1. DefinePort?
2. What is the condition for symmetry in case h-parameters & ABCD (T)parameters?
3. Define characteristicimpedance?
4. What is the condition for reciprocity in case Hybrid (h) & ABCD (T)parameters?
EXP:6
Verification of
(a) Thevinen’s Theorem (b) Norton Theorem
A.VERIFICATION OF THEVENIN’S THEOREM
AIM:
To Verify Thevinen’s theorem.
APPARATUS:
S.No. Equipment Range Type Quantity
1 Ammeter
2 Voltmeter
3 R.P.S
4 Bread Board
5 Resistors
6 Connecting Wires As required
CIRCUITDIAGRAM:
Circuit - 1 : To find load current
Figure.1 measurement of load current
To find VTH
Figure.2 measurement of Vth
To find RTH
Figure.3 measurement of Rth
Thevinen’s Equivalent circuit:
Figure.4 measurement of load current
THEORY:
Any linear, bilateral network having a number of voltage, current sources and resistances can be
replaced by a simple equivalent circuit consisting of a single voltage source in series with a resistance,
where the value of the voltage source is equal to the open circuit voltage and the resistance is the
equivalent resistance measured between the open circuit terminals with all energy sources replaced by
their ideal internal resistances
Measurement of IL&VTHorVOC Measurement ofRTH
Measurement of IL (IL = VTH or VOC/ RTH +RL )
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown infig..1
2. Measure current in RL.
3. Connect the circuit as shown infig.2.
4. Measure open circuit voltage Voc by open circuiting terminals i.e.,VTH
5. Connect the circuit as shown infig.3,measure equivalent resistance i.e. Rth
6. Connect the Thevinen’s equivalent circuit as shown infig.4
7. Measurement current inRL
TABULARCOLUMN:
Parameters Theoretical Values Practical Values
Voc
RTH
IL
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Check for proper connections before switching ON thesupply
2. Make sure of proper color coding ofresistors
3. The terminal of the resistance should be properlyconnected.
RESULT:
VIVAQUESTIONS:
1. What is load resistance?
2. How will you calculate Thevinen’s resistanceRTH?
3. How will you calculate Thevinen’s voltageVTH?
4. How will you calculate load current IL?
B.VERIFICATION OF NORTON ’S THEOREM
AIM:
To Verify Norton’s theorem.
Apparatus Required
Sl.No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 RPS (regulated power supply) (0-30V) 2
2 Ammeter (0-10mA) 1
3 Resistors 1K , 330 3,1
4 Bread Board -- Required
5 DRB -- 1
CIRCUITDIAGRAM:
Circuit - 1 : To find load current
Figure.1 measurement of load current
To find IN
Figure.2 measurement of short circuit current
To find RN
Figure.3 measurement of equivalent resistance
Norton’s equivalent circuit
Figure.4 measurement of load current
STATEMENT
Any linear, bilateral network with current sources, voltage sources and resistances can be replaced by an
equivalent circuit consisting of a current source in parallel with a resistance. The value of the current
source is the current flowing through the short circuit terminals of the network and the resistance is the
equivalent resistance measured between the open circuit terminals of the network with all the energy
sources replaced by their internal resistances.
Norton’s Norton’s Norton’s Current
EquivalentResistancecircuit EquivalentCircuit
PROCEDURE:
1.Connect the circuit diagram as shown in fig.1.
2.Measure the current IL
3.Connect the circuit diagram as shown in fig.2
4.Measure the current Isc (or) IN by short-circuiting load resistance
5.Connect the circuit diagram as shown in fig.3
6.Remove RPS and short circuit the terminal and remove the load and note down the resistance across the
two terminals.
7.Connect Norton's equivalent circuit by connecting IN & RN in parallel as shown in fig.4 and find
load current.
TABULARCOLUMN:
Parameters Theoretical Values Practical Values
Isc/ IN
RN
IL
RESULT
VIVAQUESTIONS:
1. What is load resistance?
2. How will you calculate Norton’s resistanceRN?
3. How will you calculate Norton’s currentISC?
4. How will you calculate load current IL?
EXP:7
Verification of Superposition theorem and Maximum power transfer theorem
A.VERIFICATION OF SUPERPOSITIONTHEOREM
AIM:
ToVerify principle of Superposition theoretically and practically.
APPARATUS:
S.No. Equipment Range Type Quantity
1. Resistors - -
2. Ammeter
3. R.P.S
4. Bread Board - -
5. Connecting Wires required
CIRCUITDIAGRAM:
Fig- 1 Both Voltage Sources areacting(V1= RPS1&V2= RPS2)
Fig - .2 Voltage Source V1 is actingalone
Fig - 3 Voltage Source V2 is acting alone
STATEMENT:
In a linear, bilateral network the response in any element is equal to sum of individual responses with all other
sources being non-operative.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure (1) and note down the current flowing through 1KΩ and let it
beI.
2. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 2 and note down the ammeter Reading, and let it beI1.
3. Connect the circuit as shown in figure .3 and note down the ammeter reading, and let it beI2.
4. Verify for I=I1+I5.
5. Compare the practical value of current observed with that of theoretically calculated.
TABULARCOLUMN:
WHEN BOTH V1 & V2≠0 WHEN V1≠0 & WHEN V1=0&
V2=0 V2≠0 (I2)
PARAMETERS (I)
(I1)
Current through R3 (Theoretical
Values)
Current through R3 (Practical Values)
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Check for proper connections before switching ON thesupply
2. Make sure of proper color coding ofresistors
3. The terminal of the resistance should be properlyconnected
RESULT
VIVAQUESTIONS:
1. State Superpositiontheorem.
2. How to find power using Superpositiontheorem?
3. Write applications of super positiontheorem
B.VERIFICATION OF MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFERTHEOREM
AIM:
To design the load resistor this absorbs maximum power from source
Apparatus Required:
Sl.No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 RPS (0-30V) 1
2 Voltmeter (0-10V) MC 1
3 Resistor 1K Ώ, 1.3K Ώ, 3Ώ 3
4 DRB -- 1
5 Bread Board & -- Required
wires
CIRCUITDIAGRAM:
Fig –.1 Maximum Power Transfer Circuit
STATEMENT:
The maximum power transfer theorem states that maximum power is delivered from a source to an load resistance
when the load resistance is equal to source resistance. (RL = Rs is the condition required for maximum power
transfer).
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown infig..1
2. Vary the load resistance in steps and note down current flowing through thecircuit.
3. Calculate power delivered to the load
4. Draw the graph between resistance and power (resistance on X- axis and power onY-axis).
5. Verify the maximum power is delivered to the load when RL = Rs forDC.
TABULARCOLUMN:
S. No RL V I P=VI
5
MODELGRAPH:
Fig –.2 Output Graph of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Check for proper connections before switching ON thesupply
2. Make sure of proper color coding ofresistors
3. The terminal of the resistance should be properlyconnected
RESULT:
VIVAQUESTIONS:
1. State maximum power transfertheorem.
2. Is it possible to apply maximum power transfer theorem to ac as well as dccircuit?
3. How to find power using maximum power transfertheorem?
4. What are conditions for maximum power transfertheorem?
5. Is itpossible to apply maximumpower transfertheoremto nonlinearcircuit?
