B.A., LL.B (Hons.

)/ First Semester- November 2021

Topic: Nature Of Philosophy

Submitted By: Akshat Malviya

Roll No. B066

B.A., L.L.B. (First year)

School of Law, NMIMS (Deemed-to-be University)

Submitted To: Ms. Ritu Sharma

School of Law, NMIMS (Deemed-to-be University)

5. ETHICS 7-8
6. LOGIC 8-9
7. CONCLUSION 9
 Abstract:

The paper will examine the nature of philosophy on the basis of Introduction, Importance of
philosophy and discusses about it four branches like epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, logic
and gives conclusion at the last. It will be followed by its ideological justification and the
controversy surrounding the topic will be briefly discussed.

Research Problems:

Q1) What is the importance of philosophy?

Q2) What are the four branches of philosophy?

Q3) Discuss about the branches of philosophy.

1) Introduction:

Every written and unwritten themes relating to an item for evaluation. Philosophy is an

example of a topic that deals with intellect. Intelligence, cunning, wit, cleverness, and craftiness

are not the same as wisdom. It is the most noble trait that distinguishes a man from the rest of

the animal kingdom. This head-and-heart concentration1 is what makes a person the summit of

creation, God's delegate on earth, as well as the first cause's command or edict. Being

intelligent does not require being self-centered; rather, it entails recognizing one's own status

in its proper context. Any crook may succeed in stealing money from someone's home, but he is

not clever, because he wrecked his life in this world; in the hereafter, he should have

exchanged iron for riches, pebble for diamonds, and dust for concealment materials. Learning,

knowledge, and abstraction are all ways to gain wisdom. Learning makes a person self-aware,
1
Introduction to logic, Copi, I. M, Cohen. C, Jetli. P, Prabhaker. M, 12th ed. New Delhi: Pearson Prentice Hall 2005.
 conscience, and dependent. Existing by principle is one thing, and living by choice is quite

another; scholars prefer the former and are uninterested in the latter. Philosophers see the

urgency of life, thus they oppose changing or relying on later today since they don't believe in

today or tomorrow as it does not seem to occur. This assertion is based on assumption, and it

has caused Russell and Wittgenstein2 to disagree.

Philosophers strive to reveal what is veiled and help advance to understand it. Philosophy is a

set of stuff that is sought, thought on, and comprehended via debates, questions, and

discussions. Everything uttered and accepted must be open to examination and critique, and

Socrates began by defining things with this maxim. Approach is the foundational study of world

knowledge. Modern philosophy, in contrast to traditional philosophy, is more thorough in its

discussion of key problems such as existence, essence, causality, mind, knowledge, value, and

so on. "There are no facts, just interpretations" in this approach, according to Nietzsche. As a

result, philosophy is the philosophical interpretation of objects.

2) Importance Of Philosophy:

Philosophy is a multidisciplinary field with logical, analytical, philosophical, and observational

methodologies. Despite the fact that one of the most fundamental philosophical traditions

(metaphysics) explores objective truth, i.e. the essence of God, this does not imply that

individuals who study metaphysics will become atheists. All science or philosophy has its own

terminology and two sides, one optimistic and the other pessimistic. It is up to the perceiver to

select which side they prefer. Every religion has its own ontology, and in Islamic theology, this

2
The Concise Encyclopedia of Western Philosophy and Philosophers, Urmson, J.O and Jonathan Ree, London:
Unwin Hyman Ltd.
 metaphysics has been explored and established by prophets and theologians up to a certain

point. As every discipline is an outgrowth of philosophy, such as psychology (mental

philosophy), sociology (empirical realism), political science, mathematics, physics, and biology,

it has a vast area that serves as the basis for all other subjects. Although, from moment to time,

physics and mathematics were studied and justified in parallel with philosophy. Mathematicians

such as Socrates, Euclid, Plato, Descartes, Bertrand Russell), Physicists such as (Descartes,

Carnap, Kant, Al-Ghazali), Biologists such as (Aristotle and Ibn-Sina), Scholars in the field such as

(Wittgenstein and Noam Chomsky), and poets such as (Pythagoras, Euclid (Iqbal and Tagore).

The blessing of Aristotle and Grotto Frege may be seen in the use of quantification logic, fuzzy

logic, logical operators,3 and truth tables in the science and technology system. These two

thinkers have established a new paradigm for science and technological progression. This

demonstrates that philosophy is a pure science, as it has made sacrifices for the advancement

of science in the past, such as Anaxagoras' exile from Athens, Plato's and Aristotle's exiles, and

Socrates' master's forced consumption of Hemlock. Nearchus, Elea's monarch, tortured Zeno of

Elea. While Brun was burned alive in the contemporary day, Spinoza was banished and

admonished not to publish or divulge his work because their scientific beliefs contradicted the

Bible.

3) Epistemology:

The science of knowing is epistemology. Epistemology comes from the Greek words 'Episteme'

and 'Logy,' which mean 'knowledge' and’ science or study,' respectively. Approach can be

described as the pursuit of knowledge. This is a crucial search. As a result, the first issue that
3
Boethius, (1981): The Consolation of Philosophy. Chicago: Roguery Gateway.
 confronts a philosopher is the nature of knowledge and its boundaries. Epistemology is

therefore the most fundamental system of thought. It explores the falsity of knowledge, its

validity, its boundaries, and the nature of knowing, as well as the experience and the known.

Epistemology, or knowledge theory, is concerned4 as far as how we know what we know, what

excuses us in holding what we believe, and what evidentiary standards we should employ in

pursuing truths about the universe and lived emotion. Difficulties and theories in epistemology

are frequently linked to impaired and theories in philosophical. The epistemology of sense, the

nature of belief, the function of imagery in memory and introspection, the diversity of mental

characteristics figuring in self-knowledge, the nature of induction, and the structuring of a

person's system of beliefs are all essential factors in philosophy of mind. Epistemology is a

discipline that studies the evaluative cognitive activities, their metaphysical foundations, and

the language we use to describe them. Pessimism, awareness, justification, knowing, epistemic

values, conceptualism, perception, inference, theories of truth and falsity are all part of the

epistemological field, and the primary epistemologies in western philosophy are rationalism,

empiric, criticisms, and existing representations.

4) Metaphysics:

Existence, reality, or essence is the subject of this research. Along with ethics, logic, and

knowledge, metaphysics is one of the four disciplines of philosophy. It's an interesting thread,

but it is one that continues to pique people's interest. For some, it has spiritual or sacred

connotations. Others are familiar with it because to metaphysical poets who write about love

and soul. Metaphysics is known as the "Queen of Sciences." There are two approaches to
4
Philosophical Reconstruction, Nikunja Vihari Banerjee: Arnold- Heinemann, India, New Delhi, 1973.
 metaphysics: one is that it is used to describe what made up stories beyond the physical, or

what is separate from the sensible and perceptible material world, and the other is that it is

used to describe what lies beyond the physical, or what is separate from the rational and

perceptible physical reality. There is a metaphysical outback, which Nietzsche mockingly

referred to as a world inhabited by nonphysical entities such as Almighty, spirits, souls, and

knowing beings, in addition to the physical5 nature that surrounds and suffocates us yet in

which we exist. In this view, the ideas of transcendental, theological, and supernatural realms

are equivalent with metaphysics. Andronicus of Rhodes invented the word metaphysics to

describe Aristotle's undeclared works, which he labeled fundamental logic.

5) Ethics:

Ethics is the study of what is right and what is good. The term "ethics" comes from the Greek

word "ethos," which meaning "customs," "character," "usages," or "habits." Normative is

derived from the Latin term Mores, which meaning habits, beliefs, or temperament. The

science of conventions, methods of behaving character, or the science of human conduct is

referred to as ethics. The science of greatest good is called ethics . Ethics is a branch of

philosophy that studies the rules that regulate human behavior in terms of kindness, ugliness,

truth, and immorality, as well as accountabilities. Its goal is to figure out what rules should

guide human behavior and to investigate normative increased effort value judgment. Moral

theory has the same correlation to ethical decision-making that grammar study has to language

studies. A person may speak a language without ever studying its grammar, and clear decision -

making can be made without ever studied moral theory. But, much as studying grammar
5
History of Philosophy, Weber and Perry, Translated by Frank Thilly, New Delhi: Surjeet Publications, 2007.
strengthens our ability to talk in a language, investigating theoretical issues may help us explain

our ethical choices. Ethics is involved with moral judgments and the study of what should be.

Ethic is just the science of doing what is best for the maximum number of people. Morality and

ethics are often used interchangeably, despite the fact there is very little difference between

the two. Morality states that the right or wrong under a series, a way of life, or a conclusion,

whereas ethics is the study of the norms we use or propose to assess such things. As a

corollary, termination may be moral or immoral depends on the code we use, but ethics

explains why we label it that and how we made this decision. As a result, ethics is often known

as philosophical; we use it to critique, defend, advocate, justify, as suggest moral conceptions,

as well as to solve moral issues. Ethics is a normative field of study.

6) Logic:

Logic is the study of truth. Logic's subject matter covers judgment procedures, proposition

kinds, proposition, explanation, comparison, taxonomy, division, and fundamental rules of

intellect, among other things. The skill of arguing6 or thinking is referred to as logic. Logic is

regularly alluded to as the study of mental laws. This is, in reality, incorrect. Several of the

processes explored by psychologists is thinking. Not every idea is a topic of study for the

logician, even though beliefs relate to any process that takes place in people's minds. As a

result, one can conceive of a number between one and 10 without having to undertake any

reasoning. One can also recall, conceive, free associate, or conduct a variety of other mental

operations. Rather than rational principles, the rules that explain the motions of the mind are

6
The Concise Encyclopedia of Western Philosophy and Philosophers, Urmson, J.O and Jonathan Ree, London:
Unwin Hyman Ltd.
cognitive laws. The science of thinking is thought to as logic. This is better, because reasoning is

a sort of thinking in which premises are reasoned from and data - dependent. This is a very

complex process that includes a lot of trial and error and is infrequently enlightened by flashes

of insight.

Logicians aren't interested in how the mind arrived at its opinions during the reasoning process;

they're interested in how the mind comes to those conclusions. Primarily7 with the soundness

of the whole process: does the conclusion drawn from the premises need the investigation of

the ideas and strategies used to discern between valid and improper reasoning.

7) Conclusion:

Philosophical concerns such as Establishment, Substance, Learning, Memory, Linguistics, and

Absolute Reality are examined in philosophy. It is required to deal with problems that have only

a theoretical base in philosophy; otherwise, there's many specialties that have their own

philosophy, which differs from mainstream philosophy since philosophy of a particular topic is

based on their qualitative research. Philosophy has its own strategy that is tailored to its

difficulties and society. The roots of difficulties may be traced back to philosophy. It is

concerned with the underlying principles that underpin the universe of atomic propositions.

Philosophy is the process of philosophizing things in order to arrive at their ultimate reality and

objective. It is at the forefront of technological advancement in the areas of mathematics,

science, and human sciences.

7
Logic Depth Grammar of rationality, Patrick K Bastable: Gill and Macmillan Limited Dublin, 1975
 Bibliography

a) A Manual of Ethics, Mackenzie, J. S. New Delhi: Surjeet Publications, 2000. xv. The Moral Law, Patton,

b) H. J. New Delhi: Surjeet Publications, 2004.

c) Benn, A. W. (1923): History of Modern Philosophy. London: Watts & Co. PP. 31-45. 8. Stewart, D.

d)Blocker, H. G. (2008): Fundamentals of Philosophy. 6th Ed. New Delhi: Pearson Publication ltd. PP.

169-221.

e) The Concise Encyclopedia of Western Philosophy and Philosophers, Urmson, J.O and Jonathan Ree,

London: Unwin Hyman Ltd.