Cognitive – various strategies that one uses to learn
Metacognitive – implement the most effective and efficient strategy to learn
- Thinking about thinking
- Self assessment
Factors in Learning:
Cognitive and Metacognitive Factors
Motivational and Social Factors
- Intrinsinc, Extrinsic
Developmental and Social Factors
- Physical, Intellectual, Emotional, Social Domains
Individual Differences Factors
- Heredity, Nature, Nurture
Summary of 14 LCP
Development: (predictable manner)
Growth – quantity, weight, height
Maturation – internal ripening of the body, change due to age
Learning – Change that come from experience
2 approaches of Human Development:
Traditional Approach – extensive change from birth to adolescence
- Little or no change in adulthood
- Decline in late old age
Life-Span Approach – lifelong, plastic (potential for change – molded)
-Multidimensional (different aspects)
-Gradual (not automatically or little by little)
-Contextual (changing beings, society)
-Involves growth, maintenance & regulation
-Hollistic
Developmental Task – must be acquired by the child.
Santrock Stages of Development
Prenatal – tremendous growth from single cell to organism
1.Germinal – first 2 weeks, not known if pregnant
-Egg and sperm unites (FERTILIZATION)
-Zygote divide (BLASTOCYSTS)
-Zygote implants into the uterus
2.Embryonic – 2-8 weeks, known pregnant, most crucial stage, avoid illegal substance intake
-Cell differentiation intensifies
-Life supporting system develop
-Organs appear
-Organogenesis = process of organ formation (first 2 months)
Has 3 layers
Endoderm – inner layer of cells, develop into digestive and respiratory system, included heart
Mesoderm – middle layer, circulatory, skeletal, muscular, excretory and reproductive system
Ectoderm – outermost layer, nervous system, sensory receptors (eyes, ear, nose) and skin parts (nail,
hair)
3.Fetal – 2 – 9 months, also crucial
Teratology & Hazards to Pre-natal Development
Teratogens – birth defects
-prescription and nonprescription drugs
-psychoactive drugs (FAS – Fetal Alcohol Syndrome)
-environmental hazards
-maternal factors (Rubella, AIDS, Herpes), stress, age, anxiety
Child Nutrition
Exceptional Development
Cephalocaudal – head to downward
Proximodistal – center outward, near shoulder
Infancy – birth to 2 years, can see light but not fully, senses are still developing
-extreme dependence on adults and psychological activities
Early Childhood – 3 to 5 years old, preschool, become more sufficient, develop school readiness and
more hours played
-Toy age
-Preschool Age
-Pre-gang age (no criteria of friends)
-Exploratory
-Questioning Age
-Most Teachable
Middle & Late Childhood – 6 to 12 years old, formal set-up schooling
-exposed to larger world and culture
-sloppy age
-quarrelsome age
-gang age (basis for friends acquire)
-critical period in the achievement drive
-age of conformity
Adolescence – 13 to 18 years old
-rapid physical changes
-sexual characteristics appears
-independence and identity are prominent
-idealistic
-logical and abstract thinkers
-achieving masculine, feminine role
-accepting one’s physique and using the body effectively
-storm and stress
-achieving emotional independence
Early Adulthood – 19 to 29 years old
-career development
-personal and economic independence
-intimate relationship
-starting a family
Middle Adulthood – 30 to 60 years old
-expanding personal and social involvement and responsibility, reaching and maintain career satisfaction
-guiding next generation
Late Adulthood – 61 and above
-adjustment to decreasing strength and health
-life review
-retirement
-adjustment to new social role
Brain – one of the largest and most complex organ in the body
-contains 50 billion neurons at birth
-at age 10, children have developed half of the brain
Myelination – process of forming myelin shealth around a nerve to allow nerve impulses to move
-average brain weight of an adult ranges from 1.3 to 1.4 kg
-newborns brain is about 25% of adult weight
Plasticity – human brain ability
-reorganize itself by forming new connections
Pruning – degradations of neurons
Self Concept – how we perceive our behaviours, abilities and unique characteristics. Ex. Am I a good
teacher?
Ideal Self – the person you want to be
Self Image – see yourself at this moment in time
Self Esteem – how much like, accept, and value yourself all contribute to your self concept.
Defense Mechanism by Sigmund & Anna Freud
-Denial
-Repression (force to forget)
-Projection (influencing)
-Regression (back to comfort)
-Displacement (bully, history of bully, other option)
-Sublimation (more focused on other things)
-Rationalization (reason)
-Introjection (being influenced by)
-Rational Formation
Psychosexual Development Theory
-define LIBIDO as instinctual drive
Erogenous Zone
Fixation – failure to satisfy psychosexual needs
Piaget Cognitive Development
Schema – prior knowledge
Assimilation – schema +new concept
Accommodation – schema + new concept but not fit in
Equilibrium
Maladaptation – too much positive
Malignancy – too much negative
Basic Virtue – balance
Epigenetic Principle
People grow
People grow in sequence
Erik Erikson
Stage 1 Infancy (0 – 1 ½ years old)
Trust vs Mistrust
-Sensory Maladjustment
-Maladaptation (too much trust)
-Malignancy (Withdrawal)
-Virtue (Hope)
Stage 2 Early Childhood (1 ½ 3-4 years old)
Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt
-Impulsiveness (Maladaptation)
-Compulsiveness (Malignancy)
-Willpower & Determination (Virtue)
Stage 3 Pre-school (3-4 – 5-6 years old)
Initiative vs Guilt
-Ruthlessness (Maladaptation)
-Inhibition (Malignancy)
-Purpose & Direction (Virtue)
Stage 4 School Age (6-12 years old)
Industry vs Inferiority
- Narrow Virtuosity =always win(Maladaptation)
- Inertia =always lose(Malignancy)
- Competence(Virtue)
Stage 5 Adolescence (12 – 18 years old)
Ego Identity vs Role Confusion
-Fanaticism = egocentric (Maladaptation)
-Repudiation = confuse (Malignancy)
- Fidelity (Virtue)
Stage 6 Young Adulthood (18 – 30 years old)
Intimacy vs Isolation
-Promiscuity (Maladaptation)
-Hatefulness & Loneliness (Malignancy)
-Love (Virtue)
Stage 7 Middle Adulthood (20s - 50s)
Generativity vs Stagnation
-Overextension (Maladaptation)
-Rejectivity (Malignancy)
-Caring (Virtue)
Stage 8 Late Adulthood (60 years old)
Integrity vs Despair
-Presumption (Maladaptation)
-Disdain (Malignancy)
-Wisdom (Virtue)
Kohlberg Moral Development
Pre-Conventional
Stage 1 Punishment/Obedience
Stage 2 Mutual Benefit
Conventional
Stage 3 Social Approval
Stage 4 Law and Order
Post-Conventional
Stage 5 Social Contract
Stage 6 Universal Principle
Socio Cultural Theory
Lev Vygotsky – ZPD
ACTUAL – Independent
POTENTIAL – Help by
Scaffolding
Mildred Parten NewHall Types of play:
Solitary – self
Onlooker – watching others play
Unoccupied – watching everywhere
Parallel – different style of play
Associative – same play
Cooperative – Has rules
