Cagayan State University-Gonzaga

College of Criminal Justice Education

CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND IT BACKGROUND

Introduction

In our contemporary society, every country grapples with diverse challenges in

suppressing crime rates, each facing a unique crime profile. No one can assert having a

foolproof strategy to alleviate the escalating criminality. In response, law enforcement agencies

have shifted their focus from crime fighting to crime prevention to gauge their effectiveness

and efficiency in achieving overarching goals—maintaining peace and order, safeguarding civil

rights and liberties, and enforcing the law.

The evolution of crime prevention has transformed from a relatively narrow policing

function to a broad transversal approach involving various state and community actors. It is

now recognized that prevention encompasses multiple forms, sectors, and governmental levels,

with local authorities and communities playing significant roles. Evidence suggests (WHICH

EVIDENCE. PROVIDE YOUR SOURCE) that prevention programs not only reduce offending

and victimization but also offer cost benefits, leading to substantial long-term savings and

broader social and economic advantages beyond crime reduction.

Crime prevention has become a crucial aspect for every state in ensuring security and

safety. The efficiency of a state in fighting and preventing crime is integral to maintaining

peace and order. Laws govern nations, determining penalties for individuals who violate them

to ensure justice prevails. The police, as a government body, are tasked with ensuring citizens

adhere to these laws and have the authority to find and restrain lawbreakers.

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The global impact of criminality affects nations economically, socially, and politically.

The United States, like many others, contends with daily crimes, especially in major cities. In

the Philippines, crimes against persons and property are frequently reported due to economic

challenges. (CITE SOURCES OF THESE INFORMATION) Despite earnest efforts, the

Philippine National Police (PNP) struggles to meet its primary goal of successfully

implementing crime prevention.(WHERE DID YOU GET THIS IDEA??) Adopting strategies

from other countries that do not align with the unique challenges of Philippine criminality

compounds the dilemma for the PNP.

As crime prevention takes precedence in PNP's concerns, numerous studies have aimed

to sustain this objective. (WHAT DO THE RESEARCHES SAY IN THIS PART????) This

study specifically assesses the effectiveness of crime prevention strategies implemented by the

Sta. Teresita Police Station and evaluates their compatibility with the town's crime profile. The

findings are crucial for the PNP to enhance planning and organization, formulating crime

prevention strategies tailored to the specific needs of their mandate.

(YOUR INTRODUCTION IS ANEMIC. IT DOES NOT CONTAIN ANY SIGNIFICANT

INFORMATION TO SUPPORT AND TO STRENGTHEN YOUR PROPOSAL.

PROVIDE SPECIFIC EXAMPLES OF CASES, CRIMES IN THE PHILIPPINES AND OR

CRIME RATE IN THE LOCAL OF THE STUDY GOTTEN FROM REPORTS IN ORDER
TO JUSTIFY WHY CRIME PREVENTION STRATEGIES ARE NECESSARY. DO NOT
PUT UNNECESSARY, I REPEAT UNNECESSARY INFORMATION. NO CITATION
MADE AT ALL. KINDLY ACKNOWLEDGE YOUR SOURCE.

WALA MANLANG KAYONG NADISCUSS NA SITWASYON NG STA. TERESITA SA

INTRODUCTION NINYO.

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Theoretical Framework

THE THEORERICAL UNDERPINNING IS MISSING

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Conceptual Framework (framework first before the discussion

CHANGE THE IPO FRAMEWORK INTO A MORE FACILITATING

ILLUSTRATION SHOWING THE INTERPLAY OF THE DIFFERENT VARIABLES

OF THE STUDY
1. Assessing the crime rate of
Sta. Teresita Police Station.
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
1. Crime rate of Sta. 2. Assessing the effectiveness
Teresita Police Station. of Strategic interventions of
the Sta. Teresita Police Station
2. Strategic Interventions in terms of:
applied by the Sta. Teresita
Input Process Output
2.1 Mobility
Police Station in terms of: Effectiveness on
2.1 Mobility 2.2 Communications
Strategic
2.2 Communications 2.3 Manpower

2.3 Manpower 2.4 Community Support Interventions

2.4 Community Support Assessed.

3. Problems encountered in 3. Identifying Problems
Strategic Interventions
relative to:

3.1 Mobility ccf

Proposed
3.2 Communications
ytyyty
Measures to
3.3 Manpower

3.4 Community Support enhance Crime

feedback

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Figure 1.

This research will focus predominantly on evaluating the efficiency of crime prevention

measures employed by the Santa Teresita Police Station, aligning them with the town's current

crime rate as evaluated by both Santa Teresita police officers, barangay officials and selected

individuals from its 13 barangays. The underlying idea is that the successful implementation of

crime prevention strategies will lead to the achievement of crime prevention objectives, as

evidenced by the performance of police officers in carrying out their duties.

The success of police officers in implementing crime prevention strategies is reflected

in their thorough understanding of their roles and responsibilities. This is demonstrated through

their performance in reducing crime rates, executing various crime prevention programs, and

earning the trust of citizens in matters related to crime prevention.

Additionally, the research suggests that the efficiency of crime prevention tactics

employed by law enforcement is impacted by various interconnected factors such as mobility,

communication, manpower, and community backing. Concerning police mobility, the primary

responsibility is seen as patrol to execute crime prevention. Regarding police officers'

communication, it is also assumed that crime prevention can occur through prompt reporting

without disruptions in the communication line between regular citizens and law enforcement

officers.

Effective crime prevention strategies based on adequate manpower, as proficient

workforce management plays an important role in overseeing implemented programs. The

police force's personnel should align with the community size to ensure protection for citizens.

Community support becomes a crucial factor influencing police officers' capabilities and
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effectiveness in carrying out their duties. A diminished backing from the community correlates

with decreased trust in the police organization, underscoring the significance of aligning police

efforts with prevailing crime rates and associated factors.

(ITONG DISCUSSION NYO AT MGA PINAGSASABI NINYONG MGA DAPAT

PRESENT SA FORMULA NG STUDY AY NACAPTURE DIN DAPAT SA CONCEPTUAL

FRAMEWORK ILLUSTRATION. HAND-IN-HAND KUNG ANO ANG PRESENTATION

SA CONCEPTUAL FRAMWORK AY IPAPALIWANAG DIN AFTER.

MAGKAKAUGNAY ANG THEORETICAL, CONCEPTUAL AT SOP. DITO KASI SA

MGA PARTS NA ITO NAKASPELL OUT ANG MGA VARIABLES NG STUDY. KUNG

HINDI NABANGGIT SA MGA PARTS NA YAN WAG DADADAGAN. KAGAYA NG

MGA NAPAKARAMING PINAGSASABI DITO SA CONCEPTUAL DISCUSSION NINYO

PERO HINDI NAMAN MAKITA SA THEORETICAL AT SOP NINYO.

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Statement of the Problem

This study shall assess the effectiveness of strategic interventions implemented by the

Sta. Teresita Police Station as well as the extent of community participation in crime

prevention. (STATE YOUR FINAL TITLE HERE. )

Specifically, it will answer the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Police Personnel

1.1.1

1.2 Barangay officials

1.2.1

1.3 Community members

1.3.1

2. What is the crime rate of Sta. Teresita Cagayan in terms of:

2.1. Crimes against person

2.2. Crimes against property

3. What are the different strategic interventions implemented by Sta. Teresita Police Station in

terms of:

3.1 Mobility

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3.2 Communication

3.3 Man Power

3.4. Community Support

4. What is the level of effectiveness of the strategic interventions implemented by the Sta.

Teresita relative to:

4.1 Mobility

4.2 Communication

4.3 Man Power

4.4. Community Support

3. Is there a significant difference on the assessment of the two groups (TWO GROUPS OR

THREE) of respondents on the effectiveness of implementation of the strategic intervention

relative to the given dimensions?

4. Is there a significant difference between the crime rate of Sta. Teresita Cagayan Police

station and the assessment of the two groups of respondents on the effectiveness of strategic

interventions as implemented by Sta. Teresita Police Station?

5. What are the problems encountered by the personnel of Sta. Teresita Cagayan Police Station

in the implementation of the strategic intervention?

6. What are the suggested measures that should be undertaken to further improve the

implemented strategic interventions.

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Hypothesis

1. There is no significant difference on the assessment of the two groups of respondents on the

effectiveness of the implementation of the strategic intervention relative to the given

dimensions.

2. There is no significant difference between the crime rate of Sta. Teresita Cagayan Police

station and the assessment of the two groups of respondents on the effectiveness of strategic

interventions as implemented by Sta. Teresita Police Station

3. There is no significant difference between the crime rate of Sta. Teresita Cagayan Police

station and the assessment of the two groups of respondents on the effectiveness of strategic

interventions as implemented by Sta. Teresita Police Station

Scope and Limitations

This study will determine the effectiveness of the strategic interventions implemented

by Sta. Teresita Police Station in the municipality of Sta. Teresita, Cagayan.

The study will be conducted in the Municipality of Sta. Teresita, Cagayan and the

respondents will be the police officers of Sta. Teresita Police Station, all barangay officials in

the thirteen (13) barangays in Sta. Teresita, and select community members from the thirteen

(13) barangays.

The study will assess the profile of the respondents, crime rate of the town in terms of

Crime Against Person and Crime Against Property (WHERE WILL YOU GET THE DATA

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HERE AND HOW ARE YOU GOING TO DETERMINE THE CRIME RATE? INCLUDE IN

THE LIMITATION THIS PORTION, assessment of the crime prevention strategies

implemented in terms of mobility, communication, manpower and community support and the

problems encountered by the three groups on the following crime prevention strategies.

This study will make use of the quantitative method of research with the floating of a

questionnaire as the main data-gathering instrument.

Significance of the Study

WRITE AN INTRODUCTORY WORDS HERE

PNP- this stand for Philippine National Police. This an institution mandated by law to protect

lives and property, protects civil rights of every citizen and enforces the law if necessary. This

mandate provided by the law will be the basis of the police organization to make efforts in

fulfilling their duty. As such, the PNP believes that crime prevention is the key to attain this

objective of the organization. This research therefore will be valuable learning experience to

every individual concerned with the same study and for them also to use the result of this study

as their basis to improve strategic interventions for crime prevention in the future.

PNP Chief- the result of the study will serve as a point of reference on creating crime

prevention strategies and policies that will give solution to other existing problems encountered

in implementing such strategies. This study also hopes to enhance the previous practices of the

police participation in crime prevention and allow them to enrich their knowledge about crime

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prevention and to challenge their present strategies.

PNP Officials and other Personnels- the study will be able to assess different crime

prevention strategies in order to upgrade their performance in their duty. The result will give as

an insight to concerned administrators and government officials to know the kind of scheme to

be established in the different concerned community.

Barangay Officials- this study shall serve as a guide to enhance the understanding of law

enforcement personnel in dealing with current crime prevention plans. It aims to provide them

with insights into their role as an enforcement body, specifically in creating and implementing

the PNP mandate at the Barangay level.

Community as a whole (COMMUNITY MEMBERS OF STA. TERESITA)

To the community members, this study will serve as a challenge to utilize all the programs

implemented by the PNP which is beneficial to their life as a whole. This study also

make every citizen aware in their role to participate to the success of crime prevention.

Students- this study may serve as an instrument to awaken their consciousness in present

situation of criminality in our country. It is also provided for them to become more responsible

students to be aware in existing problem of our nation in maintaining peace and order.

Researchers -

Future Researchers- the result of the study shall serve as a ready reference for them with

whatever similar studies they shall partake.

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GENERAL IMPRESSION ON THIS PART. PROVIDE SPECIFIC WAYS ON HOW THESE

GROUP OR INDIVIDUALS ARE BENEFITTED BY THE RESULT OF YOUR STUDY.

THE EXPLANATIONS ARE SO GENERAL AND VERY MEDIOCRE.

Definition of terms

The following terms used in this study are defined operationally for a clearer

understanding and for common reference.

Community Support- this refers to the level of concern of those citizens living in Sta. Teresita

in Crime Prevention Strategies implemented by the police in the town. It also refers to the high

expectation of the community in the performance of every police officer in the town.

Communication- in this study, this term was used to describe the mode of transferring

information of one police officer to his co-police officers.

Crime Prevention- this deal with the practices of the Police in giving effort to reduce crime in

order to maintain peace by creating some ways to achieve its objectives. It is the effort of the

Sta. Teresita Police to remove those opportunities for a potential criminal to take advantage of

whoever will become the vulnerable victim.

Criminals- those who have committed crime.

Crime Rate- this refers to the statistics of major committed crime in the town of Sta. Teresita.

It shows the highest and lowest crime rate committed in the area.

Function- this refers to a particular purpose for which a person or this is specially fitted or used

or for which a thing exists.

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Level of Citizen’s Trust- in this study, the term was used to determine if each individual of

Sta. Teresita believe in what the Sta. Teresita Police are doing.

Manpower- this refers to the number of the Police Officers who are assigned in the Sta.

Teresita that are task in implementing those strategic interventions.

Mobility- this refers to the police effort in making close relation to the community by doing

some foot patrol in certain area of Sta. Teresita, mobile patrol during nighttime. This is used

primarily to entertain immediately if an individual call for an assistance from the police.

Police- this refers to the persons who are responsible for the peace and order in the town of Sta.

Teresita, Cagayan

Strategies- this refers to the means made use in implementing the objectives of Crime

Prevention in the town of Sta. Teresita.

INCLUDE STATEGIC INTERVENTION, crimes against persons, crimes against property

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter represents the relevant literature and studies that the researcher considered

in the strengthening the importance of the present study. It also presents the synthesis of the art

to fully understand the researchers for better comprehension of the study.

Reality beyond crime prevention

Crime prevention, like other aspects of life, encompasses both straightforward and intricate

elements. The simplicity lies in employing commonplace, sensible measures to reduce the risk

of victimization. Conversely, complexity emerges in defining and prioritizing crime prevention,

predicting future issues, selecting control methods, articulating prevention strategies, measuring

crime patterns, evaluating intervention consequences, and estimating the costs and benefits – as

outlined by Tilley (2016).

Development of Crime Prevention Strategies

Crime prevention has entered a more robust research phase, gaining increased significance in

contemporary policy and practice. It constitutes a vital element in an overarching strategy to

diminish crime, with recent advancements attributed not solely to the gradual progress of a

social movement but also to the shift towards rational and evidence-based crime policy. This

movement underscores the importance of higher quality program evaluations, systematic

Mbetween prevention and punishment, especially in the face of budget crises and punitive

crime policies, adds urgency. Welsh and Farrington (2010) emphasize the potential of
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developmental and situational crime prevention to contribute significantly to reducing crime in

this context.

Crime prevention is defined as "any measure or strategy aimed at diminishing, preventing, or

eradicating instances of victimization due to crime or violence. This encompasses both

governmental and non-governmental endeavors designed not only to alleviate the fear of crime

but also to mitigate the consequences experienced by victims" (Institute for the Prevention of

Crime, 2010). Crime prevention encompasses a broad array of approaches, including:

1. Developmental Crime Prevention (also referred to as Social Prevention). Measures

subsumed within this approach promote the well-being of people and encourage pro-social

behavior through social, economic, health and educational measures, with a particular emphasis

on children and youth. The goal is to intervene early in the lives of at-risk individuals and

groups so as to forestall the development of crime and other behavioral problems later on

(Homel, 2005). The focus is on risk and protective factors associated with criminal behavior,

including personality factors, parental, peer, and school-related factors.

2. Community or Locally-Based Crime Prevention. This approach tackles the

neighborhood conditions that influence offending and insecurity by drawing on the

commitment and resources of community members. These efforts can range from organizing

neighborhood watch programs to neighborhood revitalization efforts (e.g., Weed and Seed) and

comprehensive programs that seek to improve a neighborhood’s cohesion and image

(Schlossman et al.,. 1984).

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3. Situational Crime Prevention. Focuses on averting criminal incidents by diminishing

opportunities for crime, increasing the likelihood of apprehension, elevating the level of effort

required for criminal acts, and minimizing the potential gains from criminal activities.

Measures within this approach encompass target hardening, access control, surveillance, and

environmental design for prevention (Clarke, 1997). The implementation of situational crime

prevention is not confined to law enforcement but can also involve public members, businesses,

schools, and various facilities. An effective application involves a meticulous examination of a

specific crime, identifying the vulnerabilities of a particular target or location, and formulating

tailored countermeasures.

4. Crime Prevention Through the Justice System involves initiatives originating from

the justice system itself. Law enforcement strategies can be tailored to address specific crimes

or concentrate on identified "hot spots" of criminal activity. Legal sanctions are anticipated to

serve as deterrents, and incarceration is seen as incapacitating offenders by removing them

from society. Furthermore, interventions within custodial and community settings aim to

modify offender behavior, ultimately preventing recidivism (Prevention Programs: A Literature

Review, Thomas Gabor Ph.D., 2018, pp. 3-5).

Strategies and Best Practices in Crime Prevention particular in relation to Urban Areas at risk

With the growth of crime prevention practice internationally has come a range of associated

concerns and problems: about the appropriateness of interventions, the difficulties of evaluating

their effectiveness, of the capacities of local actors to implement good programmes, about the

difficulties of sustaining interventions beyond their initial pilot phase, or scaling up to city-wide

or country-wide applications, and about the difficulties of sustaining interventions after changes

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of personnel or government. 'What works' in crime prevention does not depend solely on

having well-designed programmes. Much depends on the capacity of the actors in the field to

establish the conditions for implementing programmes well, and to manage the 'process'. It also

depends on policy makers understanding the need for longer-term investment and planning, and

not focusing only on short-term results. Ensuring that strategies are maintained, well monitored

and sustained beyond the life of a government is a further

challenge.

The Philippine Strategy And Best Practice For Crime Prevention: Community-Oriented

Policing

Just like other developing countries throughout the world, the Philippines lacks the resources

and capacity to readily put into effect the international guidelines and agreements on crime

prevention. However, this constraint did not prevent us from finding ways and means to

effectively implement them in our country. It is for this reason that we have resolutely crafted

and evolved appropriate strategies and best practices for crime prevention which are assimilated

to our situation and historical experiences. Having overthrown a well-entrenched dictatorship,

and restored democracy in our country through a bloodless people power revolution in 1986,

we are fully cognizant of the insuperable force of people power and appreciate its great benefits

to our country. Capitalizing on this historical experience, what we lack in resources and

capacity is being addressed and made up for through people power. Hence, the Philippine

strategy and best practice for crime prevention that I will be presenting today is not only

community-based, but also people-powered, and is known as the Community-Oriented Policing

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System, or COPS for short. The outline and sequence of my presentation is as follows: COPS:

Strategy, COPS: Best Practice, and Concluding Perspective.

COPS: Strategy

Opening Perspective

COPS is primarily a national police strategy for crime prevention, based on the implementation

of the proposed holistic National Anti-Crime Strategy (NACS), which came about as an

offshoot of the Philippine participation in the 1991 UN Ministerial Conference on Crime

Prevention. The Philippine National Police officially adopted and started implementing COPS

as a flagship programme on August 15, 1994. It is significant to note that the holistic NACS

was finally adopted in the National Crime Prevention Programme, which was approved by

President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo on February 2, 2004.

Basic Principles/Foundations

Aside from the NACS, the basic principles that serve as COPS foundations are the following:

1. Interdependence of Peace and Development

As accurately expressed in the UN Milan Plan of Action in 1985: "Addressing the issue of

crime requires a collaborative effort to minimize opportunities for criminal activities and to

tackle pertinent socio-economic factors, such as poverty, inequality, and unemployment."

2. Shared Responsibility for Policing

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As prescribed by Robert Peel: “The police are the public and the public are the police; police

officers are only members of the public who are paid to give full time attention to the duties

which are incumbent on every citizen in the interest of the community welfare”.

3. Indispensability of People Power in Crime Fighting

"The primary reservoir of power for combating criminality, insurgency, terrorism, and other

challenges to peace and order resides within the populace" (Montreal, 2007).

The effectiveness of visible police patrol

Research into public expectations of policing in the UK has previously highlighted a strong

preference for a highly visible police presence. However, when these views were explored in

more detail, it was discovered that people’s seemingly instinctive reaction to call for ‘more

bobbies on the beat’ was motivated by a desire to see crime reduced. The study also suggested

that the police can help ensure the public accept and support the targeting of resources in high

priority areas by engaging them in a dialogue. (Myhill, 2016)

COMMUNITY POLICING AND COMMUNICATION

It is beneficial to make the training of police officers as experiential, interactive and

participatory as possible. For example, a fair amount of law enforcement training could include

simulation exercises and problem-solving activities that help develop communication and

language skills. A key element of success within any of the community-oriented policing

methods is effective communication. Minimal education related to effective communication

skills and strategies has been provided to police officers. (Yardley, 2018)
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Context Matters When Considering Staffing Analysis

When asked to provide department-specific contexts for their staffing experiences, respondents

listed circumstances that were remarkably similar across agencies. Budget constraints were

important to almost all respondents. Respondents from more than half the agencies in our

sample stated that their relationships with state or local governments were strained because of

the recent recession and subsequent budget negotiations. Such strains, they added, have actually

led agencies of varying size to share knowledge and strategy. Professional organizations help

provide connections for sharing strategies. The perceived unique context of each jurisdiction is

both a disadvantage and a potential benefit for staffing analyses. Because they feel their

environments are unique, some practitioners feel that inter-departmental comparisons yield few

tangible solutions to problems that they have faced independently over long periods of time.

Respondents from three agencies expressed a desire to conduct analyses, but were reluctant to

use peer comparisons because of the perception that no other agency has a similar operational

environment. One respondent said that although “we’re always looking at what others are

doing,” specific organizational issues not shared by others make such comparisons

“meaningless.” Such an attitude may isolate agencies professionally. As one chief commented,

“We’re not in competition with each other,” and “all our problems are basically the same.”

Using peer comparisons in budget negotiations may counter or confirm perceptions that an

agency’s struggle is common or unique, allowing for informal and casual comparisons upon

which many professional relationships are based. Peer benchmarking can also help mitigate

insular thinking and the potential belief that the agencies and communities are more different

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than they truly are. In fact, as discussed throughout this guidebook, agencies share a lot of

common characteristics and experiences.

Community Policing and Problem-Solving Efforts Are Being Compromised

Perceived understaffing may undercut community policing and similar problem-solving efforts.

Many agencies disclosed that the relationship between staffing and community policing efforts

may not be linear. Problem-solving may be structurally integrated in community-oriented

approaches to patrol, response, follow-up, and organizational transparency. Nevertheless, both

specialized units (often in the form of school, housing, or business-related outreach programs)

and proactive patrol efforts are compromised because of restrictions in uncommitted officer

time arising from budget cutbacks. (Wilson, Weiss, 2016)

Building Police-Community Relationships

The relationship of the police to the community should be harmonious. The community relies

upon the police department to “protect and serve” and the police, in return, rely upon

community support and cooperation in order to be effective. When communication and trust

deteriorate, tensions build between the community and police and undermine their shared goal

of safer communities. Poor communication between the police and communities served was the

problem listed most frequently, in a variety of ways, by police and community members

surveyed. When asked what the main problems are when it comes to police-community

relations, police leaders listed “language barriers,” “connecting with the community,” and “lack

of meaningful communication on both sides and lack of understanding of police practices” as

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obstacles to better relations. This list is similar to the one provided by community members,

who listed “lack of communication,” “language barriers,” and “lack of relationships” as barriers

to getting along with the police.

Communication is an active, not passive, process. It is not merely the provision of information

or demands to another, rather it is a process of engagement, of listening, of seeking out and

understanding what the other is trying to express. Where communities and police departments

are communicating successfully with each other, how are they doing it? What are specific cities

doing, either successfully or not so successfully? Are formal communications plans (at least

between police leaders and the community) the way to go? What process should be instituted

that would allow one group to understand the other so that trust might flourish?

In this section, we will discuss strategies that police can use in reaching out to communities.

Such strategies include: incorporating accountability and transparency; creating opportunities

for educational exchanges such as “citizens’ police academies;” establishing regular

neighborhood meetings and maintaining communication and follow-up between these

meetings; and organizing forums to discuss policies, tactics, or technology of interest to

community. We will also examine the strategies used by the communities to reach out to and

educate the police about the community, such as maintaining communication and follow up

between neighborhood meetings, canvassing for volunteers and establishing an active roster,

and raising awareness of neighborhood meetings. (West,2019)

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THE THEMES ARE NOT ARRANGED ACCORDINGLY. CONSIDER REARRANGING

OF THEMES. IN EVERY THEME DO NOT JUST PUT ONLY 1 OR 2 CITATIONS OR

DISCUSSION. IN GENERAL, I SAY, ADD MORE TO YOUR CHAPTER 2. TOPICS

INDICATED IN THE SOP SHOULD BE COMPREHENSIVELY INCLUDED AS THEME

IN CHAPTER 2 AS WELL.

References

*Tilley, Nick. (2005). "Crime prevention: Moving beyond the simple–complex dichotomy."

Criminal Justice, 5(1), 115-138.

*Welsh, Brandon C., & Farrington, David P. (2010). "Public Criminology and the Move

Toward Evidence-Based Crime Policy." Journal of Experimental Criminology, 6(3), 297-311.

*Institute for the Prevention of Crime. (2010). "Definition of Crime Prevention." Retrieved

from Journal of Experimental Criminology, 9(5), 365-481.

* Schlossman, S., Cathcart, R., & Weidner, R. (1984). "Neighborhood Revitalization: Theory

and Practice." Journal of Community Development, 10(2), 45-60.

* Clarke, R. V. (1997). "Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies." Albany:

Harrow and Heston.

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* Gabor, Thomas. (2018). "Prevention Programs: A Literature Review." Journal of Criminal

Justice, 15(2), 3-5.

* Handbook on the Crime Prevention Guidelines (United Nation Publication)

*UN Milan Plan of Action. (1985). "Addressing Crime: A Collaborative Approach." United

Nations Publications.

* Myhill, Karen. (2016). "Public expectations of policing in the UK: A review of the literature."

Home Office Online Report, 37/06.

*Yardley, R. (2018). "Community Policing and Communication."

*Wilson, J. Q., & Weiss, R. (2016). "Context Matters When Considering Staffing Analysis."

*West, J. (2019). "Building Police-Community Relationships."

THESE MUST BE PLACED IN BIBLIOGRAPHY. THE FORMAT USED IS INCORRECT.

SOME INFORMATION ARE MISSING IN ACKNOWLEDGING SOURCES. COMPLETE

ALL THE BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ENTRIES REQUIRED. ARRANGE AS WELL ENTRIES

ACCORDING TO THE KIND OF THE LITERATURE OR STUDIES. BOOKS TOGETHER,

JOURNALS TOGETHER ETC.

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CHAPTER III

METHODS AND PROCEDURE

This chapter presents the research methods and procedures used in the study including

the research design, measuring instruments, locale and respondents of the study, sampling

procedure and, and statistical tools.

Research Design

This study utilized the Descriptive-Correlational method of research. This method

assesses the effectiveness of strategic intervention implemented by the Sta. Teresita Police

Station in terms of mobility, communication, manpower and community, support and the

problems encountered in implementing the same. Further, the study will correlate the _______.

Descriptive-Correlation is a design wherein ________.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of the study were the forty-seven (47) active members of the Philippine

National Police assigned in Sta. Teresita Police Station; one hundred thirty (130) community

members (ten in each 13 Barangays) involved in maintenance of Peace and order (School Head,

Barangay Officials, leader of private and public sector organization) were utilized in this study.

SAMPLING AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

There were one hundred seventy-seven (177) respondents of this study consisting of forty-

seven
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 Cagayan State University-Gonzaga
College of Criminal Justice Education

(47) Sta. Teresita PNP Officer and one hundred forty-seven (52) Barangay officials from

thirteen (13) Barangays of Sta. Teresita, Cagayan and seventy-eight (78) community members.

The devolved person was taken on the basis of specific sampling. However, purposive

sampling was utilized in the selection of the program implementers. Table 1 below shows the

respondents of the study.

PUT ALL TOGETHER IN THE RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY THE DISCUSSION ON

THE NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS. IF MANY GROUPS IDENTIFY THE NUMBER

EACH GROUP INCLUDING THE SAMPLING TECHNIQUE USED.

Table1. Respondents of the Study

Respondents Number of Respondents

PNP Members 47
Barangay Officials 52
Community Members 78
TOTAL

DATA GATHERING TOOL

In essential data gathering, a self-made questionnaire checklist was assembled by the researcher

comprising of two parts: Part I contained items for gathering the demographic profile of the

respondents. Part II dealt with the effectiveness of the crime prevention strategies of PNP in

Sta. Teresita Cagayan, with six identified variables containing five questions each. (RECHECK

THIS DISCUSSION. )

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

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 Cagayan State University-Gonzaga
College of Criminal Justice Education

The researchers will ask permission from the Chief of Police and to the Barangay Officials

by giving them Letter of Permission signed by the Dean of the researchers (ASK

PERMISSION TO WHAT?). Such letter will be carried by the researchers and discussed to the

chief of police. After the proper permission was observed from the authorities concerned, the

researchers will float questionnaires personally to the respondents during their working hours in

order to ensure a very good retrieval of the results.

To look into the crime profile???? WHAT DO YOU MEAN WITH THIS of the Sta. Teresita,

Cagayan, the researcher will look for the record files of the Sta. Teresita Police Station. (YOU

DID NOT INCLUDE THIS PROCEDURE IN YOUR SCOPE AND LIMITATION.

STATISTICAL TOOL

The data gathered will be tabulated, analyzed and interpreted. Frequency counts, clear

percentage distribution in treating the profile of the respondents.

Weighted mean will be used to determine the effectiveness of Strategic Intervention

implemented by the Sta. Teresita Police Station as assessed by PNP members themselves and

Barangay Officials.

INCLUDE AS WELL THE FREQUENCY, PERCENTAGE AND RANK FOR THE

PROFILING. THIS PART WILL BE CHECKED FURTHER BY THE STATISTICIAN

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 Cagayan State University-Gonzaga
College of Criminal Justice Education

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