microfinance, have helped refugees to support themselves without waiting for external assistance
from humanitarian agencies. Other initiatives that can be used to promote self-reliance include
cash assistance, access to savings, and job training for refugees so that they can adapt themselves
to the new environment. Training is also needed for stakeholders who can assist in putting self-
reliance into practice and visiting other countries that have applied self-reliance, such as Uganda.
The study therefore hypothesises that
H1: Refugees’ equal rights to employment significantly affect the livelihoods of host communities
in Uganda

20
2.3.2 Current refugeesRefugees’ free integration and livelihoods of host communities
A critical aspect of successful integration therefore lies in the participation of refugees in various
integration programs, designed to facilitate their transition into the host society (Leiler et al.,
2018). These programs encompass a wide spectrum of activities, ranging from language and
vocational training to community engagement and access to social services. The degree and
nature of participation in these programs have profound implications for the overall success of
integration efforts (Arora-Jonsson & Larsson, 2021). However, despite the significance of
participation, there exists a notable gap in understanding the factors influencing refugees'
engagement with integration programs. The participation levels in integration programs by
refugees are influenced by individual and systemic factors. One essential element is the
accessibility of integration programs. According to Hartonen et al. (2023), geographical
proximity, availability of information regarding integration programs and ease of enrolment
largely influences the likelihood of refugees engaging in these initiatives. Subsequently, Leiler et
al. (2018) opine that the design and structure of these programs are important in influencing
engagement with these programs. Programs that are flexible to accommodating diverse needs
like family dynamics and skills variations tend to realize greater levels of participation.
Conversely, rigid programs deter refugees from full engagement since they do not meet dynamic
needs.

The levels of participation in integration programs are also determined by the relevance and
effectiveness of integration programs. Refugees are likely to participate in activities that will
enhance their integration and boost their chances of getting legal status in the host country
(Giansanti et al., 2022). Developing vocational training programs directly linked to employment
opportunities can be appealing to refugees because they address immediate needs (Leiler et al.,
2018). On the other hand, programs deemed irrelevant and disconnected from the refugees’
objective experiences lower participation. Social dynamics also influence participation in
integration programs. Having supportive social systems within the refugees’ community and
among the host population can positively influence engagement in integration programs (Hamza,
2021). Peer encouragement, mentorship and shared experiences contribute to promoting a sense
of belonging thus a motivation to participate in the programs. On the contrary, social isolation

21
and discrimination leads to potential barriers, affecting refugees willingness to engage with the
integration programs.

In a study conducted by Sohlberg et al. (2022) they explored the relationship between readiness
to integrate and social identification among refugees in the Netherlands. The researchers found
that refugees who identified more strongly with the host society were more likely to feel ready to
integrate. However, they also noted that a sense of belonging to their country of origin was
important for maintaining psychological well-being. In another study, Zick et al. (2011)
investigated the relationship between perceived discrimination and readiness to integrate among
refugees in Germany. They found that perceived discrimination was negatively related to
readiness to integrate, and that this relationship was mediated by a sense of belonging to the host
society while reducing discrimination could improve integration Sense of belonging is a social
aspect that has proved to have an impact in human interaction and communication. According to
a study by Hessle and Westin (2018), language proficiency is a significant motivator for refugees
to participate in integration programs. The ability to communicate in the host country's language
helps refugees to adapt to their new environments, access services, and integrate into society
(Arora-Jonsson & Larsson, 2021). Social support from family, friends, and fellow refugees is
also a significant motivator for refugees to participate in integration programs (Hugelius et al.,
2020). This support network provides emotional support, practical help, and socialization
opportunities, which are essential for successful integration. Employment opportunities are
another significant motivator for refugees to participate in integration programs. Access to
employment allows refugees to become self-sufficient and contribute to society, increasing their
sense of belonging.
On the other hand, various motivators potentially encourage refugees to participate in integration
programs. Arwidson et al. (2022) argue that among the powerful drivers for refugees is the desire
for a better future and the need to rebuild their lives. Among the strong incentives for refugees
include access to quality education, opportunities for vocational training and employment
support. Leiler et al. (2018) asserts that these incentives enhance social inclusion, thereby
alleviating the stress burden borne by refugees. Again, personal connections and social networks
in the host community could play a major role in motivating refugees to engage and integrate
into the diverse programs since they provide a sense of shared belonging and provide targeted

22
emotional support services (Hamza, 2021). Successful integration narratives and role models
inspire newcomers and instil hope to the refugees.

Alemu et al. (2020) focused on refugee women's participation in integration programs in

Sweden. The study identified factors such as motivation, education, and social support as
important facilitators, while language barriers, discrimination, and lack of childcare were
significant barriers to participation as women prioritized the well-being of their children. While
social connections have proved to be important especially for women to integrate, Borell (2019)
concluded that refugees with strong social networks were more likely to participate in integration
programs, while those without support networks experienced more barriers to participation.
Research has shown that often women face additional barriers when it comes to participating in
integration efforts. This can be due to factors such as gender roles, cultural norms, and language
barriers. A study by Sohlberg et al. (2022) found that women were more likely to be isolated
within their communities due to their care giving responsibilities, which can make it difficult for
them to engage in social and cultural activities outside the home. Similarly, a study by Jureidini
and Moussa (2011) found that language barriers can prevent women from accessing education
and employment opportunities, which can hinder their ability to integrate into their new society.
A study by Bloch et al. (2009) found that male migrants may feel pressure to conform to
traditional gender roles and may be reluctant to engage in activities that are seen as feminine or
domestic. This can limit their participation in integration efforts that involve activities that are
perceived feminine.

Furthermore, numerous refugees are unable to gain from the right to employment and freedom of
movement, due to scarcity of job opportunities in the settlements’ areas, and poor road
connection to the markets (Bohnet and Schmitz-Pranghe, 2019). Even the skillful and educated
“refugees must navigate the labour market to acquire even the lowest-paid jobs and at the same
time fight to be accepted by the Ugandan employers. They work in precarious conditions that
manifest in the form of low pay, discrimination at work, and other poor working conditions”
(Tulibaleka et al., 2021). For refugees who start small businesses, buyers and markets are not
enough to achieve self-reliance, forcing the majority of refugees to keep depending on the
dwindled food rations (Bohnet and Schmitz-Pranghe, 2019).

23
In fact, some authors argue that Uganda’s self-reliance policy was not aimed at providing a full
socioeconomic integration of refugees and much less naturalizing them but rather designed with
the underlying intention of only allowing refugees to have temporary local integration up to the
time of their return to their country of origin (Bohnet and Schmitz-Pranghe, 2019). However, it is
important to recognize that the challenge of refugee integration into the labour market is not
confined to refugees in developing host countries such as Uganda, but it is a current challenge
for refugees in many countries around the world including Europe (Loiacono and Vargas, 2019;
van Dijk, 2021). Integration of refugees into the job market is impeded by various challenges,
among which are limited networks, discrimination, language barriers, illiteracy, or inadequate
level of formal education (Van Dijk, 2021). The difficulty in accessing employment
opportunities also relates to the argument that refugees integrate in the labour market at a slower
pace than the labour migrants, because they were not initially selected for host country’s labour
market (Bevelander, 2020).
The study therefore hypothesises that

H2: Refugees’ free integration significantly affect the livelihoods of host communities in Uganda.

2.3.3 Current refugeesRefugees’ free access to social services and livelihoods of host
communities
Uganda’s Self-Reliance Strategy (SRS) integrated services for refugees and host communities
(by allowing refugees free access to government health and education services) and promoted
self-reliance among both communities in the long term (by allocating land to refugees). Since the
arrival of large numbers of South Sudanese refugees, levels of international aid targeted at
refugees in the country drastically increased from about US32million in 2015 to US507 million
in 2019.The SRS was replaced by Development Assistance for Refugee Hosting Areas but kept
its initial focus. The Refugee and Host Population Empowerment strategic framework updated
the SRS model in 2016 (Ronald, 2020). The Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework
(CRRF), which replaced the SRS model in 2017, more strongly emphasizes the development
approach to hosting refugees. These plans operationalized integration by linking humanitarian
and development programming and interventions; the Ministry of Health (MoH) coordinates and

24
implements health services integration through the district health system (Giansanti & Joormann,
2022). Aid agencies are expected to support host districts’ health services rather than directly
funding refugee settlements. This approach is designed to prevent host communities from
carrying a disproportionate burden for hosting refugees, and to ensure that public services made
available by the international humanitarian community do not disproportionately favor refugees
at the expense of locals.

Education Roughly one half of all refugees are minors (UNHCR, 2018). Hence, any refugee
inflow creates an immediate demand for schooling and often this represents a major challenge
for the national education system. Yet, establishing universal schooling for refugee children is
crucial for both the short-term and long-term effects of the refugee influx. Without schooling
opportunities, young refugees may engage in informal activities to contribute to family income.
Given their low reservation wage and large numbers, they may have a strong impact on some
residents’ labour market opportunities. At worst, they might also engage in criminal activities. In
the longer term, missing out on schooling would strongly limit the labor market opportunities of
young refugees along with economic opportunities for local firms. Language skills and schooling
are important prerequisites for successful economic integration. Since most refugee situations are
protracted, it is in the best interest of host communities, assisted by humanitarian and
development donors, to invest in refugees’ human capital (Ferguson et al., 2021). Otherwise,
many refugees would remain restricted to basic and typically informal jobs and contribute little
to the development of host communities.

Yet, schooling large numbers of refugees is a difficult task especially in rural underdeveloped
settings. International support is often essential to finance the necessary investment in schools,
teaching materials, and teacher training. Such investment may need to be targeted carefully: As
most refugees do not live in camps but are dispersed among host populations, international
support will often have to focus on strengthening the national educational system as a whole
while making sure that the system is responsive to the needs of refugees. While the need to
coordinate humanitarian and development assistance on the ground may complicate the task,
additional resources and improvements in the educational infrastructure can benefit refugees and
residents alike and competition for scarce educational resources between can be avoided. There

25
are several well-documented cases where sustainable advancements in the education sector in
response to a refugee influx have not only benefited refugees, but have ultimately improved
educational quality for residents as well (Adams-Ojugbele & Mashiya, 2020).

Similar considerations apply to the health sector, except that refugees’ immediate demand for
health care and the danger of infectious diseases spreading within and outside refugee camps
render the provision of health care even more urgent. The emergence and spread of vector-borne
and infectious diseases is particularly likely if refugee camps or hosting regions lack proper
sanitation and local health facilities are overwhelmed (Schneiderheinze et al., 2020). The host
government’s ability to manage a sudden increase in demand for health services dependents on
its financial and administrative capacity (Ogude, 2018). These capabilities vary substantially
across host countries and regions (Arwidson, et al., 2022). Hence, it is crucial that international
organizations act quickly to ensure access to basic health care for refugees. When health care
systems improve in response to an inflow or refugees, residents may well benefit in the medium
and long run. Paradigmatically, Maystadt & Verwimp (2014) document improved health care
and sanitation services in Tanzania. While many services were not available to locals when the
refugee inflow started, UNHCR and local partners have progressively made these services
available to local communities. About 30% of users are reportedly residents and the quality of
health services is much higher than elsewhere in Tanzania.

On the theme of “social services” in the education and healthcare provisions, some refugees were
happy and benefiting from the comparatively higher standard of healthcare and education
services in Uganda and were motivated and had developed positive attitude about integrating
further and settling in the Uganda society; yet, other refugees were demoralized and had
developed negative attitude about ever integrating and living in Uganda on account of difficulty
in affordability of proper healthcare and education especially in the private sector. Refugees’
motivation and interest in benefiting from the health and education services of Uganda are in line
with the integration framework whereby education and health are important indicators for
successful integration of refugees in the domain of means and markers (Schneiderheinze et al.,
2020). The level of education of migrants and the existing opportunities to study in the settled
country bolster social integration (Schmidt et al., 2020) and, conversely, the low level of
education can be problematic for social integration especially the linguistic challenge, which also

26
affects access to healthcare (Özmete et al., 2021), which is equally an indicator of successful
integration.

In housing, a study done in Sweden by Frödin et al. (2021) highlighted various factors that affect
employment of refugees. This varied depending on where the refugees lived, if it was traditional
then refugees were more likely to get employment unlike the modern municipalities that required
a higher level of education and training to get employment. They also highlighted the economic
structure such as manufacturing and industrial jobs, the refugees would most likey get
employment because it required lower levels of skills. Other factor identified was population
density, if a municipality is highly populated refugees were less likely to get employment. In
countries like Austria, Czech Republic, and Denmark, each municipality has a mandate to decide
where and how refugees are accommodated, allocating housing according to its own resources
and housing regulation. Spain is currently availing existing empty flats from public and private
social housing left by the housing boom in 2000-2006 to accommodate refugees. Housing has a
significant impact on local integration of refugees (Olsson,et al., 2023).
The study therefore hypothesises that
H3: Refugees’ free access to social services significantly affects the livelihoods of host
communities in Uganda

2.5 Summary of the literature review

The study again evaluated the effectiveness of integration programs to refugees and a clear
distinction between them and refugees. While refugees and refugees share common grounds for
leaving their countries of origin due to various atrocities, their legal statuses and access to
specific benefits could be limited to a certain extent. By evaluating the outcomes of integration
programs for these distinct groups, the research seeks to explore the specific opportunities and
challenges they experience during the integration processes (Giansanti et al., 2022). The
distinction is important because refugees are people who have made applications for
international protection but are yet to be granted refugee status. Therefore, they experience
vulnerability and uncertainty (Hugelius et al., 2020). Integration programs tailored to the
refugees’ needs can address the unique circumstances which provide them the appropriate
support to navigate the intricate transition process (Frödin et al., 2021). Understanding the
implications of these integration programs on refugees is not only crucial for their successful

27
integration but also to inform policies that lead to more effective asylum policies and
legislations. On the other hand, once accorded the official refugee status, refugees may have
access to diverse rights and services. Their integration experience in this case differs from that of
refugees, influenced by the duration of displacement, the trauma experienced and the existing
level of community support. By delving into the barriers and motivators to the participation in
integration programs by refugees, the study explored the implications of integration programs on
refugees’ social integration.

28
 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction
This chapter presents the research design, the study population, sample size, and sampling
design, data collection instruments and data collection methods, validity and reliability of the
data, the procedures of data collection, and ethical clearance.

3.2 Research Design

A research design is the strategy, plan and structure of a research project (Sileyew, 2020). Cross
sectional design will be employed to obtain information from a large group of respondents just
one time, in a single session without any follow-up once the information is obtained (Sileyew,
2020). In supplement, the study will adopt a triangulation of both quantitative and qualitative
data. Quantitative approaches will enable collection of numerical data in order to explain,
describe, understand, relationship. It will enable the researcher to quantify the views of
respondents towards certain variables and draw statistical conclusions. For qualitative approach,
it will help the researcher to better understand motivations, needs, processes, and rationale for
behaviours (among other things). It provides deep insights into a situation, and helps form ideas
or hypotheses for potential quantitative research (McCombes, 2023).

3.3 Study population

The study population will be all the population in Kyaka II settlement, Kyegegwa District.
Kyaka II encompasses 81.5 square kilometres in the three sub counties of Mpara, Kyegegwa and
Kabweza in the eponymous Kyaka County. The settlement is divided into nine zones: Sweswe,
Buliti, Bukere, Mukondo, Ntababiniga, Kakoni, Bwiriza, Byabakora and Kaborogota.

3.4 Sample size determination

According to Mooney (2019), a sample size is defined as a subset of a particular selected
population. A sample size of 91 was considered for this study using the statistical tables of
Krejcie & Morgan. The statistical Table provides an accurate and scientifically proven sample
size for each population hence easy to calculate. An illustration is in Table 3.1 below.

29
Table 3.1: Sample Size Determination
Category Target Population (K) Sample (S) Sampling Method

Refugees 200 approx. 136 Purposive sampling

Stakeholders in charge 10 10 Simple random
of Refugees sampling
human resources 10 10 Purposive sampling
managers
Total 220 156
Source: (Researcher 2023).

3.5 Sampling techniques and procedure

The study will employ both simple random and purposive sampling techniques.

3.5.1 Purposive Sampling

Purposive sampling is a non-probability method for obtaining a sample where researchers use
their expertise to choose specific participants that will help the study meet its goals. These
subjects have particular characteristics that the researchers need to evaluate their research
question. In other words, the researchers picked the participants “on purpose” (Rahi, 2017). This
will help the researcher select 20 key informants from the Stakeholders in charge of Refugees
and human resources managers at Kyaka II Refugee Settlement. The researcher will use her
expert judgment to select participants that are representative of the population and are in line
with the research. To do this, the researcher will consider factors that might influence the
population: perhaps socio-economic status, intelligence, access to education. Then the researcher
purposefully selects a sample that adequately represents the target population on these variables
(Thomas, 2020).
3.5.2 Simple Random Sampling
Simple random sampling is a type of probability sampling in which the researcher randomly
selects a subset of participants from a population. It makes sure that every person in a population
has an equal probability of being chosen as a respondent (Thomas, 2020). It is embraced because
it helps a scientist to efficiently pick a more modest gathering of delegate items or individuals (a

30
subset) from a pre-characterized population to go about as subjects for perception or trial and
error as per the objectives of their study (Golzar, 2022). The justification for adopting this
technique is to minimize bias and increase the generalizability of the study findings. When done
correctly, it ensures that your sample is representative of the larger population, making it more
likely that your research results can be applied to the population as a whole. This technique will
be used to select Refugees.
3.6 Data collection methods
The methods of collecting data for the study were categorized as primary and secondary. Primary
data was gathered through qualitative and quantitative approaches. Primary data collection
methods in this study were applied to gather original data directly from individuals, about the
contribution of strategic physical planning to road infrastructure provision in Kyaka II Refugee
Settlement, Uganda. The secondary data was generated from the Municipal reports and
periodicals (Taylor, 2021).
3.6.1 Questionnaire survey method
Muhammad and Kabir (2018) assert that the survey technique is used to collect data from a
group of respondents by presenting them with a structured set of questions. This study will adopt
a questionnaire survey method. The primary goal of a questionnaire survey was to gather
information, opinions, or attitudes from the representative sample selected to participate in the
study (Taherdoost, 2022). The questionnaire will be closed-ended providing a list of predefined
response options from which the participants had to select responses that suited their opinion
about the set statements. The questionnaire will be administered to the selected respondents
through paper surveys. With the assistance of research assistants, questionnaires with closed-
ended questions will be distributed to respondents. This will be utilized to get their perspectives
comparable to the study's peculiarities (Mutepf, 2019; Linderman, 2023). The justification for
using this method is; that firstly, it is cost-effective for collecting data from a large number of
respondents. Secondly, the standardized questions allow for easy comparisons and analysis.
Thirdly, anonymity encourages honest responses on sensitive topics.
3.6.2 Interview Method
An interview method in research refers to a systematic approach used by researchers to collect
information from participants by asking them questions in a structured or semi-structured manner
(Sileyew, 2019). This method will be adopted to gather in-depth insights, opinions, experiences,
and perspectives from the selected participants. The setting for the interviews will be face-to-face

31
to answer the research question (Young et al., 2018; Ethami, et al., 2022). The key informants
who are Stakeholders in charge of Refugees and human resources managers will be the subject
of interviews. This method will aim to delve deeply into a participant's thoughts, feelings,
experiences, and perspectives about the study variables.
3.6.3 Document Review Analysis
Document review analysis is a versatile research method research method used to systematically
examine and evaluate written or recorded materials, such as documents, reports, articles, and
other textual or visual records (Sileyew, 2019). The primary purpose of document review
analysis is to extract meaningful insights, patterns, and information from the documents under
investigation. Evaluation reports, historical records, policy documents, legal texts, and content
from social media about study variables will be examined. This will enable the researcher to
collect supplementary information which could not have been captured during the interview
process.
3.7 Data Collection Instruments
The researcher will adopt a mixed method for data collection whereby self-administered
questionnaires, key informative interview guides, and document study checklists will be utilized
for the process of collecting data as discussed below.
3.7.1 Questionnaire
According to Muhammad and Kabir (2018), a questionnaire is a method of survey data
collection in which information is gathered through oral or written questionnaires. The
questionnaires will be self-administered to the refugees to obtain the required information for the
study. The questionnaires will be adopted since they are easier to administer, less costly, and
timely and they allow the aspect of confidentiality (Budianto, 2020). The researcher will design
the questionnaire with sub-sections to include; demographic characteristics, strategic physical
planning (IV): refugees’ equal rights to employment, refugees’ free integration, refugees’ free
access to social services, and livelihoods of host communities (DV). The questionnaire will
generate data for objectives one, two, and three (see Chapter One, specific objectives).
3.7.2 Interview Guide
An interview guide is an alternative tool of data collection whereby researchers collect data
through direct verbal interaction while recording respondents’ answers using an interview guide
to supplement other data collection methods (Budianto, 2020). Key informants, such as

32
Stakeholders in charge of Refugees and human resources managers, who are knowledgeable
about the study problem, will be interviewed. It will enable the researcher to gather
comprehensive qualitative data on the phenomenon under investigation; this approach will be
taken into consideration. This will allow for more in-depth analysis and provide more relevant
information that could not have been obtained through the questionnaires (Wang, 2018). The
researcher will use the interview guide to have a professional conversation with the respondents
to get complete explanations of how they perceived the study phenomena.
3.7.3 Document Study Checklist
A document study checklist is a data collection tool where the researcher analyses existing
documents that contain information on the study phenomenon (Sileyew, 2019). Document
checklist will facilitate the researcher to access a broad range of data and supplementary
evidence on the study phenomena. The checklist will comprised Quarterly reports about service
delivery, budgets, Minutes, and policy documents among others.
3.8 Data Quality Control
The researcher will pre-test the instruments used to collect data to ensure that they met the
study's acceptable standards for reliability and validity.
3.8.1 Validity of the Questionnaire
The validity of a research instrument refers to the extent to which the instrument (such as a
questionnaire) accurately measures what it intends to measure (Kothari, 2008; Mugenda &
Mugenda, 2003). In other words, it assesses whether the instrument is measuring the specific
construct or concept it claims to measure and whether the results obtained from the instrument
are genuinely reflective of the underlying phenomenon Chetwynd (2022). The researcher will
adopt Yusoff’s six steps to quantify the Content Validity of the questionnaire as illustrated in
Figure 2 below.

33
 Step 1. Step 2. Step 3.
Prepare content Select review Conduct content
validation form panel validation

Step 4.
Step 6. Step 5.
Review domain
Calculate CVI Score each item
and items

Figure 3.2: Content Validation Procedure.

Source: Yusoff 2019
Procedure to perform content validity in research:
The research will define the constructs or variables that had to be measured within the
questionnaire (Yusoff, 2019). This will be followed by reviewing the relevant literature to
understand the key concepts, variables, and dimensions related to the study “The Influence of
Refugee Regulatory Framework on Host Communities’ Livelihoods at Kyaka II Refugee
Settlement in Uganda”, to identify the important aspects to be reflected in the questionnaire.
Based on the literature reviewed, and construct definition, the researcher generated a pool of
potential items or questions that could be included in the questionnaire. These items will be
diverse and cover various aspects of refugees’ equal rights to employment, refugees’ free
integration, refugees’ free access to social services. Thereafter, the researcher sought input from
two experts in the subject matter. These experts will help to evaluate the relevance and clarity of
each item in the questionnaire. They can also suggest additional important items. The Content
Validity Index (CVI) will be adapted to calculate the validity of the questionnaire (Yusosff,
2019)
a.) Item-CVI: This method assesses the content validity of each item in the questionnaire.
Experts rate each item for relevance on a scale (for example, 1 to 4 or 1 to 5), where higher
ratings indicate greater relevance. Calculate the Item-CVI for each item by dividing the number

34
of experts who rated it as relevant by the total number of experts. An Item-CVI score of 0.80 or
higher is often considered acceptable.
b.) Scale-CVI: If the questionnaire consists of multiple items that are meant to measure the same
construct (e.g., a Likert scale), calculate the Scale-CVI to assess the overall content validity of
the scale. This is typically done by averaging the Item-CVI scores for all items within the scale.
The study adapted Scale-CVI. Before conducting your main study, the questionnaire that was
validated was tested through a pilot study on a small sample to identify any potential issues with
wording, comprehension, or item difficulty. The researcher will finalize the questionnaire by
making necessary revisions based on the pilot test results.
CVI = Number of items considered relevant
Total number of items.
3.8.2 Reliability of the Questionnaire
The reliability of a questionnaire refers to its ability to yield the same data when it is re-
administered under the same conditions (Learnovate, 2022; Hassan, 2023). Reliability for
quantitative research ensures that the results obtained are not just due to random fluctuations or
measurement errors. It helps researchers ensure that the data they collect are consistent and can
be used to make valid inferences about the underlying construct of interest. To assess the
reliability or internal consistency of a set of items in a questionnaire or a test, the Indeed
Editorial Team (2023) proposed doing a stability test using the test-retest method on a 10%
population with similar characteristics to the study population small population during the pilot
study. Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient will be computed.
Cronbach's alpha ranges from 0 to 1, where; If alpha is close to 1, it indicates high internal
consistency, meaning that the items in the scale are measuring the same construct consistently. If
alpha is close to 0, it suggests low internal consistency, meaning that the items in the scale are
not measuring the same construct consistently. A threshold of 0.7 and above will be considered
reliable (Scribbr, 2019; Hair, et al., 2019). The administration of the tools will be carried out on
two occasions within two weeks with the respondents from Kyaka II Refugee Settlement.

35
3.9 Data collection procedures
After the successful proposal defence, the researcher will get a presentation letter from the
Uganda Management Institute (UMI) and presented it to the Kyaka II Refugee Settlement
authorities for endorsement to complete the study. The researcher will test the interview guide
and questionnaire on two respondents and a sample of ten respondents, respectively. The
researcher will make changes to the interview guide and questionnaire based on the feedback
from these respondents. As of now, initiates for research partner positions are prepared on moral
contemplations. After that, the researcher will get in touch with representatives of the Kyaka II
Refugee Settlement to negotiate a work-friendly schedule. Appointments will be made for the
researcher to meet the respondents and collect the data at the organization (Kyaka II Refugee
Settlement). The researcher will personally deliver the questionnaires to respondents, assisted by
research assistants, after obtaining permission from the Kyaka II Refugee Settlement authorities.
The researcher will conduct in-person interviews with the most significant respondents, which
include a question-and-answer session. From that point on, the instruments for the exploration
will be gathered, and the data will be recorded, coded, deciphered, and studied.
3.10 Data analysis
Data analysis is the strategy associated with bringing solicitation, plan, and importance to the
mass of information amassed. The research will use both qualitative and quantitative methods of
data analysis before the analysis of the data that is discussed in this section.
3.10.1 Quantitative analysis
Quantitative data analysis, which calls for employing both descriptive and inferential statistics,
will be carried out using the Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS). Descriptive
statistics describe the characteristics of a data set. Descriptive statistics will be computed using
frequency distributions, mean, and standard deviation. Inferential statistics will focus on making
predictions about the Influence of Refugee Regulatory Framework on Host Communities’
Livelihoods at Kyaka II Refugee Settlement in Uganda. The data will be presented in
comprehensive tables displaying the responses to each category of variables after being edited,
coded, and entered
3.10.2 Qualitative analysis
The term "qualitative analysis" was coined by Borgstede and Scholz (2021) to describe a method
that "provides insights and understanding of the problem setting.". Narrative analysis of

36
qualitative data will be consolidated given how the outcomes connect with the exploration
questions. The researcher will collect data from a collection of written, oral, or visual texts (such
as books, papers, magazines, talks, and meetings) to identify patterns in written correspondence
to conduct Narrative analysis (Marsh, et, al., 2020; Luo, 2022).
3.11 Variable measurement
According to IvyPanda (2020), a measurement variable is an unidentified attribute that can
measure a specific entity and can take one or more values. It is frequently used for scientific
research. A variable that is used to name, label, or classify specific characteristics that are being
measured is referred to as a nominal variable. A nominal variable is the simplest measurement
variable in the two categories of categorical variables. Some examples of nominal variables
include gender, name, and phone number (Bhandari, 2022). A measurement variable whose
values can be sorted or ordered is known as an ordinal variable. They are constructed on nominal
scales by assigning numbers to objects to represent an attribute's rank or order. The independent
and dependent variables were measured using the Likert scale, which has five points (1-strongly
disagree, 2-disagree, 3-not sure, 4-agree, and 5-strongly agree). Since it gives a mathematical
score at each point, this scale was decided to measure the respondent's demeanor. In studies of
social attitude, the summated scale is also the one that is used the most frequently. The study
variables were calculated in a predetermined order using the nominal and ordinal measurement
levels. The Likert scale will be utilized during the information assortment interaction to decide
respondents' sentiments and impressions of the formed factors. On a scale of 1 to 5, factors
addressed by emphatically deviate, dissent, not certain, concur, and firmly concur will be
measured using ordinary and plausible estimations.
3.11 Ethical consideration
Morals in research allude to the standards that recognize satisfactory and unsatisfactory ways of
behaving (Cammaerts, 2020). The researcher was aware of the significance of ethics in this
study, which prioritized honesty, integrity, and attribution.
Confidentiality and privacy: It refers to the obligation of an individual or organization to
safeguard entrusted information. The research participant’s privacy will be assured by the
researcher, who kept all the information safely locked up during the research process.
To ensure privacy, the respondents were informed that indeed their names were required, that
they have the right to leave questions unanswered for which they do not wish to offer the

37
requisite information, and that the study could not put the respondent under pressure if this
happens.
Informed Consent: The researcher sought informed consent before conducting the data collection
process. Informed consent for research requires that the respondents or subject must be
competent to understand and decide, receive full disclosure, comprehend the disclosure, act
voluntarily, and consent to the proposed action to which this study adhered.
Plagiarism: presenting someone else's work or ideas as your own, with or without their consent
by incorporating it into your work without full acknowledgment. All published and unpublished
material, whether in manuscript, printed, or electronic form, is covered under this definition. This
will be minimized by paraphrasing, citing, quoting, citing quotes, citing own material, and
referencing.
Voluntary participation: The research participants were informed that their participation in the
study was not to be rewarded in any way; it will be entirely voluntary. All the research
participants will be informed of their rights to refuse to be interviewed or to withdraw at any
point for any reason, without any prejudice or explanation.

38
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