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Abundance and diversity of man-biting mosquito species in the tropical

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DOI: 10.22271/j.ento.2023.v11.i2a.9183

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 Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2023; 11(2): 52-56

E-ISSN: 2320-7078
P-ISSN: 2349-6800
www.entomoljournal.com
Abundance and diversity of man-biting mosquito
JEZS 2023; 11(2): 52-56
© 2023 JEZS
species in the tropical rainforest belt of
Received: 12-01-2023
Accepted: 19-02-2023
Southeastern Nigeria
Elosiuba, Nwanneka Victoria
Department of Parasitology and Elosiuba, Nwanneka Victoria, Akulue Justina Chimezie, Imakwu Cyril
Entomology, Faculty of Ali, Chikwendu Joy Ifeyinwa, Ogbuefi Emmanuel Okwudili and Onyido
Biosciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe
University Awka, Anambra Angus Ejidikeme
State, Nigeria
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22271/j.ento.2023.v11.i2a.9183
Akulue Justina Chimezie
Department of Parasitology and
Abstract
Entomology, Faculty of
Biosciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe
Abundance and diversity of man-biting mosquito species in the tropical rainforest belt of Southeastern
University, Awka, Anambra Nigeria was undertaken in three selected communities. The study lasted 12 months cutting across wet and
State, Nigeria dry seasons. Adult mosquitoes were collected, both indoors and outdoors, using pyrethrum spreadsheet
method (PSC) and human landing catch technique (HLC). The mosquitoes were morphologically
Imakwu Cyril Ali identified using identification guides, later confirmed by expert taxonomists. Data were analyzed using
Department of Parasitology and statistical package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 21.0) Percentages were used to determine relative
Entomology, Faculty of abundance of the mosquitoes. Species richness was determined using Shannon-Weiner Indices. A total of
Biosciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe 4,434 adult mosquitoes consisting of 936 (21.11%) indoors and 3,498 (78.89%) outdoors were collected.
University Awka, Anambra The mosquito collections were made of 15 species belonging to six genera. Aedes mosquitoes 3,072
State, Nigeria (69.28%) significantly topped the list of the mosquito population (P < 0.05) and was the most abundant
species caught outdoors. Anopheles mosquitoes 627 (14.14%) were significantly higher indoors (P <
Chikwendu Joy Ifeyinwa 0.05) than all the mosquitoes collected. Monthly abundance of the mosquitoes showed a bi-modal peak
Department of Parasitology and with a minor peak occurring in June and a major peak in October. In the dry season, mosquito abundance
Entomology, Faculty of in the three communities was similar, but differed significantly (P < 0.05) during the wet season.
Biosciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe Shannon-Weiner Indices ranked Okija community as the most diverse in species richness. The
University Awka, Anambra preponderance of Anopheles, Culex and Aedes species in the study area was viewed as a danger signal
State, Nigeria
against mosquito-borne diseases transmission as the collected species are proven vectors of public health
diseases. Health education is advocated for protection and improvement of the people’s health.
Ogbuefi Emmanuel Okwudili
Department of Parasitology and
Entomology, Faculty of Keywords: Mosquitoes, abundance, diversity, public health
Biosciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe
University Awka, Anambra 1. Introduction
State, Nigeria Mosquitoes are blood-sucking insects with a cosmopolitan distribution [1]. Though widely
distributed, they are more abundant in the tropical countries of the world [2, 3]. Over 3500
Onyido Angus Ejidikeme
species of mosquitoes exist and have been classified into three subfamilies; Anophelinae,
Department of Parasitology and
Entomology, Faculty of Culicinae and Toxorhynchitinae.
Biosciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe Mosquitoes are found in almost all types of aquatic habitats for breeding [4, 5]. Most of them
University Awka, Anambra breed in both natural and artificial habitats, which include drains, pools of water, plastic cans
State, Nigeria and tins, tree holes, leaf axils and soak-away pits [6].
The most important human biting mosquitoes belong to the genera Anopheles, Culex, Aedes,
Mansonia, Haemagogus, Sabethes and Psorophora. Certain dreadful diseases which cause
serious health problems to humans are transmitted by mosquitoes [7]. Since female mosquitoes
must have a blood meal as a requirement for oviposition, this gives them a great opportunity to
bite man and transmit diseases such as malaria, arborviruses such as zika, yellow fever,
dengue, chikungunya, filariasis among others [4, 8]. The affected persons suffer immensely and
development is hindered [9].
Corresponding Author:
Elosiuba, Nwanneka Victoria
They breed in almost all types of aquatic habitats. The knowledge of mosquito breeding
Department of Parasitology and ecology, including their resting habits and biting patterns are needed for any vector control
Entomology, Faculty of measure to be effective and successful. This study was therefore designed to investigate the
Biosciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe abundance and diversity of the existing mosquito fauna and its possible public health
University Awka, Anambra implication on the residents of Okija, Ukpor and Orsumoghu communities in Anambra State,
State, Nigeria
Nigeria.
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2. Materials and Methods roofs, pyrethroid-based insecticide aerosol (Baygon) was

2.1 Study Area sprayed in the, the openings and cracks in the walls and roof
The study was carried out in Anambra State, in the before spraying the inside of the rooms. Inside the room, the
Southeastern region of Nigeria. The three study sites were doors, windows and vents were shut and in a clockwise
Ukpor community (Nnewi South L.G.A.) situated between direction, the insecticide was quickly sprayed towards the
latitude 5º54"34"N and latitude 6º 55" 58", Okija community ceiling and corners of the room until the room was filled with
(Ihiala L.G.A.) lies between latitude 5º 54" 0" N and longitude insecticide. The room was left undisturbed for about 15
6º 50" 0" E and Orsumoghu community (Ihiala L.G.A.) located minutes. After the time elapsed, starting from the doorway the
between latitude 5º 51" 14" N and Longitude 6º 51" 36" E [10]. sheet was picked from their corners and brought outside. The
These communities lie within the tropical rainforest zone of sheet was carefully spread out and using entomological
Nigeria with well-marked wet and dry seasons. They have forceps, the knocked down mosquitoes were picked up and
about 8 months of wet season (April to November) and about placed in a labeled petri dish lined with damp cotton wool and
4 months of dry season (December to March). There is also a filter paper.
short harmattan period from December to January within the
dry season. The relative humidity of these communities is 2.5.2 The human landing catches: This involved using
about 85.8% in the dry season and 91.1% in the wet season. humans as bait for trapping mosquitoes. It was carried out bi-
The annual rainfall for the communities was 97.3 mm in the weekly in each study community between the hours of 16:00
dry season and 2064 mm in the wet season. The average to 19:00. Collectors wore long-sleeve clothes with scarves or
temperature range of the areas are 24.1 °C minimum and 35 caps on the heads, scarves around the necks while exposing
°C maximum during the dry season and 23.5 °C minimum their lower legs for mosquitoes to land on. With the aid of
and 31.5 °C maximum during the wet season [11]. torch-light the landing mosquitoes were collected using test
tube vials or aspirators, covered with cotton balls and time of
2.2 Informed Consent and Permission to carry out study collection placed on the container. The collected mosquitoes
Prior to the study, advocacy visits to the traditional rulers and were collated at quarter-hourly intervals and placed in
opinion leaders of the communities and proper explanation of separate polyethylene bags for transportation to the
the project intent were used to obtain permission to carry out laboratory.
the study in these communities. Oral consent was obtained
from all participants involved in sample collection. Yellow 2.5.3 Identification of Adult Mosquitoes: Morphological
fever vaccines and malaria prophylaxis were administered to identification of the mosquitoes was carried out using a
the volunteers from the community health facility. stereomicroscope model no ST-30-2L S/ST Series Pec
Medicals USA, with the aid of published keys by [14, 15] The
2.3 Study Design identification was based on gross morphological features,
The study adopted a cross-sectional and longitudinal study appearances of palps, proboscis, antennae, thorax, wings,
design for the aspects of ecology of human biting mosquito terminal abdominal segment and colour of the hind tarsi.
population in Okija, Ukpor and Orsumoghu communities. The
study spanned over a period of one year cutting across two 2.6 Data Analysis
seasons (the dry and the wet seasons). The abundance of the individual mosquitoes was determined
as percentage of the total mosquitoes collected at each study
2.4 Selection of houses for entomological surveillance station. Faunal diversity index for species richness (D) was
Random sampling was used in selecting the houses that were analyzed using Margalef’s diversity index for species (taxa)
used for the surveillance. A total of ninety houses (30 per richness, while Shannon Wiener index (H) was used for
community) were randomly selected in the three communities general diversity and equitability of evenness (E) of
for the collection of indoor resting mosquitoes and out-door distribution [16, 17].
biting mosquitoes. Collection was done bi-weekly for a period SPSS version 21.0 employed the use of ANOVA, Duncan’s
of one year. New Multiple Range Test, Student’s t-test and Chi square test
to analyze this data.
2.5 Adult Mosquito Collection
Adult mosquitoes were collected using two methods: The 3. Results
Pyrethrum Spreadsheet Collection (PSC) and the Human A total of 4,434 adult mosquitoes belonging to 6 genera
Landing Catches (HLC) methods [12]. The PSC was done bi- namely: Anopheles, Culex, Aedes, Mansonia, Eretmapodites
weekly between the hours of 06:00 and 09:00, while the HLC and Coquillettidia and comprised of 15 species were collected
was equally done bi-weekly between the hours of 16:00 and during the study. Of the six genera Aedes 3072 (69.28%) was
19:00. the most abundant and Coquillettidia 6 (0.14%), was the least.
Anopheles vectors of malaria parasites, were also collected in
2.5.1 Pyrethrum spreadsheet collection: This study considerable numbers 702 (15.83%). Of the 15 species Ae.
employed the insecticidal knockdown technique of africanus 1587 (33.79%) was the most abundant while Er.
mosquitoes [13]. On the morning of the sampling, care was quinquevittatus 3 (0.07%) was the least (Table 1).
taken to make sure that any resting mosquitoes were not Monthly abundance of mosquitoes in the study area showed a
disturbed. All persons were requested to leave the room, all bi-modal peak in October and June. January and February had
food items and water in the room were properly covered. As the lowest population. In January, the mosquito population
much as possible, any removable item (furniture) was carried was in all-time low of 1.08%, from where it gradually rose to
out. The white sheet (4m x 4m) was then spread so that it the first peak of 12.95% of the total mosquito collection in
completely covered the floor and every other furniture that June. The mosquito population dropped again in July to
remained, the doors and windows were closed. Cracks and 6.75%, remained more or less steady in August to 6.28%. In
crevices on the wall were covered with wrung papers. The September the mosquito population started increasing again
outside of the room was inspected and in cases of unceiled and reached the highest peak of 17.62% in October, dropped
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Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies http://www.entomoljournal.com

rapidly to 4.8% in December (Fig.1). quinquefasciatus were collected both indoors and outdoors in
Mosquito abundance in the three communities studied was significant numbers. Mansonia africana was collected both
similar in dry season. Ukpor community 34.72% had slightly indoors and outdoors but in relatively very small numbers.
but non-significant higher mosquito population than Okija Margalef index gave the highest species richness to Okija
32.83% and Orsumoghu 32.45%. In the wet season Ukpor community while Ukpor ranked least. Shannon –Weiner
(41.15%) had significantly higher mosquito abundance (P < diversity index ranked Okija also as the most diverse
0.05) than Orsumoghu (34.39%) and Okija (24.46%) (Fig.2). community, Ukpor also ranked least. However the eveness
Relative abundance of mosquito species in the studied index was highest in Okija (Table 4).
communities showed Orsumoghu with the highest percentage
abundance of 45.47%, while Okija recorded the least 20.84%. Table 1: Man-biting mosquito species collected in the study
The distribution of the 15 species of mosquitoes were as communities
follows; Okija 13 species, Ukpor 8 species and Orsumoghu 12 Mosquito species Number collected Percentage
species (Table 2). Anopheles gambiae 600 13.53
Of the 15 species of mosquitoes collected from the study Anopheles funestus 21 0.47
sites, six species namely Anopheles gambiae, An. mouchetti, Anopheles mouchetti 6 0.14
Culex quinquefasciatus, Mansonia africana and Coquillettidia Culex quinquefasciatus 696 15.69
aurites were collected indoors. Anopheles species 927 Culex annulioris 6 0.14
(66.99%) significantly topped the list in abundance (P < Culex chrysogaster 12 0.27
0.05), followed by Culex quiquefasciatus 276 (29.49%) Culex quinquevittatus 3 0.07
Mansonia and Coquillettidia 6 (0.64%) each (Table 3). Aedes albopictus 1059 23.88
Eleven mosquito species composed of six species of Aedes, Aedes aegypti 279 6.29
Culex quinquefasciatus, Cx. annulioris, Eretmapodites Aedes africanus 1587 35.79
chrysogaster, Er. quinquevittatus and Mansonia africana Aedes luteocephalus 123 2.77
Aedes circumluteolus 12 0.27
were collected outdoors. Aedes group of mosquitoes
Aedes simpsoni 12 0.27
accounted for 3498 (78.89%) of the outdoor biting
Mansonia africana 12 0.27
mosquitoes and were significantly higher in abundance (P < Coquillettidia aurites 6 0.14
0.05) than other outdoor biting mosquitoes collected (Table Total 4434 100.00
3). No Anopheles species was collected outdoors. Culex

Fig 1: Gross monthly abundance of mosquitoes in the study area

Fig 2: Seasonal abundance of the mosquitoes in the three communities studied

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Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies http://www.entomoljournal.com
Table 2: Relative abundance of man-biting mosquito species in the studied communities
Communities
Mosquito species
Okija Ukpor Orsumoghu Total (%)
Aedes aegypti 150 69 51 279 (6.29)
Aedes albopictus 186 705 168 1059 (23.88)
Aedes africanus 60 288 1239 1587 (35.79)
Aedes luteocephalus 30 60 33 123 (2.77)
Aedes circumluteolus 9 0 3 12 (0.27)
Aedes simpsoni 9 0 3 12 (0.27)
Anopheles gambiae 240 183 177 600(13.53)
Anopheles funestus 12 0 9 21(0.47)
Anopheles mouchetti 6 0 0 6(0.14)
Culex quinquefasciatus 201 174 321 696 (15.70)
Culex annulioris 0 3 3 6 (0.14)
Coquillettidia aurites 6 0 0 6(0.14)
Eretmapodite chrysogaster 6 0 6 12 (0.27)
Eretmapodite quinquevittatus 0 0 3 3 (0.07)
Mansonia africana 9 3 0 12 (0.27)
924(20.84) 1494(33.69) 2016(45.47) 4434

Table 3: Indoor and outdoor abundance of man-biting mosquito variety of mosquito species observed in this study could be as
species in the studied communities a result of the land use and human activities of the inhabitants
Indoor Outdoor of these communities [4]. Rivers traverse these communities
Mosquito species Total (%) and the rich forested vegetation and swampy banks of these
collection collection
Aedes albopictus 6 1053 1,059(23.88) rivers could be excellent breeding and resting grounds for
Aedes aegypti 15 264 279(6.29) these mosquitoes.
Aedes africanus 0 1587 1,587(35.79) Mosquito abundance in this study revealed the most abundant
Aedes luteocephalus 0 123 123(2.77) genus as Aedes, followed by Culex, next was Anopheles,
Aedes circumluteolus 0 12 12(0.27) Eretmapodites, Mansonia with Coquillettidia being the
Aedes simpsoni 0 12 12(0.27) least.The most abundant species was Aedes africanus,
Anopheles gambiae 600 0 600 (13.53) followed by Ae. albopictus, then Cx. quinquefasciatus, the
Anopheles funestus 21 0 21 (0.47) lowest percentage abundance was recorded by Er.
Anopheles mouchetti 6 0 6 (0.14) quinquevittatus. The composition of mosquito species
Culex quinquefasciatus 276 420 696 (15.70)
recorded in this study was similar to that observed in a study
Culex annulioris 0 6 6 (0.14)
carried out in the Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka
Coquelittidia aurites 6 0 6 (0.14)
Eretmapodites chrysogaster 0 12 12(0.27)
community [18]. Six genera of culicines yielded thirteen
Eretmapodites quinquevittatus 0 3 3(0.07) species of mosquitoes. Similar to what was obtained in this
Mansonia africana 6 6 12 (0.27) present work, Culex species and Aedes species were found in
Total 936(21.11) 3498(78.89) 4434(100.00) all study locations [18]. However this study differed from the
work [7] done in a rice growing community of Kwara State
Table 4: Species richness, diversity, dominance and evenness which recorded four genera of Culicidae with only four
indices calculated for mosquito species in the studied communities species of mosquitoes. A high preponderance of An. gambiae
complex was recorded with it having the highest percentage
Indices Communities
abundance in the community during the study period. This
Okija Ukpor Orsumoghu
Margalef’s index (d) 1.751 1.144 1.558
could easily be attributed to the swampy nature of the rice
Menhinick’s 0.3418 0.1959 0.2763 growing environment with pools of water that could serve as
Dominance (D) 0.2588 0.2777 0.3551 breeding sites for Anopheles species.
Simpson (1 - D) 0.7412 0.7223 0.6449 Seasonal variations in the distribution of mosquitoes were
Reciprocal Simpson (1/D) 3.8640 3.6010 1.5506 observed in this study. The abundance of mosquitoes
Shannon Wiener index (H) 1.7224 1.5519 1.4421 increased during the wet seasons. Bimodal peak abundance of
Highest species diversity (Hmax) 2.6389 1.0717 2.5651 mosquito species in the study communities were recorded in
Berger-Parker 0.4493 0.4267 0.5596 October and June, while the months of January recorded the
Fisher_alpha 2.093 1.317 1.831 least abundance. This agreed with the work of Ajao and
Evenness _ e^H/S 0.3999 0.4721 0.3254 Adeleke [7], showing a similar trend with a peak in the month
Equitability (J) 0.6527 0.6740 0.5622 of October and the least abundance being recorded in the
Brillouin 1.703 1.542 1.429 month of January. The agricultural activities of the inhabitants
No. of Species 14 9 13 provided breeding grounds for these mosquitoes especially
No. of individuals 1678 2606 2214 within the peri-domestic environments. The practice of having
farms within the immediate environments of the living areas
4. Discussion and Recommendation gave rise to a number of plantain and banana plants, also
Six genera of mosquitoes Aedes, Anopheles, Culex, cocoyam and pineapples plants whose leaf axils served as
Mansonia, Eretmapodites and Coquillettidia composed of good breeding grounds for culicine mosquitoes especially
fifteen species were observed in this study. Similar findings Aedes species [4]. In addition, the practice of cultivating ridges
were recorded by some previous works on mosquito and mounds helps to create water pools within the farms for
distribution and abundance in Nigeria [1, 8, 3, 9]. This wide the breeding of Anopheles mosquitoes [5]. The indiscriminate
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Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies http://www.entomoljournal.com

disposal of cans, tins and plastic containers within the their survival and population abundance in Anambra
environment served as good breeding grounds for mosquito state, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Parasitology.
species [19]. Similar reports had been given [20, 21], showing that 2020;41(2):240-250.
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as a result of the presence of artificial containers in and abundance and diversity of mosquitoes in Akure, Ondo
around homes and provided them with suitable breeding sites. State, Nigeria. J of Parasitol and Vector Biol.
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africanus, Aedes albopictus, Culex quinquefasciatus and Meteorological Agency, hydromet division, Awka;
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