MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

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WINTER – 2023 EXAMINATION

Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors

Subject Name: Software Engineering Subject Code:

22413
Important Instructions to examiners:
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer22Appli
scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
cation
of
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not applicable for
subject English and Communication Skills.
Gantt
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The figures
drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant valuesChart
may vary and
there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer based on
candidate’s understanding.
Th
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent concept.
8) As per the policy decision of Maharashtra State Government, teaching in English/Marathi and Bilingual (English +
e sheer
Marathi) medium is introduced at first year of AICTE diploma Programme from academic year 2021-2022. Hence if
simplici
the students in first year (first and second semesters) write answers in Marathi or bilingual language (English
+Marathi), the Examiner shall consider the same and assess the answer based on matching of concepts with model
answer. ty and
Q. Sub- Answer ease- Marking
No. QN Scheme
of-
1 Attempt any FIVE of the following: 10 M

a) Define software. Draw the failure curve for software.

access2 M
Ans Software is: 1. Instructions (computer programs) that when executed provide desired
of allCorrect
features, function, and performance; 2. Data structures that enable the programs torelevan
definition- 1 M
adequately manipulate information, and 3. Descriptive information (documents) in both and diagram-
hard copy and virtual forms that describes the operation and use of the programs. t 1M

informa
tion
make
Gantt
charts
an ideal
choice
for
teams
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b) State two characteristics of software. 2M

Ans Characteristics of software: Any two

1) Software is developed or engineered; it is not manufactured in the classical sense. correct
2) Software doesn’t “wear out.” But it does deteriorate! Characteristics
1 M each
3) Although the industry is moving toward component-based construction, most
software continues to be custom built.
c) State need of Software Requirement Specification (SRS). 2M

Ans The need of SRS document is to provide: Any two points

stating need of
1) A detailed overview of software product, its parameters, and goals.
SRS- 2 M
2) The description regarding the project's target audience and its user interface
hardware and software requirements.
3) How clients, team and audience see the product and its functionality.
d) Define risk and list any two type of risk. 2M

Ans Risk is uncertain events associated with future events which have a probability of
occurrence but it may or may not occur and if occurs it brings loss to the project.

Following are the types of risk:

1) Generic risk

2) Product specific risk

OR

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1) Schedule/Time -related/Delivery Related Planning risks

2) Budget/Financial risks

3) Operational/Procedural Risks

4) Technical/Functional Performance Risks

5) Other Unavoidable Risks

e) Name two cost estimation approaches. 2M

Ans 1) Heuristic Estimation Approach Any two

techniques-1 M
2) Analytical Estimation Approach each

3) Empirical Estimation Approach

f) Define software quality control and quality assurance. 2M

Ans Software quality control: It is a procedure that focuses on fulfilling the quality 1 M for each
requested. QC aims to identify and fix defects. It is a method to verify the quality- definition
Validation. It always involves executing a program and hence it’s a Corrective
technique.

Software quality assurance: Quality assurance consists of the auditing and reporting
functions of management. The goal of quality assurance is to provide management with
the data necessary to be informed about product quality, thereby gaining insight and
confidence that product quality is meeting its goals. It's a Preventive technique.

g) List the phases of software quality assurance. 2M

Ans Following are the phases of Software Quality Assurance: Any 2 phases-
each 1 M
i. Prepares an SQA plan for a project.
ii. Participates in the development of the project’s software process description.
iii. Reviews software engineering activities to verify compliance with the defined
software process.
iv. Audits designated software work products to verify compliance with those defined
as part of the software process.
v. Ensures that deviations in software work and work products are documented and
handled according to a documented procedure. vi. Records any noncompliance and
reports to senior management.

2. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 M

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a) Explain software engineering as layered technology approach. 4M

Ans Software engineering is a layered technology. The layers of software engineering as Correct
shown in the above diagram are: - Diagram -1 M,
explanation -
3M

1. A Quality Focus: Any engineering approach (including software engineering) must

rest on an organizational commitment to quality. Total quality management, six sigma
and similar philosophies foster a continuous process improvement culture, and it is this
culture that ultimately leads to the development of increasingly more effective
approaches to software engineering. The bedrock that supports software engineering is
a quality focus.

2. Process Layer: The foundation for software engineering is the process layer.
Software Engineering process is the glue that holds the technology layers together and
enables rational and timely development of computer software. Process defines a
framework that must be established for effective delivery of software engineering
technology. The software process forms the basis for management control of software
projects and establishes the context in which technical methods are applied, works
products (models, documents, data, reports, forms etc.) are produced, milestones are
established, quantity is ensured, and change is properly managed.

3. Methods: Software Engineering methods provide the technical ―how to build

software. Methods encompass a broad array of tasks that include communication,
requirements analysis, design modeling, program construction, testing and support.

4. Tools: Software Engineering tools provide automated or semi-automated support for

the process and the methods. When tools are integrated so that information created by
one tool can be used by another, a system for the support of software development,
called computer–aided software engineering is established.
b) Explain the notations used for preparing a data flow diagram. 4M

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Ans Correct
Symbol Notation Use symbols with
explanation -
External entity External entities are 1 M each
objects outside the
system

Process A process receives input

data and process output
data with different form.

Data Flow Dataflow is path for data

to move from one end to
another.

Data store Data stores are

repositories for data.

Circle: A circle (bubble) shows a process that transforms data inputs into data outputs.
Data Flow: A curved line shows the flow of data into or out of a process or data store.
Data Store: A set of parallel lines shows a place for the collection of data items. A data
store indicates that the data is stored which can be used at a later stage or by the other
processes in a different order. The data store can have an element or group of elements.
Source or Sink: Source or Sink is an external entity and acts as a source of system
inputs or sink of system outputs.

c) Explain following elements of management spectrum : 4M

i) People
ii) Process
iii) Product
iv) Project
Ans The management Spectrum: 4p’s Effective software project management focuses on the Explanation
four P’s: people, product, process, and project. each element of
i) The People: management
spectrum – 1 M
1. The “people factor” is so important that the Software Engineering Institute has
developed a People Capability Maturity Model (People CMM) to continually improve
its ability to attract, develop, motivate, organize, and retain the workforce needed to
accomplish its strategic business objectives.
2. The people capability maturity model defines the following key practice areas for
software people:
a. Staffing
b. communication and coordination
c. work environment
d. performance management
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e. Training, compensation, competency analysis and development, career
development, workgroup development, team/culture development and
others.
3. Organizations that achieve high levels of People-CMM maturity have higher
likelihood of implementing effective software project management practices.

ii) The Product:

1. Before a project can be planned, product objectives and scope should be established,
alternative solutions should be considered and technical and management constraints
should be identified.
2. Without this information, it is impossible to define reasonable (and accurate)
estimates of the cost, an effective assessment of risk, a realistic breakdown of project
tasks, or a manageable project schedule that provides a meaningful indication of
progress.
3. Objectives identify the overall goals for the product (from the stakeholders’ points of
view) without considering how these goals will be achieved.
4. Scope identifies the primary data, functions, and behaviors that characterize the
product
5. The alternatives enable managers and practitioners to select a “best” approach, given
the constraints imposed by delivery deadlines, budgetary restrictions, personnel
availability, technical interfaces, and other factors.

iii) The Process:

1. A software process provides the framework from which a comprehensive plan for
software development can be established.
2. A small number of framework activities are applicable to all software projects,
regardless of their size or complexity.
3. A number of different task sets—tasks, milestones, work products, and quality
assurance points enable the framework activities to be adapted to the characteristics of
the software project and the requirements of the project team.
4. Finally, umbrella activities—such as software quality assurance, software
configuration management, and measurement occur throughout the process.

iv) The Project:

1. To manage complexity, we conduct planned and controlled software projects.
2. The success rate for present-day software projects may have improved but our
project failure rate remains much higher than it should be.
3. To avoid project failure, a software project manager and the software engineers who
build the product must avoid a set of common warning signs, understand the critical
success factors that lead to good project management, and develop a common-sense
approach for planning, monitoring, and controlling the project.

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d) Explain four basic principles of software project scheduling. 4M

Ans Basic principles software project scheduling: Any four

correct
1)Compartmentalization: The project must be compartmentalized into a number of principles -1 M
manageable activities and tasks. To accomplish compartmentalization, both the product each
and the process are Decomposed.

2)Interdependency: The interdependency of each compartmentalized activity or task

must be determined. Some tasks must occur in sequence while others can occur in
parallel. Some activities cannot commence until the work product produced by another
is available. Other activities can occur independently.

3)Time allocation: Each task to be scheduled must be allocated some number of work
units (e.g., person-days of effort). In addition, each task must be assigned a start date
and a completion date that are a function of the interdependencies and whether work
will be conducted on a full-time or part-time basis.

4)Effort validation: Every project has a defined number of staff members. As time
allocation occurs, the project manager must ensure that no more than the allocated
number of people has been scheduled at any given time.

5) Defined responsibilities: Every task that is scheduled should be assigned to a

specific team member.

6)Defined outcomes: Every task that is scheduled should have a defined outcome.

7)Defined milestones: Every task or group of tasks should be associated with a project
milestone. Program evaluation and review technique (PERT) and critical path method
(CPM) are two project scheduling Methods that can be applied to software
development.

8)Defined outcomes: Every task that is scheduled should have a defined outcome for
software projects such as a work product or part of a work product – Work products are
often combined in deliverables.

3. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 M

a) Distinguish between perspective process model and agile process model. 4M

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Ans Any four points
each point 1 M
Sr Parameter Perspective Process Model Agile Process
No Model

1 Quality It changes from It focuses on all

analysis>Design>Code>Test aspects of SDLC at
any given time

2 Quality control Detection & fixing during Early detection and

system and regression testing fixing in each
at the last phase of project sprint followed by
stabilization

3 Continual improvement Lesson learned from previous Lesson learned

release implemented in next from Previous
release. sprint will be
implemented d in
the next sprint.

4 Risk No risk identification. Early identification

firefighting during testing and mitigation in
phase every sprint

5 Postmortem/retrospection After Every place After Every sprint

in Retrospection
meeting

6 Customer Feedback At the end of project At the end of every

sprint

b) Describe any four principles of communication for software engineering. 4M

Ans Principle 1 Listen: 1M for one

principle, Any
 Try to focus on the speaker‘s words, rather than formulating your response to four principles
those words. with
description
 Ask for clarification if something is unclear but avoid constant interruptions.

 Never become contentious in your words or actions (e.g., rolling your eyes or
shaking your head) as a person is talking.

Principle 2 Prepare before you communicate:

 Spend the time to understand the problem before you meet with others. If
necessary, perform some research to understand business domain.

 If you have responsibility for conducting a meeting, prepare an agenda in advance

of the meeting.

Principle 3 someone should facilitate the activity:

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 Every communication meeting should have a leader (a facilitator)

 To keep the conversation moving in a productive direction,

 To mediate any conflict that does occur, and

 To ensure that other principles are followed.

Principle 4 Face-to-face communication is best:

 It usually works better when some other representation of the relevant

information is present.

 For example, a participant may create a drawing /document that serves as a focus
for discussion.

Principle 5 Take notes and document decisions:

Someone participating in the communication should serve as a recorder and write down
all important points and decisions.

Principle 6 Strive for collaboration:

 Collaboration occurs when the collective knowledge of members of the team is

used to describe product or system functions or features.

 Each small collaboration builds trust among team members and creates a
common goal for the team.

Principle 7 Stay focused; modularize your discussion:

 The more people involved in any communication, the more likely that discussion
will bounce from one topic to the next.

 The facilitator should keep the conversation modular; leaving one topic only after
it has been resolved.

Principle 8 If something is unclear, draw a picture:

 Verbal communication goes only so far.

 A sketch or drawing can often provide clarity when words fail to do the job.

Principle 9
(a) Once you agree to something, move on.
(b) If you can’t agree to something, move on.
(c) If a feature or function is unclear and cannot be clarified at the moment,
move on.

 The people who participate in communication should recognize that

many topics require discussion and that moving on is sometimes the

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best way to achieve communication agility.

Principle 10 Negotiation is not a contest or a game: It works best when both parties
win.

 There are many instances in which you and other stakeholders must
negotiate functions and features, priorities, and delivery dates.
If the team has collaborated well, all parties have a common goal. Still, negotiation will
demand compromise from all parties.

c) Draw DFD0 and DFDI diagram for library management system. 4M

Ans Level 0 2M
Level 1 2M

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d) Explain line of code metrics for size estimation. 4M

Ans Line of code metrics for size estimation: Correct

Explanation
LOC counts the total number of lines of source code in a project.
4M
The units of LOC are:
KLOC- Thousand lines of code
NLOC- non-comment lines of code
KDSI- Thousands of delivered source instruction.
The size is estimated by comparing it with the existing systems of the same kind. The
experts use it to predict the required size of various components of software and then add
them to get the total size.
Parameters to count LOC:
1. count only executable lines.
2. count executable lines plus data definitions.
3. count executable lines, data definitions and comments.

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4. count physical lines on input screen.
Consider the following example for counting LOC:
KCSI: thousands of changed source instructions.
KSSI: thousands shipped source instructions.

First Release of Product Y

KCSI = KSSI = 50 KLOC
Defects/KCSI = 2.0
Total number of defects = 2.0 × 50 = 100

Second Release,
KCSI = 20 KSSI = 50+ 20 (new and changed lines of code) -4 (assuming 20% are
changed lines of code) = 66
Defect/KCSI = 1.8 (assuming 10% improvement over the first release). Total number of
additional defects = 1.8 x 20 = 36.

Third Release,
KCSI=30
KSSI 66+30 (new and changed lines of code) -6 (assuming 20% of changed lines of
code) = 90.
Targeted number of additional defects (no more than previous release) = 36.
Defect rate target for the new and changed lines of code: 36/30= 1.2
defects/KCSI or lower.

4. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 M

a) Describe extreme programming with proper diagram. 4M

Ans Extreme programming is a lightweight, efficient, low-risk, flexible, predictable, 1 M for

scientific, and fun way to develop software. eXtreme Programming (XP) was conceived Diagram and 3
and developed to address the specific needs of software development by small teams in M for
the face of vague and changing requirements. Extreme Programming is one of the Agile explanation
software development methodologies. It provides values and principles to guide the
team’s behavior. The team is expected to self-organize. Extreme Programming provides
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specific core practices.
Where

 Each practice is simple and self-complete.

 Combination of practices produces more complex and emergent behavior.

Fig: Extreme Programming

Extreme Programming is based on the following values-

 Communication

 Simplicity

 Feedback

 Courage

 Respect
Extreme Programming involves-

 Writing unit tests before programming and keeping all of the tests running at all
times. The unit tests are automated and eliminate defects early, thus reducing the
costs.

 Starting with a simple design just enough to code the features at hand and
redesigning when required.

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 Programming in pairs (called pair programming), with two programmers at one
screen, taking turns to use the keyboard. While one of them is at the keyboard,
the other constantly reviews and provides inputs.

 Integrating and testing the whole system several times a day.

 Putting a minimal working system into production quickly and upgrading it

whenever required.

 Keeping the customer involved all the time and obtaining constant feedback.
Iterating facilitates the accommodating changes as the software evolves with the
changing requirements.

Extreme Programming solves the following problems often faced in

the software development projects-

 Slipped schedules: Short and achievable development cycles ensure timely

deliveries.

 Cancelled projects: Focus on continuous customer involvement.

ensures transparency with the customer and immediate resolution of
any issues.

 Costs incurred in changes: Extensive and ongoing testing makes sure the
changes do not break the existing functionality. A running working system
always ensures sufficient time for accommodating changes such that the
current operations are not affected.

 Production and post-delivery defects: Emphasis is on the unit tests to

detect and fix the defects early.

 Misunderstanding the business and/or domain: Making the customer

a part of the team ensures constant communication and clarifications.

 Business changes: Changes are inevitable and are accommodated at any point
of time.

 Staff turnover: Intensive team collaboration ensures enthusiasm and goodwill.

Cohesion of multi-disciplines fosters the team spirit.
Extreme Programming takes the effective principles and practices to
extreme levels.
Extreme Programming

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 Code reviews are effective as the code is reviewed all the time.

 Testing is effective as there is continuous regression and testing.

 Design is effective as everybody needs to do refactoring daily.

 Integration testing is important as integrate and test several times a day.

 Short iterations are effective as the planning game for release planning and
iteration planning.

b) Enlist core principles of software engineering practice. 4M

Ans 1 Core Principles of software engineering practice are: List of all core
principles- 4 M
1.The Reason It All Exists
A software system exists for one reason: to provide value to its users. All decisions
should be made with this in mind.
2.Keep it simple stupid.
All design should be as simple as possible, but no simpler. This facilitates having a more
easily understood and easily maintained system.
3.Maintain the vision.
A clear vision is essential to the success of a software project.
4. What You Produce, Others Will Consume.
Always specify, design, and implement by keeping in mind that someone else will have
to understand what you are doing.
5.Be open to the future.
A system with a long lifetime has more value. Systems must be ready to adapt changes.
6. Plan ahead for reuse.
The reuse of code and designs has a major benefit of using object-oriented technologies.
7. Think!
Placing clear, complete thought before action almost always produces better results.

c) Describe RMMM strategy with example. 4M

Ans RMMM Plan 1 M for

introduction to
 It is a part of the software development plan or a separate document. risk and 3 M
for RMMM
 The RMMM plan documents all work executed as a part of risk analysis and used
plan example
by the project manager as a part of the overall project plan.

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 The risk mitigation and monitoring start after the project is started and the
documentation of RMMM is completed.

Risk: Computer Crash

Mitigation:
The cost associated with a computer crash resulting in the loss of data is crucial. A
computer crash itself is not crucial, but rather the loss of data. A loss of data will result in
not being able to deliver the product to the customer. This will result in not receiving a
letter of acceptance from the customer. Without the letter of acceptance, the group will
receive a failing grade for the course. As a result, the organization is taking steps to make
multiple backup copies of the software in development and all documentation associated
with it, in multiple locations. ·
Monitoring:
When working on the product or documentation, the staff members should always be
aware of the stability of the computing environment they’re working in. Any changes in
the stability of the environment should be recognized and taken seriously. ·
Management:
The lack of a stable-computing environment is extremely hazardous to a software
development team. In the event that the computing environment is found unstable, the
development team should cease work on that system until the environment is made stable
again or should move to a system that is stable and continue working there.

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d) Describe following project cost estimation approaches 4M

i) Heuristic
ii) Empirical

Ans Project cost estimation approaches 2 M for

Heuristic and
i) Heuristic 2 M for
Empirical
Heuristic techniques assume that the relationships among the different project
parameters can be modeled using suitable mathematical expressions. Once the basic
(independent) parameters are known, the other (dependent) parameters can be easily
determined by substituting the value of the basic parameters in the mathematical
expression. Different heuristic estimation models can be divided into the following
two classes: single variable model and the multi variable model.
Single variable estimation models provide a means to estimate the desired
characteristics of a problem, using some previously estimated basic (independent)
characteristic of the software product such as its size. A single variable estimation
model takes the following form:

In the above expression, e is the characteristic of the software which has already been
estimated (independent variable). Estimated Parameter is the dependent parameter to
be estimated. The dependent parameters to be estimated could be effort, project
duration, staff size, etc. c1 and d1 are constants. The values of the constants c1 and
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d1 are usually determined using data collected from past projects (historical data).
The basic COCOMO model is an example of single variable cost estimation model.
A multivariable cost estimation model takes the following form:

Where e1, e2, … are the basic (independent) characteristics of the software already
estimated, and c1, c2, d1, d2, … are constants.

ii) Empirical
Empirical estimation is a technique or model in which empirically derived formulae are
used for predicting the data that are a required and essential part of the software project
planning step.
These techniques are usually based on the data that is collected previously from a project
and based on some guesses, prior experience with the development of similar types of
projects, and assumptions.
It uses the size of the software to estimate the effort.
In this technique, an educated guess of project parameters is made. Hence, these models
are based on common sense. However, as there are many activities involved in empirical
estimation techniques, this technique is formalized.

e) Explain GANTT chart and it's application for project tracking with an 4M
example.

Ans GANTT Charts Description and

Example- 3 M
When creating software project schedule, we begin with a set of tasks. If automated tools Application-
are used, the work breakdown is input as a task network or task outline. Effort, duration 1M
and start date are then input for each task, in addition, tasks may be assigned to specific
individuals.
Because of this input, a time-line chart, also called a Gantt chart is generated. A timeline
chart can be developed for the entire project.
The figure below depicts a part of a software project schedule that emphasizes scoping
task for a word-processing (WP) software product.
All project tasks are listed in the left-hand column. The horizontal bars indicate the
duration of each task. When multiple bars occur at the same time on the calendar, task
concurrency is implied. The diamond indicates milestones.
Once the information necessary for the generation of a time-line chart has been input,
many software project scheduling tools produce project tables – a tabular listing of all
project tasks, their planned and actual start and end dates, and a variety of related
information. Used in conjunction with the time-line chart, project tables enable to track
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progress.

Application of Gantt Chart

 The sheer simplicity and ease-of-access of all relevant information make Gantt
charts an ideal choice for teams to use for organizing their schedules. Due to this,
Gantt charts are widely used in project management, IT, and development teams.
Apart from them, marketing, engineering, product launch, manufacturing teams can also
use Gantt charts to get an overview of how things are rolling on the work front.

5. Attempt any TWO of the following: 12 M

a) Sketch use-case diagram for library management with minimum four use- 6M
cases and two actors.

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Ans Use case
diagram : 4
Valid Use
Cases – 4 M ,
2 valid actors :
2M=6M

b) Differentiate between white box and black box testing. (Any six point) 6M

Ans Differences
between white
Sr. Black Box Testing White Box Testing box and black
No. box testing any
valid six points
1 It is a way of software testing in It is a way of testing the software in
= 6 M, 1 M
which the internal structure or the which the tester has knowledge about each
program or the code is hidden and the internal structure or the code or the
nothing is known about it. program of the software.

2 Implementation of code is not Code implementation is necessary for

needed for black box testing. white box testing.

3 It is mostly done by software

It is mostly done by software testers.
developers.

4 No knowledge of implementation is Knowledge of implementation is

needed. required.

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5 It can be referred to as outer or It is the inner or the internal software
external software testing. testing.

6 It is a functional test of the software. It is a structural test of the software.

7 It is also called as closed box/ It is also called as transparent box /

opaque box testing. clear box testing.

c) Describe a cocomo and cocomo-II models. 6M

Ans COCOMO : COCOCO

model
COCOMO is a hierarchy of cost estimation models it includes basic, intermediate and description : 3
detailed sub model. M, COCOMO
II model
1. Basic Model
description : 3
The basic model aims at estimating, in a quick and rough fashion, most of the small to
M, Total - 6 M
medium sized software projects.
Three modes of software development are considered in this model:
Organic: A small team of experienced developers develops software in a very familiar
environment.
Embedded: The project has tight constraints, which might be related to the target
processor.
Semidetached: It is an intermediate mode between the organic mode and embedded
mode.
Depending on the problem at hand, the team might include a mixture of experienced and
less experienced people with only a recent history of working together.
The Basic COCOMO equations take the form:
E = ab (KLOC)b
D = cb (E)d
SS = E/D persons
P = KLOC/E
Where E = effort
D = Deployment time
SS = staff size
P = productivity
ab ,bb ,cb ,db = Coefficients
2. Intermediate Model
In the Intermediate model Boehm introduced an additional set of 15 predictors called
cost drivers in the intermediate model to take account of the software development
environment.
Cost drivers are used to adjust the nominal cost of a project to the actual project
environment, hence increasing the accuracy of the estimate.
The cost drivers are grouped into 4 categories:-
1. Product attributes
a. Required software reliability (RELY)
b. Database size (DATA)
c. Product complexity (CPLX)
2. Computer attributes
a. Execution time constraint (TIME)
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b. Main store constraint (STOR)
c. Virtual machine volatility (VIRT)
d. Computer turnaround time (TURN)
3. Personnel attributes
a. Analyst capability (ACAP)
b. Application experience (AEXP)
c. Programmer capability (PCAP)
d. Virtual machine experience (VEXP)
e. Programming Language experience (LEXP)
4. Project attributes
a. Morden programming practices (MODP)
b. Use of software tool (TOOL)
c. Required development schedule (SCED)
3. Detailed COCOMO
A large amount of work is done by Boehm to capture all significant aspects of a software
development.
It offers a means for processing all the project characteristics to construct a software
estimate.
A software development is carried out in four successive phases:-
1. Plan/ requirements: This is the first phase of the development cycle. The requirement
is analyzed, the product plan is set up and a full product specification is generated. This
phase consumes from 6% to 8% of the effort and 10% to 40% of the development time.
2. Product Design: The second phase of the COCOMO development cycle is concerned
with the determination of the product architecture and the specification of the subsystem.
This phase requires from 16% to 18% of the nominal effort and can last from 19% to
38% of the development time.
3. Programming: The third phase of the COCOMO development cycle is divided into
two sub phases: detailed design and code/unit test. This phase requires from 48% to 68%
of the effort and lasts from 24% to 64% of the development time.
4. Integration/test: This phase of the COCOMO development cycle occurs before
delivery.
This mainly consist of putting the tested parts together and then testing the final product
this phase requires from 16% to 34% of the nominal effort and can last from 18% to 34%
of the development time.

COCOMO II :
COCOMO-II is the revised version of the original Cocomo (Constructive Cost Model)
and is developed at University of Southern California. It is the model that allows one to
estimate the cost, effort and schedule when planning a new software development
activity.
COCOMO II provides the following three-stage series of models for estimation of
Application Generator, System Integration, and Infrastructure software projects:
COCOMO II has three different models:
1. The Application Composition Model
• Supports prototyping projects and projects where there is extensive reuse.

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• Based on standard estimates of developer productivity in
Application (object) points /month.
• Takes CASE tool use into account
Formula is
– PM = ( NAP × (1 - %reuse/100 ) ) / PROD
– PM is the effort in person‐months,
NAP is the number of application points and
PROD is the productivity
2. Early design model
• Estimates can be made after the requirements have been agreed.
• Based on a standard formula for algorithmic models
– PM = A × SizeB
×M
where – M = PERS × RCPX × RUSE × PDIF × PREX × FCIL × SCED;
– A = 2.94 in initial calibration,
Size in KLOC, B varies from 1.1 to 1.24 depending on novelty of the project,
development flexibility, risk management approaches and the process maturity.

3. The reuse model

• Takes into account account black‐box code that is reused without change and code
that has to be adapted to integrate it with new code.
• There are two versions:
– Black‐box reuse where code is not modified. An effort estimate (PM) is computed.
– White‐box reuse where code is modified. A size estimate equivalent to the number
of lines of new source code is computed. This then adjusts the size estimate for new
code.
Reuse model estimates
• For generated code:
PM = (ASLOC * AT/100)/ATPROD
– ASLOC is the number of lines of generated code
– AT is the percentage of code automatically generated.
– ATPROD is the productivity of engineers in integrating this code.
Reuse model also estimates
When code has to be understood and integrated:
ESLOC = ASLOC * (1‐AT/100) AT/100) * AAM.
– ASLOC and AT as before.
– AAM is the adaptation adjustment multiplier computed from the costs of changing
the reused code, the costs of understanding how to integrate the code and the costs of
reuse decision making.

6. Attempt any TWO of the following: 12 M

a) Draw neat labelled diagram of translation of requirement model into design 6M

model and explain it with details.

Ans Diagram of translation of requirement model into design model labeled diagram
of translation of
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requirement
model into
design model :
3 M and
explanation(any
other valid
description
shall be given
marks ) : 3 M ,
total : 6 M

OR

Each of the elements of the requirements model provides information that is necessary to
create the four design models required for a complete specification of design.
The flow of information during software design is illustrated in Figure above
The requirements model, manifested by scenario-based, class-based, flow-oriented, and
behavioral elements, feed the design task.
Using design notation and design methods, design produces a data/class design, an
architectural design, an interface design, and a component design. The data/class design

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transforms class models into design class realizations and the requisite data structures
required to implement the software. The objects and relationships defined in the CRC
diagram and the detailed data content depicted by class attributes and other notation
provide the basis for the data design action.
Part of class design may occur in conjunction with the design of software architecture.
More detailed class design occurs as each software component is designed.
The architectural design defines the relationship between major structural elements of the
software, the architectural styles and design patterns that can be used to achieve the
requirements defined for the system, and the constraints that affect the way in which
architecture can be implemented. The architectural design representation—the
framework of a computer-based system—is derived from the requirements model. The
interface design describes how the software communicates with systems that interoperate
with it, and with humans who use it. An interface implies a flow of information (e.g.,
data and/or control) and a specific type of behavior. Therefore, usage scenarios and
behavioral models provide much of the information required for interface design. The
component-level design transforms structural elements of the software architecture into a
procedural description of software components. Information obtained from the class-
based models, flow models, and behavioral models serve as the basis for component
design. During design you make decisions that will ultimately affect the success of
software construction and, as important, the ease with which software can be maintained.

b) Describe CMMI. Give significance of each level. 6M

Ans SEI CMMI is a process improvement approach that provides organizations with the Description of
essential elements of effective processes. CMMI : 1 M;
• CMMI can help you make decisions about your process improvement plans. significance of
CMM stands for Capability Maturity Model. all levels : 5 M,
• Focuses on elements of essential practices and processes from various bodies of total 6 M
knowledge.
• Describes common sense, efficient, proven ways of doing business (which you should
already be doing) - not a radical new approach.
• CMM is a method to evaluate and measure the maturity of the software development
process of an organization.
• CMM measures the maturity of the software development process on a scale of 1 to 5.

Capability Level 0: Incomplete

An "incomplete process" is a process that is either not performed or partially performed.
One or more of the specific goals of the process area are not satisfied and no generic
goals exist for this level since there is no reason to institutionalize a partially performed
process.
This is tantamount to Maturity Level 1 in the staged representation.
Capability Level 1: Performed
A Capability Level 1 process is a process that is expected to perform all of the
Capability Level 1 specific and generic practices.
Performance may not be stable and may not meet specific objectives such as quality,
cost, and schedule, but useful work can be done.
This is only a start, or baby-step, in process improvement. It means that you are doing
something but you cannot prove that it is really working for you.
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Capability Level 2: Managed
A managed process is planned, performed, monitored, and controlled for individual
projects, groups, or stand-alone processes to achieve a given purpose.
Managing the process achieves both the model objectives for the process as well as other
objectives, such as cost, schedule, and quality.
As the title of this level indicates, you are actively managing the way things are done in
your organization.
You have some metrics that are consistently collected and applied to your management
approach.
Capability Level 3: Defined
A capability level 3 process is characterized as a "defined process."
A defined process is a managed (capability level 2) process that is tailored from the
organization's set of standard processes according to the organization's tailoring
guidelines, and contributes work products, measures, and other process-improvement
information to the organizational process assets.
Capability Level 4: Quantitatively Managed
A capability level 4 process is characterized as a "quantitatively managed process." A
quantitatively managed process is a defined (capability level 3) process that is controlled
using statistical and other quantitative techniques.
Quantitative objectives for quality and process performance are established and used as
criteria in managing the process.
Quality and process performance is understood in statistical terms and is managed
throughout the life of the process.
Capability Level 5: Optimizing
An optimizing process is a quantitatively managed process that is improved, based on an
understanding of the common causes of process variation inherent to the process.
It focuses on continually improving process performance through both incremental and
innovative improvements.
Both the defined processes and the organization's set of standard processes are the targets
of improvement activities.
c) Identify and enlist requirement for given modules of employee management 6M
software :

i) Employee detail

ii) Employee salary

iii) Employee performance.

Ans i. Employee detail Identification

and enlisting
ii. Employee salary requirements
for 3 modules :
iii. Employee performance
2 M each, total
This is with perspective of employee management software. 6M

Requirements for following modules will be as

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i. Employee details
a. Getting information about the customer
b. Updation of employee details (department, change of address, emp_code etc.)
c. Assignment of tasks, duties and responsibilities.
d. Recording of employee attendance.

ii. Employee salary

a. Salary calculation
b. Allowances, special bonus calculation and approval
c. Tax statement/certificate
d. Apply loan/approvals

iii. Performance
a. Recording annual performance
b. Details about parameters for performance appraisal
c. Analysis performance and determining hike in payment.

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