The project controls the speed of an induction motor by an android device

remotely. The project requires a Bluetooth connection or transmitter. The

commands are sent through the transmitter which is received by the
Bluetooth receiver interfaced to the microcontroller that is connected to the
motor. Each time the command sent is executed by the micro controller
that initiates delayed firing pulses to the thyristors by optical isolation. The
loads are connected in series with the thyristor to control the power based
on the command. A lamp is used instead of motor for demonstration
purpose whose varying intensity tells the varying speed of the motor. The
firing angle is displayed on a seven segment display.

 Hardware Specifications

 Bluetooth Module

 8051 Microcontroller

 Seven Segment Display

 Crystal Oscillator

 Resistors

 Capacitors
 Transistors

 Cables and Connectors

 Diodes

 PCB and Breadboards

 LED

 Transformer/Adapter

 Push Buttons

 Switch

 IC

 IC Sockets
 Lamp

 Thyristor

 Software Specifications

 Keil Compiler

 MC Programming Language: C

Block Diagram
………………………………………………….

Remote Induction Motor Control by

Android Application
By Ravi Kumar (Contributed Content) | Monday, February 25, 2013

0 SHARES

The project is designed to control the speed of an induction motor such as fans, by using android
application device. In home automation application, convenience of remotely controlling the
speed of the fan is achieved.

Speed control of an induction motor such as fans by a triac interfaced microcontroller through
remotely operated commands to it in steps by touch screen based user friendly GUI on any smart
phone with Android applications.
Remote Induction Motor Control by Android Application With 7 Segment Display
Remote Induction Motor Control by Android Application With 7 Segment Display
Block Diagram
Remote operation is achieved by any smart-phone/Tablet etc., with Android OS, upon a GUI
(Graphical User Interface) based touch screen operation. Android Mobile or any device act as a
transmitter through Bluetooth, which is then received by Bluetooth receiver (at the receiver end)
interfaced to a microcontroller of 8051 family. Each time data sent by android application, as per
code written is executed by the microcontroller to deliver delayed firing pulses to the thyristor
through optical isolation. The power to the load connected in series with the thyristor is
controlled, based on the received signal. Also the firing angle is displayed on a 7-segment
display. A lamp load shall be provided in place of a motor whose varying intensity demonstrates
the varying power to the motor for speed control. A lamp is provided in place of an induction
motor for demonstration purpose.

Further the project can be enhanced by adding more outputs from the microcontroller feeding
relay drivers to switch ON/OFF the domestic loads together with the speed control of fan.

Complete project information- Remote Induction Motor Control by Android Application With 7
Segment Display
……………………..

Android Controlled Induction Motor with 7 segment display ... The project controls
the speed of an induction motor by an android device remotely. ... by the Bluetooth receiver
interfaced to the microcontroller that is connected to the motor.

……………….

What if there is an application that can control the induction motor? Yes, it is possible through
the use of android controlled induction motor with 7 segment display. ... is used in
order to maintain the speed of the induction motor with great ease.

……………………

How can you control a speed of an induction motor?

By injecting EMF in rotor circuit

In this method, speed of an induction motor is controlled by injecting a

voltage in rotor circuit. It is necessary that voltage (emf) being injected must
have same frequency as of the slip frequency
……………………………………

Speed Control Methods Of Induction Motor

By Kiran Daware AC Machines, Induction Motor

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An induction motor is practically a constant speed motor, that means, for the
entire loading range, change in speed of the motor is quite small. Speed of a
DC shunt motor can be varied very easily with good efficiency, but in case of
Induction motors, speed reduction is accompanied by a corresponding loss of
efficiency and poor power factor. As induction motors are widely being used,
their speed control may be required in many applications. Different speed
control methods of induction motor are explained below.

Induction Motor Speed Control From Stator Side

1. By Changing The Applied Voltage:
From the torque equation of induction motor,

Rotor resistance R2 is constant and if slip s is small then (sX2)2 is so small that
it can be neglected. Therefore, T ∝ sE22 where E2 is rotor induced emf and
E2 ∝ V
Thus, T ∝ sV2, which means, if supplied voltage is decreased, the developed
torque decreases. Hence, for providing the same load torque, the slip
increases with decrease in voltage, and consequently, the speed decreases.
This method is the easiest and cheapest, still rarely used, because

1. large change in supply voltage is required for relatively small change in

speed.
2. large change in supply voltage will result in a large change in flux
density, hence, this will disturb the magnetic conditions of the motor.
2. By Changing The Applied Frequency
Synchronous speed of the rotating magnetic field of an induction motor is
given by,

where, f = frequency of the supply and P = number of stator poles.

Hence, the synchronous speed changes with change in supply frequency.
Actual speed of an induction motor is given as N = Ns (1 - s). However, this
method is not widely used. It may be used where, the induction motor is
supplied by a dedicated generator (so that frequency can be easily varied by
changing the speed of prime mover). Also, at lower frequency, the motor
current may become too high due to decreased reactance. And if the
frequency is increased beyond the rated value, the maximum torque
developed falls while the speed rises.

3. Constant V/F Control Of Induction Motor

This is the most popular method for controlling the speed of an induction
motor. As in above method, if the supply frequency is reduced keeping the
rated supply voltage, the air gap flux will tend to saturate. This will cause
excessive stator current and distortion of the stator flux wave. Therefore, the
stator voltage should also be reduced in proportional to the frequency so as to
maintain the air-gap flux constant. The magnitude of the stator flux is
proportional to the ratio of the stator voltage and the frequency. Hence, if the
ratio of voltage to frequency is kept constant, the flux remains constant. Also,
by keeping V/F constant, the developed torque remains approximately
constant. This method gives higher run-time efficiency. Therefore, majority of
AC speed drives employ constant V/F method (or variable voltage, variable
frequency method) for the speed control. Along with wide range of speed
control, this method also offers 'soft start' capability.

4. Changing The Number Of Stator Poles

From the above equation of synchronous speed, it can be seen that
synchronous speed (and hence, running speed) can be changed by changing
the number of stator poles. This method is generally used for squirrel cage
induction motors, as squirrel cage rotor adapts itself for any number of stator
poles. Change in stator poles is achieved by two or more independent stator
windings wound for different number of poles in same slots.
For example, a stator is wound with two 3phase windings, one for 4 poles and
other for 6 poles.
for supply frequency of 50 Hz
i) synchronous speed when 4 pole winding is connected, Ns = 120*50/4 =
1500 RPM
ii) synchronous speed when 6 pole winding is connected, Ns = 120*50/6 =
1000 RPM

Speed Control From Rotor Side:

1. Rotor Rheostat Control
This method is similar to that of armature rheostat control of DC shunt motor.
But this method is only applicable to slip ring motors, as addition of external
resistance in the rotor of squirrel cage motors is not possible.

2. Cascade Operation
In this method of speed control, two motors are used. Both are mounted on a
same shaft so that both run at same speed. One motor is fed from a 3phase
supply and the other motor is fed from the induced emf in first motor via slip-
rings. The arrangement is as shown in following figure.

Motor A is called the main motor and motor B is called the auxiliary motor.
Let, Ns1 = frequency of motor A
Ns2 = frequency of motor B
P1 = number of poles stator of motor A
P2 = number of stator poles of motor B
N = speed of the set and same for both motors
f = frequency of the supply

Now, slip of motor A, S1 = (Ns1 - N) / Ns1.

frequency of the rotor induced emf in motor A, f1 = S1 f
Now, auxiliary motor B is supplied with the rotor induce emf

therefore, Ns2 = (120f1) / P2 = (120S1f) / P2 .

now putting the value of S1 = (Ns1 - N) / Ns1

At no load, speed of the auxiliary rotor is almost same as its synchronous

speed.
i.e. N = Ns2.
from the above equations, it can be obtained that

With this method, four different speeds can be obtained

1. when only motor A works, corresponding speed = .Ns1 = 120f / P1
2. when only motor B works, corresponding speed = Ns2 = 120f / P 2
3. if commulative cascading is done, speed of the set = N = 120f / (P 1 + P2)
4. if differential cascading is done, speed of the set = N = 120f (P1 - P2)

3. By Injecting EMF In Rotor Circuit

In this method, speed of an induction motor is controlled by injecting a voltage
in rotor circuit. It is necessary that voltage (emf) being injected must have
same frequency as of the slip frequency. However, there is no restriction to
the phase of injected emf. If we inject emf which is in opposite phase with the
rotor induced emf, rotor resistance will be increased. If we inject emf which is
in phase with the rotor induced emf, rotor resistance will decrease. Thus, by
changing the phase of injected emf, speed can be controlled. The main
advantage of this method is a wide rage of speed control (above normal as
well as below normal) can be achieved. The emf can be injected by various
methods such as Kramer system, Scherbius system etc.
………………….
…………………..
…………………………….

…….
………….

This project basically control the speed of induction motor wirelessly. Now days about
70% of load in industries are induction motor, they for production purpose industries
required variable speed drive. Now Days android operating system is widely used in
smart phone and tablet, here we are using android application system for interfacing with
microcontroller for wireless operation. Bluetooth is used to send the data for controlling
action of motor, operator can control the motor from wide range about 50m. By using this
method of control losses are very less which increases the efficiency of motor, further
which reduces the cost of energy as well as increases the overall performance of speed
control drive

……

International
Journal of
Electrical and
Electronics
Research
ISSN 2348-
6988 (online)
Vol. 4, Issue 2,
pp: (1-5),
Month: April -
June 2016,
Available at:
www.researchp
ublish.com
Page |
3Research
Publish
Journals
By combining a
versatile 8-bit CPU
with in-system
programmable
Flash on a
monolithic chip,
the Atmel
AT89S52 is
a powerful microco
ntroller which prov
ides a highly-
flexible and cost-
effective solution t
o many embedded
controlapplications.
The AT89S52
provides the
following standard
features: 8K bytes
of Flash, 256 bytes
of RAM, 32 I/O
lines,Watchdog
timer, two data
pointers, three 16-
bit timer/counters,
a six-vector two-
level interrupt
architecture, a full
duplexserial port,
on-chip oscillator,
and clock
circuitry.In
addition, the
AT89S52[2] is
designed with
static logic for
operation down to
zero frequency and
supports two
softwareselectable
power saving
modes. The
optoisolator is used
to drive the triac
which provides
complete pulse to
the motor inorder
to rotate and to
control the speed
of inductor motor
via android
application.
B. Working:
As shown in above
figure transformer
T1 step downs 230
V AC into 9 V AC
and this is given to
bridge rectifier.
Thisrectified output
is directly fed to
base of Q1 through
resistors R1 & R2.
Same rectified
output is filtered
through C1
andgiven to voltage
regulator IC 7805.
Output of 7805 is
regulated 5 VDC
that is given as
biasing voltage for
both transistorsQ1
& Q2 (same
regulated 5 V
supply is given to
main control
section also). Both
transistors are
connected in
switch
configuration.
The final output
„C‟ is given to
main control
section
.As shown in
below figure micro
controller
ATmega16 along
with opto-coupler
MOC3011 (for
triggering TRIAC)
andcommon Anode
type bar graph
display (for
indicating angle)
are used
for changing firing
angle of TRIAC.
Signal 'C' fromzero
crossing detector
circuit is directly
given to pin no 13
(INT1) that is
external interrupt 1
(PD.3) pin. All port
PA pinsare
connected with
cathode of bar
graph display It is
used to show the
status of the motor
power and zero
cross circuit
Fig.3. Zero crossing
detector
International
Journal of
Electrical and
Electronics
Research
ISSN 2348-
6988 (online)
Vol. 4, Issue 2,
pp: (1-5),
Month: April -
June 2016,
Available at:
www.researchp
ublish.com
Page |
4Research
Publish
Journals
.
Fig.4. Basic circuit
diagram
PD7 is connected
with input of opto-
coupler[12]
MOC3011[3].
Output of
MOC3011 is
connected with
gate of
TRIAC.TRIAC is
connected in loop
with AC motor and
230 VAC supply as
shown. RC snubber
circuit is connected
is connectedin
parallel with
TRIAC.A 16MHz
crystal along with
two 22pf capacitor
is connected with
crystal input pins.
Capacitor C2with
Resistor R6
performs power on
reset.
III.
APPLICATION
S
1. Home
automation
–
This project can be
used to
control various
Home
Appliances2. We
can control device
from a long
distance, thus
it gives ease of
access3. No need
to carry remote or
separate

any other
controlling unit.4.
Useful in
applications like
small conveyors,
large blowers,
pumps as well as in
geared
application.5. In
machinery air
compressors, high
processors, water
pumps, vaccum
pump and high
torque application.
IV.
ADVANTAGES
1. Remote
operation is
achieved by any
smart-phone /tablet
etc. with android
os.2. Technically
expert controller is
not required.3.
Android app is an
open source system
to develop any
programming code.
International
Journal of
Electrical and
Electronics
Research
ISSN 2348-
6988 (online)
Vol. 4, Issue 2,
pp: (1-5),
Month: April -
June 2016,
Available at:
www.researchp
ublish.com
Page |
5Research
Publish
Journals
4. Programming
code is not always
required to change
for different input
parameters.5.
Bluetooth
consumes less
power so more
preferable.6. More
useful for the
patient and
disabled person.
V.
DISADVANTA
GES
1. It is of short
range as we are
using Bluetooth as
transmitter.2.
Consum
ption of
consumer’s
battery by
Android app.
3. Device and
application impact.
VI.
CONCLUSION
The objective of a
project has been
achieved which has
been developing
the hardware and
software for
controlling speedof
induction motor
using android
application. The
demand for
wireless operating
device increases, it
is more
preferableover
wired devices.
Here we are
controlling speed
of induction motor
using Bluetooth
and android
application
wirelessly.
VII. FUTURE S
COPE
The future scope
will be controlling
the speed of three
phase induction
motor likewise that
of the single phase
inductionmotor
using android
application. Also
we can use GSM
module instead of
Bluetooth
technology to
control the speed
ofinduction motor.
The speed can also
be controlled
automatically using
temperature sensor
LM 35.
REFERENCES
[1]

Rakesh Parekh
(2012). AC
Induction Motor
Fundamentals.
Microchip
Technology Inc.[2]

www.alldatasheet,c
om/ M0c3011[3]

elprojects.blogso
pt.com/…/
microcontroller
…
[4]

Bayindir R.,
Sefa İ., “Novel
approach based
on
microcontroller
to online
protection of ind
uction motors”,
[5]
Zero Crossing
Detectors by
SUNPLUS.[6]

Petermutschler
Darmstatd
University Of
Technology
Department Of
Power Electronics
And Drives: A
NewSpeed Control
Method For Inducti
on Motors[7]

Atul M.Gajare
Nitin R.Bhasme
A Review on
Speed Control
Techniques Of
Single Phase Induc
tion Motors,
ISSN22496343,Int
ernational Journal
Of Computer
Technology And
Electronics Engine
ering,Volume 2,
Issue 5,October201
2[8]

Stephen L.
Herman,
electricMotor
Control,
9th edition.[9]
J. Zhang,
“Single phase
input
cycloconverters
driving an
\
induction
motor”
Ph.D. thesis,
University of
Technology,Sydne
y.[10]

Modern Applied
Science Vol 5, No
3 (2011). A Novel
Approach to
Analog Signal
Isolation through
DigitalOpto-
coupler
(YOUTAB)[11]
F.F Mazda-2013-
technology&Engin
eering35.4.4[12]

Michael Tablot
Smith -2013
technology&
Engineering[13]
M.D. Singh, K.B.
Khanchandani,
Power Electronics,
Second Edition,
Tata McGraw-Hill,
New Delhi,
2007, pages 148-
152.[14]
"Philips
Semiconductors
Product
specification Triacs
BT138 series".
090119
nxp.com[15]
www.bluetooth.co
m[16]

www.palowireless.
com[17]

Discovering
Bluetooth by Brent
A. Miller.
………..

Page 1
International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 3, May – June
2016
ISSN: 2395-1303
http://www.ijetjournal.org
Page 109
Speed Control Single Phase Induction Motor Using
Android
Phone
Mr. B. N. Patil , Mr. Sandesh Sonar , Mr. Pavankumar Karadiguddi ,
Mr.
Shivanand Banti
1Professor, Electrical & Electronics Dept. , 2 Student, Electrical & Electronics Dept.
Angadi Institute of Technology & Management,
Belagavi, Karnataka.
1. INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this project is to control the
speed and direction of AC Motor using
Microcontroller and Bluetooth with android phone.
This uses a Resistance control technique to control
the speed of AC motor from 0% to 100%.
Android is a software stack for mobile
devices that includes an operating system,
middleware and key applications. Android boasts a
healthy array of connectivity options, including Wi-
Fi, Bluetooth, and wireless data over a cellular
connection (for example, GPRS, EDGE (Enhanced
Data rates for GSM Evolution) and 3G). Android
provides access to a wide range of useful libraries
and tools that can be used to build rich applications.
In addition, Android includes a full set of tools that
have been built from the ground up alongside the
platform providing developers with high productivity
and deep insight into their applications.
1.1 Objectives
1. To control the speed of the single phase AC
motor using wireless Bluetooth technology
2. To control the speed of the single phase AC
motor using limited power supply.
3. To facilitate the flexible control of the speed
of single phase AC induction motor used in
industries.
4. Along with speed control, it also gives
feedback for temperature rise.
5. To detect the over voltage and low voltage
and indicates in mobile phone as well as in
the kit display.
6. If any fault happens and MCB trips it will
indicate in the kit display as well as in
mobile phone via Android applications.
Along with speed control, it also monitors line for 3
phase supply. That is, which phase is on and which
one is off and indicates in the mobile and kit display.
1.2 Project Overview
An embedded system is a combination of
software and hardware to perform a dedicated task.
Some of the main devices used in embedded products
are Microprocessors and Microcontrollers.
Microprocessors are commonly referred to
as general purpose processors as they simply accept
the inputs, process it and give the output. In contrast,
a microcontroller not only accepts the data as inputs
RESEARCH ARTICLE
OPEN ACCESS
Abstract:
As many of the industries use induction motors. So, controlling of induction motor plays a very
vital role. So,
our project concentrates on controlling the speed of induction motor using Android phone
remotely by the help of the
Bluetooth technology. We use Android application which uses Bluetooth to connect to the
Bluetooth modem of
control circuit which is connected to the motor. Bluetooth modem is interfaced with
microcontroller. The Bluetooth
slave modem receives the command from the mobile phone. The Bluetooth modem sends the
signal to the
Microcontroller. The Microcontroller decodes the signal and sends to the relays. Then, respective
relay operates to
change the speed of Induction motor from 0% to 100%.
We are not only controlling the speed of the Induction motor, using feedback network we can
also detect the
over temperature, high voltage, low voltage, MCB tripping on account of any faults. And we are
also adding an extra
application which is very important in industries. That is, monitoring of phase lines. Because
these types of
uncertainties like over temperature, high voltage, low voltage etc are likely to happen in
Industries. So, this project
will be very helpful in industries, house hold, shopping malls etc.
 Page 2
International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 3, May – June
2016
ISSN: 2395-1303
http://www.ijetjournal.org
Page 110
but also manipulates it, interfaces the data with
various devices, controls the data and thus finally
gives the result.
The project “Single phase AC induction motor
speed controlling based on Android mobile
phone” using PIC16F73 microcontroller is an
exclusive project which is used to control the Single
Phase induction motor using resistance control
method by relays.
2 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
An embedded system is a computer system
designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions
often with real-time computing constraints. It is
embedded as part of a complete device often
including hardware and mechanical parts. By
contrast, a general-purpose computer, such as a
personal computer (PC), is designed to be flexible
and to meet a wide range of end-user needs.
Embedded systems control many devices in common
use today.
Embedded systems are controlled by one or
more main processing cores that are typically either
microcontrollers or digital signal processors (DSP).
The key characteristic, however, is being dedicated to
handle a particular task, which may require very
powerful processors. For example, air traffic control
systems may usefully be viewed as embedded, even
though they involve mainframe computers and
dedicated regional and national networks between
airports and radar sites. (Each radar probably
includes one or more embedded systems of its own.)
Since the embedded system is dedicated to
specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it to
reduce the size and cost of the product and increase
the reliability and performance. Some embedded
systems are mass-produced, benefiting from
economies of scale.
Labeled parts include microprocessor (4),
RAM (6), flash memory (7).Embedded systems
programming is not like normal PC programming.
Fig 2.1: A modern example of embedded system. In
many ways, programming for an embedded system is
like programming PC 15 years ago. The hardware for
the system is usually chosen to make the device as
cheap as possible. Spending an extra dollar a unit in
order to make things easier to program can cost
millions. Hiring a programmer for an extra month is
cheap in comparison. This means the programmer
must make do with slow processors and low memory,
while at the same time battling a need for efficiency
not seen in most PC applications. Below is a list of
issues specific to the embedded field.
Fig 2.1: A modern example of embedded system
In many ways, programming for an
embedded system is like programming PC 15 years
ago. The hardware for the system is usually chosen to
make the device as cheap as possible. Spending an
extra dollar a unit in order to make things easier to
program can cost millions. Hiring a programmer for
an extra month is cheap in comparison. This means
the programmer must make do with slow processors
and low memory, while at the same time battling a
need for efficiency not seen in most PC applications.
Below is a list of issues specific to the embedded
field.
3 .HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
Speed control of single phase AC induction motor
based on Resistance control.
Fig 3.1 Main block diagram
3.1 The main blocks of this project are:
1. Micro controller (16F73)
2. Reset button
3. Crystal oscillator
4. Regulated power supply (RPS)
5. LED indicator
6. Bluetooth module
7. Relay
8. AC motor drive circuit
9. AC motor
10. Feedback network

Page 3
International Journal of Engineering and
ISSN: 2395-1303
3.1.1 Micro controller:
Fig 3.2 Microcontroller PIC16F73
Introduction
The PIC16F73 CMOS FLASH
microcontroller is upward compatible with th
PIC16C73B/74B/76/77,
PIC16F873/874/876/877devices. It features 200
instruction execution, self programming, an ICD,
Comparators, 8 channels of 8-bit Analog
(A/D) converter, 2 capture/compare/PWM function
a synchronous serial port that can be configured a
either 3-wire SPI or 2-wire I2C bus, a USART, and
Parallel Slave Port.
Pin description
PIC16F73 has a total of 28 pins. It is mo
frequently found in a DIP28 type of case but can als
be found in SMD case which is smaller from a DIP
DIP is an abbreviation for Dual in Package. SMD
an abbreviation for Surface Mount Device
suggesting that holes for pins to go through whe
mounting aren't necessary in soldering this type of
component.
Fig 3.3 Pin diagram of PIC16F73
By utilizing all of this pin so many application
can be done such as:
1. LCD – connect to Port B pin.
2. LED – connect to any pin declared as output.
3. Relay and Motor - connect to any pin declared as
urnal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 3, May
http://www.ijetjournal.org
MOS FLASH-based 8-bit
rd compatible with the
vices. It features 200 ns
programming, an ICD, 2
bit Analog-to-Digital
/compare/PWM functions,
that can be configured as
I2C bus, a USART, and a
tal of 28 pins. It is most
8 type of case but can also
ich is smaller from a DIP.
Dual in Package. SMD is
urface Mount Devices
o go through when
in soldering this type of a
am of PIC16F73
in so many application
declared as output.
ct to any pin declared as
output.
4. External EEPROM – connect to I2C interfac
– RC3 and RC4 (SCL and SDA)
5. LDR, Potentiometer and sensor
analogue input pin such as RA0.
6. GSM modem dial up modem –
RC7 – the serial communication interface usin
RS232 protocol.
For more detail function for each specific pin p
refer to the device datasheet from Microchip.
Ports
Term "port" refers to a group of pi
microcontroller
which
can
be
a
simultaneously, or on which we can set the
combination of zeros and ones, or read from t
existing status. Physically, port is a register i
microcontroller which is connected by wires
pins of a microcontroller. Ports represent p
connection of Central Processing Unit w
outside world. Microcontroller uses them in o
monitor or control other components or devic
to functionality, some pins have twofold ro
PA4/TOCKI for instance, which is in the sam
the fourth bit of port A and an external input f
run counter. Selection of one of these tw
functions is done in one of the config
registers. An illustration of this is the fifth bi
in OPTION register. By selecting one
functions the other one is disabled.
All port pins can be designated as i
output, according to the needs of a device that
developed. In order to define a pin as input or
pin, the right combination of zeros and o
written in TRIS register. If the appropriate
TRIS register contains logical "1", then that p
input pin, and if the opposite is true, it's an
pin. Every port has its proper TRIS register
port A has TRISA, and port B
direction can be changed during the course o
which is particularly fitting for o
communication where data flow constantly c
direction. PORTA and PORTB state regist
located in bank 0, while TRISA and TRI
direction registers are located in ba
Memory organization
PIC16F73 has two separate memory
one for data and the other for program. EE
memory with GPR and SFR registers in
memory make up the data block, while F
memory
makes
up
the
progra
Program memory
Issue 3, May – June 2016
Page 111
connect to I2C interface pin
er and sensor – connect to
– connect to RC6 and
munication interface using
ion for each specific pin please
tasheet from Microchip.
refers to a group of pins on a
hich
can
be
accessed
n which we can set the desired
and ones, or read from them an
ically, port is a register inside a
h is connected by wires to the
oller. Ports represent physical
tral Processing Unit with an
controller uses them in order to
her components or devices. Due
e pins have twofold roles like
e, which is in the same time
A and an external input for free-
ion of one of these two pin
in one of the configuration
tion of this is the fifth bit T0CS
y selecting one of the
ne is disabled.
s can be designated as input or
the needs of a device that's being
o define a pin as input or output
ation of zeros and ones must be
ister. If the appropriate bit of
s logical "1", then that pin is an
opposite is true, it's an output
its proper TRIS register. Thus,
, and port B has TRISB. Pin
nged during the course of work
larly fitting for one-line
re data flow constantly changes
nd PORTB state registers are
while TRISA and TRISB pin
are located in bank 1.
as two separate memory blocks,
e other for program. EEPROM
and SFR registers in RAM
the data block, while FLASH
up
the
program
block.

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Program memory has been carried out in
FLASH technology which makes it possible to
program a microcontroller many times before it's
installed into a device and even after its installment if
eventual changes in program or process parameters
should occur. The size of program memory is 1024
locations with 14 bits width where locations zero and
four are reserved for reset and interrupt vector.
Data memory
Data memory consists of EEPROM and
RAM memories. EEPROM memory consists of 256
eight bit locations whose contents are not lost during
loosing of power supply. EEPROM is not directly
addressable, but is accessed indirectly through
EEADR and EEDATA registers. As EEPROM
memory usually serves for storing important
parameters (for example, of a given temperature in
temperature regulators), there is a strict procedure for
writing in EEPROM which must be followed in order
to avoid accidental writing. RAM memory for data
occupies space on a memory map from location 0x0C
to 0x4F which comes to 68 locations. Locations of
RAM memory are also called GPR registers which is
an abbreviation for General Purpose Registers. GPR
registers can be accessed regardless of which bank is
selected at the moment.
3.1.2 Reset button:
In our project, reset button is used to reset
all the relays and feedback indicators. Reset button
will be present in the Android application. So, that
we can control the reset button by using mobile
phone.
3.1.3 Crystal oscillator:
Crystal oscillator is used to generate
required frequency for the Microcontroller.
3.1.4 Regulated power supply:
Introduction:
Power supply is a supply of electrical power.
A device or system that supplies electrical or other
types of energy to an output load or group of loads is
called a power supply unit or PSU. The term is most
commonly applied to electrical energy supplies, less
often to mechanical ones, and rarely to others.
Fig 3.4 Regulated Power Supply
Fig 3.5 Circuit diagram of Regulated Power Supply
with Led connection
The components mainly used in above figure are
• 230V AC MAINS
• TRANSFORMER
• BRIDGE RECTIFIER(DIODES)
• CAPACITOR
• VOLTAGE REGULATOR(IC 7805)
• RESISTOR
• LED(LIGHT EMITTING DIODE)
The detailed explanation of each and every
component mentioned above is as follows:
Transformation:
The process of transforming energy from
one device to another is called transformation. For
transforming energy we use transformers.
Transformers:
A transformer is
a
device
that
transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another
through inductively coupled conductors
without
changing its frequency. A varying current in the first
or primary winding creates a varying magnetic
flux in the transformer's core, and thus a
varying magnetic
field through
the secondary winding. This varying magnetic
field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or
"voltage" in the secondary winding. This effect is
called mutual induction.
Rectification:
The process of converting an alternating
current to a pulsating direct current is called as
rectification. For rectification purpose we use
rectifiers.
Rectifiers:
A rectifier is an electrical device that
converts alternating current (AC) to direct current
(DC), a process known as rectification. Rectifiers
have many uses including as components of power
supplies and as detectors of radio signals. Rectifiers
may be made of solid-state diodes, vacuum tube
diodes, mercury arc valves, and other components.
A device that it can perform the opposite
function (converting DC to AC) is known as an

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inverter. A capacitor will pass alternating current but
(apart from an initial surge) it will not pass DC.
Regulation:
The process of converting a varying voltage
to a constant regulated voltage is called as regulation.
For the process of regulation we use voltage
regulators.
Voltage Regulator:
A voltage regulator (also called a
‘regulator’) with only three terminals appears to be a
simple device, but it is in fact a very complex
integrated circuit. It converts a varying input voltage
into a constant ‘regulated’ output voltage. Voltage
Regulators are available in a variety of outputs like
5V, 6V, 9V, 12V and 15V. The LM78XX series of
voltage regulators are designed for positive input. For
applications requiring negative input, the LM79XX
series is used. Using a pair of ‘voltage-divider’
resistors can increase the output voltage of a
regulator circuit.
It is not possible to obtain a voltage lower
than the stated rating. You cannot use a 12V
regulator to make a 5V power supply. Voltage
regulators are very robust. These can withstand over-
current draw due to short circuits and also over-
heating. In both cases, the regulator will cut off
before any damage occurs. The only way to destroy a
regulator is to apply reverse voltage to its input.
Reverse polarity destroys the regulator almost
instantly. Fig: 3.5 shows voltage regulator.
Fig 3.6 Voltage Regulator
Resistors:
A resistor is a two-terminal electronic
component that produces a voltage across its
terminals that is proportional to the electric current
passing through it in accordance with Ohm's law.
Ohm's law:
The behavior of an ideal resistor is dictated
by the relationship specified in Ohm's law:
V = IR……… (1)
Ohm's law states that the voltage (V) across
a resistor is proportional to the current (I) through it
where the constant of proportionality is the resistance
(R).
Power dissipation:
The power dissipated by a resistor (or the
equivalent resistance of a resistor network) is
calculated using the following:
P = I2R = IV = V2/R ……... (2)
3.1.4 LED indicator:
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a
semiconductor light source. LED’s are used as
indicator lamps in many devices, and are increasingly
used for lighting. Introduced as a practical electronic
component in 1962, early LED’s emitted low-
intensity red light, but modern versions are available
across the visible, ultraviolet and infrared
wavelengths, with very high brightness.
3.1.5 Bluetooth module:
The ‘Bluetooth’ is the short-range radio
link technology designed to "connect" an array of
devices including mobile phones, PCs and PDAs. In
our project we are using HC – 06 Bluetooth module.
In our project Bluetooth module is used in the motor
drive circuit to connect with Android mobile phone
by the help of Android application.
Fig 3.5 Bluetooth module used (JY-MCU-HC-06)
Bluetooth module specifications:
HC – 06 with serial port module.
Bluetooth number: JY-MCU-HC-06, surface mount
with integrated antenna.
Operating Voltage: 5 volt, reduced to 3.3 volts, @ 8
mA.
Default baud rate: 9600 bps.
3.1.6 Motor drive circuit:
Motor drive circuit is used to control the
speed of motor by resistance control method with the
help of relays which are connected to the respective
resistances. The relays are interfaced with the
Microcontroller with the help of relay driver chip.
The two important components of motor drive circuit
are,
• Relay
• Relay driver chip

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The description and specifications of these
components are given below.
• Relays:
Relays are the primary protection as well as
switching devices in most of the control processes or
equipment regardless of whether they are electronic
or electromechanical. All the relays respond to one or
more electrical quantities like voltage or current such
that they open or close the contacts or circuits. A
relay is a switching device as it works to isolate or
change the state of an electric circuit from one state
to another. These are found in all sorts of devices.
Relays allow one circuit to switch over to a second
circuit that can be completely separated from the
first. There is no electrical connection inside the relay
between the two circuits – the link is magnetic and
mechanical only.
• Relay driver chip (ULN2003A):
The ULx200xA devices are high-voltage,
high-current Darlington transistor arrays. Each
consists of seven NPN Darlington pairs that feature
high-voltage outputs with common-cathode clamp
diodes for switching inductive loads.
3.1.7 AC motor:
An induction or asynchronous motor is an
AC electric motor in which the electric current in
rotor needed to produce torque is obtained by
electromagnetic induction from the magnetic field of
the stator winding. An induction motor can therefore
be made without electrical connections to the rotor as
found in universal, DC and synchronous motors. An
induction motor’s rotor can be either wound type or
squirrel–cage type.
Fig 3.5 Induction motor
Specifications of the motor we used in our project:
Speed: 2800 RPM
Operating frequency:
50Hz
Supply Voltage: 230V AC Power: ¼ HP
3.1.8 Feedback network:
Along with speed control, we can also detect
the common problems which are likely to be
happened in the industries with the help of feedback
network. In our project we are using feedback
network to detect problems like over temperature,
high voltage, low voltage, tripping of MCB due to
any faults in the supply.
We are also monitoring phase lines which
will be very helpful in industries. That is, to monitor
which phase is on and which phase is off.
3.2 Methodology:
The speed of the AC motor is measured
using wireless speed measurement technique. Speed
control is done using Resistance control method.
User can increase and decrease the speed of the AC
motor through android Smartphone. The controlling
device of the whole system is speed control. The
Microcontroller is programmed using Embedded C
language.
This project uses regulated 5V, 500mA
power supply, PIC microcontroller 7805, a three
terminal voltage regulator is used for voltage
regulation. Bridge type full wave rectifier is used to
rectify the AC output of 230/12v step down
transformer.
The application will be installed in the phone which
uses Bluetooth device of the android phone. Various
types of control switches are present in the
application. On the other side the control circuitry of
motor also contains a Bluetooth modem which is
used connect with the phone. The Bluetooth modem
is connected with microcontroller which is used to
decode the command sent by mobile. Microcontroller
is then connected with relay drive, to which various
relays are connected. The relays are connected with
Resistance speed control. That is, we use armature
resistance to control the speed of motor. The
regulated power supply is given to the control circuit.
4. SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
This project is implemented using following
software’s:
• Express PCB – for designing circuit
• PIC compiler - for compilation part
4.1 Express PCB:
Breadboards are great for prototyping
equipment as it allows great flexibility to modify a
design when needed; however the final product of a
project, ideally should have a neat PCB, few cables,
and survive a shake test. Not only is a proper PCB
neater but it is also more durable as there are no
cables which can yank loose.

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Express PCB is a software tool to design
PCBs specifically for manufacture by the company
Express PCB (no other PCB maker accepts Express
PCB files). It is very easy to use, but it does have
several limitations.
1. It can be likened to more of a
toy then a professional CAD
program.
2. It has a poor part library
(which we can work around).
3. It cannot import or export files
in different formats.
4. It cannot be used to make
prepare boards for DIY
production.
Express PCB has been used to design many
PCBs (some layered and with surface-mount parts.
Print out PCB patterns and use the toner transfer
method with an Etch Resistant Pen to make boards.
However, Express PCB does not have a nice print
layout. Here is the procedure to design in Express
PCB and clean up the patterns so they print nicely.
4.2 PIC Compiler:
PIC compiler is software used where the
machine language code is written and compiled.
After compilation, the machine source code is
converted into hex code which is to be dumped into
the microcontroller for further processing. PIC
compiler also supports C language code.
It’s important that you know C language for
microcontroller which is commonly known as
Embedded C. As we are going to use PIC Compiler,
hence we also call it PIC C. The PCB, PCM, and
PCH are separate compilers. PCB is for 12-bit
opcodes, PCM is for 14-bitopcodes, and PCH is for
16-bit opcode PIC microcontrollers. Due to many
similarities, all three compilers are covered in this
reference manual. Features and limitations that apply
to only specific microcontrollers are indicated within.
These compilers are specifically designed to meet the
unique needs of the PIC microcontroller. This allows
developers to quickly design applications software in
a more readable, high-level language. When
compared to a more traditional C compiler, PCB,
PCM, and PCH have some limitations. As an
example of the limitations, function recursion is not
allowed.
This is due to the fact that the PIC has no
stack to push variables onto, and also because of the
way the compilers optimize the code. The compilers
can efficiently implement normal C constructs,
input/output operations, and bit twiddling operations.
All normal C data types are supported along with
pointers to constant arrays, fixed point decimal, and
arrays of bits.
4.3 Android notes
Android is a software platform and
operating system for mobile devices, based on the
Linux kernel, and developed by Google and later the
Open Handset Alliance. It allows developers to write
managed code in the Java language, controlling the
device via Google-developed Java libraries. The
unveiling of the Android platform on 5 November
2007 was announced with the founding of the Open
Handset Alliance, an association of 48 hardware,
software and telecom companies devoted to
advancing open standards for mobile devices. Google
released most of the Android code under the Apache
license, a free-software and open source license.
Free and Open Source
Android is an open source platform. Neither
developers nor handset manufacturers pay royalties
or license fees to develop for the platform. The
underlying operating system of Android is licensed
under GNU General Public License Version 2
(GPLv2), a strong “copy left” license where any
third-party improvements must continue to fall under
the open source licensing agreement terms. The
Android framework is distributed under the Apache
Software License (ASL/Apache2), which allows for
the distribution of both open and closed source
derivations of the source code. Commercial
developers (handset manufacturers especially) can
choose to enhance the platform without having to
provide their improvements to the open source
community. Instead, developers can profit from
enhancements such as handset-specific improvements
and redistribute their work under whatever licensing
they want. Android application developers have the
ability to distribute their applications under whatever
licensing scheme they prefer. Developers can write
open source freeware or traditional licensed
applications for profit and everything in between.
Network Connectivity
It supports wireless communications using:
GSM mobile-phone technology
3G
Edge
802.11 Wi-Fi networks
4.4 Program Code:
The program code which is dumped in the
microcontroller of our project is shown below.
#include <16F73.h>
#use delay(CLOCK=20M)

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#use
rs232
(baud = 9600,
xmit=PIN_B1,rcv=PIN_B0,stream=BT)
//New
RFID Reader baudrate
#include <BT136.c>
int i = 0;
char data[15];
char ch;
void main()
{
int j = 0;
output_high(pin_A0);
output_high(pin_A1);
delay_ms(800);
output_low(pin_A0);
output_low(pin_A1);
delay_ms(800);
output_high(pin_A0);
output_high(pin_A1);
delay_ms(800);
output_low(pin_A0);
output_low(pin_A1);
delay_ms(800);
while(1) //working with pull up of 10 at output pin
of Hall Effect Sensor
{
ch = fgetc(BT);
if(strstr(data,up1))
{
if(i < 12)
{
i++;
output_c(up[i]);
output_high(PIN_A0);
delay_ms(250);
output_low(PIN_A1);
output_low(PIN_A0);
}
else
{
output_high(PIN_A0);
}
}
if(strstr(data,down1))
{
if(i > 0)
{
i--;
output_c(up[i]);
output_high(PIN_A1);
delay_ms(250);
output_low(PIN_A1);
output_low(PIN_A0);
delay_ms(52);
}
else
{
output_high(PIN_A1);
}
}
}
}
}
5. ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES AND
APPLICATIONS
5.1 Advantages:
1. Bluetooth Wireless communication using
android mobile
2. Conservation of energy.
3. Efficient and low cost design.
4. Easily operable.
5. Fast response with the help of resistance
control.
6. Low power consumption.
5.2 Disadvantages:
1. Interfacing resistance and relays to Micro
Controller is highly sensitive.
2. Sensitive to high voltage devices.
3. Bluetooth wireless communication supports
only for limited distance.
5.3 Applications:
This can be practically implemented in real
time to control the electrical power usage in
▪ Industries,
▪ House hold,
▪ Shopping malls etc.
6 RESULT & CONCLUSION
6.1 Result
The project “Single phase induction motor
speed controlling based on Android mobile phone”
was designed such that to control the speed of the AC
motor using Bluetooth control technique by making
use of resistance control method to control the speed
of the motor using android mobile with Bluetooth
wireless communication. The speed can be controlled
from 0% to 100% as four different speeds. Using
feedback network we can also detect over
temperature, high voltage, low voltage, MCB tripping

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on account of any faults. We are also monitoring
phases. Compared to other methods like frequency
control, PWM method, TRIAC control and Thyristor
firing angle control this method is less expensive and
design is easy.
Table 1 Speed of motor for different relays
Relay number
Resistance (Ω)
Speed in
RPM
1
134
911
2
249
1463
3
362
2011
4
481
2672
Graph 1 Graph of speed versus relay
6.2 Conclusion
Integrating features of all the hardware
components used have been developed in it. Presence
of every module has been reasoned out and placed
carefully, thus contributing to the best working of the
unit. Secondly, using highly advanced IC’s with the
help of growing ANDROID technology, the project
has been successfully implemented.
6.3 Future Scope:
Our project “Single phase Induction motor
speed controlling based on Android mobile
phone” is mainly intended to control the motor speed
using resistance control technique. This system has
Bluetooth receiver module, Relays which are
interfaced to the micro controller.
The controlling device of the whole system is a
Microcontroller. Bluetooth module, Relays, AC
motor are interfaced to the Microcontroller. The data
received by the Bluetooth module from Android
smart phone is fed as input to the Microcontroller.
The Microcontroller decodes the signal received from
Bluetooth module and sends the signal to the relays.
The relays work according to the command. In
achieving the task the controller is loaded with a
program written using Embedded ‘C’ language.
The main drawback of the system is the
Bluetooth wireless technology supports only for