LESSON GRAMMAR
5 CONTRASTING PRESENT TENSES
6 RELATIVE CLAUSES REVIEW
7 PHRASAL VERBS
8 IDIOMS
REFERENCES
#1 Grammar and Spell checker. Gingersoftware.com. Retrieved 10 July 2020, from https://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-
rules/verbs/modal-verbs/.
Azar, B. (2016). Understanding and using english grammar (5th ed.). Allyn & Bacon.
English grammar guide | English Grammar | EF. Ef.com. (2020). Retrieved 10 July 2020, from https://www.ef.com/ca/english-
resources/english-grammar/.
Murphy, R. (2019). English grammar in use (5th ed.). CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS.
Murphy, R., & Smalzer, W. (2000). Grammar in use. Cambridge University Press.
Appendix 6
Phrasal verbs (take off / give up etc.)
This is a list o f some im portant phrasal verbs (—» Unit 114).
on car r y on = continue
O Don't stop working. Car r y on. (= continue working)
O a: Excuse me, where is the station?
b: Car r y on along this road and turn right at the lights. (= Continue alo n g ...)
also go on / w alk on / d r ive on etc. = continue going! waMngldriving etc.
O Don't stop here. Drive on.
co m e on = be quick
O Co m e on! Everybody is waiting for you.
get on = manage (in a job, at school, in an exam etc.)
O How was your exam? How did you get on?
(= how did you do?)
hold on = wait
O Can you hold on a minute? (= can you wait?)
of f t ake of f = leave the ground (for planes) TAKE OFF
O The plane t o o k of f 20 minutes late, but
arrived on time.
go of f = explode (a bom b etc.) or ring (an alarm,
an alarm clock etc.)
O A bomb w en t of f and caused a lot of damage.
O A car alarm goes of f if som ebody tries to break into the car. GO OFF
up give up = stop trying
O I know it's difficult, but don't give up.
(= don't stop trying)
grow up = become an adult
O W hat does your son want to do when he grow s up?
GROW UP
h u r r y up = do something more quickly
O H u r r y up! We haven't got much time.
sp eak up = speak more loudly
O I can't hear you. Can you sp eak up, please?
WAKE UP
w ak e up = stop sleeping
O I often w ake up in the middle o f the night.
w ash up = wash the plates etc. after a meal
O Do you want me to w ash up?
( o r ... to do the washing-up?) WASH UP
d ow n slow d ow n = go more slowly
O You're driving too fast. Slo w d o w n !
b reak d ow n = stop working (for cars, machines etc.)
O Sue was very late because her car broke dow n. BREAK DOWN
o ver f all o ver = lose your balance
O I f ell o ver because my shoes were too big for me.
FALL OVER
Appendix 7 Phrasal verbs + object
(put out a fire / give up your job etc.)
This is a list o f some im portant phrasal verbs + object (—> Unit 115).
in / o u t f i l l in / f ill o u t a form = complete a form
O Can you f i l l in t h i s f o r m , please? or
Can you f i l l o u t t h i s f o r m , please?
out p u t o u t a fire, a cigarette etc. pu t o u t
O The fire brigade arrived and p u t t h e f i r e o u t
cr o ss o u t a mistake, a word etc.
O If you make a mistake, cr o ss i t o u t . CROSS OUT
on t r y o n clothes = put on clothes to see if they f i t you
O (in a shop) This is a nice jacket. Shall I t r y i t o n ?
up g i v e u p something = stop doing it
O Sue g av e u p h e r j o b when her baby was born. (= she stopped working)
O 'Are you still learning Italian?' 'No, I g av e i t up.'
l o o k u p a word in a dictionary etc.
O I didn't know the meaning of the word, so I l o o k ed i t u p in a dictionary.
t u r n u p the TV, radio, music, heating etc. = make it louder or warm er
O Can you t u r n t h e r ad i o u p ? I can't hear it.
w ak e u p som ebody who is sleeping
O I have to get up early tom orrow. Can you w ak e m e u p at 6.30?
down k n o ck d o w n a building = demolish it
O They are going to k n o ck d o w n the school
and build a new one.
t u r n d o w n the TV, radio, music, heating etc.
= make it more quiet or less warm
O The music is too loud. Can you t u r n i t d o w n ?
o v er k n o ck o v e r a cup, a glass, a person etc.
O Be careful. Don't k n o ck y o u r cu p o v er .
O There was an accident at the end of the road.
A man was k n o ck e d o v er by a car. ‘r> # >
(or A man was k n o ck e d d o w n by a car.) TT KNOCK OVER Or
KNOCK OVER KNOCK DOWN
aw ay t h r o w aw ay rubbish, things you don't want
O These apples are bad. Shall I t h r o w t h e m aw ay ?
O Don't t h r o w aw ay t h a t p i ct u r e . I want it.
p u t something aw ay = put it in the place where you usually keep it
O After they finished playing, the children p u t t h e i r t o y s aw ay .
b ack p ay somebody b ack = give back money that you borrowed
O Thank you for lending me the money. I'll p ay y o u b a ck next week.
round/ sh o w som ebody r o u n d / a r o u n d = take som ebody on a tour of a place
ar o u n d O We visited a factory last week. The manager sh o w e d u s r o u n d .
2
What are idioms?
An idiom is a phrase, saying or a group of
words that has a metaphorical (not literal) meaning,
which has become accepted in common usage.
For example, “rain cats and dogs” is an idiom.
It is not literally that cats and dogs are falling from
the sky, it is just an expression which implies that it is
raining heavily.
What makes idioms difficult?
The answer is their "meaning". Idioms are not easy to understand - especially for
non-native speakers, because their meanings are usually metaphorical. This characteristic
of idioms makes them strange and difficult to understand for English learners.
Idioms have historic and contextual origins, that is why there are a lot of Idioms in
English, actually, there are some of them that are just used for specific parts of the world,
so if you say an idiom which people are not used to use, they might not understand you. It
means that every idiom has its own story and origin.
For example, “cost an arm and a leg” refers to
something really expensive, which is almost impossible to
buy for the people who is using this expression. The origin
of this expression is unclear, but one of the most accepted
is that Probable reference is to soldiers who had lost their
limbs during the World War II, so it seems to be a very high
price to pay for the war.
There are a lot of idioms, in effect there are many Idioms Dictionaries on stores, but
we are going to star with the TOP 10 ENGLISH IDIOMS.
TOP 10 ENGLISH IDIOMS
