UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI

PROJECT REPORT ON

“A STUDY ON THE TECHNIQUES AND METHODS AND

TRENDS OF FIVE YEAR ECONOMY PLAN THROUGH NITI
AYOG IN INDIA”

A PROJECT SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE
SUBMITTED BY:
MR.MOHSIN HAMID SHAIKH
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF:

MRS. NADIRA KHAN ( H.O.D. )

BACHELOR OF ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE

SUBMITTED TO
UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI
ACADEMIC YEAR 2023- 2024

G.R. PATIL COLLEGE OF ARTS, SCIENCE & COMMERCE

BEHIND POLICE STATION, NARAYAN NAGAR, MUMBRA,
THANE-400612.

1
 CERTIFICATE

This is certify that Mr. Mohsin Hamid Shaikh has worked and dulycompleted
his project work for the degree of Bachelor of Accounting & Finance under the
Faculty of Commerce in the subject completed the entitled, “A STUDY ON THE
TECHNIQUES AND METHODS AND TRENDS OF FIVE YEAR
ECONOMY PLAN THROUGH NITI AYOG IN INDIA ” under my
supervision.
I further certify that the entire work has been done by the learner under my
guidance and that no part of it has been submitted previously for any degree or
diploma of any university.
It is his own work and facts reported by him personal findings and investigations.

Mrs. Nadira Khan

Date Of Submission

2
 DECLARTION BY LEARNER

I undersigned Mr. Mohsin Hamid Shaikh here by, declare that the work
embodied in this project work titled “A STUDY ON THE TECHNIQUES
AND METHODS AND TRENDS OF FIVE YEAR ECONOMY PLAN
THROUGH NITI AYOG IN INDIA”, forms my own contribution to research
work carried out under the guidance of Mrs. Nadira Khan is a result of my own
other universityfor any other Degree/ Diploma to this or any other university.

Wherever reference has been made to previous works of others, it has been
clearly indicated as such and included in the bibliography.

I, here by further declare that all information of this document has been
obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct.

Mr.Mohsin Shaikh

Mrs. Nadira Khan

3
 ACKONOWLEDGEMENT

 To list who all have helped me is difficult because they are so numerous
and the depth is so enormous.
 I would like to acknowledge the following as being idealistic channels
and fresh dimensions in the completion of this project.
 I take this opportunity to think the University of Mumbai for giving me
chance to do this project.
 I would like to thank my Principal, Mr. Susheel S. Sharma for
providing the necessary facilities required for completion of this project.
 I take this opportunity our for him moral support and gauidance.
 I would also like to express my sincere gratitude towards my project
gauide Mrs. Nadira Khan whose guidance and care made the project
successsful.
 I would like to thank my Collage Library, for having provided various
refernce books and magazines related to my project.
 Lastly, I would like to thank each and every person who directly or
indirectly helped me in the completion of the project especially my
parents and peers who supported me throughout my project.

4
Strategy for
New India @ 75


Table of Contents
Introduction 1

Drivers
1 *roZtK 
 (PSOo\PHntDnd/DEour5HIorPV 1
 7HcKnoOoJ\DndInnovDtion 1
4. Industry 20
. 'ouEOinJ )DrPHrs· IncoPH I  0odHrni]inJ $JricuOturH 2
. 'ouEOinJ )DrPHrs· IncoPH II  3oOicy *ovHrnDncH 0
. 'ouEOinJ )DrPHrs· IncoPH III  9DOuH &KDin 5urDO InIrDstructurH 
. )inDnciDO IncOusion 41
. +ousinJ Ior $OO 4
10. 7rDvHO 7ourisP Dnd +osSitDOity 4
11. 0inHrDOs 4

Infrastructure
12. (nHrJy 1
1. 6urIDcH 7rDnsSort 
14. 5DiOZDys 0
1. &iviO $viDtion 
1. 3orts 6KiSSinJ Dnd InODnd :DtHrZDys 0
1. /oJistics 
18. Digital Connectivity 88
19. Smart Cities for Urban Transformation 92
20. SZacKK %Karat 0ission 9
21. :ater 5esources 100
22. Sustainable Environment 104

Inclusion
2. ScKool Education 111

vii
 Strategy for
New India @ 75

Table of Contents
24. +igKer Education 11
2. TeacKer Education and Training 121
2. SNill DeveloSment 124
2. 3ublic +ealtK 0anagement and $ction 129
28. ComSreKensive 3rimary +ealtK Care 1
29. +uman 5esources for +ealtK 1
0. Universal +ealtK Coverage 142
1. 1utrition 14
2. *ender 10
. Senior Citi]ens 3ersons ZitK Disability and Transgender 3ersons 1
4. ScKeduled Castes SCs  ScKeduled Tribes STs  2tKer %acNZard Classes 2%Cs 
2tKer Tribal *rouSs and 0inorities 11

Governance
. %alanced 5egional DeveloSment Transforming $sSirational Districts 19
. TKe 1ortKEast 5egion 1
. /egal -udicial and 3olice 5eforms 18
8. Civil Services 5eforms 18
9. 0oderni]ing City *overnance for Urban Transformation 18
40. 2Stimi]ing tKe Use of /and 5esources 191
41. Data /ed *overnance and 3olicy 0aNing 19

$nne[ 1 199

$nne[ 2 20

viii
/ist of )igures
1.1 India’s real GDP growth 8
2.1 Share of worNforce emSloyed in agriculture 1
.1 SteSs taNen to Sromote science technology and innovation in India 1
4.1 0anufacturing as a share of GDP 201112 to 20118 21
.1 Price sSread between farm harvest Srices and retail Srices for select agricultural
commodities 2011 1
.1 $dditional marNets reTuired by 20222 
8.1 Distribution of household savings across Shysical and Ànancial assets 42
8.2 Growth in uniÀed Sayment interface UPI usage 42
9.1 0ultiSronged aSSroach to resolving constraints in the ¶+ousing for $ll’ scheme 4
10.1 Contribution of travel and tourism in India 201 49
11.1 India’s share in world Sroduction 201 
12.1 Strategies for imSroving the energy sector in India 
1.1 Total number of registered vehicles in India 
14.1 Growth of Indian 5ailways1901 to 20114 1
1.1 Passenger trafÀc by scheduled carriers 20008 to 2011 
1.2 )reight TransSorted by air 20008 to 2011 
1.1 2Serating cost comSarison in transSorting cargo through various modes 81
1.2 Pillars of the Sagarmala Srogramme 81
18.1 Increase in internet users and online penetration in India 88
19.1 )our paradigms to leverage Smart Cities 0ission 9
20.1 Improvement in Swachh Bharat Mission Gramin coverage 9
21.1 Status on average annual water availability 100
22.1 Strategies for achieving sustainable environment 10
2.1 Gross and net enrolment ratios for elementary secondary and senior secondary 111

ix
Strategy for
New India @ 75

/ist of )igures
2.2 /earning outcomes from $SE5 survey 201 for rural areas 112
24.1 Gross Enrolment 5atio in higher education 2011 11
24.2 UGC’s graded autonomy regulations for universities 118
2.1 :orNforce that has undergone formal sNill training 12
2.1 Preventable risN factors are the biggest contributors to the disease burden 201 10
28.1 $dditional services to be provided under the 1ew India primary care system 14
28.2 5evamped primary health system for 1ew India 1
29.1 Shortfall of specialists in government health centres compared to the
reTuirement based on existing infrastructure 18
29.2 Sanctioned posts of specialists vacant 18
0.1 Pillars of universal health coverage 14
1.1 .ey nutritional indicators in India 14
2.1 Progress with respect to genderrelated indicators 10
2.2 )emale labour force participation 11
2. Examples of indicators that could be used for developing the genderbased
index and ranNing states 1
.1 School attendance of children with disabilities between 19 years 1
.2 /iteracy status of PwDs 1
. $llocation and expenditure pertaining to the Department of Empowerment of
Persons with Disabilities 1
4.1 :orNforce participation rate 14
4.2 2ut of school children by religious group 1
.1 Illustration of how the $DP converges staNeholders’ efforts in the prevention of stunting 11
.1 Per capita 1SDP for northeast states 2011 1
.2 Per capita 1SDP for northeast states 20040 14

x
/ist of )igures
. Timeline of government initiatives for the development of northeast region 1
9.1 .ey strategies to improve urban governance by 20222 188
40.1 /and use across different uses in India 199091 to 20114 191
41.1 )rameworN for achieving transparent governance 19

/ist of Tables
.1 Gaps in coldchain development 
2.1 ProÀle of public schools with low enrolment 114
4.1 Incidence of poverty across social groups 11
4.2 /iteracy rate among social groups 12
4. /iteracy 5ate among minority communities 14
.1 Core dimensions of $DP and their weightage 11

xi
Introduction

2
n $ugust 1 2022 independent India will turn . In the lifespan of nations India is still young.
The best is surely yet to come. India’s youthful and aspirational population deserves a rapid
transformation of the economy which can deliver doubledigit growth Mobs and prosperity to all.
$ strong foundation has been laid in the last four years. :hile there is every room for conÀdence
there is none for complacency. $ surge of energy untiring effort and an unshaNeable resolve on the part of the
government private sector and every individual citi]en can achieve this transformation in the next Àve years.

Seventy years ago similar energy effort and resolve from all Indians freed the country from colonial rule within
Àve years of the launch of the 4uit India movement in 1942. Then liNe now foundations had been laid but a
committed acceleration of effort was necessary. The Prime Minister’s call for Sankalp Se Siddhi is a clarion call
for a radical transformation for a 1ew India by 20222.

The government has to be in the vanguard of the transformation of the Indian economy. +owever the
government’s role must be deÀned correctly. This Strategy document attempts to do this. The document is
being framed in a context where a reimagination of governance is taking place. :e need a ¶development
state’ that focuses sharply on the difÀcult and accountable delivery of key public goods and services. There is
an ongoing effort to achieve an optimum level of publicprivate partnership. Policies have been put in place
for more efÀcient delivery of public goods and services such as health education power urban water supply
and connectivity. In this context a deliberate effort is being made to cut red tape and end burdensome over
regulation for promoting entrepreneurship and private investment. $lso in an effort to align the ¶Strategy
for 1ew India # ’ with India’s commitment to the United 1ations’ Sustainable Development Goals each
chapter is mapped to the relevant goals. India is currently putting in place a ¶development state’ guided by the
philosophy of Sabka Saath Sabka 9ikas.

The purpose of this document ¶Strategy for 1ew India # ’ is to deÀne clear obMectives for 20222 in a
diverse range of 41 areas that recogni]e the progress already made and challenges that remain identify
binding constraints in speciÀc sectors and suggest the way forward for achieving the stated obMectives.

The Strategy document has disaggregated the 41 sectors under four sections drivers infrastructure
inclusion and governance. The Àrst section on drivers focuses on the engines of economic performance ² in
macroeconomic terms with chapters on growth and employment. The section also discusses strategies for
the doubling of farmers’ incomes boosting Make in India upgrading the science technology and innovation
ecosystem and promoting sunrise sectors like Àntech and tourism. $n annual rate of growth of 9 per cent

1
 Strategy for
New India @ 75

by 20222 is essential for generating sufÀcient Mobs and achieving prosperity for all. )our key steps among
others have been spelled out for achieving this GDP growth rate. These are

a. Increase the investment rate as measured by gross Àxed capital formation G)C) from present 29 per
cent to  per cent of GDP by 2022. $bout half of this increase must come from public investment
which is slated to increase from 4 per cent to  per cent of GDP. Government savings have to move into
positive territory. This sharp increase in investmenttoGDP ratio will reTuire signiÀcantly higher resource
mobili]ation efforts as elaborated in the chapter on Growth.

b. In agriculture emphasis must shift to converting farmers to ¶agripreneurs’ by further expanding

e1ational $griculture Markets e1$Ms and replacing the $gricultural Produce Marketing Committee
$PMC $ct with the $gricultural Produce and /ivestock Marketing $P/M $ct. The creation of a uniÀed
national market a freer export regime and abolition of the Essential Commodities $ct are essential for
boosting agricultural growth.

c. $ strong push would be given to ¶=ero Budget 1atural )arming’ =B1) techniTues that reduce costs
improve land Tuality and increase farmers’ incomes. This is a tested method for putting environment
carbon back into the land. Therefore =B1) allows India to signiÀcantly contribute to reducing the global
carbon footprint.

d. To ensure maximum employment creation codiÀcation of labour laws must be completed and a massive
effort must be made to upscale apprenticeships.

The second section on infrastructure deals with the physical foundations of growth. $ lot of progress has been
made across all infrastructure sectors. This is crucial to enhancing the competitiveness of Indian business as
also ensuring the citi]ens’ ease of living. Three key steps among others are

a. Expediting the establishment of the 5ail Development $uthority 5D$  which is already approved. 5D$
will advise or make informed decisions on an integrated transparent and dynamic pricing mechanism
for the railways. Investment in railways will be ramped up including by monetising existing railway
assets.

b. The share of freight transported by coastal shipping and inland waterways will be doubled. Initially
viability gap funding will be provided until the infrastructure is fully developed. $n ITenabled platform
would be developed for integrating different modes of transport and promoting multimodal and
digitised mobility.

c. With the completion of the Bharat Net programme in 2019 all 2. lakh gram panchayats will be digitally
connected. In the next phase the last mile connectivity to the individual villages will be completed. The
aim will be to deliver all government services at the state district and gram panchayat level digitally by
20222 thereby eliminating the digital divide.
2
The section on inclusion deals with the urgent task of investing in the capabilities of all of India’s citi]ens. The
three themes in this section revolve around the various dimensions of health education and mainstreaming
of traditionally marginali]ed sections of the population. While there are multiple dimensions and pathways
contained in the chapters in this section four key steps among others are

a. Successfully implementing the $yushman Bharat programme including the establishment of 10000
health and wellness centres across the country and rolling out the Pradhan Mantri -an $rogya
$bhiyaan.

b. Upgrading the Tuality of the school education system and skills including the creation of a new
innovation ecosystem at the ground level by establishing at least 10000 $tal Tinkering /abs by 2020.

c. $s already done in rural areas affordable housing in urban areas will be given a huge push to improve
workers’ living conditions and ensure eTuity while providing a strong impetus to economic growth.

d. Implementing strategies to achieve regional eTuity by focusing on the NorthEast region and successfully
rolling out the $spirational Districts Programme.

The Ànal section on governance delves deep into how the tasksbusiness of government can be streamlined
and reformed to achieve better outcomes. It involves a sharp focus on ensuring accountability and a shift to
performancebased evaluation. The government will revamp its data systems and analysis so that all policy
interventions and decisionmaking are based on evidence and realtime data. This will yield efÀcient and
targeted delivery of services and Mustice to those who need them the most. Three key steps among others are

a. Implementing the recommendations of the Second $dministrative 5eforms Commission as a prelude

to appointing a successor for designing reforms in the changing context of emerging technologies and
growing complexity of the economy.

b. $ new autonomous body vi]. the $rbitration Council of India may be set up to grade arbitral
institutions and accredit arbitrators to make the arbitration process cost effective and speedy and to pre
empt the need for court intervention.

c. The scope of Swachh Bharat Mission may be expanded to cover initiatives for landÀlls plastic waste and
municipal waste and generating wealth from waste.

To achieve the goals of New India in 20222 it is important for the private sector civil society and even
individuals to draw up their own strategies to complement and supplement the steps the government intends
to take. With the available tools of 21st century technology it should be possible to truly create a mass
movement for development. With the Sankalp of all Indians India will have Siddhi.


1. Growth
Objectives manufacturing. Complex land and labour laws have
also played a notable part in this outcome. There
‡ Steadily accelerate the gross domestic product
is a need to increase the pace of generating good
*'3 groZth rate to achieYe a target oI aEout
Tuality jobs to cater to the growing workforce their
 per ceQt duriQg  note that this target
rising aspirations and to absorb outmigration of
has been set to catalyse policy action and
labour from agriculture.
does not represent a forecast  7his Zill raise
the economy·s si]e in real terms from 8S'  The positive news is that high growth rate has been
trillion in  to nearly 8S'  trillion by achieved with strong macroeconomic fundamentals
 %esides haYing rapid groZth Zhich including low and stable rates of inÁation and
reaches  per cent by  it is also a falling Àscal deÀcit. +owever along with
necessary to ensure that groZth is inclusiYe macroeconomic stability the sufÀcient condition for
sustained clean and formali]ed escalating growth is to continue with the structural
reforms that address the binding constraints for a
‡ The investment rate should be raised from 29
more robust supplyside response.
per cent to  per cent of *'3 Zhich has been
achieved in the past by 2222 Constraints
‡ Exports of goods and services combined should 2verall growth can be accelerated by a number
be increased from 8S'  billion in 2 of measures across different policy areas which
to 8S'  billion by 2222 have been detailed in different chapters of this
strategy for 2222. This chapter focuses on the
Current Situation
macroeconomic drivers of growth.
Economic growth in India has been broadly on
an accelerating path. It is likely to be the fastest Way Forward
growing major economy in the world in the 1. Raising investment rates to 36 per cent by
mediumterm. 2022-23
The share of manufacturing in India’s GDP is low ‡ To raise the rate of investment gross Àxed
relative to the average in low and middleincome capital formation as a share of GDP from about
countries. It has not increased in any signiÀcant 29 per cent in 2 to about  per cent
measure in the Tuarter century after economic of GDP by 2222 a slew of measures will
liberali]ation began in 99. :ithin manufacturing be reTuired to boost both private and public
growth has often been highest in sectors that are investment.
relatively capital intensive such as automobiles and
pharmaceuticals. This stems from India’s inability to
capitali]e fully on its inherent labour and skill cost
advantages to develop largescale labour intensive


 Strategy for
New India @ 75

Figure 1.1: India’s real GDP growth

10%

9%
Real GDP Growth (%)

8%

7%

6%

5%

4%
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18

Source 0inistry of Statistics and Programme Implementation

‡ India’s taxGDP ratio of around 1 per cent needs to be increased to at least  per cent of
is half the average of 2ECD countries  GDP by 2222 through greater orientation
per cent and is low even when compared to of expenditure towards productive assets and
other emerging economies like %ra]il  per minimi]ing the effective revenue deÀcit.
cent  South $frica 2 per cent and China
‡ States could also undertake greater mobili]ation
22 per cent . To enhance public investment
of own taxes such as property tax and taking
India should aim to increase its taxGDP
speciÀc steps to improve administration of GST
ratio to at least 22 per cent of GDP by 222
to increase tax collections.
2. Demoneti]ation and GST will contribute
positively to this critical effort. In addition ‡ Two areas in which higher public investment
efforts need to be made to rationali]e direct will easily be absorbed are housing and
taxes for both corporate tax and personal infrastructure. Investment in housing
income tax. Simultaneously there is a need to especially in urban areas will create very large
ease the tax compliance burden and eliminate multiplier effects in the economy. Investment
direct interface between taxpayers and tax in physical infrastructure will address long
ofÀcials using technology. standing deÀciencies faced by the economy.
SectorspeciÀc measures are mentioned in
‡ In 211 the share of government central
corresponding chapters.
and state combined capital expenditure in
total budget expenditure was 1.2 per cent1 ‡ The government has taken signiÀcant measures
and government’s contribution to Àxed capital to attract foreign direct investment by easing
formation was close to 4 per cent of GDP. This caps on the extent of permissible stake holding

8
 and the norms of approval. %y 2222 the improve the availability of credit for the private
government may consider further liberali]ing sector in the Ànancial markets.
)DI norms across sectors. Domestic savings
‡ %ut even as lowering of debt and limiting Àscal
can be complemented by attracting foreign
deÀcit are important the government should
investment in bonds and government securities.
be Áexible in its approach towards setting
5egulatory limits can be relaxed for rupee
annual targets based on prevailing economic
denominated debt.
conditions. This approach is enshrined in
‡ The government should continue to exit central the existing )iscal 5esponsibility and %udget
public sector enterprises CPSEs that are not 0anagement )5%0 architecture that has built
strategic in nature. InefÀcient CPSEs surviving in Áexibility in the form of adeTuately deÀned
on government support distort entire sectors “escape and buoyancy” clauses. Targets should
as they operate without any real budget take cogni]ance of the stage of the business
constraints. The government’s exit will attract cycle and Àscal deÀcit and borrowing targets
private investment and contribute to the should not be set in isolation.
excheTuer enabling higher public investment.
‡ The effective revenue deÀcit should be
)or larger CPSEs the goal should be to create
brought down as rapidly as possible. Capital
widely held companies by ofÁoading stake to
expenditure incurred for the health and
the public to create entities where no single
education sectors which in effect builds
promoter has control. This will both improve
human capital should be excluded from
management efÀciency and allow government
estimates of revenue expenditure. This will
to moneti]e its holdings with substantial
increase government savings.
contribution to public Ànances.
‡ 2ne of the major institutional reforms of recent
‡ Private investment needs be encouraged in
years has been to statutely mandate the 5%I
infrastructure through a renewed publicprivate
to maintain “... price stability while keeping in
partnership PPP mechanism on the lines
mind the objective of growth”. InÁation needs
suggested by the .elkar Committee.
to be contained within the stated target range
2. Macroeconomic stability through prudent of 2 per cent to  per cent. InÁation targeting
ÀVFDODQGPRQHWDU\SROLFLHV provides a reasonably Áexible policy framework
‡ Sustained high growth reTuires macroeconomic which is in line with global best practices and
stability which is being achieved through a can respond appropriately to supply shocks.
combination of prudent Àscal and monetary ‡ Policy should be directed to minimi]e volatility
policies. in the nominal exchange rate.
‡ The government has targeted a gradual  (IÀFLHQWÀQDQFLDOLQWHUPHGLDWLRQ
lowering of the government debttoGDP ratio.
‡ EfÀcient functioning of the Ànancial markets is
It will help reduce the relatively high interest
crucial to maintain high growth in the economy.
cost burden on the government budget bring
There is a need to deepen Ànancial markets
the si]e of India’s government debt closer to
with easier availability of capital greater use
that of other emerging market economies and

9
 Strategy for
New India @ 75

of Ànancial markets to channel savings and ‡ Improve connectivity by accelerating the

an improved riskassessment framework for completion of announced infrastructure
lending to avoid a situation of largescale non projects. Enhancing physical connectivity will
performing assets in the banking sector. help reduce delivery times and improve global
‡ Governance reforms in public sector banks reTuire connectivity and the reach of our exporters. By
apart from the establishment of independent and 20222 we should complete projects that are
already underway such as the Delhi0umbai
commercially driven bank boards performance
Industrial Corridor D0IC and Dedicated )reight
assessment of executives and increased Áexibility
Corridors.
in human resources policy.
‡ :ork with states to ease labour and land
‡ The Gujarat International )inance and Tech
regulations. In particular we should introduce
City GI)T should be leveraged to push the
Áexibility in labour provisions across sectors. $ll
envelope on Ànancial sector liberali]ation. It
state governments should speedily implement
is an opportunity to onshore trading in rupees
Àxed term employment )TE that has now been
and other derivatives which currently happens
extended to cover all sectors.
outside India for regulatory reasons. If GI)T
succeeds liberali]ation can be extended to the ‡ The government has recently established
rest of the country. a dedicated fund of I15 000 crore for
enhancing 12 “Champion Services Sectors”.
‡ Enable alternative to banks sources of credit
$mong others these include IT ITeS tourism
for India’s longterm investment needs.
medical value travel and audio visual services.
The bond market needs deepening through
Given the signiÀcant role of services exports in
liberali]ation of regulations and continued Àscal
maintaining India’s balance of payments the
consolidation.
government should continue to focus on these
4. Focus on exports and manufacturing sectors.
‡ India needs to remain globally competitive ‡ Strengthen the governance and technical
particularly in the production and exports of capabilities of Export Promotion Councils
manufactured including processed agricultural EPCs by subjecting them to a welldeÀned
goods. The following reforms would help in performancebased evaluation. Performance
improving the competitiveness evaluations of EPCs could be based on
o $ focused effort on making the logistics increasing the share of Indian exports in
sector more efÀcient is needed. product markets covered by these EPCs. Those
EPCs unable to achieve mutually agreed upon
o Power tariff structures may be rationali]ed targets for increasing market shares could be
to ensure global competitiveness of Indian closed down or restructured.
industries.
‡ Explore closer economic integration within
o Import tariffs that seek to promote South $sia and the emerging economies of
indigenous industry should come with South East $sia particularly Cambodia /aos
measures to raise productivity which will 0yanmar and 9ietnam using the existing
provide the ability to compete globally. Bangladesh Bhutan India 1epal BBI1 and

10
 the Bay of Bengal Initiative for 0ultiSectoral the growth targets by implementing the
Technical and Economic Cooperation BI0STEC development strategy outlined in this document
frameworks. can generate sufÀcient jobs for new entrants
into the labour force as well as those migrating
o Building the physical infrastructure and
out of agriculture. $ large part of jobs would
putting in place measures to facilitate
hopefully be generated in labourintensive
seamless crossborder movement of
manufacturing sectors construction and
goods in the 1orthEast region would
services. In addition the employability of labour
help accelerate integration and promote
needs to be enhanced by improving health
exports.
education and skilling outcomes and a massive
5. Employment generation expansion of the apprenticeship scheme.
‡ The necessary condition for employment
generation is economic growth. $chieving

________________________________________
1
Source 5BI.

11
 Strategy for
New India @ 75

2. Employment and /abour 5eforms

Objectives growth. By some estimates the Indian economy
will need to generate nearly 0 lakh jobs annually
‡ Complete codiÀcation of central labour laws
to absorb the net addition to the workforce. Taking
into four codes by 2019.
into account the shift of labour force from low
‡ Increase female labour force participation to at productivity employment 8090 lakhs new jobs will
least 0 per cent by 20222. be needed in the coming years.
‡ Disseminate publicly available data collected 0icro and smallsi]ed Àrms as well as informal
through rigorous household and enterprise sector Àrms dominate the employment landscape
surveys and innovative use of administrative in India. $s per the 1ational Sample Survey 1SS
data on a Tuarterly basis by 20222. rd round for the period 2011 there were
‡ Encourage increased formali]ation of the labour .4 crore unincorporated nonagricultural micro
force by reforming labour laws easing of small and medium enterprises 0S0Es in the
industrial relations and ensuring of fair wages country engaged in different economic activities
working conditions and social security through providing employment to 11.10 crore workers. $
signiÀcant productivity improvements in the large majority of these Àrms are in the unorgani]ed
economy. sector. By some estimates India’s informal sector
employs approximately 8 per cent of all workers.
Current Situation India also exhibits a low and declining female
To capitali]e on its demographic dividend India labour force participation rate. The female labour
must create wellpaying high productivity jobs. 2f force participation rate in India was 2. per cent in
India’s total workforce of about 2 crore agriculture 2011124 compared to 1 per cent in China  per
employed nearly 49 per cent while contributing cent in the United States.
only 1 per cent of the G9$. Comprehensive
5ecogni]ing the high cost of compliance with
moderni]ation of agriculture and allied sectors are
existing labour regulations and the complexity
needed urgently. In contrast only about 29 per cent
generated by various labour laws at the central
of China’s workforce was employed in agriculture
and state levels the central government has
)igure 2.1 .1 Industry and services accounted
recently introduced policies to make compliance
for 1. and . per cent of employment while
easier and more effective. They are also simplifying
making up for 2 per cent and 2 per cent of G9$
and rationali]ing the large and often overlapping
respectively.2

$ signiÀcant number of workers currently employed

in agriculture will move out in search of jobs in
other areas. This will be in addition to the new
entrants to the labour force as a result of population

12
 Figure 2.1: Share of workforce employed in agriculture

50% 49%
Share of Workforce Employed in

45%
40%
Agriculture (%)

35%
29%
30%
25%
20%
14.50%
15%
10%
4.60%
5%
0%
India China Brazil South Africa

Source 1SS2 :orld Bank

number of labour laws. These measures include to credit and addressing sector speciÀc constraints.
moving licensing and compliance processes The government also made the EP)2 premium
online simplifying procedures and permitting portable so that workers can change jobs without
selfcertiÀcation in larger number of areas. 2ne of fear of losing their provident fund beneÀts.
the government’s key initiatives is to rationali]e 8
The government has recently made publicly
central labour laws into four codes namely wages
available the data on employment collected by the
safety and working conditions industrial relations
Employment Provident )und 2rgani]ation EP)2 
and social security and welfare. 2f the four codes
Employees’ State Insurance Corporation ESIC
the one on wages has been introduced in the /ok
and 1ational Pension Scheme 1PS . :ith M2SPI
Sabha and is under examination. The other three
collecting employment data through its enterprises
codes are at the prelegislative consultation stage
and household surveys ² particularly the Periodic
and should be completed urgently.
/abour )orce Survey ² and the focus on improving
The government has put in place several schemes payroll data the effort is to vastly improve
to help generate employment. These include the availability of reliable employment data and release
0ahatma Gandhi 1ational 5ural Employment it on a regular basis.
Guarantee Scheme 0G15EGS  0UD5$ <ojana
Prime Minister’s Employment Generation Constraints
Programme and Pradhan Mantri 5ojgar Protsahan ‡ Productivity across all sectors. $ large
<ojana. $dditional initiatives aid job creation share of India’s workforce is employed in
through providing skill development easing access low productivity activities with low levels of

1
 Strategy for
New India @ 75

remuneration. This is especially true of the 2. Labour law reforms

informal sector where wages can be one
‡ Complete the codiÀcation of labour laws at the
twentieth of those in Àrms producing the same
earliest.
goods or services but in the formal sector.
‡ Simplify and modify labour laws applicable
‡ Protection and social security. $ large number
to the formal sector to introduce an optimum
of workers that are engaged in the unorgani]ed
combination of Áexibility and security.
sector are not covered by labour regulations
and social security. This dualistic nature of the ‡ Make the compliance of working conditions
labour market in India may be a result of the regulations more effective and transparent.
complex and large number of labour laws that ‡ The 1ational Policy for Domestic Workers
make compliance very costly. In 201 there needs to be brought in at the earliest to
were 44 labour laws under the statute of the recogni]e their rights and promote better
central government. More than 100 laws fall working conditions.
under the jurisdiction of state governments.
3. Enhance female labour force participation
The multiplicity and complexity of laws makes
compliance and enforcement difÀcult. ‡ Ensure the implementation of and employers’
adherence to the recently passed Maternity
‡ Skills. $ccording to the India Skill 5eport 2018
BeneÀt $mendment $ct 201 and the
only 4 per cent of those coming out of higher
Sexual Harassment of Women at Work Place
educational institutions are employable.8
Prevention Prohibition and 5edressal $ct. It is
‡ Employment data. We currently lack timely also important to ensure implementation of these
and periodic estimates of the work force. legislations in the informal sector. )urther details
This lack of data prevents us from rigorously may be found in the chapter on Gender.
monitoring the employment situation and
‡ Ensure that skills training programmes and
assessing the impact of various interventions to
apprenticeships include women.
create jobs.
4. Improve data collection on employment
Way Forward
‡ Ensure that data collection for the Periodic
1. Enhance skills and apprenticeships /abour )orce Survey P)/S of households
‡ The /abour Market Information System /MIS initiated in $pril 201 is completed as per
is important for identifying skill shortages schedule and data disseminated by 2019.
training needs and employment created. The ‡ Conduct an annual enterprise survey using the
/MIS should be made functional urgently. goods and service tax network GST1 as the
‡ Ensure the wider use of apprenticeship sample frame.
programmes by all enterprises. This may reTuire ‡ Increase the use of administrative data vi].
an enhancement of the stipend amount paid EP)2 ESIC and the 1PS to track regularly the
by the government for sharing the costs of state of employment while adjusting for the
apprenticeships with employers. formali]ation of the workforce.

14
5. Ease industrial relations to encourage 7. Working conditions and social security
formalization
‡ Enact a comprehensive occupational health and
‡ Increase severance pay in line with global best safety legislation based on risk assessment
practices. employerworker cooperation and effective
educational remedial and sanctioning. Workers
‡ 2verhaul the labour dispute resolution system
housing on site will help to improve global
to resolve disputes Tuickly efÀciently fairly and
competitiveness of Indian industry along with
at low cost.
enhancing workers’ welfare.
‡ Strengthen labour courtstribunals for timely
‡ Enhance occupational safety and health 2SH
dispute resolution and set a time frame for
in the informal sector through capacity building
different disputes.
and targeted programmes.
6. Wages
‡ Ensure compulsory registration of all
‡ Make compliance with the national Áoor level establishments to ensure better monitoring of
minimum wage mandatory. occupational safety as well as recreation and
‡ Expand the Minimum Wages $ct 1948 to sanitation facilities.
cover all jobs. ‡ Enhance transparency in the labour inspection
‡ Enforce the payment of wages through cheTue system by allowing online complaints and
or $adhaarenabled payments for all. putting in place a standardi]ed and clear
mechanism.

________________________________________
1
201 2ECD Economic Survey of India 1SS2.
2
Sectoral Contribution to G9$ calculated using data from M2SPI’s Second $dvance Estimates. Industry consists of manufacturing
mining and Tuarrying and electricity gas water supply other utility services. The services sector consists of trade hotels transport
communication and services related to broadcasting construction Ànancial real estate and professional services and public admin
istration defence and other services.

2ECD India Policy Brief Education and Skills. $ccessed May 1 2018.
httpswww.oecd.orgpolicybriefsIndiaImproving4ualityofEducationandSkillsDevelopment.pdf.
4
1SS2 8th 5ound 201112 . )emale labour force participation rate calculated using usual principal status covering both urban and
rural areas.

World Development Indicators database World Bank. $ccessed May 1 2018.

Data from $nnual Survey of Industries $SI and 1SS cited in the $nnual Economic Survey 2011
httpindiabudget.nic.ines2011echapvol110.pdf. $ccessed May 1 2018.

Ministry of /abour and Employment India.
httplabour.nic.inaboutministry. $ccessed May 1 2018.
8
India Skill 5eport 2018.

1
 Strategy for
New India @ 75

. Technology and Innovation

Objectives Current Situation
‡ India should be among the top 0 countries in 5ecogni]ing the crucial role of technology and inno
the Global Innovation Index by 20222.1 vation in economic development India’s policy mak
ers have taken several initiatives to promote science
‡ )ive of our scientiÀc research institutions should
technology and innovation see Àgure below .
be amongst the top 100 in the world.
‡ India should aim to spend at least 2 per cent 9arious schemes have been launched to attract
of gross domestic product GDP on 5 D with nurture and retain young researchers and women
eTual contributions from the public and private scientists in the Àeld of scientiÀc research. Some
sector. important achievements in the Àeld of science and
technology are enumerated below.

Figure 3.1: Steps taken to promote science, technology and innovation in India

1971
Department of Science and
Technology established.
Promotes basic research
via:
‡ Research funding schemes
through Science and
Engineering Research 2003
Board (SERB) and other Science and
in-house programmes Technology 2016
‡ Autonomous Institutions Policy brought Atal Innovation
(AIs) under DST were set together Science Mission
up and Technology launched

2000 2013
National Science,
Innovation Technology and
Foundation was Innovation (STI)
set up to fund Policy formulated.
grassroots
innovations

1
‡ India has become a major destination for in the coming years. The government has
outsourced 5 D activities. We currently have set up the $tal Innovation Mission $IM
more than 1100 5 D centres set up by multi to transform radically the innovation
national companies M1Cs such as IBM Google entrepreneurship and startup ecosystem of
Microsoft Intel /upin Wockhardt etc. These the country.
5 D centres cover areas including information
While India has improved in most areas of
and communication technologies biotechnology
technology it is also necessary to recogni]e the
and aerospace automotive chemicals and
challenges that we need to overcome to become an
materials technology. India’s relatively strong
innovation led society.
intellectual property regime will facilitate its
emergemce as a major 5 D centre.
Constraints
‡ Indian scientists are at the forefront of some
‡ /ow 5 D expenditure especially from the private
global groundbreaking work. 5ecent contribu
sector is a key challenge facing the innovation
tions by Indian scientists to frontier research
ecosystem in India. The latest 5 D Statistics2
and technology have been encouraging. )or
released by the National Science and Technology
example  Indian scientists from nine Indian
Management Information System NSTMIS of
institutions played a key role in the discovery
the Department of Science and Technology DST
of gravitational waves that received the Physics
show that while 5 D expenditure in India tripled
1obel pri]e in 201. Indian scientists also
in the period from 20040 to 20141 its si]e
contributed to the discovery of a neutron star
as a percentage of GDP remained at 0. per cent.
merger at /aser Interferometer Gravitational
This is very low compared to the 2 per cent and
Wave 2bservatory /IG2  US$.
1.2 per cent spent by China for 201 and Bra]il
‡ The development of Brahmos advanced air for 2014 respectively. Countries like Israel
defence supersonic interceptor missiles diverse spend as much as 4. per cent of their GDP on
missiles and rocket systems remotely piloted 5 D. )urthermore while the share of the private
vehicles light combat aircraft etc. are brilliant sector in 5 D investment in most technologically
examples of India’s progress in strategic and advanced countries is as high as  per cent to
defence technologies.  per cent it is only about 0 per cent in India.

‡ India now ranks amongst a handful of nations ‡ The number of scientiÀc 5 D professionals
that have credible capabilities in the Àeld of in India at 218 per million population is
space technology. The upgrading from S/9 to distressingly low compared to China’s 111
$S/9 and PS/9 to GS/9 the Àrst moon orbiter and US$’s 4019.
project Chandrayan1 Mars 2rbiter Mission
‡ The link between research higher education
and the recent simultaneous launch of 104
and industry is weak and nascent. It needs to
satellites are India’s signiÀcant achievements.
be strengthened and put on a Àrm platform.
‡ India is now the third largest country in
‡ 2ur education system has so far not focused on
terms of the number of startups. This
cultivating a scientiÀc temperament at an early
number is expected to rise exponentially
age. Even at the later stages of an aspiring sci
1
 Strategy for
New India @ 75

entist’s career the lack of career opportunities proposed body will help in pursuing inter
in basic sciences leads to the diversion of po ministerial interdisciplinary research besides
tential researchers to other rewarding sectors. breaking silos among various scientiÀc
departmentsagencies.
‡ “/ab to /and” time is too long. 5enowned public
funded institutions like the Council of ScientiÀc ‡ The major weaknesses of public funded
Industrial 5esearch CSI5  Defence 5esearch 5 D and technology institutions like CSI5
and Development 2rgani]ation D5D2  Bhabha D5D2 B$5C ICM5 and IS52 are their poor
$tomic 5esearch Centre B$5C  Indian Council marketing skills and information dissemination.
of Medical 5esearch ICM5  Indian Council Some measures for enhancing technology
of $gricultural 5esearch IC$5 Indian Space commerciali]ation by public funded institutions
5esearch 2rganisation IS52  Indira Gandhi are provided below
Centre for $tomic 5esearch IGC$5 etc. along
with prominent universities across the country o 9alue addition centres may be set up in
have developed many frontline technologies. each of these institutions for i upscaling
However the rate of transfer of these technologies ii improving technologies
technologies to industry and for societal beneÀts from Technology 5eadiness /evel T5/ 4 to
is low. T5/  iii demonstrating industrial scale
pilot production iv coordinating with in
‡ The adoption of indigenous innovations by
vestors to incubate entrepreneurs v bridg
Indian industry is not very encouraging.
ing the gap between industry and technolo
)reTuent violation of Preferential Market $ccess
gy development teams vi enabling formal
PM$ is an issue leading to largescale imports
technology transfer vii enabling commer
of foreign products and services.
ciali]ation and marketing and viii providing
‡ The public procurement system is heavily technology support during production.
biased in favour of experienced and established
o DST should create a National Technology
products and technologies. This strongly
Data Bank in coordination with all publicly
discourages new and innovative technologies
funded 5 D institutions. This will provide a
offered by startups who do not get much
central database for technologies that are
needed support from government procurement.
ready for deployment or under development.
‡ There has been poor progress in the
o Public funded research institutions
development and deployment of affordable
should consider shifting their focus to the
technologies for rural areas particularly in
development and deployment of socially
agriculture agroprocessing micro irrigation etc.
relevant technologies in areas such as
clean drinking water sanitation energy
The Way Forward affordable healthcare organic farming etc.
‡ $n empowered body is needed to steer These technologies have large potential for
holistically the management of science in the commerciali]ation.
country. Its scope will include science education
‡ Measures related to government procurement
and scientiÀc research as well as coordinating
include the following
and guiding various science initiatives. The
18
 o In all government procurements rail transport. These along with $tal Incubation
international competitive bidding for both Centres $ICs will also provide the platform
products and services should be resorted for promoting frugal innovation. More such
to only when Indian manufacturers are challenges will be launched in partnership with
unable to supply productsservices of ministries and support will be provided to these
comparable international Tuality. This will ministries to adopt the resultant innovations.
promote the Make in India initiative.
‡ $IM has set up over 1000 $tal Tinkering /abs
o 4uarterly workshops may be organised for $T/s around the country covering over 2
creating awareness among procurement districts. It is aimed to take this number to
managers of various ministries at least 000 by 2019 and 10000 by 2020.
departmentsstate governmentsCPSUs )urther expansion will be considered based on
about the DIPP’s Public Procurement 2rder the outcomes of the Àrst phase.
201 which aims to promote Make in
‡ To promote entrepreneurship and startups $IM
India productsservices .
is supporting $ICs across the country including
o To adopt innovative technologies at Tier IIIII locations. These include existing
expertsscientiÀc practitioners should be and new incubation centres. It is expected that
mandatorily included on boardcommittees more than 100 worldclass incubation centres
related to government procurement. $ll will be up and running by 2020.
5)P5)4 documents should include a
‡ )oreign collaborators consultants visiting
suitable clause in this regard.
faculty adjunct scientists etc. need to be
o In order to promote procurement of goods involved in pursuing 5 D in the emerging areas
services developed by Indian startups of basic sciences such as nanotechnology
preference in the technical evaluation could stem cell research astronomy genetics next
be provided to them. generation genomics drug discovery etc. DST in
collaboration with Indian Missions abroad may
‡ To bring vibrancy to frugal innovations a non
identify discipline wise foreign experts who can
lapsable “District Innovation )und” with a corpus
collaborate with Indian scientists to take basic
of about IN5 2 crore in each district may be creat
research in these areas to the next level.
ed and used to promote grass root innovations.
‡ The Higher Education Commission once set
‡ $IM has already launched $tal New India
up may consider giving credits for innovation
Challenges in partnership with Àve ministries
and startups and also setting up online
to create products from technologies and
entrepreneurial development courses in colleges
prototypes in areas of national importance
and universities.
such as solid waste management water and
wastewater management as well as road and

________________________________________
1
Published by World Intellectual Property 2rgani]ation jointly with Cornell University and INSE$D.
2
Source httpwww.nstmisdst.orgStatisticsGlance20118.pdf. $ccessed $pril 20 2018.

World Bank Statistics.
19
 Strategy for
New India @ 75

4. Industry
Objectives enhance the ease of doing business. )ollowing
concerted efforts of the government the World
‡ Double the current growth rate of the manufac
Bank ranked India 100th among 190 countries
turing sector by 2022.
in the Ease of Doing Business E2DB in 2018.
‡ Promote in a planned manner the adoption of This was a jump of 4 positions since 2014.
the latest technology advancements referred to While these indices are useful for comparison
as ¶Industry 4.0’ that will have a deÀning role actual improvement in E2DB will come only with
in shaping the manufacturing sector in 2022. greater coordination between the centre and
states.
Current Situation
The foreign direct investment )DI regime has been
India is the Àfth largest manufacturer in the world substantially liberali]ed signiÀcantly improving
with a gross value added G9$ of IN5 211.4 India’s rank in terms of annual )DI inÁows from 14
billion in 20118 2nd advance estimate for in 2010 to 9 in 201. However India receives only
20118 at 201112 prices . The sector registered 2 per cent of the )DI that China gets and only 10
a compound annual growth rate C$G5 of around per cent of what the US$ receives. )DI inÁows into
. per cent between 20121 and 20118.1 the manufacturing sector reached about  per cent
The government has taken several initiatives to of total )DI.4
promote manufacturing. $mong these are the Manufacturing as a percentage of the gross
Make in India $ction Plan aimed at increasing domestic product has remained at about 1 per
the manufacturing sector’s contribution to 2 per cent. Improvement are evident in recent Tuarters
cent of GDP by 20202 the Startup India initia where manufacturing growth at .9 per cent and
tive to promote entrepreneurship and nurture 8.1 per cent in 42 and 4 20118 yearonyear
innovation and the Micro Units Development as compared to 2011 outpaced GDP growth.
and 5efinance $gency MUD5$ and Standup )igure 4.1 shows the trend in manufacturing as a
India to facilitate access to credit. It has also un percentage of G9$ from 201112 until 20118.
dertaken massive recapitalisation of public sector
banks to ease availability of credit to micro Constraints
small and medium enterprises MSMEs . Besides
The main constraints on achieving the objectives set
it has undertaken major infrastructure projects
for India’s industry in 20222 are the following
such as the setting up of industrial corridors to
boost manufacturing.

The Department of Industrial Policy Promotion

DIPP has been engaging with statesUTs to

20
 Figure 4.1: Manufacturing as a share of GDP, 2011-12 to 2017-18

17%
16.8%
17% 16.7%
16.6%
17%
Share of GDP (%)

16%

16% 16.1% 16.1%

16.0%
16% 15.9%

16%

16%

15%
2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18
(2nd AE)
Source MoSPI

‡ Regulatory uncertainty 5egulatory risks and improvements in our global E2DB rank it
policy uncertainty in the past have dented continues to be a drag on the system. This is
investor conÀdence. also true of investment conditions in the states.
Getting construction permits enforcing con
‡ Investment There has been a cyclical slow
tracts paying taxes starting a business and
down in fresh investment since 201112.
trading across borders continue to constrain
‡ Technology adoption The adoption of new doing business.
technologies like artiÀcial intelligence data
analytics machinetomachine communications Way Forward
robotics and related technologies collectively
called “Industry 4.0” are a bigger challenge
Demand generation, augmentation of industrial
for SMEs than for organi]ed largescale manu
infrastructure and promotion of MSMEs
facturing. Data security reliability of data and ‡ The government can play a crucial role in
stability in communicationtransmission also creating domestic manufacturing capabilities by
pose challenges to technology adoption. leveraging proposed public procurement and
projects. Mega public projects such as Sagar
‡ ([SRUWVDQGLQVXIÀFLHQWGRPHVWLFGHPDQG
There has been no export driven industrial
mala Bharatmala industrial corridors and the
growth. Domestic demand alone may not be ad
Pradhan Mantri $was <ojana PM$< can stimu
late domestic manufacturing activities provided
eTuate for sustained high value manufacturing.
the projects are suitably structured and demand
‡ Challenges to doing business Despite recent is aggregated strategically. This should be

21
 Strategy for
New India @ 75

accompanied by simpliÀcation of the regulatory the responsibility to award factory permissions

process. The Madhepura Electric /ocomotive and compliances.
Project a joint venture between the Indian
‡ )or India to become the world’s workshop we
5ailways and the )rench multinational $lstom
should encourage further )DI in manufacturing
provides a good example of how mega projects
particularly when it is supported with buybacks
can be leveraged to boost domestic production.
and export orders.
The project enabled effective transfer of tech
nology and the availability of stateoftheart ‡ Streamline discretionary powers vested at
locomotives for the railways. The Madhepura different levels of governance by adopting
model is replicable in the defence aerospace digiti]ed processes and making all approvals
railways and shipping sectors. electronic in a transparent time bound manner.

‡ Set up a portal to monitor projects beyond a ‡ Disruptive technology while leading to job
given threshold so that any roadblocks are losses in traditional areas also presents new
identiÀed and addressed on a real time basis. job opportunities. $ greater connect between
State governments should be encouraged or governmentindustryacademia is reTuired to
incentivi]ed to contribute data to this portal. identify the changing reTuirements in manufac
NITI $ayog’s Development Monitoring and Eval turing and prepare an employable workforce. In
uation 2fÀce DME2 can help set up the portal. the context of employability of engineers there
$n interministerial body with representatives is a need for thorough review of standards of
of state governments and project promoters as engineering education and its linkages with
special invitees may be constituted. industry.

‡ Efforts should be made to develop selfsufÀcient ‡ Ecommerce can be the driver of overall eco
clusters of manufacturing competence with nomic growth over the next decade through
Cluster $dministrative $uthorities empowered its impact on generating demand expanding
to provide single window clearances to en manufacturing employment generation and
trepreneurs and investors. Industrial corridors greater transparency. $ Committee chaired
should address the lack of infrastructure and by CE2 NITI $ayog examined issues related
logistics. /ogistics will need to be supplemented to the ecommerce industry. It made recom
with warehousing and other elements of the mendations for the sector’s growth including
manufacturing supply chain. increasing internet access digiti]ing payments
further improving transportation infrastructure
‡ NITI $ayog could work with states to prepare
logistics and distributed warehousing support.
manufacturing clusters and develop export
These may be examined for implementation at
strategies based on their sector competitive
the earliest.
ness and resource strengths. $ cluster should
have supporting industries and infrastructure. It ‡ Harmoni]e Indian Tuality standards with global
should also develop a local brand and distribu standards in many sectors. /ack of harmoni]a
tion channel through an ecommerce platform. tion has affected Indian exports and prevented
$ Cluster $dministration 2fÀce should be given the leveraging of trade agreements adeTuately.

22
 )or e.g. the medical device industry would Industry 4.0
beneÀt greatly from conformity to standards
‡ /aunch a major initiative to push industry to
that are essential for new products to be
adopt Industry 4.0. Industry 4.0 is characteri]ed
acceptable to doctors and patients abroad.
by increasing digiti]ation and interconnection of
The issues of regulations and standards setting
products value chains and business models. It
are also intertwined. The following initiative is
will signiÀcantly impact sectors like automobile
reTuired in this regard
pharmaceuticals chemicals and Ànancial ser
o Task the Bureau of Indian Standards and vices and will result in operational efÀciencies
4uality Council of India with assessing cost control and revenue growth. Experts feel
the improvements in standards and that emerging markets like India could beneÀt
productivity reTuired to achieve global tremendously from the adoption of Industry 4.0
standards. practices.
‡ $ddress the following issues in respect of ‡ In his 2018 Budget Speech the )inance
MSMEs Minister mandated NITI $ayog to initiate a
national programme directing India’s efforts
o Setting up of mega parks and manufac
on $rtiÀcial Intelligence. 2n a similar note
turing clusters in labour intensive sectors
NITI $ayog could organi]e a discussion on
with common facilities to reduce costs and
“Industry 4.0” inviting leading manufacturing
improve Tuality. It is also recommended
companies from various sectors including
that state governments should set up plug
automobileauto components electrical and
and play parks Áatted factories to ensure
electronics chemicals cementsteel etc.
international productivity standards.
along with concerned ministries to discuss
o Workers of industrial units in the new plans for adopting Industry 4.0.
mega parks should have decent accommo
‡ The Indian Institute of Science a few select In
dation within reasonable proximity of the
dian Institutes of Technology IITs  National In
work place.
stitutes of Technology NITs and other premier
o $n expert committee should examine engineering colleges should create speciali]ed
sectorspeciÀc pain points and make its training programmes on ¶Smart Manufacturing’
recommendations within three months. to address the shortage of hightech human
o The Department of Public Enterprises resources.
DPE should ensure registration of all ‡ The Department of Heavy Industry DHI should
public sector units PSUs on the Trade develop the Central Manufacturing Technology
5eceivables Discounting System T5EDS Institute CMTI  Bangalore as a Centre of
portal. Excellence for pursuing 5 D in Industry 4.0
o Initiate a small business research technologies and systems. The Department
programme in some select ministries for of Science Technology should spearhead
encouraging 5 D in MSMEs. industryacademia 5 D projects on cyber
physical systems.

2
 Strategy for
New India @ 75

‡ The development of industries that produce ‡ )or efÀcient approvalinspection process devel
the key building blocks forming the basis of op a system of accountability for major stake
Industry 4.0 could be incentivi]ed. Incentives holders like inspection bodies testing labs etc.
could be focused on MSMEs that manufacture
‡ )or geographical planning and ease of
products including sensors actuators drives
environmental clearances adopt the system
synchronous motors communication systems
of using Geographic Information System GIS
computer displays and auxiliary electromechan
based maps at all levels to create preapproved
ical systems. Similarly industries adopting In
land banks for manufacturing facilities. This
dustry 4.0 standards could be provided support
is already being practiced in some states. In
for a Àxed period of time.
such designated land banks standards can
‡ 5eliability stability and integrity of smart man be clearly laid down in advance relating to i
ufacturing systems can be increased by creating environmental reTuirements ii building bye
Indian standards for the systems and subsys laws and iii safety and other norms.
tems for adoption by manufacturers.
‡ 5eplicate in other states the Gujarat Pollution
Ease of doing business Control Board GPCB Environmental $udit
Scheme based on third party certiÀcation.
‡ Introduce a “single window” system in all states
that provides a single point of contact between ‡ To strengthen third party certiÀcation systems
investor and government and facilitates all develop suitable accreditation agencies.
reTuired licences and approvals. It should be ‡ Ensure the seamless integration of the Shram
based on stakeholder consultation. Suvidha portal and state agencies’ portals.

________________________________________
1
Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation data $ccessed $pril 0 2018.
2
Make in India website. $ccessed $pril 0 2018. httpwww.makeinindia.comabout.

httppib.nic.innewsitePrint5elease.aspx"relid 11900. $ccessed $pril 0 2018.
4
httpdipp.nic.insitesdefaultÀles)DI_)actSheet_21)ebruary2018.pdf. $ccessed $pril 29 2018.

httppib.nic.innewsitembErel.aspx"relid 19011. $ccessed $pril 2 2018.

httpwww.indiabudget.gov.inub201819bsbs.pdf. $ccessed $pril 2 2018.

24
. Doubling )armers’ Income I 
Moderni]ing $griculture
Objectives yield gaps have signiÀcant potential for catchup
growth in their productivity levels.
‡ Moderni]e agricultural technology increase
productivity efÀciency and crop diversiÀcation. Demand side factors favour the expansion of
area under fruits and vegetables and livestock
‡ Generate income and employment through a
products. These enterprises also offer better
paradigm shift that ensures food security while
income. Staple crops cereals pulses and oilseeds
maximi]ing value addition in agriculture.
occupy  per cent of the total gross cropped
area GC$ but contribute only 41 per cent to
Current Situation
the output of the crop sector. High value crops
The existing yield levels of a majority of crops H9Cs contribute an almost similar amount to
remains much lower than the world average. total output as staples do but they occupy only
The predominant causes are low irrigation use 19 per cent of the GC$.1 5esearch has also shown
of low Tuality seeds low adoption of improved that diversiÀcation to the fruits and vegetables
technology and knowledge deÀcit about segment is likely to beneÀt small and medium
improved agricultural practices. Close to  per farmers more than large ones.2
cent of cropped area is water stressed. 5ainwater
management practices and services are resource 2ver the past few years new development
starved. This limits a farmer’s capacity to undertake initiatives aimed at modernising agriculture have
multiple cropping and leads to inefÀcient utili]ation been introduced. Pradhan Mantri .rishi Sinchai
of land resources. <ojana PM.S< aims to expand irrigation coverage
whilst promoting water use efÀciency. $rea under
InefÀcient extension delivery systems have led micro irrigation has grown 2. times in the last
to the presence of large yield gaps as well. <ield four years. The second cycle of the Soil Health
gaps exist at two levels in India. )irst there is a Card SHC scheme is underway which will focus
gap between best scientiÀc practices and best Àeld on job creation and entrepreneurship development
practices. The second gap exists between best through local entrepreneurship models. So far
Àeld practices and the average farmer. There exist . crore SHCs have been distributed under the
signiÀcant yield gaps both amongst and within second cycle.
states. <ield gaps have been found to exist in even
highly productive states such as Punjab. Closing
these gaps provides an opportunity to enhance
productivity and incomes signiÀcantly. This further
implies that states with low productivity or large

2
 Strategy for
New India @ 75

Constraints Way Forward

1. Use of outdated and inappropriate technology 3URGXFWLYLW\DQGHIÀFLHQF\
is the main reason for low productivity of crops
Increase area under irrigation Irrigation coverage
and livestock.
needs to be increased to  per cent of gross
2. Given the predominance of small and margin cropped area GC$ by 20222. The focus
al farmers in Indian agriculture affordability should be on increasing coverage through micro
becomes a signiÀcant constraint on technology irrigation.
adoption by farmers.
Increase adoption of hybrid and improved seeds
. There exist several bottlenecks hampering States should take the lead through the following
onfarm adoption of technology developed in measures
public sector.
‡ Dynamic seed development plans are reTuired.
4. $gricultural research in the country is constrained These may be based on crop wise area each
by resource inadeTuacy regulations and intellec season separately  seed rate per hectare used
tual property rights IP5 . desiredtargeted seed replacement rate and
. Multiple private and public sources supplying crop wise seed reTuirement. Crop wise reTuire
different information to farmers create ment should be worked out based on histor
confusion. ical trends introduction of new varieties and
replacement of poor yielding varieties.
. $ huge gap exists between the demand for and
supply of skills in agriculture hindering diver ‡ States should aim to increase the seed replace
siÀcation adoption of precision agriculture and ment rate S55 to  per cent for selfpollinated
on farm postharvest value addition. crops and 0 per cent for crosspollinated crops
in alternative years.
. India has not caught up to the rest of the
world in terms of technology which has led Increase 9ariety 5eplacement 5atio 955  Phase out
to the dominance of inefÀcient production old varieties of seeds and replace them with hybrid
practices such as Áood irrigation at the farm and improved seeds to enhance productivity. The
level. 5enewed focus on onground absorption Indian Council of $gricultural 5esearch IC$5 along
of technology market intelligence skills and with State $gricultural Universities S$Us should
extension and modernising trade and com develop climate resilient varieties of crops suitable
merce in agriculture are needed to modernise for the 128 agroclimatic ]ones of the country
agriculture in India. through farmer participatory plant breeding and
adopting farm varietal trials from the third year of
8. Both production and marketing suffer due to
the development of the seed.
the absence of adeTuate capital.
Strengthen seed testing facilities Seed testing
9. /ow scale is a serious constraint on the adop
facilities need upgradation in terms of both
tion of improved practices and in the input and
personnel and technical expertise. 5egular
output market.
performance monitoring is reTuired to maintain the
Tuality of test results.

2
Uniform national procedure for seed licensing Strengthening extension systems
To tackle the problem of heterogeneity in seed
Synergy between $griculture Technology
licensing procedures across states the central
Management $gency $TM$ and .rishi 9igyan
government should develop model guidelines for
.endras .9.s  The $TM$ programme needs to
seed licensing and support states in implementing
be reoriented to include bottom up planning at
these.
the district and block levels to develop Strategic
EfÀcient fertili]er usage Strengthen the SHC 5esearch Extension Plans S5EP .4 )urther
scheme and include not merely nine but all sixteen decentrali]ation and autonomy are essential to
parameters in the tests. This will ensure SHC based the success of this programme. Subject matter
fertili]er distribution at the ground level. Seed SHCs specialists at .9.s should orient their research to
with the integrated fertili]er management system. the block action plans developed by $TM$.
/ink SHCs with .isan credit cards and make SHCs
Public Private Partnership in .9.s The guiding
mandatory for subsidies. Ensure proper functioning
principles of $TM$ provide for the promotion of PPP
of the SHC labs.
in extension delivery. With each .9. in possession
5eorient fertili]er subsidy policy The current of approximately 0 acres of land .9.s should
lopsided fertili]er subsidy policy needs to bring incubate private sector initiatives in extension
secondary and micronutrients on the same nutrient delivery.
based subsidy NBS platform as phosphorus P and
Market led extension Give priority to extension
potash . .
services that disseminate information to farmers
5egulate pesticide use $lign the pesticide regarding i crop selection ii demand for and
regulatory framework with food safety laws to supply of crop produce iii expected price of
make adoption broad based. Strengthen extension commodity and iv availability of infrastructure
activities to ensure that best practices reach the facilities for storage transport and marketing of
average farmer. produce.

Custom hiring centres Madhya Pradesh has 9alue added extension Prioritise value added
had demonstrable success with their custom extension services to enable a reduction in post
hiring centre model to hasten the pace of farm harvest losses by converting raw agricultural
mechani]ation. This model should be replicated produce to processed products. This allows for
nationwide by employing rural youth and increased price reali]ation and contributes towards
promoting entrepreneurship. increasing farmers’ income.

Subsidies on liTuid fertili]ers Targeted subsidy District level skill mapping IC$5 and S$Us should
should be provided on liTuid fertili]ers to encourage map the demand for and supply of skills in
fertigation with microirrigation. agriculture at the district level and coordinate with
skill development missions to impart the reTuired
Investment subsidies for microirrigation 5ather skills to farmers and agricultural labour.
than power and water subsidies investment
subsidies for microirrigation can be provided 5eplicate dealer training programme in state
through the DBT mode. agricultural universities The National Institute of

2
 Strategy for
New India @ 75

$gricultural Extension Management’s M$N$GE Smart horticulture There have been pockets of
dealer training programme should be replicated success spread throughout the country using
in S$Us with diploma holders granted licences to techniTues such as highdensity plantation
conduct extension activities. protected cultivation and organic production. These
methods need to be documented and replicated at
Sustainable water use in agriculture $bout 8
the national level. It is recommended that a mission
per cent of water is used in agriculture. The
on smart horticulture may be setup to identify
solution to resolving India’s imminent water crisis
and promote new technologies. This mission must
lies in conserving water in agriculture. Therefore
work in synergy with various agricultural research
more efficient irrigation technologies water
institutions in the country.
harvesting and better crop selection must be
encouraged. Strengthen market for organic products Targeted
efforts to create a market for niche products is
DiversiÀcation promotion of high value recommended. Spices uniTue to a state can be
crops H9Cs and livestock branded by the Spice Board to encourage the
production of organic spices.
High value crops
Encourage diversiÀcation to H9Cs Design an Convert agricultural waste 5ecycling and utili]ing
incentive mechanism to wean farmers away from agricultural waste would give a further Àlip to
cereal crops to H9Cs. The area under fruits and farmers’ income.
vegetables needs to increase by  per cent every /LYHVWRFNDQGÀVKHULHV
year.
Breed indigenous cattle with exotic breeds
Establish regional production belts $s in the cluster Breeding of indigenous cattle with exotic breeds
based approach regional production belts for H9Cs needs to be encouraged to arrest the issue of
need to be identiÀed and supported through the inbreeding. This will enable greater gene coverage
Mission on Integrated Development of Horticulture reduced diseases and greater resilience to climate
MIDH . Make SHCs mandatory in these belts. change.

Use of hybrid technology in vegetables Shift to Promote and develop bull mother farms
using hybrid varieties for vegetables. $t present Employing multiple ovulation and embryo transfer
10 per cent of the cropped area under vegetables is technologies these farms can signiÀcantly enhance
under hybrids. Shifting to hybrids has the potential milk productivity through the supply of cattle with
to increase yields by 1. to  times and provide a enhanced milk potential to farmers.
signiÀcant increase in income. 9illage level procurement systems Installing of bulk
5ootstocks for production of fruits 5ootstock milk chillers and facilities for high value conversion
technology has shown the capacity to double of milk are needed to promote dairy in states. The
production and be resilient to climate stress. private sector should be incentivi]ed to create a
Measures should be taken to standardi]e and value chain for H9Cs and dairy products at the
promote usage of rootstocks to produce fruits. village level.

28
Convergence of schemes in Àsheries sector Capacity building for Àsh breeders and farmers
Integrate the Blue 5evolution scheme with Establish Àsh cooperative organisations and run vil
MGN5EG$. Ponds created through MGN5EG$ lage level schemes in coordination with panchayats
should be used to promote aTuaculture and can be to disseminate best practices and research.
used to create potential clusters as well.

________________________________________
1
Chand 5amesh 201  Doubling )armers’ Income 5ationale Strategy Prospects $ction Plan NITI $ayog Policy Paper NITI $ayog.
New Delhi.
2
Committee on Doubling )armers’ Income Ministry of $griculture and )armers Welfare 2018 . 9ol. II Status of )armers’ Income
Strategies for $ccelerated Growth Doubling )armers’ Income. New Delhi.

Chand 5amesh 201  Doubling )armers’ Income 5ationale Strategy Prospects $ction Plan NITI $ayog Policy Paper NITI $ayog.
New Delhi.
4
Committee on Doubling )armers’ Income Ministry of $griculture and )armers Welfare 201 . 9ol. ;I Empowering the )armers
through Extension. New Delhi.

Chand 5amesh 201  Doubling )armers’ Income 5ationale Strategy Prospects $ction Plan NITI $ayog Policy Paper NITI $ayog.
New Delhi.

Committee on Doubling )armers’ Income Ministry of $griculture and )armers’ Welfare 2018 . 9ol. 9IIIC. Horticulture and
Sericulture Production Enhancement through Productivity Gains. New Delhi.

Ministry of $griculture and )armers’ Welfare 2018 . National Conference on $griculture. Background Paper on Promotion of
/ivestock Dairy Poultry and )isheries as Engines of Growth. New Delhi.

29
 Strategy for
New India @ 75

. Doubling )armers’ Income II 

Policy Governance
Objectives Corporate investment in agricultural infrastructure
has not exceeded 2 per cent. In the years post
‡ Create a policy environment that enables
independence the policy structure was focused on
income security for farmers whilst maintaining
increased production and productivity to ensure
India’s food security.
food security for India. However to achieve the
‡ Encourage the participation of the private sector target of doubling farmers’ income by 20222 we
in agricultural development to transition from need to shift our focus from agriculture to agri
agriculture to robust agribusiness systems. business.
‡ Promote through government policies the The current government has taken several steps to
emergence of ¶agripreneurs’ so that even small improve private investment in agriculture. 100 per
and marginal farmers can capture a higher cent foreign direct investment )DI was allowed
share of value addition from ¶farmgate to fork’. in 2011. Similarly the S$MP$D$ scheme
targets creation of food processing infrastructure.
Current Situation The budget allocation to the food processing
The mismatch between the contribution of sector was doubled in the Union Budget 201819.
agriculture to national income and share in Introduction of the Model $gricultural Produce and
employment has remained large and has /ivestock Marketing $ct 201  Model Contract
widened. The manufacturing and service sectors )arming $ct new guidelines for agroforestry are
have failed to absorb the excessive workforce some other key policy initiatives taken over the
in agriculture. ConseTuently value addition per past few years.
worker in agriculture grew slowly and income
per farmer never crossed onethird of the income Constraints
of a nonagriculture worker since the 1980s. The 1. Fragmented land holdings
country took 22 years to double farmers’ income
$griculture is characterised by an extremely
at an annual growth rate of .1 per cent during
fragmented landholding structure with an
1991994 to 2011 doubling farmers’ income
average farm si]e of 1.1 hectares and the
between 2011 and 20222 will reTuire an
predominance of small and marginal farmers
annual growth rate of 10.4 per cent in farmers’
with those holding less than 2 hectares
real income.

0
 Figure 6.1: Price spread between farm harvest prices and retail prices for select
agricultural commodities, 2015-16
70%
63%
58%
60%
48%
50% 46%

40% 37%
Gap (%)

30%

20%

10%

0%
Arahar (Tur) Gram (Whole) Maize Rice (Coarse) Wheat (Desi)

Source NITI $ayog Calculations Directorate of Economics Statistics Ministry of $griculture )armers Welfare

accounting for 8 per cent of agricultural 4. Agricultural credit

households .1 This makes it difÀcult for them
Despite an allocation of more than IN5 11
to access credit or new technology severely
lakh crore of commercial credit access to
affecting farm productivity and hence farmers’
institutional credit remains a constraint
incomes.
especially in the case of tenant farmers.
2. Low price realization
5. Agricultural trade
There exists a large gap between farm harvest
Exporters of agrocommodities are not
prices )HP and retail prices see )igure .1 .2
successful in raising their share in global
Prices also tend to fall below the minimum
markets because of uncertainty in the foreign
support prices in a good production year
trading regime.
leading to agrarian distress. Mechanisms need
to be developed to ensure remunerative prices
Way Forward
to farmers in both ¶good’ and ¶bad’ monsoon
years. ‡ 0DUNHWLQJUHIRUPV
Many of the constraints in marketing can be
3. Non-farm employment
addressed by adopting the Model $gricultural
/ack of nonfarm employment opportunities has Produce and /ivestock Marketing $ct $P/M 
resulted in excessive dependence on agriculture 201 which provides for progressive agricul
for livelihood among both small and marginal tural marketing reforms including the setting
farmers as well as among the landless. up of markets in the private sector allowing

1
 Strategy for
New India @ 75

direct sales to exportersprocessors and cus available products and iii for products
tomers farmerconsumer markets etrading that are in deÀcit both domestically and
single point levy of market fee a uniÀed single globally.
trading licence in a state declaring warehouses
o Examine options for including private
siloscold storage as market subyards and the
traders operating in markets to
launch of the National Market for $griculture.
complement the minimum support price
$P/M should be adopted by all states as expe
regime through a system of incentives and
ditiously as possible.
commission payments.
‡ $PHQG(VVHQWLDO&RPPRGLWLHV$FW
5aising MSP or prices can only be a
The Essential Commodities $ct which has partial solution to the problem of assuring
proven a disincentive to large investment in remunerative returns to farmers. $ longterm
agricultural technology and infrastructure solution lies in the creation of a competitive
should be replaced with a modern statute stable and uniÀed national market to enable
that balances the interests of farmers and better price discovery and a longterm trade
consumers. regime favourable to exports.

‡ 6WDEOHH[SRUWSROLF\ $griculture advisory service $n effective and

technology driven $griculture $dvisory Service
In consultation with all stakeholders the
may be considered on the lines of those of the
Government of India should come up with
United States Department of $griculture USD$
a coherent and stable agricultural export
and the European Union EU . The mandate
policy ideally with a Àve to tenyear time
would be to ensure that farmers adopt an
hori]on and a builtin provision for a midterm
optimal cropping pattern that maximi]es their
review. Efforts should be made to achieve this
income.
urgently.
)utures trade )utures trade should be
‡ 3ULFHUHDOL]DWLRQ encouraged. 5emoval of entry barriers to
The government should consider replacing increase market depth should be considered.
the Commission on $gricultural Costs Prices Crop insurance PM)B< needs to be modiÀed to 
C$CP by an agriculture tribunal in line with the
o Promote weatherbased insurance.
provisions of $rticle 2 B of the Constitution.
NITI $ayog should set up a group to examine o Increase nonloanee farmers’ insurance
the following coverage.
o 5eplacing the minimum support price o $llow for mixed cropping and increase the
MSP by a minimum reserve price M5P  number of crops notiÀed.
which could be the starting point for
‡ &RQWUDFWIDUPLQJ
auctions at mandis.
Encourage states to adopt the Model Contract
o Separating the criteria for MSPs for i
)arming $ct 2018 Contract farming can be
surplus produce ii for deÀcit but globally
thought of as a form of price futures. The

2
 contract will specify the price and Tuality at ‡ /DQGDJJUHJDWLRQ
which the farmers’ produce will be purchased.
o Encourage states to adopt the Model $gri
This protects the farmer in cases where prices
culture /and /easing $ct 201 The Model
fall below the MSP.
$ct aims to improve land access to small
and marginal farmers through land leasing
Box 1 Salient features of the Model Contract
whilst also providing for a mechanism for
)arming $ct 2018 tenants to avail of institutional credit. $
major constraint to land leasing under the
The Draft Model Contract )arming $ct 2018 is
present regulatory environment is the un
an attempt to provide an enabling environment
willingness of landowners to lease out land
for contract farming to thrive. )irst the $ct takes
due to fears of land capture by tenants.
contract farming out of the ambit of $gricultural
The Model $ct spells out the rights and
Produce Marketing Committees $PMCs .
responsibilities of both landowners and
Under the Model $ct every agreement
tenants. /ike the Model Contract )arming
shall be registered with a 5egistering and
$ct 2018 this $ct too contains provisions
$greement 5ecording Committee consisting of
for dispute resolution within a speciÀed
ofÀcials from departments such as agriculture
timeframe.
horticulture animal husbandry marketing
Àsheries and rural development. The committee o Digiti]e land records Complete digiti]a
can be set up at the district block or taluk tion of land records is a must for effective
levels. The $ct also contains a provision for implementation of land leasing. Geotag
the creation of a Statelevel Contract )arming ging along with location agnostic online
Promotion and )acilitation $uthority. registration of land records to generate
updated land records must be carried
Dispute resolution is essential to the smooth out.4
functioning of the Model $ct. Both farmers
and buyers need to be protected from risks o Promote farmer producer organi]ations
pertaining to executing the contract. )or )P2s  There are now 41 )P2s in the
example buyers are exposed to the risk country managed under the aegis of
of the farmer selling his produce to a third Small )armers $gribusiness Consortium
party whilst the farmer is exposed to the risk S)$C . They have demonstrated that
of receiving a price below the agreed price. aggregating farmers can help achieve
The Model $ct contains several provisions economies of scale. The beneÀts accord
for dispute resolution. BrieÁy these are i ed to startups under the Startup India
negotiation and reconciliation for a mutually Mission need to be extended to )P2s as
acceptable solution ii referral of the matter to well. National Bank for $griculture and
a nominated dispute settlement ofÀcer and iii 5ural Development N$B$5D’s model of
appealing to the Contract )arming Promotion joint liability groups can be promoted to
and )acilitation $uthority if no suitable solution channeli]e small growers into the value
is found through solutions i and ii . chain.


 Strategy for
New India @ 75

‡ 5HVHDUFK GHYHORSPHQW now being adopted across the country and

providing notable increases in farmers’
o )ocus on precision agriculture Support
net income by sharply reducing costs of
research on energy friendly irrigation
production and improving incomes by
pumps micro irrigation climate smart
raising yields and improving the Tuality of
technologies internet of things IoT  and
agricultural produce.
use of technology in animal husbandry
to monitor animal behaviour health o Two there are patented herbal inputs
and production to prepare for future that improve soil Tuality and make plants
challenges. more pest resistant. These herbal inputs
for which actual performance data is now
o 5aise research spending 5esearch
available for a few thousand farmers need
spending currently at 0. per cent needs
to be applied across the country.
to be increased to at least 1 per cent of
agricultural GDP. o Three rapid progress has also been made
in organic farming techniTues which have
o Create a knowledge hub to disseminate
also helped improve incomes of cultivators
best practices It is essential that new
and dairy farmers. These should be
technology be adopted at the farm
carefully examined for possible application
level. The performance of .rishi 9igyan
across the country.
.endras .9.s should be regularly
reviewed by external agencies and well ‡ 1RQIDUPLQFRPH
performing .9.s must be strengthened
o Moving labour out of agriculture into
to disseminate best practices at the Àeld
manufacturing will go a long way towards
level.
the goal of doubling farmers’ income.
o Develop models of integrated farming $ccording to estimates prepared by Chand
5esearch so far has focused on practices Srivastava Singh 201  nearly two
for individual crops or enterprises. The thirds of rural income is generated in non
Indian Council of $gricultural 5esearch agricultural activities. In nonagricultural
IC$5 and State $griculture Universities activities in rural areas another avenue is
S$Us should focus on providing shifting farmers to agrobusiness and farm
recommendations across the farming related skills which are currently in short
value chain covering production post supply. Create and nurture agripreneurs for
production processing and other value achieving greater value addition through
addition activities. agroprocessing and propagation of
modern extension services.
‡ ,QQRYDWLRQ
o India will also have to accelerate growth
Several breakthroughs have the clear potential
in the manufacturing services and
for Tuickly doubling farmers’ income.
exports sectors to wean labour away
o 2ne is the recorded success of ]ero budget from agriculture. This will result in higher
natural farming by Subhash Palekar. It is productivity and income for farmers.

4
 Strategy for
New India @ 75

. 'oubling )armers’ ,ncome ,,, 

9alue &hain 5ural ,nfrastructure
Objectives employment opportunities for doubling farmers’
income by .
‡ 7UDQVIRUPWKHUXUDOHFRQRP\WKURXJKWKH
creation of modern rural infrastructure and an
Current Situation
integrated value chain system.
'espite rapid progress rural ,ndia suffers from
‡ /everage the value chain to Eoost ,ndia·s
an infrastructure deÀcit. 7he present government
exports of food products.
has done an admirable job in achieving full
‡ &reate occupational diversiÀcation and Tuality village electriÀcation and accelerating the pace of

Figure 7.1: Additional markets required by 2022-23

6ource 0inistry of $griculture )armers’ :elfare


 Table 7.1: Gaps in cold-chain development

Type All-India Requirement 2015 Status on 31.12.2017

Packhouses 1 24

Cold 6torage million 4.1 MT . MT
5eefer 9ehicles 22 14
5ipening Chambers 1 44

6ource 1ational &entre for &old &hain 'evelopment 

connecting habitations through the Pradhan Mantri storages are single commodity storages resulting
*ram 6adaN <ojana PM*6< . 6imilarly household in their capacities lying idle for up to six months a
electriÀcation has been given a signiÀcant push year. The coldchain infrastructure is also unevenly
under the 6$8%+$*<$ scheme. $griculture distributed among states.
infrastructure such as rural marNets Zarehouses
,nadeTuate coldchain infrastructure hampers
cold chain farm machinery hubs and public
India’s food exports as well. Countries across
irrigation need upgradation.
the world have stringent guidelines for import
Based on the recommendations of the Dalwai of agricultural and processed food products.
&ommittee on Doubling )armers’ ,ncome the The (uropean Union (U has raised more
number of additional marNets reTuired comes to notiÀcations issued more rejections and destroyed
. 7he recent  budget announcement more consignments from India as compared to
to develop the existing  5ural Periodic consignments from other developing countries
MarNets 5PMs into Grameen $griculture MarNets such as Turkey Bra]il China and 9ietnam. India
Gr$Ms will offer better marNet access to small and has huge export potential reÁected in the fact that
marginal farmers. 7his initiative recognises Gr$Ms its domestic commodity prices were below export
as facilities for Àrst stage post production activities parity prices in 2 per cent of cases.4
enabling aggregation and transport from the
The present government has taken several steps
village level to wholesale markets. The electronic
to modernise the agri value chain. The 6$MP$D$
national agriculture market e1$M was launched
central sector scheme aims to supplement
in  to create a uniÀed national market. 6o far
agriculture by modernising processing activities
 mandis across 14 states and UTs have been
and decreasing agriwaste. 6imilarly in the 21
integrated on the platform.
1 budget ¶2peration Green’ on the lines of
The lack of an adeTuate and efÀcient cold chain ¶2peration )lood’ was announced. This scheme
infrastructure leads to massive postharvest losses aims to promote farmer producer organisations
estimated at ,15 1crore annually.1 Perishables agrilogistics processing facilities and professional
account for the bulk of postharvest losses. Moreover management of such operations.
as a recent report indicates2 most existing cold


 Strategy for
New India @ 75

Constraints Way Forward

1. Public and private investments in agriculture Markets and value chain
have remained low since the early 90s.
Infrastructure status for agriculture value chains
Bottlenecks in implementation and a high
:arehousing packhouses ripening chambers and
degree of uncertainty have further reduced
cold storages including those set up at the village
investor appetite for agricultural investments.
level should be accorded fullÁedged infrastructure
2. Inability to acTuire land for setting up of market status to enable them to avail of the Àscal beneÀts
yards resulting from the restrictions on land that come with infrastructure status.
leasing and land acTuisition is another major
9illage level procurement centres To beneÀt small
constraint.
and marginal farmers government collection
. (ven the existing marketing infrastructure centres and warehousing facilities should be
suffers because of a lack of Ànances set up at the villageblock level. The budget
manpower and proper facilities. 6ubmarket announcement of developing Gramin $gricultural
yards largely function as a location for Markets Gr$Ms will help develop the agricultural
government procurement and do not provide marketing infrastructure and bring markets closer to
opportunities for open auction. )urther they the farmgate.
are irregular in their operations and handle
/ink production to processing 9illage level
less than Àve per cent of the volume handled
collection centres for fruits and vegetables should
in principal yards.
be linked to larger processing units. $ctively engage
4. Poor maintenance of rural roads is a major the private sector in developing processing centres
constraint as well. /inkages with local and near rural periodic markets 5PMs .
feeder roads remain suboptimal.
)ood processing $ greater focus should be
. In the electricity sector separate feeders for placed on the food processing industry for
supply of power to agriculture and domestic enhancing value addition in vegetable and
electriÀcation have not been carried out in many fruit crops. The government has now shifted its
states. attention to promoting “agripreneurs”. This will
result in rapid moderni]ation of the agriculture
. /ack of agriculture best practices hinders
sector.
India’s food exports. Interventions at the farm
or producer level are needed to ensure that 5ural markets Develop private market yards.
products meet export standards. +owever $groprocessors and food processors that wish to
factors such as the lack of a traceability establish backward integration to secure their raw
mechanism from the farm to the consumer material should partner with the government in
fragmented holdings and restrictions on organi]ing sourcing through the 5PMs.
direct procurement of products from farmers
Upgrade wolesale markets Upgrade wholesale
in some states makes it virtually impossible
markets with facilities for temporary storage pack
to ensure that products meet export Tuality
house operations and cold storage facilities.
standards.


Warehouse upgradation Pledge Ànancing at be very promising. This model could be replicated
warehouses through negotiable warehouse by other states.
receipts 1W5  needs to be adopted and
5evisit criteria for identiÀcation of rural habitats for
populari]ed as an alternative means of Ànancing.
road connectivity To ensure better inclusion the
The Department of $griculture and )armers’
criteria for identiÀcation of habitats for rural roads
Welfare D$C)W should draw up guidelines to
connectivity in hill and leftwing extremism /W(
promote warehouse based postharvest loans and
affected districts must be revisited.
e1W5 trading.
Incentivi]e feeder separation $ll distribution
Block level resource centres (stablish functional
companies DISC2Ms need to be incentivi]ed for
block level resource centres to create value chains
rural feeder separation. $griculture connections and
targeting clusters of villages along with social
electricity supply feeders should be separated from
services. It will create an integrated solution for the
domestic rural electricity supply.
farmer to access hisher reTuirements for agriculture
and other services. It will also add to employment Incentivi]e private investment in farm implements
generation at the local level by engaging youth and Private entrepreneurs should be incentivi]ed to
creating village level entrepreneurs. establish small farm implement mechani]ation hubs
for every 1000 ha and big machinery hubs for every
Convergence in government initiatives Coordination
000 ha of cultivated area.
is needed between the initiatives of the Ministry
of $griculture )ood Processing and Commerce to Export enablers
develop effective procurement linkages processing
Develop export oriented clusters The $gricultural
facilities retail chains and export activity. This will
and Processed )ood (xport Development $uthority
facilitate synergies between various initiatives
$P(D$ has been championing the development of
such as the 5ashtriya .rishi 9ikas <ojana 5.9<
exportoriented clusters with common infrastructure
of the agriculture ministry viability gap funding
facilities. These clusters should contain a functional
of the Ministry of Commerce for cold chains and
endtoend cold chain system along with processing
warehousing infrastructure development and
facilities.
Pradhan Mantri .isan 6ampada <ojana of M2)PI.
Increase the number of testing laboratories
Strengthen railway freight operations 5ailway
There exists a shortage of testing laboratories
freight operations should be strengthened through
essential for health certiÀcates for exports. Private
temperaturecontrolled containers and loading and
laboratories should be extended Ànancial support to
unloading facilities to reduce postharvest losses
achieve international accreditation. $s suggested by
and connect landlocked states to export markets.
$P(D$ agricultural universities should also seek to
Rural roads, electricity and mechanization get their labs accredited by $P(D$.

Maintenance of rural roads through women $ugment cargo handling facilities at airports
SHGs The maintenance of roads by women SHGs $P(D$ has suggested augmenting the capacity of
has been experimented with by some states the $hmedabad $ir Cargo Complex and Mumbai
Uttarakhand for example and has been found to $irport to handle agricultural cargo.

9
. )inancial Inclusion
Objectives cent of adults had a bank account. This increased
to  per cent in 1 Zhich is noZ comparable
‡ %DQNLQJIRUWKHXQEDQNHG
to China.1 Many recent independent studies have
R %DQNDFFRXQWV(QVXULQJXQLYHUVDODFFHVVWR documented the increased ownership and active
EDQNDFFRXQWVZKLFKDUHDJDWHZD\WRDOO use of bank accounts because of the -an 'han
ÀQDQFLDOVHUYLFHV scheme.2 There has also been an increase in
R 'LJLWDOSD\PHQWVHUYLFHV3URYLGLQJDFFHVVWR the penetration of low cost insurance schemes
digital payment services and increasing its and pension schemes. Even as the importance of
penetration. Ànancial assets is increasing for ,ndian households
physical assets continue to be the predominant
‡ 6HFXULQJWKHXQVHFXUHG
asset class for savings for them.
o ,nsXrance and social secXrity (nsXring
$wareness and use of mobile payments in ,ndia
Xniversal coverage oI insXrance Ior liIe
had been low. ,n 21 the percentage of the
accidents etc. and oI pensions and otKer
population using mobile money services in India
retirement planning services.
was only 1 per cent compared to %angladesh
o $sset diversiÀcation $lloZing diversiÀcation 4 per cent  Pakistan  per cent  .enya 1 per
of asset portfolio of households through cent and Tan]ania 1 per cent . Many of these
increased participation in capital markets. models in other countries have been driven by
‡ %HWWHUDFFHVVWRFUHGLWDWDUHDVRQDEOHFRVW nonbanking providers such as telecommunication
for those presently excluded companies using modes of communication such
as Unstructured Supplementary Service Data
Current Situation USSD . +owever after demoneti]ation and the
launch of the BHIM platform penetration of
7he government has launched many Áagship
mobile payments has improved. Several new
schemes to promote Ànancial inclusion and
initiatives such as $adhaarenabled payment
provide Ànancial security to empoZer the poor and
services payment banks etc. will boost the use of
unbanked in the country. These include the Pradhan
mobile payments.
0antri -an 'han <oMana Pradhan 0antri 0udra
<oMana 6tand8p ,ndia 6cheme Pradhan Mantri In terms of credit access India has considerable
-eevan -yoti %ima <oMana Pradhan Mantri 6uraksha ground to make up. In 21 the number of loan
%ima <oMana and $tal Pension <oMana. ,n addition accounts per 1 adults was 14 in India. In
the promotion of $adhaar and direct beneÀt transfer comparison the number of loan accounts per
schemes facilitate Ànancial inclusion.

These schemes have led to signiÀcant progress.

$ccording to :orld %ank data in 14  per

41
 Strategy for
New India @ 75

)LJXUH'LVWULEXWLRQRIKRXVHKROGVDYLQJVDFURVVSK\VLFDODQGÀQDQFLDODVVHWV

2016-17

2015-16

2014-15
Year

Financial
2013-14 Physical
Gold & Silver
2012-13

2011-12

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Share of household savings (%)

Source )irst 5evised Estimates of 1ational Income Consumption E[penditure Saving and Capital )ormation for 211
Central Statistics 2fÀce -anuary 21

)LJXUH*URZWKLQXQLÀHGSD\PHQWLQWHUIDFH 83, XVDJH

35000 200
180
Transaction amount INR. Crores)

Number of transactions (Million)

30000
160
25000 140

20000 120
100
15000 80
10000 60
40
5000
20
0 0
Dec-17
Jan-18
Jan-17
Oct-16

Oct-17
Dec-16

Jul-17
Aug-17

Nov-17
Aug-16

Nov-16

Apr-17

Apr-18
Mar-18
Sep-16

Mar-17

May-18
Feb-17

May-17
Jun-17

Sep-17

Feb-18

Source UPI Product Statistics 1ational Payments Corporation of India 1PCI

42
1 adults was  in Bangladesh 2 in Pakistan 3. Facilitating growth of online and paperless
41 in South $frica and 21 in .enya. Similarly banking
bank credit to *DP ratio in India is 1 per cent as
‡ Paperless banking will reduce friction
compared to  per cent in China in 21.4
documentation proof reTuirements and the cost
of banking services. This in turn will bring
Constraints a larger proportion of the population within
1. /ack of Ànancial literacy amongst low income the ambit of the formal Ànancial system. The
households and small informal businesses. following actions are reTuired on the policy
2. The high cost of operations of the traditional front
banking model. o Ease transaction limits for e.<C based
. E[cessive regulatory reTuirements on products deposit and loan accounts.
and market entry and conservative regulatory o Push digital signature for loan accounts
approach to new technologies. by asking public sector banks to carry out
at least 2 of their transactions through
Way Forward paperless accounts by 2222.
1. Launching a new scheme for comprehensive o Expand digilocker services by including
ÀQDQFLDOOLWHUDF\ more issuers of documents.
‡ $n $rthik Shiksha $bhiyan will help improve  8VLQJWHFKQRORJ\WRLPSURYHWKHDVVHVVPHQW
Ànancial literacy and may be integrated in the of credit-worthiness for households and
regular school curriculum. Besides efforts to informal businesses
improve Ànancial literacy should be complemented
‡ 2ne of the main constraints in providing lowin
by mass media campaigns to provide information
come households and informal businesses is the
on Ànancial products and their use.
lack of information available with formal creditors
2. Assess the performance of banking to determine their credit worthiness. This results in
correspondents and give better incentives high cost of credit. This constraint can be over
‡ *iven the infeasibility of locating branches in come by the adoption of appropriate technology.
every nook and corner of the country bank ‡ Create a new datasharing framework that
correspondents are used to reach out to builds on the success of -an Dhan and $adhaar
prospective clients. However an inadeTuate platforms to enable easier access to credit
compensation structure makes correspondent with adeTuate safeguards for maintaining data
banking unattractive. The issue of inadeTuate privacy.
training is being addressed by the 5BI which ‡ Existing gaps in land records such as transfers
has developed a framework for certiÀcation for of ancestral properties conversion to free
both basic and advanced levels. There is also hold regulari]ation of colonies extension of
a need to create better monetary incentives for limited tenure pattas etc. need to be Àlled. In
banking correspondents as well as to provide addition a central land holding register could
them better training. be prepared and maintained in a digital format.

4
. +ousing )or $ll
Objectives integrated action plan districtsdifÀcult areas. This
support is provided to homeless families or to
‡ 3URYLGHHYHU\IDPLO\ZLWKDSXFFDKRXVHZLWK
those who live in kutcha houses as per the 6ocio
DZDWHUFRQQHFWLRQWRLOHWIDFLOLWLHVDQG[
(conomic &aste &ensus 6(&&  211 data.
electricity supply and access.
P0$<* is converged with Swachh Bharat Mission
‡ %uild . cRre KRusinJ units in rural areas and
*ramin and Mahatma *andhi 1ational 5ural
1.2 crore housing units in urban areas.
Employment Guarantee Scheme MG15EGS for the
construction of sanitary toilets and also to provide
Current Situation
the unskilled wage component.
The President’s clarion call to ensure the provision
of houses to every family remains the key objective 8nder PM$<G it was proposed to build one crore
of the ¶+ousing for $ll’ scheme. )olloZing this rural houses in three years between 211 and
announcement the government has made it clear 211. The estimated Ànancial reTuirement
that one of its key priorities is to ensure safe and for the construction of one crore houses in these
affordable housing for all. This mandate also three years is ,15 1 crore. 'uring 211
includes upgradation of slums. 5ecent estimates about 2.1 lakh houses were constructed. )or the
of the 0inistry of 5ural 'evelopment and 0inistry Ànancial year 211 the government set a target
of +ousing and 8rban $ffairs indicate a housing of completing 1 lakh houses 1. lakh houses
shortage of nearly  crore units in rural areas and had been sanctioned and . lakh houses i.e.
1.2 crore units in urban areas. $chieving the goal of .2 per cent of the target had been completed
¶+ousing for $ll’ Zill be a big step in the reali]ation by the end of March 2018.
of 1eZ ,ndia 9ision 222 that Zill trigger economic Under the Pradhan Mantri $was <ojana Urban
growth and create millions of jobs for skilled as well PM$<U  the mission aims to achieve the objective
as unskilled workers. 0oreover given the forward of ¶+ousing for $ll’ by 2022 through its four pillars
and backward linkages of the housing sector ² a insitu slum redevelopment b affordable
the focus on affordable housing could bring rich housing through a credit linked subsidy scheme c
dividends for other distressed sectors such as steel affordable housing in partnership between public
and cement. and private agencies and d subsidy for beneÀciary
6ince 1 the *overnment of ,ndia has been led individual house construction or enhancement.
implementing a rural housing scheme for families )or Ànancial year 20118 the PM$< Urban
living below the poverty line %P/ . $ new scheme
the Pradhan 0antri $was <ojana *ramin ²
P0$<* was launched in 21. This scheme now
provides per unit assistance of ,15 12 in
plain areas and ,15 1 in hilly states


 Strategy for
New India @ 75

targeted the sanctioning of 2 lakh houses and even where a single window system has
completing the construction of at least half the reportedly been introduced.
sanctioned strength. $gainst the mission target of
‡ /imited private sector participation in affordable
1.2 crore . lakh houses have been sanctioned
housing schemes in urban areas.
and 4.01 lakh houses had been completed by the
end of March 2018. ‡ Predominance of conventional construction
practices that result in delayed progress
Constraints in urban areas and the limited use of pre
fabricated and preengineered materials.
The ¶+ousing for $ll’ scheme faces the following key
constraints ‡ /imited access to suitable land banks for
affordable housing projects.
‡ /ack of access to Ànance from formal Ànancial
institutions. ‡ &ontinued rise in the number of slum dwellers.

‡ /ongdrawn out multilevel approval system ‡ ,nsufÀcient number of trained masons despite
in urban areas in a large majority of municipal the operation of the Construction Sector Skills
jurisdictions. 'evelopment Council since 201.

‡ )or several categories of houses or those in ‡ Capacity constraints in urban local bodies U/Bs
particular locations these delays are common to formulate and design mass housing projects.

Figure 9.1: Multi-pronged approach to resolving constraints in the

‘Housing for All’ scheme

Access to
Finance

Technology
Efficient Housing for All
for
land use by 2022-23
Construction

Reducing
Costs


Way Forward construction systems  . These alternate and
sustainable technologies offer safer and disaster
The strategies to overcome the constraints on
resilient affordable housing. These will also
affordable housing can be grouped into the
improve the Tuality of construction in a cost
following categories 1 access to Ànance
effective and environment friendly manner
2 technology for construction  reducing costs
across statesregions and achieve economies of
and 4 efÀcient use of land.
scale in urban areas.
 $FFHVVWRÀQDQFH ‡ $ Global Housing Technology Challenge has
‡ To ensure greater access for the poor to been launched. It will bring internationally
institutional Ànance the 'epartment of proven construction technologies for adoption
)inancial Services should consider a sub in India enabling us to learn from the best
category under priority sector lending PS/ practices from similar economies around the
for affordable houses. It should also consider world.
relaxing eligibility conditions for bank loans ‡ The success of the East .idwai Nagar
such as raising the cap of I15 10 lakh on the redevelopment project in Delhi may be
cost of the house and raising the I15 2lakh replicated wherever possible. The key feature is
income threshold. the replacement of old style public housing that
‡ The government should continue to raise suffered from grossly inefÀcient use of land with
funds commensurate with the ¶+ousing for $ll’ a modern space optimising housing design.
targets. The Union Budget 20181 announced ‡ It is necessary to ensure convergence of
the setting up of an $ffordable +ousing )und provisions under the National Urban /ivelihood
in the 1ational +ousing Bank 1+B . It would Mission Pradhan Mantri .aushal 9ikas <ojana
achieve greater synergies among agencies Construction Skill Development Council of India
that are implementing government housing and MGN5EGS for rural areas for largescale
schemes. It would also enable the NHB to training of masons to meet construction targets.
mobili]e larger funds for housing projects. The
‡ There is need for a major push in the form of
Budget for 20181 has already announced
slum development programmes in urban areas.
increased allocations for PM$< Gramin to IN5
$ National Mission for Slum 5ehabilitation will
000 crore and to IN5 2000 crore for PM$<
bring a greater focus on making the country
Urban through internal and extra budgetary
slum free.
resources.
3. Reducing costs
2. Technology for construction
‡ Government projects should focus on the life
‡ Sixteen new emerging technologies have been
cycle cost /CC approach to the construction
identiÀed evaluated and promoted under
of houses rather than the cost per sTuare foot
PM$< U . These fall under formwork systems
approach to ensure Tuality of construction
  precast sandwich panel systems  
and reduce expenditure incurred on the
light gauge steel structural systems 2  steel
maintenance of houses.
structural systems 2 and precast concrete

4
10. Travel Tourism and Hospitality
Objectives 8.8 million in 21 yet they account for less than
1 per cent of Jlobal tourist arrivals. :ith  Zorld
‡ ,QFUHDVH,QGLD·VVKDUHLQJOREDOLQWHUQDWLRQDO
heritaJe sites 1 bioJeoJraphical ]ones and 2
WRXULVWDUULYDOVIURPSHUFHQWWRSHUFHQW
biotic provinces ,ndia has siJniÀcant potential to
‡ ,QFUHDVHWKHQXPEHURIIRUHLJQWRXULVWDUULYDOV increase the number of tourist arrivals.
from 8.8 million to 12 million.
The sector is an important contributor to national
‡ 'oXElH tKH nXmEHr of GomHVtiF toXriVt YiVitV income. ,n 2118 ,ndia·s travel and tourism
from 114 million in 21 to 2 million sector accounted for foreign exchange earnings
visits. of USD 22.92 billion. Hotels and tourism also
accounted for USD 0.9 billion of foreign direct
Current Situation investment )D, in 2011 maNing up around
7KHrH KDs EHHn siJniÀFDnt SroJrHss in tKH trDvHl  per cent of total )D, betZeen $pril 2000 and
tourism and hospitality sector in the last decade 2ctober 201.1 Domestic tourism plays a key role
but there is much further room for improvement. Zithin the sector. ,n 201 domestic tourist visits
,ndia moved up 12 places from 2nd to 4th in to all Indian states and union territories numbered
the :orld (conomic )orum·s 7ravel and 7ourism 114 million an increase of about 1 per cent from
&ompetitiveness ,nde[ in 21. )oreiJn tourist the previous year.
arrivals have increased from .1 million in 29 to

Figure 10.1: Contribution of travel and tourism in India, 2016

Foreign Tourist Arrivals: Domestic Tourists Visits to all

8.8 Million States/UTs: 1613.6 million

Travel and
Tourism
Foreign Exchange Earnings
Employment (Direct and
from Tourism: USD 22.92
Indirect): 40.3 Million
Billion

Source 0inistry of Tourism India

49
 Strategy for
New India @ 75

$s a highly labourintensive sector tourism has ‡ Tourism segments or circuits India has
the capacity to generate largescale good Tuality various tourist destinations but few circuits or
employment. In 201 it accounted for 2 million segments such as the *olden Triangle Delhi
direct and more than 14 million indirect jobs. Direct $gra-aipur .
jobs in the sector made up .8 per cent of India·s
‡ Promotion and marketing $lthough it has
total employment. Together direct and indirect jobs
been increasing online marketingbranding
accounted for 9. per cent of total employment. The
remains limited and campaigns are not
sector has multiple forward and backward linkages
coordinated. Tourist information centres are
with further job generating potential in sectors such
poorly managed making it difÀcult for domestic
as agriculture retail transport and Ànancial services.
and foreign tourists to access information with
5ecogni]ing the sector·s potential to generate ease.
income and employment the government has ‡ Skills The number of adeTuately trained indi
undertaken several measures to strengthen viduals for the tourism and hospitality sector is
infrastructure and facilitate tourism. India recently a key challenge to giving visitors a worldclass
introduced tourist visa on arrival enabled with experience. $ limited number of multilingual
electronic travel authori]ation (T$ renamed as trained guides and the limited local awareness
the ´eTourist 9isaµ for tourists from 10 countries.2 and understanding of the beneÀts and respon
The 0inistry of Tourism has launched a roundthe sibilities associated with tourist growth act as
clock tollfree tourist helpline in 12 international constraints on the sector’s growth.
languages. The government has launched several
schemes to develop tourist circuits develop our Way Forward
islands as tourist destinations build largescale
1. Entry/exit for tourism
convention centres in different cities improve
connectivity and develop niche offerings such as ‡ Increase evisa awareness globally by
medical tourism and pilgrimagebased tourism. launching an information campaign through
our consulates abroad. It is also necessary to
Constraints launch an evisa regime to attract clientele
from the meetings incentives conferences and
‡ Entry/exit Despite the introduction of an evisa
exhibitions 0I&( market. To attract repeat
facility visitors Ànd the process of applying for a
visitors the validity period of evisas may be
visa still cumbersome. )urther awareness about
increased to 10 years.
the evisa facility remains low. In addition
medical evisa holders face difÀculties because ‡ (nhance the number of annual visits allowed
of the limited number of repeat visits allowed under an emedical visa. &urrently emedical
under the visa the number of accompanying visa holders are allowed three repeat visits
persons permitted and cumbersome registration during their oneyear visa period. This may not
processes. be sufÀcient for patients who reTuire followup
postoperative care.
‡ Infrastructure and connectivity DeÀciencies
in infrastructure and inadeTuate connectivity o Simplify the process of registering online
hamper tourist visits to some heritage sites. with the )oreigner 5egional 5egistration

0
 2fÀces )552 . (stablishing )552 help  %XLOGLQJWRXULVWFLUFXLWVRUVHJPHQWV
desks at major Indian airports and hospi
‡ Develop the marine leisure industry by issuing
tals will provide visitors with the informa
national boating guidelines to regulate the
tion to complete the process online.
industry in terms of safety security marina
o Increase the number of accompanying development nautical infrastructure for safe
persons with emedical visa holders from access to water cruising and charters crewing
two to up to four under the same visa as skill training  rescue and rationali]ation of
has been done in countries like Malaysia. import duties and local taxes to encourage the
growth of local boat building. This segment will
2. Infrastructure and connectivity
also help attract additional )DI into the sector.
‡ Tourism infrastructure projects vi]. hotels
‡ Promote river cruise tourism by making the
resorts eTuipment parks etc. having a project
entire stretch of National :aterway No. 1 the
cost more than I15 1 crore should be notiÀed
5iver *anga from $llahabad to the )arakkah
as ¶infrastructure’ to enable promoters to avail
%arrage fully navigable.
loans on a priority basis.
‡ %uild deepwater marinas in the coastal areas
‡ &onservation and development of all heritage
of India including in the $ndaman and Nicobar
sites should be undertaken and completed
Islands and in Mumbai. Create enabling policies
through either government funding or
that permit scuba diving or other activities
through 1*2s&orporate Social 5esponsibility
reTuiring boat travel.
&S5 activities. The Ministry of Tourism’s
Swadesh Darshan and National Mission on ‡ Promote India’s %uddhist circuit by increas
3ilgrimage 5ejuvenation and Spiritual Heritage ing coordination among all stakeholders and
$ugmentation Drive 35$SH$D schemes improving connectivity. Tourism to the Buddhist
are already undertaking the development or circuit can be greatly enhanced by increasing
maintenance of heritage sites.4 The number promotion building wayside amenities and
of projects sanctioned under this scheme connecting lesserknown sites to core circuits.
should be increased and their implementation :e should also fully utili]e the Swadesh
accelerated. Darshan and existing schemes to promote this
circuit.
‡ Increase domestic tourist trafÀc by upgrading
existing infrastructure and leasing out the main ‡ Develop 100 ´Smart Tourist Destination Sitesµ
tenance of such infrastructure to private players. showcasing themebased museums and heri
New destinations can be developed around the tage sites.
metros using the PPP model. ‡ Develop 100 ´Model Swachh Tourist Destina
‡ Improve Áight connectivity to tourist destina tionsµ by undertaking a special cleanup initia
tions through the timely implementation of the tive focused on 100 iconic heritage spiritual
Ministry of &ivil $viation’s 5egional &onnectivity and cultural places in the country.
Scheme ² UD$N 5&SUD$N . /arger cities like ‡ Develop at least Àve ´Beach Destinationsµ as
Delhi Mumbai .olkata and &hennai should be exclusive tourism ]ones.
converted into efÀcient and seamless transit hubs.

1
 Strategy for
New India @ 75

11. Minerals
Objectives 6i[ major minerals prodXcing states Yi]. 2disha
5ajasthan $ndhra 3radesh &hhattisgarh and
‡ 'RXEOHWKHDUHDH[SORUHGIURPSHUFHQWRI
.arnataNa accoXnt for nearly twothirds of the
REYLRXVJHRORJLFDOSRWHQWLDO 2*3 DUHDWR
value of minerals produced in the country.
per cent.1
In addition to the above India also has large
‡ $cceOerDte tKe JrRZtK RI tKe PLnLnJ VectRr IrRP
potential to increase the production of minor
 per cent Ln 11 tR 1 per cent ZLtK Dn
minerals. It is estimated that their share in the
DYerDJe JrRZtK RI . per cent GXrLnJ 1.
value of production is about 2 per cent.4 Even
‡ ,ncreDVe tKe MRE cRntrLEXtLRn GLrect DVVRcLDteG though minor minerals have a small share in
DnG LnGLrect IrRP tKe cXrrent 1 PLOOLRn  value terms their production is more labour
million in coal and major metals and 8 million intensive as compared to major minerals. Thus
in minor minerals to 1 million in . they can be a source of largescale employment
generation.
Current Situation
The sector has been affected by legalities. This has
,ndia Kas KXJe mineral potential as its prospectiYe
restricted the scope of mining operations and raised
geology is broadly similar to that of Western
costs.
$Xstralia especially in relation to iron ore baX[ite
coal diamonds and heaYy minerals sand. ,ndia In 21 the government amended the 0ines and
has identiÀed .1 laNh sT. Nm as the obYioXs 0inerals 'evelopment and 5egulation 00'5
geological potential 2*3 area bXt only 1 per $ct to mandate auctions for the allocation of
cent of it has been e[plored and 1. per cent is exploration and mining rights for minerals under its
being mined. purview. The results have been encouraging.

This is one of the reasons why India’s imports

Constraints
of minerals estimated at I15  crore far
oXtstripped more than seYen times the YalXe of ‡ 6hortcomings in the licensing regime such
domestic prodXction of minerals e[clXding coal as the separation of auction of prospecting
atomic and fXel minerals of I15  crore in the licences and provision of mining licences and
Ànancial year 11.2 India’s share in the global the different auction methodologies across
prodXction of metallic minerals sXch as baX[ite different sectors liNe coal oil and minerals.
chromite iron ore and manganese ore is relatiYely
high India is ranNed th to th among global
prodXcers. In indXstrial minerals India is a large
prodXcer of ]inc alXminiXm and steel ranNing th
th and rd respectiYely.


 Figure 11.1: India’s share in world production, 2015

Zinc (Slab) 5.7%

Lead 1.4%
Steel 5.6%
Copper (Refined) 3.5%
Aluminium 4.1%
Category

Apatite & Rock Phospate 0.6%

Magnesite 0.6%
Manganese Ore 4.0%
Iron Ore 4.7%
Chromite 8.2%
Bauxite 9.6%
Coal & Lignite 8.1%
0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12%
India's share (%)
6ource Ministry of Mines

‡ +eavy cost of acTuiring land. The policy should have the following features
‡ +igh incidence of taxes royalties and levies in ‡ )or bulN or surfacial minerals i.e. iron
comparison to global standards more than  ore bauxite limestone etc the provision of
per cent . “reservation” of areas for exploration by state
agencies should be utilised and such areas
‡ InadeTuate infrastructure resulting in
should be allocated through the auction route
evacuation problems.
after the development of reserves.
‡ WorNforce productivity and sNilling challenges
‡ It is desirable for public sector units 368s
because of the disconnect between training
and private sector companies to have a
institutions and industry.
levelplaying field with respect to mining
concessions.
Way Forward
‡ $n exclusive subset of rules to facilitate the
1. To facilitate participation by private
exploration of rare earth minerals through
sector players in exploration, launch a
private sector participation should be framed.
mission “Explore in India”, by revamping
the minerals exploration and licensing ‡ Mining companies should be allowed the
policy freedom to comine other minerals found in the
same mining area.


12. Energy
Objectives to face challenges. 2n energy supply India is still
heavily dependent on petroleum imports to meet
7KHJRYHUQPHQW·VRQJRLQJHQHUJ\VHFWRU
its reTuirements ² we imported approximately 2
SROLFLHVDLP´WRSURYLGHDFFHVVWRDIIRUGDEOH
per cent of crude oil and  per cent of natural
UHOLDEOHVXVWDLQDEOHDQGPRGHUQHQHUJ\µ$WWKH
gas reTuirements during 20. $lso at present
convergence of its domestic goals and the global
about 000 Nm of gas pipeline networNs exist.
develoSment agenda it also intends to hit the
7he progress of 0000 .m of pipeline bid out
folloZing milestones on the Za\ ²
by 3etroleum and 1atural *as 5egulatory %oard
‡ 0aNe available [ SoZer to all b\  31*5%  which was to be completed by 20 is
behind schedule.
‡ $chieve  *: of reneZable energ\
generation capacity by 2022. In the coal sector the government has recently in
‡ 5edXce imports of oil and gas by 0 per cent by 20 allowed commercial mining. )urthermore
20222. power sector companies especially state
government utilities continue to deal with difÀcult
‡ &ontinXe to redXce emission intensity of *'3
Ànancial positions.
in a manner that will help India achieve the
intended nationally determined contribution 'ue to energy efÀciency (( measures demand
I1'& target of 200. side management '60 and advanced technology
in the energy value chain India’s energy intensity
Current Situation declined from 0. Noe in 200 to 0.22 Noe
in 20 at 200 prices indicating an efÀciency
India’s energy mix is dominated by coal with
increase of 22.8 per cent. The energy intensity of
a . per cent share followed by oil 2 per
the 8. and *ermany in the year 20 were 0.0
cent  biomass . per cent  gas . per cent 
Noe and 0.0 Noe at 200 prices respectively.
renewable and clean energy 2.2 per cent and
This indicates that India still has the potential to
nuclear energy .2 per cent . India is the world’s
improve energy efÀciency.
third largest energy consumer. +owever in 20
its per capita energy consumption was about 2. Constraints
Nilogram of oil eTuivalent Ngoe against the world
The constraints on achieving the milestones set for
average of 0 Ngoe. 7he 86 and &hina’s per
20222 can be divided into two broad categories ²
capita energy consumption in 20 was 00 Ngoe
overall energy sector and subsector speciÀc.
and 20 Ngoe respectively.

In the power sector the allIndia installed power

capacity is about  *: including 2 *: of
renewable energy. 7he energy subsectors continue


 Strategy for
New India @ 75

1. Overall energy  2LO JDV

Subsidies and taxes: ‡ 1ondiscriminatory access for private and public
‡ $ variety of subsidies and taxes distort sector companies to the gas pipeline network
the energy market and promote the use of does not exist.
inefÀcient over efÀcient fuels. ‡ /ack of marketdriven gas prices for old Àelds
‡ They also make Indian exports and domestic disincentivi]es further production.
production uncompetitive as energy taxes are ‡ The gas pipeline infrastructure is also
not under *6T and hence no input credit is inadeTuate.
given. This is a serious lacuna.
4. Coal
2. Power
‡ /and for coal mining is becoming a maMor issue.
‡ 2ld inefÀcient plants continue to operate
whereas more efÀcient plants are underutili]ed. ‡ There is a tendency to expand opencast mining
and discourage underground operation even for
‡ $s the gap between the average cost of better Tuality coal reserves. This aggravates the
supply $&6 and average revenue reali]ed land availability problem.
$55 persists due to high aggregate technical
and commercial $T & losses distribution ‡ There is no competitive coal market.
companies 'I6&20s use load shedding to 5. Renewable energy
minimi]e losses.
‡ +igh energy costs result in reneging on old
‡ $lthough legally independent 5egulatory power purchase agreements 33$s and
Commissions are unable to fully regulate erode their sanctity. This leads to uncertainty
discoms and Àx rational tariffs. regarding power offtake and conseTuently
endangers further investments.
‡ 8nmetered power supply to agriculture
provides no incentive to farmers to use ‡ )lexibility in generation and balance
electricity efÀciently. reTuirements for the integration of renewable
energy are emerging as major issues.
‡ There is a lot of hidden demand because of
unreliable supply and load shedding. ‡ There are supply chain issues in biomass power
generation.
‡ 6tate power utilities are not able to invest in
system improvements due to their poor Ànancial  (QHUJ\HIÀFLHQF\
health.
‡ /imited technical capabilities high initial capital
‡ +igh industrialcommercial tariff and the expenditure limited market and policy issues
crosssubsidy regime have affected the have adversely affected efforts to achieve
competitiveness of the industrial and commercial energy efÀciency.
sectors.

2
‡ +igh transaction costs which involves ‡ +ave the same GST rate for all forms of energy
appointing suitable consultants and vendors for to enable a level playing Àeld.
execution relative to project si]e especially in
‡ $ll form of subsidies should be provided as
the micro smallscale and medium enterprises
functional subsidies to endconsumers to
060E sector makes energy efÀciency
empower them to choose the energy form most
investments unattractive for investors.
suitable and economical to them.
‡ The nonavailability of sufÀcient credit facilities 2. Power
and difÀculties in obtaining reTuired Ànances
‡ 3romote smart grid and smart meters.
for energy saving projects are strong deterrents
to investments in energy efÀciency in India. ‡ $ll 33$s including those with state generation
companies GE1C2s should be based on
Way Forward competitive bidding.

1. Overall energy ‡ Introduce a capacity market to encourage

Áexible capacity for peak demand and
‡ 2il natural gas electricity and coal may be
intermittency.
brought under GST to enable input tax credit.

Figure 12.1: Strategies for improving the energy sector in India

Oil & Gas Coal

Renewable
Power
Energy

Overall ENERGY Energy

energy EFFICIENCY Efficiency


 Strategy for
New India @ 75

1. 6urface 7ransport

Objectives o Double the length of national highways
1+s to  laNh Nm by  from the
,QFUHDVLQJWKHFRYHUDJHDQGTXDOLW\RIURDGVDQG
existing 1.22 lakh km.
highways is critical to enhancing connectivity and
internal and e[ternal trade %y  we shoXld o :iden singleintermediate lane 6/I/
achieve the Iollowing oEMectives 1+s and reduce the length of 6/I/ 1+s
to less than 10 per cent of total length
‡ ,ncrease connectivity Ey e[Sanding the road by 20222 from the present 2. per
networN cent.2
o $chieve the Bharatmala 3hase, target
‡ Improve the regulatory framework for roads
Ey comSleting  Nm Ey 
to achieve better compliance seamless
inclXding  Nm oI coastal and Sort
connectivity road safety and Tuality.
connectivity roads.1
‡ $s a signatory to the Brasilia Declaration
o Complete Phase I of the Pradhan Mantri
reduce the number of road accidents and
*ram 6adaN <oMana PM*6< with TXality
fatalities by 0 per cent by 2020.
monitoring at every stage.

)LJXUH7RWDOQXPEHURIUHJLVWHUHGYHKLFOHVLQ,QGLD PLOOLRQV
200
182.4 Million
180
Number of Registered Vehicles (Millions)

160
140
120
11% CAGR
100
80
58.9 Million
60
40
20
0
2001-02 2012-13
6ource 7(5I 2011


Current Situation about 40 per cent of the funds reTuired. This is
one of the main reasons for the inability to take
The road sector in India accounts for the largest
up timely maintenance interventions.
share in the movement of both passengers and
freight. Driven by a rapidly growing economy . Accidents and safety concerns 5oad safety
access to vehicle Ànance and improved road is a major issue in the country with nearly 400
connectivity the demand for mobility on roads has road related deaths being recorded daily. In
risen continuously leading to a sharp rise in the 201 India had an accident death rate of 18.
number of road transport vehicles. The total number for every 100000 people higher than other
of registered vehicles in India increased from . 6outh $sian countries such as Bangladesh
million in 200102 to 12. million in 201214 a 11.  Mauritius 12.2 and 6ri /anka 1. .9
C$*5 of almost 11 per cent during this period. $t least a part of the fatalities is because of the
poor Tuality of roads.
+owever access to and Tuality of public
transportation need continuous improvement. 4. Cost escalation for roads Delays in acTuiring
In urban areas the increasing use of personal land can affect project costs as the average cost
vehicular transport leads to road congestion longer of land has escalated from 5s. 0.80 crore per
journey times and higher levels of air and noise hectare during 20121 to 5s. .20 crore per
pollution. (xpansion of the public transport Áeets hectare during 20118.
has been hampered by the short supply of vehicles
² the total demand for buses was approximately Way Forward
.40 lakh in )< 201 while the availabilitysupply 1. Increase connectivity by expanding the road
was only about 1 lakh. network

Constraints ‡ )our projects to be undertaken

1. Capacity of existing highways The existing o Bharatmala Pariyojana PhaseI complete

length of the 1+ network is 1.22 lakh km 24800km by 202122.10
which is 2.2 per cent of the country’s total road o 6pecial $ccelerated 5oad Development
network of .0 lakh km. The existing NH Programme for the North(astern region
length with 4lane and above NH standards 6$5DPN(  Phase ¶$’ improve about
is 2 km 22. per cent  and that with 4099 km in the North(ast.
singleintermediate lane 6/I/ width is 2
o ¶North(ast 5oad Network Connectivity
km 2.4 per cent  the remaining 2
Project Phase I’ improve infrastructure
km 0. per cent is of 2lane NH standard.
in Meghalaya and Mi]oram and enhance
)urther national and state highways are already
connectivity with interstate roads and
overstrained carrying more than  per cent of
international borders.11
the road trafÀc. National highways carry 40 per
cent of India’s total road trafÀc. o Chardham Mahamarg 9ikas Pariyojna.

2. Maintenance of existing infrastructure The ‡ Improve the implementation capacity of states’

annual outlay earmarked for maintenance and 8Ts’ public work departments P:Ds through
repair of national highway stretches8 is only institutional strengthening and training.


 Strategy for
New India @ 75

14. 5ailways
Objectives Current Situation
%\,QGLDVKRXOGKDYHDUDLOQHWZRUNWKDW 7he ,ndian 5ailZa\s ,5 is the fourth largest
LVQRWRQO\HIÀFLHQWUHOLDEOHDQGVDIHEXWLVDOVR netZorN in the Zorld in terms of route Nm 
FRVWHIIHFWLYHDQGDFFHVVLEOHERWKZLWKUHVSHFWWR Nm in )<1 . It is also the largest passenger
WKHPRYHPHQWRISHRSOHDQGJRRGV7KLVUHTXLUHV 110 billionpassenger Nm in )<1 8 and fourth
DFKLHYLQJWKHIROORZLQJREMHFWLYHV largest freight 20 billion nettonne Nm in )<1 9
transporting railZa\ s\stem globall\. In )<1
‡ $XJPHQWWKHFDSDFLW\RIH[LVWLQJUDLOZD\
12910 passenger trains carried over 22.24
infrastructure.
million11 passengers dail\ i.e. almost eTuivalent
‡ ,ncreasetKesSeeGRfinfrastructurecreatiRn to $ustralia·s population Zhile the freight
frRPtKeSresentNPGa\tRNPGa\E\ transported was 1.1 billion tonnes.12 'uring )<0
.1 )<1 railwa\s· revenue increased at a &$*5 of
‡ $cKieYe ´1 Ser centµ2 eOectriÀcatiRn Rf ErRaG . per cent to 86' 2.1 billion1 in )<1 led b\
JauJe tracN E\ 2222 frRP tKe  Ser cent strong demand increasing urbani]ation and rising
OeYeO in 211. incomes.

‡ ,ncrease tKe aYeraJe sSeeG Rf freiJKt anG PaiO Despite its extensive reach and the substantial
e[Sress trains tR  NPKr frRP aERut 2 NPKr growth in freight load the modal share of railwa\s
in 211 anG  NPKr frRP aERut  NP in the transportation of surface freight has declined
Kr  resSectiYeO\. from 8.2 per cent in 190114 to  per cent in
‡ ,PSrRYe tKe safet\ Rf tKe raiOZa\s acKieYinJ 201 in part due to a shortfall in carr\ing capacit\
]erR fataOities frRP tKe 211 OeYeO Rf 2 and lacN of price competitiveness. I5·s golden
fatalities and reducing the number of accidents Tuadrilateral and its diagonals maNe up onl\ 1
from the  recorded in 211.4 per cent of the total route of the railways but it
transports 2 per cent of passenger trafÀc and
‡ (nhance serYice deliYer\ achieYing  Ser cent
8 per cent of total freight load.1 This highlights
ontime arriYals b\ 2222.
the high saturation and overutili]ed capacity on
‡ %\ 2222 the railZa\s should haYe a freight popular routes. 6ince passenger and freight trafÀc
load of 1.9 billion tonnes and an improved move on the same tracNs in India we have not been
modal share of 40 per cent of freight movement able to increase speed or capacity in a signiÀcant
from the current level of  per cent. manner relative to global benchmarks.
‡ ,ncrease the share of nonfare revenues in total
revenue to 20 per cent.


 Figure 14.1: Growth of Indian Railways, 1950-51 to 2013-14

A: Route Km Increase Over Time B: Passenger Km Increase Over Time

23% 65,806
11,58,742
53,596

1950-51 1950-51
2013-14 2013-14
1642%

66,517
Route km Passenger km (million)

6ource ¶Indian 5ailways /ifeline of the nation $ :hite 3aper · )ebruary 201

The expenditure on the railways as a percentage reduction in average speed of passenger and
of transport expenditure declined from  per freight trains.
cent in 19890 th plan to 0 per cent in 200
2. Organizational structure Delays in decision
12 11th plan .1 Despite its contribution to the
making inadeTuate market orientation
overall economy underinvestment in the sector
and long project approval durations lead
has crippled operations and hampered capacity
to slow turnover times and delays in the
augmentation. )rom 1901 to 20114 the
implementation of railways projects.
route km increased by only 2 per cent against the
growth in freight and passenger km of 144 per 3. Internal generation of resources 1egligible
cent and 142 per cent respectively.1 nonfare revenues and high freight tariffs have
led to a suboptimal freight share. The lower
The government has recogni]ed the need for relative cost of transporting freight by road has
additional investment in rail infrastructure and led to a decline in the share of the railways.
scaled up investment by almost three times from /ow and static prices for the passenger segment
I15 989 crore in 20114 to I15 1.4 lakh have also contributed to low internal generation
crore18 in 201819 %( . of resources.
4. Safety and poor quality of service
Constraints
delivery There have been a number of
1. Congested networks 2verstretched accidents and safety issues in the I5 in recent
infrastructure with 0 per cent plus routes being years. 3oor cleanliness of trains and stations
more than 100 per cent utili]ed leading to a delays in train departuresarrivals Tuality of

1
 Strategy for
New India @ 75

food and difficulties in booking tickets are ‡ &onsider transferring coach and locomotive
key issues. manufacturing and repairs to private players.
+owever since human safety is involved in the
5. (IÀFLHQF\RIWHUPLQDOV 3oor terminal facilities
case of coaches and wagons I5 should continue
lengthen loading and unloading times. Eighty
to have regulatory and technical control over their
per cent of railway loads come from terminals.
manufacture and maintenance to ensure the safety
The functioning of terminals needs to be
of users in compliance with the *eneral 5ules of I5.
strengthened to improve rail freight.
‡ 6eparate suburban passenger transport from
6. Economies of scale The lack of scale
the rest of the network and put a light rail
economies especially impact management
network in place in all major urban areas under
Tuality and system accountability.
local governments.
Way Forward 3. Rationalize fare structures and subsidies,
 %HWWHUXWLOL]DWLRQRIH[LVWLQJLQIUDVWUXFWXUHWR and monetize assets to generate revenues:
address congestion: ‡ 5evisit I5·s pricing model to make the
‡ 3rioriti]e ongoing projects to improve capacity passenger and freight segments sustainable.
utili]ation. Timely completion of these projects )reight tariffs should be competitive with the
will generate more revenue. $t the same time cost of road transportation.
we need to maintain and upgrade the existing ‡ Expedite the process of establishing the
network to ensure that supply keeps up with 5ail Development $uthority 5D$  already
demand. approved by the government19. D$ must advise
‡ Ensure that the dedicated freight corridors make informed decisions on an integrated
D)&s and the 0umbai$hmedabad +igh transparent and dynamic pricing mechanism
6peed 5ail 0$+65 are completed on to determine rail fares and rebalance the
schedule particularly by timely completion passenger and freight categories to improve
of land acTuisition for D)&s. D)&s should efÀciency and rebalance the modal mix of
be fully commissioned by )<20 feeder goods transport.
routes to the D)&s should be developed ‡ 0oneti]e land resources with the railways
simultaneously. particularly through developing nonrailway
2. Ease organizational rigidity through revenues such as through retail or other activities.
structural reforms: ‡ Increase retail revenues from railway stations by
‡ &onsider opening up the ownership and investing in facilities moderni]ing stations and
operations of freight terminals and ownership contracting space to private players.
of locomotives and rolling stock to the private 4. Enhance safety of trains to reduce accidents
sector under a transparent neutral non and modernize stations:
railway and fair regulatory mechanism. This
will improve performance and attract private ‡ The government has created the 5ashtriya 5ail
players and investments. 6anraksha .osh 556. in 20118 to address
critical safety related issues.

2
‡ Eliminate level crossings and cattle crossings ‡ &omplete by 20222 the commissioning of the
and fence railway tracks in areas with high remaining  of the 100 new freight terminals
levels of activity to prevent accidents. announced in the 5ail %udget of 2011 under
¶0ission +undred·.21
‡ Increase the use of proven advanced technol
ogies such as automatic train protection fog ‡ Improve terminal efÀciency by promoting the
safety devices end of train telemetry devices and concept of ¶engineonload· system developing
onboardonline condition monitoring systems. proper terminal layouts adopting efÀcient
operational practices operating trains end
‡ Implement the 22 recommendations of the
toend and using proper handling methods
+igh/evel 6afety 5eview &ommittee chaired by
systems for loading and unloading operations.22
Dr. .akodkar.20
‡ 8pgrade and ensure the smooth functioning of 6. Set up an independent regulator for the
bypass crossings and grade separations. Indian Railways:

‡ 5edevelop 100 out of 400 identiÀed railway ‡ The government has already approved the
stations by 2022. formation of the 5D$ an independent regulator
for I5 in )ebruary 2018. The regulator·s
‡ $ward stationcleaning contracts to private
functions will include the following2
vendors and sharply increase the number of
biotoilets by 2019. o Take decisions regarding price regulation
and enhancement of nonfare revenue.
5. Enhance the ease of doing business:
o 3rotect consumer interests promote
‡ 6et up an independent homologation and competition efÀciency and economy and
standardi]ation agency to adopt new railway ensure a fair deal to stakeholders and
technology and improve the speed and customers.
reliability of the railway network.
o +elp attract investment promote efÀcient
‡ 6witch to common transport documents with resource allocation benchmark service
i an internationally accepted liability regime standards and enforce standards.
for domestic and international transportation
o Put in place measures to absorb new
and ii common carrier status to all railbased
technologies and develop human
service providers.
resources.
‡ To enhance credibility ensure that there are no
o Provide a framework for nondiscriminatory
interim changes in tariff and nontariff rules.
open access to the dedicated freight.
‡ 8se technology to schedule and route freight busi corridors
ness to improve asset productivity and utili]ation.

________________________________________
1
Indian 5ailways -uly 201. ´5eform Perform and Transform.µ
httpwww.indianrailways.gov.in5eformPerformTransform202022_v1020 2 .pdf. $ccessed $pril 0 2018.
2
%udget 6peech 201819.


1. Civil $viation
Objectives throXJh the 5eJional &onneFtiYity 6FhePe ²
8de 'esh .a $aP 1aaJriN 5&68'$1 .
‡ (QKDQFHWKHDIIRUGDELOLW\RIÁ\LQJWRHQDEOHDQ
LQFUHDVHLQGRPHVWLFWLFNHWVDOHVIURP ‡ (nsXre that airport tariIIs ta[es on IXel landinJ
PLOOLRQLQ1WRPLOOLRQE\2 FharJes passenJer serYiFes FarJo and other
FharJes are deterPined in an eIÀFient Iair and
‡ 'RXEOH DLU FDUJR KDQGOHG IURP DERXW  PLOOLRQ
transparent manner.
WRQQHV LQ 211 WR DERXW  PLOOLRQ WRQQHV
‡ ([SDQG WKH PDLQWHQDQFH UHSDLU DQG RYHUKDXO Current Situation
052 LQGXVWU\ IURP 86' 1 ELOOLRQ LQ 21 WR
The civil aviation sector contributed USD8.9 billion
86' 2 ELOOLRQ
to ,ndia·s *D3 in 21 and supported 1.1 million
‡ ([SDQG DLUSRUW FDSDFLW\ PRUH WKDQ ÀYH WLPHV WR direct indirect and induced aviation Mobs. ,n 21
handle one billion trips a year. the demand for domestic air travel was twice that in
‡ (nhanFe aYailability and aIIordability oI China.4 ,ndia·s domestic air trafÀc made up 9 per
reJional air FonneFtiYity and reYiYeXpJrade  cent of total airline trafÀc in South $sia. The World
XnserYed airports and 1 XnserYed helipads (conomic )orum·s *lobal Competitiveness 5eport

)LJXUH3DVVHQJHUWUDIÀFE\VFKHGXOHGFDUULHUVWR

180
158.4
160
134.9
Number of Passengers (Million)

140
115.8
120 103.7
98.9 97.9
100 88.9
77.4
80 71.6 68.4
60
40
20
0
2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17

International Passengers Domestic Passengers Total Passengers

Source +and %ooN on Civil $viation Statistics 211


 Strategy for
New India @ 75

Figure 15.2: Freight transported by air, 2007-08 to 2016-17

3.50
2.98
3.00
Frieght Transported by Air (Million MT)

2.70
2.53
2.50 2.36 2.30 2.28
2.19
1.96
2.00 1.86
1.71 1.70 1.66
1.50 1.49 1.54
1.41 1.44
1.50 1.27
1.15 1.15 1.12
0.99 1.05
1.00 0.86 0.81 0.78 0.84
0.69
0.57 0.55
0.50

0.00
2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17

Domestic International Total

Source 0inistry of Civil $viation

218 ranNs ,ndia as rd out of 14 countries segment was 48 per cent and 20 per cent in the
worldwide in air transport infrastructure. international segment.9 India is also catching up
with other leading aviation markets in terms of
The $irport $uthority of ,ndia $$, aims to brinJ
market penetration.
around 2 airports under operation across the
country by 2020. The 0inistry of Civil $viation·s There has been an increase in air cargo both
reJional connectivity scheme UD$1 is a 10year domestically and internationally in 2011. I$T$
scheme which will promote balanced reJional has forecast that India will cross over into the top
Jrowth and maNe ÁyinJ affordable for the 10 air freight markets in 201819.
population. It will help enhance connectivity to the
country’s unserved and underserved airports. Constraints
India’s civil aviation sector has been growing ‡ Capacity and infrastructure Due to the
steadily the number of passengers was 18 million rapid e[pansion of India’s civil aviation sector
in 2011. Domestic passenger trafÀc increased airspace parking bays and runway slots will
at a C$*5 of almost 10 per cent between 200 become increasingly scarce over the next few
08 and 2011 and international passenger years especially at metro airports. 0umbai and
trafÀc grew at a C$*5 of 8.0 per cent during the Chennai airports are already close to saturation.
same period.8 %etween 20141 and 2011 in Capacity and infrastructure constraints could
particular trafÀc growth in the domestic passenger decrease efÀciency and safety and have


 negative economic effects. InadeTuate hangar expensive in India. Since it remains outside
space and unavailability of land to expand the *ST network there are also regional
airports at their current sites particularly in disparities in its price. The price of aviation
maMor cities are two of the maMor constraints fuel in India may be up to 0 per cent per
that face the sector. While this may be less cent higher than prices in $S($1 and the
binding in metro cities where the number of Middle East countries because of high
passengers is large enough to support more central and state taxes.10 )uel cost as a
than one airport building more than one airport percentage of operating charges amounts
is not feasible in nonmetro cities because of to 4 per cent11 in India as compared to
low passenger volume. the global average of 0 per cent.
‡ Skilled workers $ccording to a study o Incidence of *ST on $ircraft /eases and
conducted by the 0inistry of Civil $viation Spare 3arts *ST of  per cent is applied on
Indian aviation could directly support 1.0 to 1.2 aircraft lease rentals *ST ranges between
million Mobs by 20. This implies that about  per cent and 28 per cent on aircraft
0.2 million persons will need to be skilled over engines and spare parts. This also raises
the next 10 years. costs for the sector.
o Shortage and gaps in availability of indus ‡ Aviation safety $lthough the number of
tryrecognised skills ² from airline pilots aviation safety violations in 201  has
and crew to maintenance and ground declined in comparison to 201 442  the
handling personnel ² could constrain the absolute number still remains high.
growth of different segments of the sector.
o $viation *asoline $v*as is used as fuel
Way Forward
by almost all training aircraft. This fuel is 1. Enhance aviation infrastructure
imported its supply is not assured and it
‡ Complete the planned airports under the UD$1
attracts a tax of 18 per cent earlier 28 per
initiative in a timebound manner. 5evival of 0
cent under *ST. Coupled with a shortage
unserved and underserved airportsairstrips
of instructors this makes Áying training an
should be completed.
expensive and timeconsuming exercise.
‡ In addition to completing two new airports for
‡ +igh cost to passengers and of air cargo
Delhi and Mumbai by 2022 the infrastructure
o Tariff determination The 0inistry of capacity in the 10 biggest airports in terms of
Civil $viation has mandated that all trafÀc should be signiÀcantly augmented.
airports move from a single to a hybrid till
‡ Include provisions for domestic hub
structure. $lthough this is beneÀcial as it
development while auctioning trafÀc rights.
incentivi]es infrastructure investment it
raises costs for airlines and passengers. 2. Increase investment in the sector through
ÀQDQFLDODQGLQIUDVWUXFWXUHVXSSRUW
o 7D[HVRQDYLDWLRQWXUELQHIXHO $7) 
Due to high taxes and lack of competition ‡ 5educe taxes on M52 services and consider
among providers $T) is relatively granting infrastructure status for M52.


 Strategy for
New India @ 75

1. Ports Shipping and Inland

Waterways
Objectives was 2.44 per cent. 'uring 2011 the total cargo
throughput through maMor and nonmaMor ports was
‡ 'RXEOHWKHVKDUHRIIUHLJKWWUDQVSRUWHGE\
11. MM7.
FRDVWDOVKLSSLQJDQGLQODQGZDWHUZD\VIURP
SHUFHQWLQ01WR1SHUFHQWE\0 The Ministry of Shipping’s Sagarmala programme
focuses on moderni]ing and developing ports
‡ ,QFUHDVHWKHSRUWKDQGOLQJFDSDFLW\WR00
enhancing port connectivity supporting coastal
PLOOLRQPHWULFWRQQHV 007 2E\20222
communities and stimulating portlinNed
‡ 5HGXFHWKHWXUQDURXQGWLPHDWPDMRUSRUWVIURP industriali]ation )igure 1.2 . Sagarmala aims
DERXWGD\V 2011 WR12GD\V JOREDO to reduce the logistics costs for foreign and
DYHUDJH E\20222 domestic trade leading to an overall cost savings
‡ ,QFUHDVHWKHWKURXJKSXWRILQODQGZDWHUZD\V of ,15 000 to ,15 40000 crore annually by
IURP20007LQ2011WR00007E\ 202. ,t also aims to double the share of water
20222 transportation in the modal mix.

‡ $XJPHQWWKHFDSDFLW\RILQODQGZDWHUWUDQVSRUW The government has set up the Sagarmala

by increasing the least available depth. 'evelopment &ompany /imited S'&/ to provide
funding support to special purpose vehicles S39s
Current Situation set up to implement projects and the Indian Port
1. Ports and shipping 5ail &orporation /imited IP5&/ to undertaNe port
,ndia has a cRastline spanning abRXt 00 NP rail connectivity projects under Sagarmala.
forming one of the biggest peninsulas in the world. 2. Inland waterways
$round 0 per cent of ,ndia·s e[ternal trade by
Inland :ater Transport I:T carries less than 2
volume and 0 per cent by value are handled by
per cent of India’s organi]ed freight trafÀc and
ports.4 7welve maMor ports and 20 nonmaMor ports
negligible passenger trafÀc. The annual freight
operate on ,ndia·s coast. <et roads and railways
volumes carried on inland waterways using
continue to be the dominant mode for cargo
1ational :aterways 1:1 1:2 and 1:
movement. 'espite being the most costeffective
and *oa :aterways was 21.1 MMT in 201
)igure 1.1 and efÀcient mode water transport
1. $dditionally Maharashtra :aterways alone
accounted for  per cent of freight transport in ,ndia
transported more than .2 MMT.
in 2011.

7he total cargo handling capacity at maMor and non

maMor ports stands at 211.8 007 as on March
l 201. 7otal capacity utili]ation across all ports

80
 Figure 16.1: Operating cost comparison in transporting cargo through
various modes
3.5
3
3

2.5
Rs./Tonne Km

2
1.5
1.5

0.5 0.3
0.15
0
Road Rail Waterways Pipelines

Source Sagarmala 1ational Perspective Plan 201

Figure 16.2: Pillars of the Sagarmala programme

Port-led Development

Port Modernization Port Connectivity Port-led Coastal

‡ Capacity ‡ New road/rail Industrialization Community
augmentation connectivity ‡ Industrial clusters Development
‡ New ports ‡ Up-gradation of ‡ Coastal Economic ‡ Skill develoment
‡ Efficiency roads/railway Zones ‡ Coastal tourism
improvement ‡ Coastal shipping ‡ Maritime clusters projects
‡ Inland water ‡ Devlopment of
transport fishing harbours, fish
‡ Logistics parks processing centres

Source Ministry of Shipping

81
 Strategy for
New India @ 75

The Inland Waterways $uthority of India IW$I is 3. Connectivity to ports Weak hinterland
mandated to develop and maintain infrastructure connectivity between production centres and
for fairway navigational aids and terminals. The gateway ports often leads to higher costs and
IW$I also provides an enabling environment for delays because of suboptimal mode choices.
private investment in cargo vessels and operational
4. Transhipment port $ large percentage of
services. 8ntil 201 there were only Àve 1Ws in
containers in India are currently transhipped
the country. In $pril 201 10 more waterways
through other ports such as Colombo just
spread over 24 states were declared as NWs. The
south of India  Singapore (ast  'ubai
ministry is augmenting the capacity of NWl under
and Salalah West due to the absence of a
the -al Marg 9iNas project. The project will enable
transhipment port in the country. This has led
the movement of larger vessels of 1002000
to additional costs and delays due to the feeder
tonnes on inland waterways. The government is
voyage from India to the hub port.
also proposing to fund NWs through the Central
5oad )und C5) . The Ministry of )inance has 5. Charges by the shipping lines The business
amended the Central 5oad )und $ct 2000 as part practices of shipping lines have played a key
of the )inance %ill 2018 to include a list of projects role in the present negative perception of sea
and infrastructure subsectors including inland transport. $ long pending concern has been the
waterways for which the C5) could be used. The high rate and multiplicity of charges imposed by
C5) has since been renamed the Central 5oad and shipping lines.
Infrastructure )und. 6. Capital for inland vessels $t present the cost
of capital is very high and makes IWT freight
Constraints uncompetitive. It is difÀcult to attract capital
1. Modal mix 5oads 4 per cent continue to for building inland vessels as it is a signiÀcant
be the dominant mode of transporting cargo investment.
followed by rail  per cent . Transportation of 7. Technical issues in inland waterways
cargo through waterways ² shipping and inland The varying and limited depths due to the
water ² accounts for a minuscule modal share meandering and braiding of alluvial rivers and
 per cent despite it being the most cost the erosion of their banks causing excessive
effective and efÀcient mode. siltation lack of cargo earmarked for IWT
2. Draught levels Most Indian container nonmechani]ed navigation lock systems and
handling ports lack the capability to handle insufÀcient unloading facility at terminals hinder
large container vessels due to inadeTuate the use of IWT by shippers.
depth a minimum draft depth of 18 metres 8. Regulatory issues for inland waterways
is needed to enable mother vessels to dock States’ )erries $cts from various years
at ports. With international trade leaning govern cross ferry movement and this may
towards the more economically viable mother present a barrier to inland navigation as the
vessels shallow draft adversely affects a port’s regulations may not take into account safety
potential to become a hub port. considerations.

82
1. /ogistics
Objectives process for building infrastructure in the sector.
The government has also created a new /ogistics
‡ $FKLHYHPXOWLPRGDOPRYHPHQWRIFDUJRRQ
Division in the Ministry of Commerce and Industry
par with global logistics standards.
that will focus on the integrated development of the
‡ 5HdXcH thH logistics cost to lHss than  pHr logistics sector improving procedures and introduc
cent of GDP from the current level of 14 per ing new technologies.
cent.
Infrastructure or transport Tuality is a particular area
‡ ([pand the logistics marNet to 86D1
of concern for the logistics sector. $bout  per cent
billion by 2020 from the current level of
of exportimport cargo originates in or is destined
86D10 billion.1
for hinterland locations. The World Economic
‡ Improve logistics skilling and increase jobs )orum’s Global Competitiveness Index GCI ranked
in the sector to 40 million by 20222 from India th out of 1 countries in infrastructure in
about 22 million in 201. 20118. The World %ank’s Ease of Doing %usiness
‡ $s per the approved 1ational 7rade ranks India 14 out of 190 countries in ¶trading
)acilitation $ction Plan reduce border across borders’. India ranks lower than China 9 
compliance time to 24 hours for exports and 9ietnam 9  6ri /anka 90 and Indonesia 108 .
to 48 hours for imports by 2020.
Constraints
Current Situation 1. Cost of logistics The cost of logistics
The Indian logistics industry employs more than remains high due to challenges in accessing
22 million people as of 201 . %etween 201112 Ànance underdeveloped infrastructure poor
and 2011 the logistics sector·s value has grown connectivity and an unfavourable modal mix.
at a compound annual growth rate &$G5 of .8
2. Coordination due to multiple stakeholders’
per cent. +owever existing logistics costs in India
involvement /ogistics has four key
are high relative to other countries. /ogistics costs
components that account for the majority of
have been estimated at 14 per cent of India’s GDP
the sector transport warehousing freight
relative to  per cent of GDP in the 8nited 6tates
forwarding and value added logistics. Each
11 per cent in -apan 12 per cent in .orea and
of these falls under different segments of
14.9 per cent in China.2 $ 10 per cent decrease in
regulatory oversight which adds complexity to
indirect logistics cost has the potential to increase
the system. The presence of multiple agencies
exports by 8 per cent.
often leads to duplicate processes. )urther
5ecogni]ing its importance for exports and growth
the government has included logistics in the harmo
ni]ed master list of the infrastructure subsector. This
will ease access to credit and simplify the approvals


 Strategy for
New India @ 75

nonuniform documentation across states increases transit time and the need for manual
adds to transaction costs. While the recently intervention when switching modes.
implemented Goods and 6ervices Tax G6T has
7. %RUGHUFRPSOLDQFHDQGGRFXPHQW
simpliÀed documentation reTuirements across
processing time India’s average border
states to some extent there still remains further
compliance time including customs regulations
room for improvement. Countries with multiple
and mandatory inspections for exports
agencies in logistics have reduced efÀciency
is 10 hours and for imports 24 hours.
coordination and competitiveness.4
India’s document processing time including
3. Warehousing capacity and fragmented documentary compliance for various agencies
structure India’s current reported warehousing including regulators is an average of 8 hours
capacity is 108. million metric tonnes MMT for exports and 1 hours for imports.
of which the private sector makes up less than
20 per cent. There is low value addition in the Way Forward
warehouse sector. Handling and warehousing 1. Rationalize tariffs and determine prices in
facilities are still largely unmechani]ed with DQHIÀFLHQWPDQQHUDFURVVGLIIHUHQWPRGHV
manual loading unloading and handling in the Tariff policies need to be rationali]ed. The
case of many commodities. 5ailways chapter provides details on rail freight
4. Seamless movement of goods across modes while the Civil $viation chapter highlights
and high dwell time In addition to lack of the need to determine air cargo tariffs in a
interoperable technology the movement of consistent manner across airports.
goods across modes suffers from the absence 2. Create an overarching body that maintains a
of last mile connectivity and infrastructure. )or repository of all transport data 6uch a body or
example poor road and rail connectivity to institute will be responsible for acTuiring man
most nonmajor ports leads to delays in travel aging and disseminating data to internal stake
time. The share of cargo moving through coastal holders. The proposed institute can also conduct
shipping is small primarily due to the lack of robust analysis of the data which it should make
infrastructure and connectivity for feeder ships publicly available. This body can be a part of the
that operate between smaller container ports. logistics portal that is under development.
5. Competition and underutilized capacity 3. (QKDQFHHIÀFLHQF\RIZDUHKRXVHVDQGWKHLU
There is no level playing Àeld as the public sector operation, especially to optimize food storage
is provided beneÀts that are not available to
‡ Create vertical silos for food storage and
private players such as container train operators
transport food grains by speciali]ed wagons.
or foreign vessel owners leading to limited
We could operate smaller silos at the mandi
competition capacity underutili]ation and other
level connected to mother silos that have
inefÀciencies.
bulk handling and rail connectivity. )urther
6. Interoperable technology across modes speciali]ed wagons with top loading and
The lack of interoperability of software systems bottom discharge functions should be made
used by the authorities governing different available for handling grains. These measures
modes of transport leads to inefÀciencies as it will help reduce food losses.
8
‡ 2ptimi]e existing warehouse space. Existing teroperability of technology across modes by
warehouses can be converted into multi implementing container tracking systems radio
storeyed ones to store multiple commodities freTuency identiÀcation 5)ID  etc. will reduce
at the same time. This will greatly increase delays and enhance efÀciency. The integrated
warehousing space. IT platform should be a single window for all
logistics related matters. The portal should be
4. Increase emphasis on multimodal solutions
linked to the IT systems of all transport modes
Setting up multimodal logistics parks will help
and customs and state transport authorities. It
address issues related to underdeveloped
should act as a logistics marketplace.
infrastructure an unfavourable modal mix
and connectivity. The government has already ‡ Create an institutional mechanism for
approved 24 logistics parks under the Bharatma technology adoption in transport. India needs
la programme and seven have been identiÀed to create an ofÀce similar to the 2fÀce of the
under the Sagarmala programme. These may be $ssistant Secretary for 5esearch and Technology
completed by 20222. They should reÁect best 2ST5 in the 8S$ under the Commerce
practices from global logistics parks with respect Ministry’s newly created /ogistics Division
to comprehensive development and synergies to advance the use of innovation develop
across modes of transport. technology and create a skilled interdisciplinary
transportation workforce.
. Allow private players to operate in CON-
COR and port terminals There is no level . Shift towards international standards for
playing Àeld for private container train opera transport equipment and software To
tors CT2s visjvis the Container Corporation increase efÀciency and ensure compatibility we
of India C21C25 . Providing shared space should gradually adopt international standards
at C21C25 terminals to private CT2s will especially in operations and adopt global
help utili]e the infrastructure better. Similarly benchmarking on unit load devices such as
opening up port terminals to private players at containers and pallets. While this will reTuire
a fee will enhance capacity utili]ation. changes in the overall infrastructure of ships
ports and railways it will help reali]e savings in
. Increase technology use to enhance
cost time and accounting. $ssociated handling
logistics:
eTuipment such as forklifts cranes tractors
‡ Integrate technologies across modes of trans scanning and inspection technologies and
port by developing an integrated information Áatbed rail wagons should be standardi]ed and
technology IT platform. Increasing the in become ubiTuitous.

________________________________________
1
$nnual Economic Survey 201819. Ministry of )inance.
2
1ational Transport Development Policy Committee 1TDPC . ´India Transport 5eport Moving India to 202µ 2014. Data for China
are from the 1ational Development 5eform Commission 201.

$nnual Economic Survey 201819. Ministry of )inance.
4
$nnual Economic Survey 20118.

8
 Strategy for
New India @ 75

18. Digital Connectivity

Objectives Current Situation
Given the relevance of digital connectivity to $ccording to the ,nternet 7rends  report1  per
economic growth and the need to eliminate the cent of ,ndia·s popXlation  million Xsers Xses the
digital divide Ey  ,ndia VhoXld aim to internet. While this represents exponential growth
achieve compared to the  per cent penetration in  see
)igXre 18.1 Eelow  there is scope for improvement.
‡ 3hyVical digital connectivity acroVV all VtateV
districts and gram panchayats G3s  7he 'igital ,ndia scheme laXnched in 1
EroXght the topic of digiti]ation to the forefront
‡ 'elivery of government services digitally Ey
of pXElic discoXrse. $reas inclXding constrXction

of EroadEand highways pXElic internet access
‡ +Xndred per cent Easic digital literacy across egovernance and development of Easic
the coXntry to Ee aEle to leverage the EeneÀts information technology sNills etc. have achieved
of digiti]ation considerable progress under this programme2.

Figure 18.1: Increase in internet users and online penetration in India

400 30%

350
25% Online Penetration (%)
300
Internet Users (million)

20%
250

200 15%

150
10%
100
5%
50

0 0%
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016E

6ource ,nternet 7rends 21 by .3C%

88
,n 2114 the scheme for the creation of a National has been initiated to cover remote villages in the
2ptical )ibre NetworN N2)N was initiated to North(ast.
connect all the G3s of the country with highspeed
internet. $lthough the proMect has lagged behind Constraints
its original timelines signiÀcant progress has been
With the increasing role of technology in our daily
made in the past two years. $s of )ebruary 4
lives and the growing signiÀcance of Industry 4.0
218 under BharatNet worN had started in 1.24
India can only unlock its true potential once digital
lakh GPs of which 1.08 lakh GPs were service ready.
connectivity the basic building block for most
The targeted timeline to connect the remaining
technological solutions reaches the last mile. The
10000 GPs is 0arch 2019. )urthermore the
constraints that need to be addressed to unleash
National ,nformation ,nfrastructure N,, will
the full beneÀts of digital connectivity in India fall
ensure the integration of the networks and cloud
under Àve maMor areas
infrastructure to provide highspeed connectivity
to various government departments up to the  %URDGEDQGFRQQHFWLYLW\
panchayat level. The components of NII include
‡ Internet access is plagued by issues related to
networks such as the 6tate Wide $rea Network
Tuality and reliability outages call drops and
6W$N  National .nowledge Network N.N 
weak signals.
BharatNet Government 8ser Network G8N and
the 0egh5aM Cloud. ‡ The current deÀnition of broadband of 12
kbps9 speed is inadeTuate and not in line with
The government also launched the Public Internet the expected rise in demand in the future.
$ccess Programme to make 20000 common
‡ (xisting networks have been strained by limited
service centres C6Cs operational at the gram
spectrum availability and usage affecting the
panchayat level to deliver government services
provision of Tuality services.
online. 8nder this programme 10000 post
ofÀces will be converted into multiservice centres. 2. Digital access and literacy
The last mile connectivity through Wi)i or any
‡ $ signiÀcant portion of our population does
other suitable broadband technology is to be
not have access to devices such as laptops
provided at all GPs in the country funded by the
computers smartphones etc.
8niversal 6ervice 2bligation )und 862) . 6ince
the last mile connectivity will be provided by a ‡ Digital literacy in India is estimated to be less
service provider it will ensure the presence of at than 10 per cent of the population.10
least one telecommunications service provider
3. Content in Indian languages
T6P internet service providers I6P at each GP to
provide data service. ‡ Currently most digital content is in (nglish.
+owever a .PMG11 report suggested that “9
The government has identiÀed 19 villages8 out of every 10 new internet users in India over
with no mobile coverage. Most of these villages the next  years are likely to be Indian language
are in the North(astern states. $ comprehensive users”.
development plan to be implemented in phases

89
 Strategy for
New India @ 75

19. Smart Cities for Urban

Transformation
Objectives the 0inistry of +ousing and 8rban $ffairs· Smart
City MIS portal.
/HYHUDJHWKH¶6PDUW&LWLHV·FRQFHSWLQVHOHFWXUEDQ
FOXVWHUVWR
Constraints
‡ 'ULYHMREFUHDWLRQDQGHFRQRPLFJURZWK
The key operational challenge areas in the Smart
‡ 6LJQLÀFDQWO\LPSURYHHIÀFLHQFLHVLQVHUYLFH City Mission include the nonavailability of the
delivery. following
‡ /everDJe WeFKQRlRJy IRr iQFlXVive VXVWDiQDEle ‡ $n institutional mechanism for interagency
DQd SDrWiFiSDWRry develRSPeQW Ey 2222. coordination including special purpose vehicles
S39s  for effective delivery.
Current Situation
‡ $ robust spatial plan as an overall framework
Smart Cities is an approach to urban development within which smart city planning and
characteri]ed by areabased development eIÀcient implementation can happen.
delivery of basic infrastructure and services in an
‡ Smart mechanisms to enhance the voices of the
eTuitable manner and citi]ens· participation.
urban poor slum dwellers migrants and other
The Government of India has so far selected 99 underprivileged citi]ens.
cities Zith an outlay of I15 2. laNh crore. These
‡ $ digital master plan or a digital strategy and
cities have started implementing projects such as
roadmap.
smart command and control centres smart area
based development smart roads solar rooftops ‡ 'atadriven decision making for service delivery
intelligent transport systems and smart parks. These and resource sustainability.
projects have the uniTue feature of integration ‡ $vailability of skilled human resources to
between different infrastructural elements of the handle various functional domains.
projects. $s of  0ay 2 projects worth I15
‡ )inancing smart cities and Ànancial
 crores have been completed and works worth
sustainability of 8/%s.
more than I15 2 crores are underway as per

92
 Figure 19.1: Four paradigms to leverage Smart Cities Mission

Engagement

Leveraging Economy
Environment
SCM

Equity

Way Forward ‡ Mobility $n integrated institutional

architecture for planning and coordinating
The following strategies are proposed to leverage
the regulation of mobility such as a UniÀed
the Smart Cities Mission across the four paradigms
Metropolitan Transport $uthority is needed.
of economy eTuity environment and engagement
Spatial plans should provide for integrating
in India by 2222
landuse and transport planning to support
Economy more mi[eduse development for enhancing
economic activity reducing commuting time
‡ Scaling areabased development There is a
and improving environmental Tuality. There
need to measure the impact of current area
is a need for focused attention to public
based development projects on the ease
transport including e[isting intermediate and
of living economic growth investments
paratransit services especially in smaller
job creation and citi]ens· participation. The
cities. $ pooled green transport fund to
central government can consider transferring
support such investments is recommended. $
the lessons learnt from such areabased
highlevel interministerial electric vehicle (9
development projects to other cities. States
mission is necessary for proper coordination
should also be encouraged to launch their own
on the (9 agenda.
statelevel missions for other cities.

9
 Strategy for
New India @ 75

20. Swachh Bharat Mission

Objectives of age. ,n ,ndia the underÀve mortality rate is 
per thousand live births as compared to the global
The key objectives of the Swachh Bharat Mission
average of 41. The lack of sanitation facilities leads
incOXGe
to groundwater contamination and pathogen
 MakinJ ,nGia 2Sen 'efecation )ree 2') by contamination leads to diarrhoeal diseases
2ctober   resulting in malnutrition stunting and death.
Women who do not have access to toilets mostly
 &arryinJ oXt e[tensive inforPation eGXcation
relieve themselves under the cover of darkness i.e.
anG coPPXnication ,(& anG behavioXr chanJe
before dawn or after sunset. Such practices are not
campaigns to change the attitude of people
only a threat to their physical security but are also a
regarding healthy sanitation practices.
cause of various diseases.
. (nsuring scientiÀc solid and liTuid waste
management. 6ZDFKK%KDUDW0LVVLRQ Gramin

. $ugmenting the capacity of local bodies. $ccording to &ensus 11 only . per cent of
rural households had access to toilet facilities.
. &reating an enabling environment for private
2nly  per cent of households had access to
sector participation.
toilets before the launch of the Mission. Under the
. (radicating manual scavenging. Mission from 2ctober  14 to March 1
about . crore individual household toilets have
Current Situation been constructed. The rapid pace of construction
of toilets is due to mass mobili]ation of resources
The Swachh Bharat Mission SBM was launched
and extensive behaviour change campaigns under
on 2ctober   to make ,ndia open defecation
the mission. It has helped the country achieve
free by . ,t has two sub missions ² Swachh
sanitation coverage of 81 per cent in rural India by
Bharat Mission Gramin for rural areas under the
March 18. $bout . lakh villages 1 districts
Ministry of 'rinking :ater and Sanitation M':S
and 1 states and  union territories have declared
and  Swachh Bharat Mission 8rban for urban
themselves 2D).
areas under the Ministry of Housing and Urban
$ffairs. Given the cross cutting impact of SBM the 6ZDFKK%KDUDW0LVVLRQ 8UEDQ
Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation is the
$s of March 18 4.4 lakh household toilets
nodal ministry for SBM with several other ministries
and .18 lakh seats of communitypublic toilets
being actively involved in achieving its goals.
SBM has the potential to address wideranging
issues. )or instance water and sanitation related
diseases continue to remain among the major
causes of death among children under Àve years


 Figure 20.1: Improvement in 6ZDFKK%KDUDW0LVVLRQ *UDPLQ FRYHUDJH

120.00

100.00

80.00

60.00
Coverage (%)

40.00

20.00

0.00
GUJARAT

ODISHA

WEST BENGAL
BIHAR

KARNATAKA
KERALA

TELANGANA

UTTARAKHAND
ANDHRA PRADESH

ASSAM

MANIPUR
MEGHALAYA
MIZORAM

PUDUCHERRY
PUNJAB

ALL INDIA
JHARKHAND

NAGALAND

RAJASTHAN
SIKKIM
CHANDIGARH

D & N HAVELI

GOA
CHHATTISGARH

DAMAN & DIU

JAMMU & KASHMIR

HARYANA

TRIPURA
UTTAR PRADESH
MADHYA PRADESH
MAHARASHTRA
A & N ISLANDS

TAMIL NADU
ARUNACHAL PRADESH

HIMACHAL PRADESH

Coverage as on 02.10.2014 Coverage as on 31.03.18

Source httpswachhbharatmission.gov.in

have been constructed against the mission targets 4. 1onsegregation of waste.

of .42 lakh and .08 lakh respectively. Hundred . Sustaining the change in behaviour patterns
per cent doortodoor collection of solid waste has among people.
been achieved in 24 out of 8404 wards and
. &ontinued unwillingness of urban local bodies
248 cities have declared themselves 2D). Waste
U/Bs to levy user charges.
toenergy production has reached 88.4 megawatts
and new plants that can produce 41 megawatts . InadeTuate infrastructure for collection
are under construction. transportation and processing of segregated
waste.
Constraints 8. The continuing practice of decentrali]ed
The constraints faced by the mission are largely treatment of waste.
related to implementation challenges in meeting the . /ack of onsite treatment of waste by bulk
201 targets. Some of these are as follows generators.

1. /ack of availability of space for construction of 10. InsufÀcient number of dustbins particularly in
household toilets in slum areas. urban and periurban areas.

2. Issues regarding the operation and maintenance 11. /ack of credit from Ànancial institutions for solid
of community toilets. and liTuid waste management projects.

. 1onavailability of water. 12. Discharge of untreated efÁuent into rivers.


 Strategy for
New India @ 75

1. :ater 5esources

Objectives ‡ &reate additional water storage caSacity to
ensure full utili]ation of the utili]able surface
%\0,QGLD·VZDWHUUHVRXUFHVPDQDJHPHQW
water resources Sotential of 0 billion cubic
strategy should facilitate water security to ensure
metres bcm .
adeTuate aYailaEility of water for life agriculture
econoPic deYeloSPent ecology and enYironPent ‡ (nsure longterm sustainability of Ànite ground
This broader vision can be achieved by attaining the water resources.
following sectoral goals ‡ (nsure SroSer oSeration and maintenance of
water infrastructure with active participation of
‡ 3rovide adeTuate rural 0 litres Ser caSita Ser
farmersconsumers.
day lScd  urban 1 lScd and safe drinNing
‡ 3romote 5 D to facilitate adoption of the latest
water SiSed and water for sanitation for
technologies in the water sector.
citi]ens and livestocN
‡ 3rovide irrigation to all farPs +ar .het .o 3ani
Current Situation
with iPSroved onfarP wateruse efÀciency
$nnual precipitation in ,ndia including snowfall
Pore croS Ser droS 
which is the main source of water is about 000
‡ 3rovide water to industries encourage
bcm. $bout . per cent of the total precipitation
industries to utili]e recycledtreated water and
is lost due to evapotranspiration which leaves a
ensure ]ero discharge of untreated efÁuents
balance of 1 bcm water in the country. 2f this
from industrial units.
the available utili]able water resource potential is
‡ (nsure $viral and Nirmal Dhara in the Ganga 11 bcm comprising 0 bcm of surface water
and other rivers along with their tributaries. and  bcm of ground water.

Figure 21.1: Status on average annual water availability












3UHFLSLWDWLRQ :DWHU5HVRXUFHV 8WLOL]DEOH:DWHU *URXQG:DWHU 6XUIDFH:DWHU
 UHFHLYHG 3RWHQWLDO 5HVRXUFHV %&0 %&0
%&0   %&0   %&0      

100
$ccording to the :ater and 5elated 6tatistics pub Constraints
lished by the &entral :ater &ommission per capita
1. There is a huge gap between the irrigation
annual water availability in the country has decreased
potential created 112. million ha in 2012 and
from 11 cubic metres cu m in 001 to 1 cu
the irrigation potential utili]ed 9. million ha
m in 011. $s per the )alNenmarN ,nde[ one of the
in 2012 . $part from the underutili]ation of the
most commonly used measures of water scarcity if
potential the efÀciency of the irrigation systems
the amount of renewable water in a country is below
is low at 0 per cent to  per cent for surface
100 cu m per person per year the country is said to
water and  per cent for ground water.
be e[periencing water stress below 1000 cu m it is
said to be experiencing water scarcity. The National 2. Despite clear evidence of rising water
&ommission for ,ntegrated :ater 5esources Develop stress water is still used inefÀciently and
ment N&,:5D has proMected the total demand for indiscriminately particularly in agriculture. 3oor
water at 110 bcm for a high demand scenario. implementation and maintenance of proMects
absence of participatory irrigation management
Water resources are facing pressure due to
nonalignment of cropping patterns to the agro
population explosion urbani]ation rising demand
climatic ]ones and absence of Àeld channels
for water from the agriculture energy and industry
&$D worNs are some of the challenges.
sectors pollution inefÀcient use poor management
and poor institutional mechanisms. Several regions . The (asement $ct 12 which grants
experience water scarcity due to the uneven groundwater ownership rights to the landowner
distribution of water resources over space and time. is one of the reasons for water overuse and
depletion of groundwater levels.
The government has speciÀc programmes for
various aspects of water resources. The scheme . The subsidi]ed pricing of water in various states
3radhan 0antri .rishi Sinchayee <oMana 30.S<  has resulted in nonrevenue water and a sharp
which is an umbrella scheme for irrigation has decline in groundwater levels in all states.
prioriti]ed  maMor and medium irrigation proMects . $s per 2011 &ensus only 0. per cent of the
for completion by December 2019. The government total rural households and 0. per cent of the
also launched the “Namami Gange” scheme in total urban households get piped water supply.
2011 to clean and reMuvenate the 5iver Ganga
. The sustainability of the source and growing
to maintain “$viral” and “Nirmal Dhara” and ensure
contamination of ground water in newer areas
its ecological and geological integrity. Data for the
are constraints in ensuring safe drinking water
period 2011 indicates improvement in water
supply in rural and urban areas.
Tuality in terms of dissolved oxygen and coliform
bacteria. +owever a lot needs to be done in terms
Way Forward
of meeting the targets of sewage treatment plans
ST3 and of controlling household and industrial 1. On-going programmes
waste. %esides a scheme for groundwater ‡ %y 20222 the water storage capacity needs
development and management to prepare aTuifer to be increased from the current level of 2
management plans and facilitate sustainable bcm to 0 bcm by completing ongoing
management of groundwater has been launched. projects on time.

101
 Strategy for
New India @ 75

‡ $ coordination mechanism at the Àeld level ‡ ,ndustries should be encouraged to meet a

may be set up for 30.S< to Ànd the reasons major share of their demand through recycled
for delays in the completion of projects and water. %esides programmes for smart water
corrective measures undertaken project wise to meters and tradable permits for use of recycled
ensure speedy implementation. water may be launched.
‡ The 0inistry of Water 5esources 0oW5 may 4. Groundwater management
draw up an action plan to complete &$D works in
‡ $s on date development of groundwater i.e.
1 identiÀed projects to reduce the gap between
utili]ation of groundwater resources visjvis
the irrigation potential created and utili]ed.
replenishable Tuantity is 2 per cent. There is a
‡ 2ther notable programmes that need to be need to develop recharging ]ones at identiÀed
completed include the .en%etwa 5iver linking places to make groundwater resources
project the 3ancheshwar project the 5ajasthan sustainable using check dam farm ponds tanks
feeder and Sirhind feeders 3unjab 5ajasthan and injection wells.
and the Siang project in North(ast ,ndia.
‡ 3articipatory aTuifer management initiated in
‡ The National 0ission for &lean Ganga needs to the 12th 3lan National $Tuifer 0anagement
coordinate with the 0inistry of Drinking Water N$48,0 under 30.S< should be
Supply and Sanitation for solid and liTuid waste strengthened through a network of partnerships
management in 100 gram panchayats covering to control unbridled competitive extraction
 villages situated on the banks of the Ganga of groundwater since it is virtually impossible
in Àve states . &orrective measures need to be to police more than 0 million groundwater
taken to expedite the completion of the projects. structures through licences and permits.
 :DWHUHIÀFLHQF\ ‡ The participatory approach to encourage
‡ ,ncentivi]e the wider adoption of sprinkler and behavioural changes and community
drip irrigation by diverting resources otherwise engagement in ground water management at
used to subsidi]e power and surface irrigation. the gram panchayat level as envisaged in the
$tal %hujal <ojana $%+< should be adopted
‡ $s per the fourth 0inor ,rrigation 0, &ensus
and extended to other regions.
there are about  lakh water bodiestanks with
an irrigation potential of .9 million ha. )or ‡ 3romote the use of solar pumps to improve
these the 0oW5·s programme to revitali]e the utilisation of groundwater in Eastern India
renovate and repair water bodies should be where utilisation is hampered by the lack of
signiÀcantly expanded and adeTuately funded. power. In Western India solar pumps with a
buyback guarantee for surplus solar power can
‡ Special emphasis should be laid on desilting of
offer reliable daytime energy for irrigation and
water bodies including river lakes ponds and
stable cash income as well act as an incentive
reservoirs.
to conserve power and water.
3. Recycle of waste water
‡ 30.S< ² +ar .het .o 3ani ² envisaging
‡ With the country generating 10 bcm of
enhancement of food production more than
wastewater annually a pilot scheme to irrigate
twofold in 9 prioriti]ed most ¶deprived
10 lakh ha with treated waste water by 2020
irrigation districts’ in 12 states by creating
may initially be taken up.
102
 irrigation facilities through tube wells dug wells /akshadweep all states have incorporated the
bore wells and dugcumbore wells should be provision in their respective Building Bye /aws.
expedited. This will facilitate assured irrigation in It is suggested that the states ensure effective
tribal and backward areas that traditionally have implementation of the rain water harvesting
been deprived of canal irrigation. structures for buildings.
‡ Special focus should be placed on the Tuality of 6. Suggested reforms
rural drinking water supply in arsenic and Áuo
‡ To mitigate conÁicts and achieve eTuitable
ride affected areas by tapping multiple sources
distribution of water an integrated river basin
through conjunctive use of surface water ground
management approach needs to be adopted.
water and rain water harvesting. $ll new piped
The setting up of river basin organisations for
water supply schemes should have mandatory
major basins may be expedited.
provisions on operation and maintenance involv
ing local communities and stakeholders. ‡ NITI $ayog has developed a concept note
on 5evitali]ation of 5ivers which may be
5. Water harvesting
implemented on a pilot basis before being
a. Watershed check dam development expanded across major states.
‡ The 0oW5 may develop speciÀc strategies to ‡ To ensure $viral and Nirmal Dhara in the
tap water through watershed development Ganga the river should be managed as a single
check dams in rainfed areas expand system.
micro irrigation coverage to 0 lakh ha and ‡ There is need for a scheme on medium term
link ground water development to aTuifer measures for Áood management. This should
mapping. include completion of incomplete works in the
‡ The timeline for watershed development states of $ssam Bihar Uttar 3radesh Uttara
projects needs to be shortened from seven khand and West Bengal. Besides long term
to four years with special efforts by state measures for Bihar U3 and NE states should
governments. )unds available under 0GN5EG$ be explored to achieve permanent protection
and state plans may be used for watershed from Áoods. The formation of North East Water
development projects. Management $uthority NEWM$ in North
‡ Introduce publicprivate partnerships in East states will comprehensively address the
the water sector initially to develop micro Áood issue in the region.
irrigationbased &$D works based on a hybrid ‡ $ water regulatory framework should be
annuity model. This should be accompanied established for water resources in all states.
by a revision in water tariffs to recover at least ‡ $n action plan should be drawn up to improve
operation and maintenance costs. water use efÀciency with 201 as the base
b. 5ainwater harvesting year by 20 per cent in all sectors by 2022.
‡ The composite water management index
‡ 0odel %uilding %ye /aws 201 circulated by
developed by NITI $ayog may be used as a
Ministry of Urban Development includes the
potent tool to assess and further improve the
provision of rain water harvesting. Barring the
efÀciency of water resources management.
statesUTs of Manipur Sikkim Mi]oram and

10
 Strategy for
New India @ 75

22. Sustainable Environment

Objective ‡ ,mproving the Tuality of existing forests.

7KHREMHFWLYHLVWRPDLQWDLQDFOHDQJUHHQDQG ‡ (ncouraging )arm )orestry.

healthy environment with peoples’ participation
to support higher and inclusive economic growth Current Situation
through sustainaEle utili]ation oI availaEle natural 7he &entral 3ollution &ontrol %oard &3&% has
resources 7he 0 goals include the Iollowing identiÀed 0 polluted river stretches on  rivers.
Air pollution: The government is aware of this challenge and
has launched National Mission for Clean Ganga
‡ %ringing down 30 levels in ,ndian cities to
to address this concern. The total polluted riverine
less than 0
length is 1 Nm. Moreover ,ndian cities face
‡ &reating 1 *: oI renewaEle energy a high risk of air pollution. The rise in air pollution
generation capacity. can be attributed to rapid industriali]ation high
‡ (liminating crop residue Eurning. urbani]ation increased use of vehicles uncontrolled
burning of crop residue and emissions from coal
‡ (nsuring the coverage oI all households with
power plants and brick kilns etc.
/3* Ior cooNing.
)orests are critical to achieving sustainable
Solid waste management
environmental management. ,n March 01 the
‡ ,mplementing eIIectively the 6olid :aste Ministry of (nvironment )orest and Climate Change
0anagement 5ules 01. released the Draft National )orest 3olicy 01. The
Water pollution 14 and 1 versions of the forest policy largely
focused on the production and revenue generation
‡ (ncouraging industries to utili]e recycled
aspects. The National )orest 3olicy of 1 for the
treated water to the extent possible and
Àrst time focused on environmental sustainability.
ensuring ]ero discharge oI untreated eIÁuents
The new National )orest 3olicy seeks to increase
from industrial units.
the sustainability of forest management in ,ndia. $t
‡ (nsuring $viral and Nirmal Dhara in the *anga present forest and tree cover occupies about one
<amuna and other rivers. fourth of the total geographical area in our country.
Forestry The new forest policy aims to increase this share to
. per cent. Moreover out of the total land area
‡ ,ncreasing the forest cover to . per cent
under forest cover about 40 per cent has only 10 to
of the geographical area as envisaged in the
40 per cent canopy density.
National )orest 3olicy 1.

104
 Solid waste generation and its treatment Way Forward
is a pressing concern as well. ,n 201 the
Crop residue burning
government had estimated an annual waste
generation of 2 million tonnes in the country To eliminate the practice of burning biomass crop
including . million tonnes of plastic waste residue  the Ministry of $griculture Cooperation
0.1 million tonnes of biomedical waste .0 and )armers’ :elfare should introduce suitable
million tonnes of ha]ardous waste and 1. modiÀcations in their guidelines of schemes for
million tonnes of ewaste. 2f this between 22 farm mechani]ation to provide support to farmers
and 28 per cent was processed and treated.1 to purchase eTuipment to collect transport and
sell biomass to processing sites for economic
Constraints beneÀts.

1. $ maMor contributor to air pollution is the The Task )orce on %iomass Management
practice of burning crop residue particularly in constituted by NITI $ayog under the ¶Cleaner
North India. Convincing farmers to discontinue $ir %etter /ife’ initiative has made the following
the practice by providing alternative methods of key recommendations in its report titled ´$ction
disposal through economically productive use of Plan for Biomass Management” that need to be
crop residues is a key challenge. implemented by the central and state governments
2. /ack of awareness of the ill effects of pollution expeditiously
impedes efforts to control pollution. This makes ‡ Extend Ànancial support to farmers in the short
it difÀcult to bring about the behavioural term for insitu treatment of paddystrawnon
change that is critical to Àghting pollution. burning of crop residue.
. ¶3olluters should pay for the pollution’ principle ‡ Create a ´Clean $ir Impact )und” to provide
is not effectively implemented. viability gap funding 9G) for proMects with
4. $groforestry is hampered by regulatory long gestation periods and low returns on
restrictions. %esides biodiversity conservation investment such as biopower or bioethanol
and maintenance of healthy habitats for wild projects.
life have to be aligned with sustainability goals.

Figure 22.1: Strategies for achieving sustainable environment

KEY PILLARS FOR

SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT

Limit Crop Reduce Air, Water Solid Waste Forest Climate Change
Residue Burning & Noise Pollution Management Management Mitigation

10
 Strategy for
New India @ 75

‡ 8pscale technologies for crop harvesting and ‡ It is necessary to ensure the remediation
utili]ation of farm residue of contaminated sites safe disposal of
ha]ardous substances protection and
o Support servicebased shared infrastructure.
restoration of ecosystems through stringent
o Provide processbased incentives for enforcement of relevant $cts implementation
entrepreneurs. of speciÀc schemes generation of awareness
o $llow accelerated depreciation for farm stakeholders’ participation and application of
implements. best practices. $ction plans for remediation of
contaminated sites should be prepared and
‡ 5eward and monitoring at the local level
implemented.
o Institute a reward scheme for village
‡ The air pollution issue will reTuire continued
panchayats with ]ero burning.
efforts on the Pradhan Mantri 8jjwala <ojana.
o Put in place a mechanism to monitor farm The scheme has already met with resounding
Àres. success and it is recommended that continued
‡ Provide regulatory support for business models efforts be made to prevent any slippage back
for crop residue utili]ation to cooking using solid bio mass. Initially the
scheme aimed to distribute 0 million /PG
o 5eassess the fuel Tuality criteria for
connections to BP/ households by 201
briTuettespellets made out of crop residue.
however the target has been increased to
o Issue directives to power plants to procure 80 million households. $s of 1 March 2018
paddystraw briTuettepellet. about  million connections had been
o 5emove the si]e limitation for biopower released.
captive generation. ‡ $ task force should be set up to study and
‡ Create awareness amongst farmers for better implement measures to control pollution from
soil management practices brick kilns. The focus of this task force should
be on the technological upgradation of kilns to
o Plan awareness campaigns for farmers.
control pollution.
o 5ecogni]e farmers following nonburning
‡ Emission and efÁuent standards for industries
practices.
need to be revised and effectively implemented.
o Design information tools for insitu
‡ Sewage treatment plants of adeTuate capacity
mulching and onfarm management.
should be installed at suitable locations to make
Solid waste management and air, water and soil rivers pollution free.
pollution
‡ :astewater discharge from industrial units
‡ Effective implementation of Solid :aste into rivers and other water bodies should be
Management 5ules 201 which has reduced to ]ero.
signiÀcantly expanded the scope of efÀcient solid
‡ The use of biodigester toilets a technology
waste management in the country will help
licensed by the Defence 5esearch and
achieve environmental sustainability by 20222.

10
 Development 2rganisation D5D2  may geo tagging should be used to verify the origin
be expeditiously considered for nationwide of wood and woodbased products to identify
implementation. It can be a complete game species extracted from farm forestry.
changer as if successful it can do away with
‡ The new National )orest Policy after
the need to have sewers and sewage treatment
incorporating the comments of states
plants.
concerned central ministriesdepartments and
‡ 5evised waste management rules including other stakeholders should be expeditiously
Plastic :aste Management and +andling implemented.
5ules BioMedical :aste Management and
‡ The boundaries of national parks and wildlife
+andling 5ules E:aste Management 5ules
sanctuaries which cover more than  per cent
+a]ardous and other :astes Management
of the country’s geographical area need to be
and Transboundary Movement 5ules and
protected and habitats for wildlife kept healthy.
Construction Demolition :aste Management
5ules should be effectively implemented. ‡ 8ndertake measures to convert vacant spaces
in urban areas into urban green areas. This
‡ Introduce an ecolabelling scheme to promote
will help increase the overall tree cover in the
the sale of products made out of waste.
country which is presently 2.8 per cent of
‡ Introduce stringent civil penalties to strengthen the geographical area as per the India State of
enforcement of environmentrelated $cts. )orest 5eport 201.

Forest management Climate change

‡ $fforestation should be promoted aggressively ‡ By 200 40 per cent of cumulative power
through joint forest management peoples’ generation capacity installed should be non
participation and the involvement of the fossil fuel based. The strategies to achieve this
private sector. Highly denuded forests and are given in the chapter on Energy Supply and
wastelands in the country could be leased Demand.
out to the private sector for speciÀed periods
‡ $ccess to low cost Ànance especially through
for afforestation. Participation of people
the Green Climate )und should be encouraged.
particularly those dependent on forests for their
livelihood may also be encouraged along with ‡ 5eview all eight national missions under the
the private sector. National $ction Plan on Climate Change in
the light of new scientiÀc information and
‡ Public land available along railway tracks
technological advances.
highways canals etc. should be used for
greening India. )urther restocking of degraded ‡ New national missions on wind energy
forests needs to be accorded priority. wastetoenergy and coastal areas should be
developed.
‡ :e should tap the huge scope that exists in
agroforestry. States and 8Ts may consider ‡ The National :ater Mission should be
exemption of trees grown on private farmland redesigned for efÀcient water resource
from permittransit pass. 5evenue record and management. Similarly the National Mission on

10
 Strategy for
New India @ 75

Sustainable $griculture should be redesigned to ‡ 8se the National $daptation )und for
increase agricultural productivity and contribute Climate Change and other global funds for
signiÀcantly to achieving the vision of doubling strengthening resilience against climate change
farmers’ income by 20222. in sectors like agriculture forestry infrastructure
and others.
‡ Projects under state action plans on climate
change that have been endorsed by the Nation ‡ ScientiÀc and analytical capacity for climate
al Steering Committee on Climate Change need change related assessments should be
to be implemented. strengthened.

________________________________________
1
¶Solid :aste Management 5ules 5evised $fter 1 <ears 5ules Now Extend to 8rban and Industrial $reas’ -avadekar Press Informa
tion Bureau Government of India Ministry of Environment )orest and Climate Change $pril  201.

108
. 6chool (ducation
Objectives ‡ ,mproYement in learning outcomes for
elementary and secondary education as
‡ 8QLYHUVDODFFHVVDQGUHWHQWLRQ
measured by successive rounds of the National
o Hundred per cent enrolment and retention $chievement 6urvey N$6 .
at elementary education and secondary
‡ &reating a robust frameZorN for tracNing
education leYels acKieYe ]ero dropouts until
individual students across their schooling years
&lass ;
that incorporates data on their learning outcomes.
o (TuitaEle participation Ey all society seJ
ments in terms oI attendance retention ‡ 3roviding a real and viable alternative path for
and years of schooling to ensure maximum vocational education starting at higher levels to
social inclusion. improve employability.

Figure 23.1: Gross and net enrolment ratios for elementary, secondary and
senior secondary
100
90
80
Enrolment Ratios (%)

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
GER NER GER NER GER NER
Elementary Secondary Senior Secondary
2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

6ource 8niÀed 'istrict ,nformation 6ystem for (ducation 8',6(

111
 Strategy for
New India @ 75

‡ 6trengthening support for children as part of The learning outcomes of those enrolled in the
the school curriculum to improve child mental schooling system need improvement. The previous
health. N$6 conducted by National &ouncil for (ducational
5esearch and Training N&(5T reports that over 
Current Situation per cent of *rade 9 students scored beloZ  per
cent across subMects. )indings by an independent
The enrolment ratios for the elementary level
$6(5 household level survey 21 in rural areas
are close to 1 per cent. ,n addition the gross
shoZs that among *rade 9 children only . per
enrolment ratios *(5 for secondary education have
cent could read *rade ,, level text and only 2 per
also increased even though the net enrolment ratio
cent could do *rade 9 level arithmetic.
N(5 is still loZ. 0oreover data shoZs enrolment is
largely similar across gender and castes. 'espite increasing access enrolment in government
primary schools declined by 2.1 crores in absolute
The $6(5 surveys estimate that national attendance
numbers from 2 to 211 Zhile enrolment
in primary and upper primary schools is 1.
in private primary schools increased by 1. crores
per cent and .2 per cent respectively Zith
over the same period.2 The reasons for the move
considerable differences across states.1 The
from public to private schools is the perception
retention rates in elementary school are . per
of better Tuality of education provided by private
cent. The retention rates amongst scheduled tribes
schools amongst parents Zhich is also borne out
6Ts is .1 per cent.

Figure 23.2: Learning outcomes from ASER survey 2016 for rural areas

120%
Proportion of Students (%)

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Class
Proportion of children not able to do standard 2 para reading
Proportion of children not able to do division (three to one)

6ource $6(5 21

Note The division problem Zas three digit numbers by a onedigit number.

112
from data by $6(5 over the years  and groZth in ‡ InadeTuate support and counselling given to
private schools having affordable fees. children in schools.

The government has already made signiÀcant Way Forward

efforts towards addressing the issue of poor
1. Education sector funding by government
learning outcomes. 5ecent changes by the
government include the introduction of a new and Government spending on education as a whole
comprehensive National $chievement 6urvey. The not Must school education should be increased
0inistry of Human 5esource 'evelopment has also to at least  per cent of GD3 by 222. $t present
spelt out the competencies and learning levels at allocations to the education sector by the centre
different grades on which school grading will be and states remains close to  per cent of GD3 while
based. according to the :orld %anN the world average in
this regard is . per cent of GD3.
,n 211  vocational training schools
across India were approved for providing vocational 2. Revamped governance system to improve
education at the secondary level. 2f these 2 monitoring and accountability
schools are implementing the scheme. State governments should develop and formulate
robust mechanisms to enforce regulations on
)inally the mental pressure on students especially
teacher TualiÀcations teacher absenteeism and
in secondary education has been increasing. 'ata
learning outcomes. /earning outcomes should be
from the National &rime 5ecords %ureau shows
regularly assessed by bodies independent of the
that student suicides have increased from about
line ministries.
 in 212 to about  in 21 many of
these because of stress related to examinations and 3. Gearing the system towards learning
careers. Thus there is a need to reduce the mental outcomes
stress students suffer from.
Rationalize public school structure
Constraints School integration or clubbing of small schools
i.e. those with very low enrolment ² see Table
‡ InadeTuate public funding in the sector.
2.1 below could result in additional human
‡ Disproportionate focus on school infrastructure Ànancial and infrastructure resources. States liNe
as opposed to learning outcomes. 5aMasthan have already initiated school integration
‡ Challenges in governance and monitoring programmes along with improved transport
mechanisms for learning outcomes. facilities for sparsely populated regions to achieve
both higher Tuality and savings. The preliminary
‡ $ccountability systems in government schools.
result of these reforms has been a reduction in
‡ InadeTuate teacher training large number of teacher vacancies from  per cent to  per cent
teaching vacancies and rampant absenteeism. and a  per cent increase in enrolment in one year.
‡ /imited options for vocational education in the In addition retention rates have also increased
school system. especially for girls. 5aMasthan·s experience could be
a good model to replicate.

11
 Strategy for
New India @ 75

7DEOH3URÀOHRISXEOLFVFKRROVZLWKORZHQUROPHQW

Number of Avg. students Avg. spend per Total teacher

Type of public school
schools per school child per year salary bill

20 students or less enrolled a100000 12. 5s. 0000 440 cr.

0 students or less enrolled a0000 29 5s. 4000 410 cr.

Source Geeta Gandhi .ingdon ´Put the onus on teachersµ Indian Express

Right to learning and measurement of Individualized tracking

remediation
$n electronic national educational registry may be
‡ Given the amendment to 5ule 2 2 of the conceptualised for tracking each child’s learning
5T( states should codify the expected learning outcomes based on CCE and Ànal exams through a
outcomes for each class and put greater uniTue ID. This will help track the cohort survival
emphasis on continuous and comprehensive rate and monitor students reTuiring remediation.
evaluation CC( to achieve the deÀned learning It will also help prepare a list of children who drop
outcomes. out after the elementary education level. )urther
this will enable greater attention to be paid to the
‡ The comprehensive national achievements
needs of children from socially deprived groups and
survey initiated in 21 needs to be
those with physical or intellectual disabilities.
institutionalised on an annual basis.
‡ The remediation process should be made part 4. Flexibility in education stream and
of the education system and should be run vocational education
concurrently with regular classes so that no ‡ Develop a system of awarding credits for
child gets left behind. every subject and grade passed specifying
‡ In addition highschool readiness programmes the minimum credits reTuired to appear in the
tutorials including bridge programmes Ànal exam for any grade. This system of credits
should be incorporated Must after class 9III or may remain valid forever and be seamlessly
in the early months of class I; especially for integrated across different levels of education
remediation. providing an opportunity for lifelong tracking
of learning outcomes in the electronic national
‡ The CCE should also encompass compartmental
educational registry. This will enable bright
exams to checN the Tuality and outcomes of
children to amass more credits in the subjects
remediation. Passing each subject either directly
of their interest once the system attains
or through subseTuent CCE could be made a
maturity.
necessary condition for eligibility to appear
in the subseTuent grade·s exam. This may be ‡ Give children the option under the guidance
implemented with or without the ¶no detention of the school and parents of branching into
policy’. vocational courses from secondary school level

114
 upwards. 2nly children who expressly choose primary level it would facilitate multilevel and
to continue with general education should be multigrade teaching.
allowed to do so.
‡ The vocational education syllabus should be
‡ Develop separate track even within the general NS4)aligned and ensure smooth transition
education stream as has been done in certain from school education to vocational education.
advanced countries. $ specially devised
‡ The curriculum should include summer activities
aptitude test must be conducted in the I; grade
and monthly study trips including visits to
and rechecked in the ;th grade based on
practitioners for practical learning.
which students should be given the option of
choosing a ¶regular’ track versus an ¶advanced’ 6. Teacher training
track. These two tracks would differ in the ‡ Improving the Tuality of teaching is an integral
difÀculty level and choice of subjects. Those aspect of improvement in school education.
pursuing the ¶regular’ track should be given Given its importance it is being covered
the option of completing the ¶advanced’ track separately in another chapter.
syllabus through open schooling at a later point
in life. 7. Reducing mental stress

‡ Design guidelines for states to implement ‡ The above recommendations in terms of

vocational education at the school level which remedial education and allowing different
may cover aspects such as selection of schools tracks of education will help address students’
trades tendering process for labs database of mental stress.
industry contacts for Àeld visitsguest lectures ‡ /ife skills including coping with failurecrises
timings workshops permitting informal and stress management should be included as
apprenticeships or assistantship in the formal part of the school curriculum.
system etc.
‡ Easy and safe access to mental health support
‡ Pilot different innovation models in vocational should be strengthened. Child helplines should
education and provide adeTuate funding for feed into easy and safe access to counselling in
successful innovative programmes. schools especially for children at risk.

5. Curriculum/syllabus ‡ Easy and safe access to counselling and support

must be provided for girl children in schools
‡ Preprimary and primary syllabus should
especially focused on victims of abuse violence
be designed on a skillcompetencybased
and other genderrelated social evils.
continuum. $t the preprimary level it would
help develop school readiness and at the

________________________________________
1
$SE5 201.
2
Elementary education in India Trends National 8niversity of Educational Planning and $dministration.

httpwww.thehindu.comnewsnational8NICE)reportshowsresultsofintegratedschoolsin5ajasthanarticle1442.ece.
$ccessed 0ay 0 201.

11
 Strategy for
New India @ 75

24. Higher Education

Objectives In addition regional and social disparities continue
to e[ist in higher education *(5 varies from
‡ ,QFUHDVHWKHJURVVHQUROPHQWUDWLR *(5 LQ
. per cent in 'aman 'iu to .1 per cent in
KLJKHUHGXFDWLRQIURPSHUFHQWLQ
Chandigarh. )igure 2.1 indicates *(5 in terms of
WRSHUFHQWE\
gender and social groups. *(5 is 2. per cent for
‡ Make higher education more inclusive for the males and 2. per cent for females with females
most vulnerable groups. constituting . per cent of the total enrolment of
‡ $dopt accreditation as a mandator\ Tualit\ . million. :hile the *(5s for scheduled castes
assurance framework and have multiple highly 6Cs  scheduled tribes 6Ts  other backward castes
reputed accreditation agencies for facilitating 2%Cs and minorities have been increasing these
the process. are still below the overall average in most cases.

‡ Create an enabling ecosystem to enhance the 4uality is a challenge in higher education in India.
spirit of research and innovation. )ew Indian institutions feature in the top 2 in
world rankings. In comparison China has seven
‡ Improve employability of students completing
universities in the top 1  in top  of the
their higher education.
4uacTuarelli 6ymonds 46 world rankings. These
rankings did rank three IITs and the IISc amongst
Current Situation the top 2 %5ICS universities in 21. $nother issue
India has  universitylevel institutions  is the employability of graduates.
colleges and  standalone institutions.1 The
5ecognising the need to improve access eTuity and
number of universitylevel institutions has grown
e[cellence in higher education in the country the
by about  per cent and the number of colleges
government has taken signiÀcant steps including
by about 1 per cent in the last Àve years. The
the following
private sector accounts for a large share of these
institutions managing . per cent of universities ‡ Implementation and continuation of the
. per cent of colleges and  per cent of stand centrally sponsored scheme 5ashtriya
alone institutions in 11. 8chchatar Shiksha $bhiyan 58S$  This
scheme seeks to improve access eTuity and
India·s higher education *(5 calculated for the age
Tuality in state higher education institutions
group 1 years increased from 11. per cent in
through a reformsbased approach and links
 to . per cent in 11. +owever we
funding to performance.4 The continuation of
lag behind the world average of  per cent and that
58S$ was recently approved until March 22
of comparable economies such as %ra]il  per cent 
5ussia  per cent and China  per cent .2 .orea
has a higher education *(5 of over  per cent.


 Figure 24.1: Gross enrolment ratio in higher education, 2016-17
30%

25%
Enrolment Ratio (%)

20%

15%

10%

5%

0%
Male Female SC ST India

Source $ll India Survey on Higher Education 211

with an almost threefold increase in allocation ‡ 5egulations for graded autonomy to

compared to that in its Àrst phase 211 . universities and autonomous colleges $ three
The second phase of 58S$ puts a premium on tiered graded autonomy regulatory system
Tuality enhancement and addresses concerns has been initiated with the categori]ation of
of access and eTuity in the aspirational districts institutions as per their accreditation score by
identiÀed by the 1ITI $ayog. the National $ssessment and $ccreditation
Council N$$C or other empanelled
‡ National assessment and accreditation re
accreditation agencies or by their presence
forms :hile making accreditation of higher
in reputed world rankings. Category I and
education institutions mandatory the reforms
Category II universities will have signiÀcant
move away from an intrusive system to a more
autonomy as shown in )igure 24.2. Similarly
enabling mi[ed method of assessment and
the 8niversity *rants Commission 8*C has
accreditation. The process of accreditation has
also issued new regulations for granting
been fasttracked and made more transparent.
autonomy based on accreditation scores for
The emphasis is more on selfassessment data
colleges. These colleges will have the freedom
capture validation by third party evaluation and
to conduct e[aminations prescribe evaluation
objective peer review. This is a paradigm shift
systems and even announce results but are not
from the subjective assessment parameters ad
allowed to grant degrees.
opted earlier. 2ngoing reforms could lead to the
empanelment of multiple accreditation agencies.

11
 Strategy for
New India @ 75

)LJXUH8*&·VJUDGHGDXWRQRP\UHJXODWLRQVIRUXQLYHUVLWLHV

Category I:
‡Open constituent units/off-campus centres within its geographical jurisdiction
‡Open research parks, incubation centres, university society linkage centre
‡Academic collaboration with top foreign institutions
‡Exemption from section 12B inspections & annual monitoring of off-campus
centres/study centres of private universities
‡Start a new course/dept/school/centre
‡Start NSQF-aligned skill courses
‡Hire foreign faculty
‡Merit-based incentives for faculty to attract talent
‡Admit upto 20% of foreign students on merit with freedom to fix fees
‡Offer courses in open & distance learning mode

Category II:
‡Start a new course/programme/department/school/centre
‡Start NSQF-aligned skill courses
‡Hire foreign faculty
‡Merit-based incentives to faculty to attract talent
‡Admit upto 20% of foreign students on merit, with freedom
to fix fees
‡Offer courses in open and distance learning mode

Category III: No changes in regulation

Source 8*C

Constraints ‡ 3ublic funding in the sector remains inadeTuate.

‡ 2utdated and multiple regulatory mechanisms ‡ There are a large number of faculty
limit innovation and progressive change. posts lying vacant for e[ample in central
universities nearly  per cent of teacher
‡ 2utdated curriculum results in a mismatch
posts were vacant in March 218 faculty
between education and job market
training is inadeTuate.
reTuirements dampens students· creativity and
hampers the development of their analytical
Way Forward
abilities.
1. Regulatory and governance reforms
‡ 4uality assurance or accreditation mechanisms
are inadeTuate. ‡ Ensure effective coordination of roles of
different higher education regulators such
‡ There is no policy framework for participation
as the 8*C $ll India Council for Technical
of foreign universities in higher education.
Education $ICTE and National Council for
‡ There is no overarching funding body to Teacher Education NCTE  and restructure or
promote and encourage research and merge these where needed.
innovation.
118
2. Teacher Education and Training
Objectives The block resource centres %5&s and cluster
resource centres &5&s form the lowest rung
7KHUHFDQQRWEHDTXDOLW\HGXFDWLRQV\VWHPZLWKRXW
of institutions Sroviding inservice training to
TXDOLW\WHDFKHUV7KHUHIRUHDWKRURXJKUHYDPSRI
schoolteachers.
the entire ecosystem of teacher education both at
the school and college level is necessary. In this $s Ser the 5ight to (ducation 5T( $ct a teacher
conte[t the obMectives for 2222 include appointed in schools should have passed the
teacher eligibility test T(T conducted by the
‡ (nforcing minimum teacher standards through
relevant government body. In institutions of higher
rigorous teacher eligibility tests and criteria for
education passing the 1ational (ligibility Test
the induction of teachers.
1(T 6tate /evel (ligibility test 6/(T has been the
‡ ImSroving inservice teacher training system. minimum eligibility criterion for teaching.
‡ Increasing teacher accountability for learning While teacher education institutes churn out a
outcomes of students. large number of candidates with a Bachelor’s
‡ $ddressing the Sroblem of teacher vacancies and 0aster’s in education the Tuality of teacher
and teacher absenteeism. education has not been assured. In 21 only
1. per cent candidates who sat for the &entral
Current Situation Teacher (ligibility Test &T(T TualiÀed.2 $ primary
reason for this is inadeTuate accreditation and
The current institutional framework for teachers
grading process followed by NCTE in the past.
training consists of the following
In 21 NCTE initiated the process of collecting
‡ The 1ational &ouncil for Teacher (ducation information from the institutes and grading them
1&T( is the regulator for teacher education in based on their learning outcomes. $t the higher
the country. educational level the pass percentage in the
‡ 1&T( has recogni]ed 221 teachertraining 8*CNET e[ams is also low where only  per cent
institutes in the country. $round  Ser cent candidates Tualify. Besides the Tuality of 3h's in
of these are Srivately run of which 111 severals institutions does not rise to the reTuired
institutions1 are for training teachereducators standard.
0 (d . The intake of these teachertraining Inservice teacher training needs upgradation.
institutes was 1. lakh in 21. While only about 20 per cent of school teachers are
‡ The inservice training framework includes 2 still professionally untrained only 14.9 per cent
'istrict Institutes of (ducational Training 'I(Ts 
112 &olleges of Teacher (ducation &T(s  
Institutes of $dvanced 6tudies I$6(s and 1
%lock Institutes of Teacher (ducation %IT(s .

121
 Strategy for
New India @ 75

2. Skill Development

Obejctives With most of the developed world experiencing
an aging population India has the opportunity
)RUKDUQHVVLQJWKHGHPRJUDSKLFDGYDQWDJHWKDW
to supply skilled labour globally and become the
LWHQMR\V,QGLDQHHGVWREXLOGWKHFDSDFLW\DQG
world’s skill capital. +owever the demographic
LQIUDVWUXFWXUHIRUVNLOOLQJUHVNLOOLQJXSVNLOOLQJ
advantage might turn into a demographic disaster if
existing and new entrants to the labour force. The
the skills sets of both new entrants and the existing
goals to be Pet until 2222 are as follows
workforce do not match industry reTuirements.
‡ ,ncrease the SroSortion of forPall\ sNilled 5ecogni]ing the challenge the *overnment of
labour froP the current .4 Ser cent1 of India’s India has launched many initiatives to eTuip fresh
worNforce to at least 1 Ser cent. entrants with relevant skills and to upgrade the
skills of the existing workforce.
‡ (nsure inclusiYit\ and reduce diYisions based on
gender location organi]edunorgani]ed etc. $ dedicated Ministry of Skill Development and
‡ India’s sNill deYeloSPent infrastructure should Entrepreneurship MSDE was set up in 214 to
be brought on par with global standards by. implement the National Skill Development Mission
which envisions skilling at scale with speed and
o Developing internationally compliant
standards. 2n -uly 1 21 on the Àrst ever World
1ational 2ccupation 6tandards 126 and
<outh Skills Day the +onourable Prime Minister
the 4ualiÀcation 3acNs 43 that deÀne a Mob
launched the Skill India scheme.4
role.
To improve the relevance and Tuality of courses
o Making all training compliant with the
offered by industrial training institutes ITIs 
1ational 6kills 4ualiÀcation )ramework
polytechnics and private training providers
164) .
sector skill councils SS&s have been involved in
o $nticipating future skill needs to adapt skill curriculum upgradationpreparation and in the
development courses. assessment and certiÀcation process. &ourses are
‡ 6kill development should be made an integral being aligned to the National Skills 4ualiÀcations
part of the secondary school curriculum. )ramework NS4) . 5ecognition of prior learning
5P/ has been introduced to ensure certiÀcation of
Current Situation and bridge training for the existing work force. The
yearend review 21 released by MSDE suggests
$ccording to the National Policy for Skill
that government initiatives are gathering pace. Until
Development and Entrepreneurship2 more than
4 per cent of India’s population is below 2 years
of age and 2 per cent of India’s population is
aged between 1 and  years. This demographic
dividend is expected to last for the next 2 years.

124
 Figure 26.1: Workforce that has undergone formal skill training

100% 96.0%

90%
Workers with formal skill training (%)

80.0%
80% 75.0%
68.0%
70%
60%
52.0%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10% 5.4%
0%
India USA UK Germany Japan South Korea

Source National Skill Development Policy

21 2. crore candidates have been skilled under The major challenges to skill development are the
the ministry’s programmes since its inception. following
This includes 4. lakh candidates trained under
‡ Mapping skill reTuirements sectorwise and
the Pradhan Mantri .aushal 9ikas <oMana PM.9< 
geographically.
and 4 lakh candidates under fee based training
programmes run by National Skill Development ‡ Making vocational training an aspirational
&orporation NSD& . choice.
‡ Involving industry for improved Tuality and
Constraints relevance ² scaling up the apprenticeship
The National Skill Development Policy estimates programme.
that only .4 per cent of the workforce in India has ‡ Integrating the informal sector into the skill
undergone formal skill training as compared to  development ecosystem.
per cent in the U.  per cent in *ermany and 
‡ Putting in place an effective internationally
per cent in South .orea.
recogni]ed assessment and certiÀcation system.
The India Skill 5eport 21 states that only 4 per
cent of those coming out of higher educational Way Forward
institutions are employable.8 *iven that 8 per cent
Mapping skill requirements for a demand driven
of the workforce is engaged in the unorgani]ed
skill development ecosystem
sector with limited training facilities upgrading of
skills both in manufacturing and services sectors ‡ Skill development plans and strategies should
remains a challenge. be developed by geography and sector by

12
2. 3ublic +ealth 0anagement
and $ction
Objectives lower respiratory and other common infectious
diseases.2 $t the same time noncommunicable
To revamp radically the public and preventive health
diseases 1&'s  including cardiovascular
system in the nation through the following strategic
conditions chronic obstructive respiratory diseases
interventions
diabetes mental health conditions and cancers
‡ 0obili]e public health action through an are now the leading cause of health loss with
integrated intersectoral and panstaNeholder  per cent morbidity and premature mortality
approach targeted at communities and attributable to these conditions. The range of health
individuals as well as grassroots organi]ations loss across states is wide. .erala and *oa have
aimed at creating an unprecedented peopleled the lowest rates while $ssam 8ttar 3radesh and
movement for health and wellness. Chhattisgarh have the highest rates.4

‡ 2perationali]e vital enablers  a public 3ublic health action and management is a scientiÀc
health and management cadre b public and professional endeavour which should not be
health agency with capacitated supporting left to untrained employees relying on common
institutions c municipalities and panchayati raj sense alone.
institutions.
$ suboptimal public health system

Current Situation ‡ 0aNes it challenging to tacNle 1C's which in

3ublic health i.e. the science of Neeping the Àrst place is all about prevention and early
communities healthy through the prevention of detection.
disease and promotion of health and wellness ‡ Causes us to resort to highcost secondary and
has historically been a low priority in ,ndia. 2f the tertiary health care in many cases.
total current e[penditure on health classiÀed by
‡ Diminishes our preparedness for new and
healthcare functions preventive care accounts for
emerging threats such as bioterrorism.
. per cent. The money spent on curing people on
the other hand is 1 per cent of the e[penditure1 ‡ Compromises our ability to harness the
with the remaining money being spent on demographic dividend.
pharmaceuticals other medical goods and patient The nations with whom we compete or aspire
transportation. to emulate have achieved health and wellness
$lthough ,ndia accounted for only 1 per cent of the outcomes on the foundation of strong public
global population in 21 we accounted for  per
cent of the global tuberculosis burden and 2 per
cent of the premature mortality due to diarrhoea

129
 Strategy for
New India @ 75

health systems. Thus it is an absolutely essential that has historically been inadeTuately
ingredient for building a New India. acknowledged in India. The large burden of
NCDs reTuires lifestyle and communitylevel
During the last four years the government has
interventions. Ensuring people eat right
taken several steps to strengthen public health
sleep right maintain good hygiene e[ercise
in the country including the launch of Mission
and adopt a healthy lifestyle necessitates
Indradhanush and IntensiÀed Mission Indradhanush
concerted interventions at various levels of the
as well as the National $<86+ Mission. Efforts have
system.
also been intensiÀed for eliminating Neglected
Tropical Diseases like .ala $]ar and /ymphatic 2. In most states population health management
)ilariasis. )urther the war against Tuberculosis has positions are staffed by doctors trained
been escalated through the launch of the National primarily in the provision of curative services
6trategic 3lan in 21. or by generalist civil servants. They have
limited public health training which includes
Constraints an understanding of the causes and linkages
1. Diseases need to be prevented Àrst a concept between risk factors and diseases as well

Figure 27.1: Preventable risk factors are the biggest contributors to the disease
burden, 2016

Sexual Abuse & Violence 0.3%

Low Bone Mineral Density 0.6%
Contribution of Risk Factors to Disease

Low Physical Activity 0.9%

Other Environmental Causes 1.0%
Unsafe Sex 1.1%
Impaired Kidney Function 2.8%
Occupational Risks 3.0%
Burden (%)

Alcohol & Drug Use 3.6%

High Body Mass Index 3.6%
High Total Cholesterol 4.1%
WASH 4.6%
Tobacco Use 5.9%
High Fasting Plasma Glucose 6.0%
High Blood Pressure 8.5%
Dietary Risks 8.9%
Air Pollution 9.8%
Malnutrition 14.6%
0.0% 2.0% 4.0% 6.0% 8.0% 10.0% 12.0% 14.0% 16.0%

6ource India +ealth of the Nation·s 6tates 21  Disease burden measured in terms of Disability $djusted /ife <ears

1
28. Comprehensive Primary Health Care
Objectives system that ensures that chronic diseases are not
only detected early but also that preventive action
Under $\XVKPDn %KDrDW VFDOeXS D neZ YLVLRn
is taken to ensure improved lifestyles.
for comprehensive primary health care across
the coXntry EXilt on the platform of health and 7he 1ational Health Policy 1HP  1 envisages
Zellness centres +:&s  to comprehensive primary health care delivered
through HWCs. The policy also commits that
‡ 3rovide TXality amEXlatory services for an
twothirds or more of government spending
inclXsive pacNaJe of diaJnostic cXrative
will be targeted at primary care. $dditionally
rehaEilitative and palliative care close to the
the announcement of $yushman %harat by the
people.
government is a game changer.
‡ 'eliver preventive and promotion services and
action on the ground to tackle determinants of Constraints
ill health locally.
1. The existing primary health care model in the
‡ Create a mass movement for Healthy India country is limited in scope. Even where there
6Zasth %harat -an $ndolan . is a wellfunctioning public primary health
centre only services related to pregnancy care
Current Situation limited childcare and certain services related
Primary health care is a key enabler for higher life to national health programmes are provided
e[pectancy better health outcomes and loZer costs which represent only 1 per cent of all
for the nation. Primary health interventions help morbidities for which people seek care.2
detect diseases early Zell before complications set 2. The conversion of 1 sub centres into
in thus preempting the need for secondary and HWCs was announced in the budget speech
tertiary care. in 21 and was enshrined in the 1HP 21.
'eveloped nations such as the U. $ustralia $lthough less than  such centres were
Canada 1etherlands and 6Zeden spend a large sanctioned in 211 the government
share of their federal healthcare budgets on primary is committed to accelerating the pace of
care.1 In India primary care infrastructure e[ists as a sanctioning and putting up HWCs to meet the
netZork of subcentres primary health centres and target in good time.
community health centres. HoZever the focus of
services has remained narroZ ² largely prioriti]ed
around reproductive maternal and child healthcare
and some communicable diseases notably
malaria . 7he battle against noncommunicable
diseases can only be won through a primary health


 Strategy for
New India @ 75

Figure 28.1: Additional services to be provided under the New India

primary care system

6ource %ased on the ¶5eport of the Task )orce on Comprehensive Primary Health Care’ 0oH)W 21

. 6upply side deÀciencies poor management 8. There is a shortage of adeTuately trained and
skills and lack of appropriate training and motivated personnel.
supportive supervision for health workers
prevent delivery of the desired Tuality of health Way Forward
services.
1. $ccelerate the establishment of a network of
4. $ primary health care model for the growing 1 HWCs
urban population has not been conceptuali]ed
‡ 2perationali]e a network of 1 HWCs on
notwithstanding a few assorted initiatives by
priority by 2222 in order to ensure sufÀcient
some states.
coverage of affordable primary care and lower
. $lthough the 1ational Health 0ission focuses the burden on secondary and tertiary care.
on engaging communities through village
‡ HWCs should provide services such as
health nutrition and sanitation societies health
screening and management of non
has not yet become a people’s movement.
communicable diseases screening and basic
. )unding for health is inadeTuate leading to management of mental health ailments care
low spending on primary care. for common ophthalmic and E1T problems
basic dental health care geriatric and palliative
. Citi]ens have to incur high outofpocket
health care and trauma care and emergency
expenditure on primary health care of which
care.
the largest expenditure is on drugs.

1
2. +uman 5esources for +ealth
Objectives there is a signiÀcant shortage of skilled nurses in
the country.
‡ $FKLHYHDGRFWRUSRSXODWLRQUDWLRRIDWOHDVW
 :+2QRUP DQGQXUVH Moreover the distribution of doctors and nurses
SRSXODWLRQUDWLRRIDWOHDVW :+2QRUP across the country is uneven. Urban areas have four
 E\ times as many doctors and three times as many
nurses as compared to rural areas. Medical and
‡ Ensure availability of paramedics and doctors
nursing colleges are concentrated in a few states
as per ,ndian 3ublic +ealtK 6tandard ,3+6
e.g. $ndhra 3radesh .arnataka 7amil 1adu
norms in high priority districts by 2020
.erala *uMarat and Maharashtra.
1ational +ealth 3olicy 20 
There are also severe shortages in the category
‡ 'eploy midlevel providers 0/3s to manage
of allied health professionals $+3s including
the primary healthcare system.
medical lab technicians optometrists and
‡ *enerate at least . million Mobs in the radiologists. )or instance as of March 1 201
public health sector by 20222 a large there was a shortfall2 of 1 lab technicians
number of which will employ women. at primary health centres 3+Cs and community
health centres C+Cs across India. 6imilarly there
Current Situation was a shortfall of  radiographers at C+Cs. The
absence of a central regulatory authority for $+3s
India’s health workforce is characterised by a
has resulted in the mushrooming of institutes
diversity of providers delivering services in allopathy
colleges without afÀliation or recognition giving
and alternative systems of medicine like ayurveda
rise to Tuality issues for this category of health
homeopathy unani and siddha.
professionals as well.
$s of 0arch 20 there were 0.2 lakh
$s far as specialists are concerned a large number
allopathic doctors registered with the Medical
of posts are vacant all over the country. $ccording
Council of India or state medical councils.
to estimates India needs close to 0. million
$ssuming 0 per cent availability it is estimated
additional specialists. $yushman %harat has
that around 8.18 lakh doctors may actually be
triggered the need for even more human resources
available for active service. 7his gives a doctor
for health +5+ . There is also an acute shortage of
population ratio of 111.
medical faculty. 2f the 180 faculty posts across
7he current nursepopulation ratio is 188.1 Due
to the suboptimal Tuality of training offered by
several institutions that have mushroomed over
the years limited career prospects and poor
working conditions especially in the private sector


Strategy for
New India @ 75

Figure 29.1: Shortfall of specialists in government health centres compared to

the requirement based on existing infrastructure
86
84
84 83.4 83 83.2
82.1
82 81.2 81
Specialists (%)

80.1
80

78
76.3 76.7
76

74

72
Surgeons Obstetricians & Physicians Paediatricians Total
Gynaecologists

2015 2016
6ource 5ural +ealth 6tatistics 201

Figure 29.2: Sanctioned posts of specialists vacant

80 74.6
Sanctioned Posts of Specialists Vacant (%)

68.2 68.1 70.2 67.6

70 65.4 63.6 62.8 65.3
61.9
60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Surgeons Obstetricians & Physicians Paediatricians Total
Gynaecologists

2015 2016

6ource 5ural +ealth 6tatistics 201

18
 Strategy for
New India @ 75

. Universal +ealth &overage

Objectives provided by health facilities in the public sector. The
corresponding Àgures for the usage of inpatient care
2QWKHVWURQJSODWIRUPRI3UDGKDQ0DQWUL-DQ
are 42 per cent and 2 per cent. The mixed health
$URJ\D<RMDQD 30-$< 
system therefore remains largely dominated by
‡ $WWDLQDFRYHUDJHRIDWOHDVWSHUFHQWRI the private sector which provides services at widely
WKHSRSXODWLRQZLWKSXEOLFO\ÀQDQFHGKHDOWK varying costs and Tuality levels.
LQVXUDQFH FRYHULQJPRVWVHFRQGDU\DQGWHUWLDU\
Public funding of health has been consistently low
FDUHSURFHGXUHV E\2222
in ,ndia approximately 1. per cent of *'P . $s a
‡ 5HGXFHE\SHUFHQWWKHSURSRUWLRQRI result outofpocket expenditure 22P( is 2 per
households facing catastrophic health cent of the total expenditure on health. ,n 2
expenditure from the current levels.1 the central government launched the 5ashtriya
6wasthya %ima <oMana 56%< to cover hospital
Current Situation expenses of up to ,N5  for a family of Àve
There have been noteworthy strides over the members living below the poverty line. Evaluation
past two decades in the Tuality of health care studies for 56%< have shown that while it did
delivered to citi]ens and population health increase access to health care as well as non
outcomes. <et there is wide variation across states medical health spending for the poor it did not
in the availability of resources the status of state provide signiÀcant Ànancial protection perhaps due
health programmes ruralurban differentials and to the exclusion of spending on outpatient care
governance capacity. drugs and diagnostics.

Public health infrastructure in the country expanded The decision to launch P0-$< under $yushman
considerably following the launch of the National Bharat is a path breaking step towards Universal
+ealth 0ission in 2 however there continues to +ealth &overage. ,t aims to cover 1.4 crore
be a shortfall in several areas. ,n 21 the number of families at the bottom two Tuintiles with ,N5 
subcentres 6&s fell short of reTuirements by 2 per lakh cover each year for secondary and tertiary care
cent of primary health centres P+&s by 22 per cent hospitali]ation. The P0-$< will be implemented in
and of community health centres &+&s by 2 per alliance with state government schemes.
cent in rural ,ndia. The Tuality of public sector health $s per the N662 1st 5ound out of the total 22PE
facilities has also suffered because of shortage of . per cent is on outpatient care. 2f this the
personnel and lack of necessary supplies. largest expenditure 1 per cent is on medicines.
'ata from the National 6ample 6urvey 2rganisation·s
1st 5ound -anuary-une 214 shows that only
28 per cent and 21 per cent of patients in rural and
urban areas respectively use the outpatient care

142
It is paradoxical that although India is one of the . 6ince outpatient care drugs and diagnostics
largest suppliers of generic drugs to the world a are not covered under several government
signiÀcant proportion of the country·s population insurance schemes people often delay seeking
lacks access to essential medicines. care until they are severely ill.

'uring the last four years however the government 4. The coverage ceiling of 56B< is inadeTuate.
has taken signiÀcant steps to enhance access . There is an acute shortage of motivated human
to medicines especially for the poor and middle resources for health attributable at least
classes. The prices 8 drugs have been capped partly to the poor incentives for government
along with the prices of cardiac stents and knee providers.
implants. The Pradhan 0antri Bhartiya -anaushadhi
. $ccess to drugs and medical devices at
Pariyojana has been expanded from 99 functional
affordable prices is an essential ingredient
stores in 0ay 214 to 424 functional stores in
of Universal +ealth &overage. $ccording to
6eptember 218.
estimates by the Central Drugs and Standards
Control 2rgani]ation around 84 per cent of
Constraints
the active pharmaceutical ingredients $PIs
1. There has been inadeTuate focus on for drugs manufactured in India are imported.
comprehensive preventive care and primary This dependence on import of $PIs has gone up
care in the past. more than fourfold between 24 and 21.
2. The multiplicity of governmentsponsored . :hile the notiÀcation of medical devices
insurance schemes has resulted in the rules is an important step a clearly deÀned
fragmentation of the risk pool. $ si]eable risk and comprehensive regulatory framework is
pool comprising low and highrisk individuals reTuired. $dditionally approximately  per
is imperative to ensure the viability and cent of the current demand for devices is met
sustainability of insurance. through imports.

Figure 30.1: Pillars of universal health coverage

14
 Strategy for
New India @ 75

1. 1utrition
Objectives Current Situation
Under 326+$1 $EKL\DDn DFKLeYe WKe IROORZLnJ UndernXtrLtLon Ls tKe prLPe rLsN IDctor Ln oYer 
RXWFRPeV E\  FRPSDred WR WKe EDVeOLne RI per cent oI XnderÀYe cKLld deDtKs. &KLldren ZLtK
 1DWLRnDO )DPLO\ +eDOWK 6XrYe\  XndernXtrLtLon DnDePLD Dnd LodLne deÀcLenc\
ZLll KDYe loZ ,4 scores Dnd prodXctLYLt\ Ds DdXlts.
‡ 5edXFe WKe SreYDOenFe RI VWXnWLnJ DPRnJ
$ :orld %DnN estLPDte1 indicates that reducing
FKLOdren WR  Ser FenW Rr OeVV
stunting can raise ,ndia·s *'3 E\ 11 per cent. 7he
‡ 5edXFe WKe SreYDOenFe RI XnderZeLJKW Ln preYalence oI stunting declines E\ an estiPated .
FKLOdren  \eDrV WR  Ser FenW Rr OeVV per cent for every 10 per cent increase in income
‡ 5edXFe WKe SreYDOenFe RI DnDePLD DPRnJ \RXnJ per capita. 6imilarly a 10 per cent rise in income per
FKLOdren  PRnWKV WR  Ser FenW Rr OeVV capita translates into a . per cent fall in Zasting.
7hus increasing per capita incomes through rapid
‡ 5edXFe WKe SreYDOenFe RI DnDePLD DPRnJ
and eTuitaEle economic groZth is a necessary
DdROeVFenW JLrOV Dnd ZRPen  \eDrV WR 
condition for improving nutrition outcomes.
per cent or less.

Figure 31.1: Key nutritional indicators in India

69.4
70
58.4 55.3
60 53
48
Nutritional Status (%)

50 42.5
38.4 35.7
40

30

20

10

0
Stunting Underweight Children (6-59 All women (15-49
months) who are years) who are
anaemic anaemic

NFHS-3 NFHS-4

6ource 1)+6  000 1)+6  011


 Strategy for
New India @ 75

2. *ender
Objective have imSroved over time. 2n seven of them the
improvement is at least on par with countries at
‡ 7RFUHDWHDQHQDEOLQJHQYLURQPHQWVDQV
similar levels of development as India.
institutional and structural barriers.
+owever a declininJ female labour force
‡ 7o enKance tKe IePale labour Iorce SarticiSation
participation rate /)35 despite increasinJ levels of
rate to at least  Ser cent b\ .
education and declining fertility rates has emerged
as a worrying trend. 7he current female /)35 is
Current Situation
. per cent . per cent in rural areas and .
$s KiJKliJKted in tKe (conoPic 6urYe\  per cent in urban areas .1 The declining trend is
a nuPber oI indicators tKat reÁect tKe Sosition particularly strong in rural areas where it has gone
of women in Indian society have moved in the down from . per cent in  to . per
riJht direction. 2ut of  indicators SertaininJ cent in 112.
to women·s aJency attitudes and outcomes 

Figure 32.1: Progress with respect to gender-related indicators

68.4
70
53 55.1
60 47.4
Number of women (%)

50
35.5
40 26.8
30 22.9
15.1
20
10
0
Women aged 20- Women having a Women whose Women who are
24 years married bank or savings Body Mass Index literate
before 18 years account that they is below normal
use themselves
2005-06 2015-16

6ource 1ational )amily +ealth 6urvey 5ounds  and 


 Figure 32.2: Female labour force participation
600 
Female Labour Force Participation

500

491 497

400 378
Rate (per 1000)

364 358

300
238 246 267
205 
200
180 162 
194
100

0
1993-1994 1999-2000 2004-2005 2009-2010 2011-2012 2015-2016 
Rural Urban 

6ource (conomic 6urvey

$t the all India level women are conÀned mainly into the workforce further worsen the
to the large informal sector. It is estimated that situation.
if women did as much formal worN as men India
‡ :omen·s work comprises mostly of invisible
would experience an additional 1.4 per cent GDP
unpaid work.
growth. 2n average  per cent of women·s worN
in India is unpaid compared to 12 per cent of men·s.
Way Forward
The government has taken some important 1. Ensure gender-sensitive thinking for
initiatives to promote gender eTuality and welfare. legislation and policies keeping in view the
These include the %eti %achao %eti Padhao challenges faced by women including
campaign the 0aternity %eneÀt $mendment
‡ different life stages single women married
$ct 21 Pradhan 0antri 0atru 9andana <oMana
women young mothers and women reentering
P26+$1 $bhiyaan and the Pradhan 0antri 8MMwala
the workforce after a break .
<oMana.
‡ levels of education illiterate school educated
Constraints vocationally trained college graduates
professionals .
‡ &onstraints of workplace distance inÁexibility
in working hours lack of availability of crqches ‡ geographic ineTuities rural urban towns
safety etc. deter women from participating in periurban areas remote locations and
economic activities. marginali]ation 6&6T 2%&s etc. .

‡ The absence of opportunities for parttime ‡ special need groups such as single mothers
work and challenges surrounding reentry widows homeless women and women with
disabilities among others.

11
 Figure 32.3: Examples of indicators that could be used for developing the
gender-based index and ranking states

Percentage of
Female Labour
Percentage of Girls Completing Maternal
Child Sex Ratio Force
Anaemic Women Secondary Mortality Rate
Participation Rate
Schooling

Enrolment Rate of Percentage of

Percentage of Percentage of Incidence of
Girls at the Women owning
Girls who are Women Voters at Crimes Against
Primary School Land, Livestock &
Graduates All Levels Women
Level Housing

SDWKZD\VIRUVLQJOHZRPHQZRPHQ·VVHOI ‡ &onsider creating a separate Eudget to Eear the

KHOSJURXSVJXLOGVFRRSHUDWLYHVKDQGLFDSSHG registrationprocessing fee for the registration of
ZRPHQDQG6&67ZRPHQ women )32s.
‡ &RQVLGHULQFHQWLYL]LQJVHFWRUVFRPSDQLHVWKDW ‡ 6pecially focus on skill development among
KDYHRYHUSHUFHQWZRPHQZRUNHUVE\ women particularly for activities such as
SURYLGLQJWD[EHQHÀWV soil conservation social forestry dairy
development horticulture organic farming and
5. Improve asset ownership and economic
livestock rearing including animal husEandry
security
poultry Àsheries .
‡ 3ULRULWL]HJURXSVRIZRPHQIDUPHUVVHHNLQJWR
‡ 7arget agricultural e[tension services to women
OHDVHODQGZDWHUERGLHVHWFDWWKHYLOODJH
farmers as well not Must males.
panchayat level.
‡ (ncRXUaJe MRLnt UeJLVtUatLRn ZLth VpRXVeV 7. Enhance women’s skills and leveraging
sole registration of land in the name of the ability
woman through registration fee and stamp duty ‡ &onsider e[tending the 3ost *raduate ,ndira
concessions through special drivesawareness Gandhi Scholarship for Single Girl Child scheme
campaigns. to families with two girl children.
‡ 5ecogni]e and secure women·s rights over ‡ 3rovide relatively higher Ànancial incentives for
common property resources like irrigation girls· education until Class ;,, to curE the higher
systems Àshing grounds forests and water. dropout rate among girls and raise the average
age at marriage by keeping girls in schools.
6. Create enabling conditions for women
engaged in agriculture ‡ 3romote skill development among women
in nontraditional work such as electronic
‡ (nsure  per cent memEership of women
technicians electricians plumbers ta[i drivers
farmers in )armer 3roducer 2rgani]ations
etc.
)32s .


. 6enior &iti]ens Persons with
Disability and Transgender Persons
SENIOR CITIZENS Constraints
Objective ‡ 3overty and lack of income security makes it
difÀcult to meet even basic needs like food
‡ 7RHQVXUHDOLIHRIGLJQLW\VRFLDOVHFXULW\DQG
housing healthcare etc. for a large number of
VDIHW\IRUVHQLRUFLWL]HQVHQDEOLQJWKHPWR
senior citi]ens.
actively participate in economic development
and the nation building process. ‡ There has been a rapid emergence of nuclear
families and ageing parents living away from
Current Situation their children.

$s per &ensus 1 ,ndia had 1. crore senior ‡ There is a shortage of welltrained personnel
citi]ens  years and above . 2I this . crore for delivering care giving and other services for
were above the age of 80 years. The share of the senior citi]ens.
elderly in the population increased from . per
cent in 11 to 8. per cent in 011. ,t is e[pected Way Forward
to increase to 20 per cent of the population by ‡ *iven the changing demographics and socio
200. economic needs revise the 1ational 3olicy
for 2lder 3ersons. The policy should cover
6enior citi]ens face several challenges. They
housing income security pension and access
are prone to chronic illness. +owever access to
to healthcare. ,t should also emphasi]e the
institutional support and speciali]ed medical care is
concept of ¶ageing in place· or ¶ageing in own
sNewed with most of these concentrated in urban
home’.
areas and out of reach for the large number of the
elderly who live in rural areas. ‡ %ring schemes pertaining to senior citi]ens
under the restructured Department of
The government has taken steps to provide various Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities and
ta[ beneÀts to senior citi]ens including raising the 6enior &iti]ens. $n integrated implementation
basic e[emption limit from ,15 2. lakh to ,15.  and monitoring plan should be developed in
lakh increasing the deduction for health insurance consultation with stakeholders and the plan
from ,15 1000 to ,15 0000 as well as raising
the deduction for bank interest from ,15 10000
to ,15 0000. The 3radhan 0antri 9aya 9andana
<oMana has also been launched to provide a
ma[imum pension of ,15 10000 per month with an
investment of ,15 1 lakh.


 Strategy for
New India @ 75

should be reviewed periodically by an inter 3(56216:,7+',6$%,/,7,(6

ministerial committee headed by the Secretary.
Objective
‡ %ring the necessary amendments to the
Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and ‡ To create opportunities for and empower persons
2lder Persons $ct 200 currently under with disabilities PwDs to reali]e their potential
consideration by the Ministry of Social -ustice and live a productive and digniÀed life.
and Empowerment MoS-E .
Current Situation
‡ &onsider establishing an old age home in
every district by 2020 and ensure adherence to $ccording to Census 2011 ,ndia had 2.8 crore
minimum Tuality standards. PwDs constituting approximately 2.21 per cent
of the total population. ,ndia enacted the Àrst
‡ E[pand the 1ational Programme for +ealth legislation for PwDs in 1 which has been
Care of the Elderly to all districts following a replaced by the 5ights of Persons with Disabilities
comprehensive evaluation of the scheme.2 $ct 201. The $ct is harmoni]ed with the 8nited
‡ Prioriti]e supply of aids and assistive devices for 1ations Convention on the 5ights of Persons
senior citi]ens below the poverty line. with Disabilities 200 and lists 21 categories of
disabilities. ,ndia also formulated its Àrst 1ational
‡ Ensure a barrierfree environment in all public
Policy for PwDs in 200.
buildings parks etc. for the elderly.
‡ Strengthen the 1ational ,nstitute of Social PwDs face several challenges. $ccording to the
Defence and 5egional 5esource Training Census 2011 2 per cent of disabled children
Centres to meet the rising demand for Tuality between the ages of 1 had never attended an
caregivers. educational institution. 2nly 0 per cent of the

Figure 33.1: School attendance of children with disabilities between 5-19 years

27% Attending Educational

Institution

12% 61% Attended Educational

Institution
Never Attended an
Educational Institution

Source Census 2011

1
 Figure 33.2: Literacy status of PwDs
120%

100%
Literacy Levels of PwDs (%)

80% 45%
55%
62%
60% Literate
Illiterate
40%

55%
20% 45%
38%

0%
Men Women Total

Source Census 2011

Figure 33.3: Allocation and expenditure pertaining to the Department of

Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities

600 560 565 565

Budget & Actual Expenditure (INR

500
500

400 375.29
337.96
crore)

300 Budget Estimate

241.71
223.9 Actual Expenditure
200

100

0
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

Source *overnment of ,ndia budget documents

1
. Scheduled Castes SCs  Scheduled Tribes
STs  2ther %ackward Classes 2%Cs  2ther Tribal
Groups and Minorities
6&V67V2%&V'H1RWLÀHG7ULEHV $mong the weaker sections safari karmacharis
constitute one of the most deprived groups. 2ther
'17V 1RPDGLF7ULEHV 17V DQG
groups that reTuire special attention include the
6HPL1RPDGLF7ULEHV 617V 3articularly 9ulnerable 7ribal *roups 397*s among
Objective the STs as well as performing artists and those
engaged in begging among the '1Ts 1Ts and
‡ 7RDFFHOHUDWHWKHVRFLRHFRQRPLFGHYHORSPHQW
SNTs.
RI6&V67V2%&Vsafai karamcharis as well as
'17s 17s aQG 617s WhrRXJh fRcXseG afÀrmaWiYe 5esearch1 on SCs and STs suggests that historical
action so as to bring them on par with the ineTuities among the different segments of ,ndia·s
rest of the population as far as key human workforce have diminished over the last three
development indicators are concerned. decades. The gaps have narrowed most markedly
for the youngest cohorts in the workforce especially
Current Situation in the domain of education. However there is still
a long way to go before the ineTuities are bridged
High incidence of poverty and low educational
completely.
attainment are the two major challenges faced by
weaker sections in ,ndia. 2ther challenges include
high levels of malnutrition and limited opportunities
for meaningful economic engagement.

Table 34.1: Incidence of poverty across social groups

6RFLDO*URXS  Rural 8UEDQ
2004-05 2009-10 2011-12 2004-05 2009-10 2011-12

SCs . . 1. . .11 1.

STs . . . . . 24.10
2%Cs .0 1. 22.0 0.0 24.0 1.40
2thers 41. . 1. 2. 20.09 8.10

Source 3lanning Commission


 Strategy for
New India @ 75

Table 34.2: Literacy rate among social groups2

6RFLDO*URXS  1981 1991 2001 2011

SCs 21.8 .41 4.9 .0
STs 21.8 .41 4.9 .0
2thers 4. 2.21 4.84 2.99

Source Census data

Constraints ‡ 'esign schemes that are tailored to and

narrowly focus on the challenges and needs
‡ Problems of isolation exclusion and occupation
of speciÀc communities.
al subjugation are major obstacles to main
streaming these social groups in the socioeco ‡ ,nstitutionali]e social audits for assessing
nomic development of the country. the impact of these schemes on the basis of
TuantiÀable beneÀts to targeted households.
‡ Governance including lack of interministerial
convergence and suboptimal targeting of bene ‡ (stablish the National ,nstitute for Tribal
Àciaries is another major issue. 5esearch.

‡ 5esources are distributed thinly among a ‡ (armark funds under all developmental
large number of schemes especially under the programmes for 'NTs SNTs and NTs.
scheduled caste subplan SCSP and tribal sub ‡ 3ut in place mechanisms to regularly monitor
plan TSP  instead of among a few targeted the implementation of legislations like the
schemes. Panchayat ([tension to Scheduled $reas $ct
‡ There is limited awareness about the schemes and )orest 5ights $ct )5$  200.
resulting in leakages and denial of beneÀts. ‡ Set up a permanent commission for NTs
‡ Mainstreaming these groups has also been DNTs and SNTs along the lines of the
hampered by the inability to incorporate speciÀc National Commission for SCs and STs.
cultural and social reTuirements of SCST groups 2. Education
while designing interventions.
‡ (stablish residential schools in uncovered
blocksdistricts with facilities for vocational
Way Forward
training.
1. Institutional and programmatic strengthening
‡ DeÀne and ensure adherence to Tuality
‡ 8ndertake a baseline survey and parameters for existing and new residential
target remote and tribal habitations for schools.
implementation of various development
‡ ,ncrease the number of scholarships
programmes.
provided under the prematric postmatric

12
 National )ellowship and National 2verseas ‡ (xtend habitat rights to P9TGs within the
Scholarship schemes for SCs STs and 2%Cs. )5$ framework as has been done for the
%aiga Tribe of Dindori District Madhya
3. Economic empowerment
Pradesh.
‡ (xpand the Stand8p ,ndia scheme to include
‡ Provide projectbased funding under special
uncovered social groups like 2%Cs DNTs NTs
central assistance SC$ to SCSP and to TSP
and SNTs.
especially in gram panchayatsblocks where
‡ (xtend venture capital funds and credit the population of SCsSTs is more than 2 per
guarantee schemes for covering STs 2%Cs cent.
DNTs NTs and SNTs.
‡ Prioriti]e vulnerable groups like tribal
‡ Cover a larger number of beneÀciaries under children under the National Nutrition Mission
various Ànance and development schemes through tagtracking and additional home
with an annual increase of 10 per cent every visits for underweight children conducted by
year. frontline workers.
‡ Provide concessional loans for promoting ‡ (mpower marginali]ed communities by
entrepreneurship among 2%Cs by doubling promoting communityowned radio stations.
the number of beneÀciaries covered under
‡ Promote habitations along the lines of
the National %ackward Classes )inance
Samasthapuram in Tamil Nadu where people
Development Corporation by 20222.
belonging to all communities live together.
‡ (ncourage indigenous tribal medicine
alongside other systems to create additional MINORITIES
livelihood opportunities.
Objective
‡ (stablish contact points with potential
employers along with prejob training ‡ To bridge the gap between minority
sessions for youth. communities and the rest of the population
with respect to various socioeconomic and
4. Miscellaneous
human development indicators through
‡ (nsure universal coverage of DNT SNT and afÀrmative action.
NT populations for %P/ and $adhaar cards.
Current Situation
‡ Prepare a 9ulnerability ,ndex and
9ulnerability ,ntervention ,ndex for P9TGs $s per Census 2011 of the total population of 121
based on the methodology suggested by the crore Hindus constitute 9.8 per cent Muslims 14.2
National ,nstitute of 5ural Development and per cent Christians 2. per cent Sikhs 1. per cent
Panchayati 5aj Hyderabad. These indices will %uddhists 0. per cent and -ains 0.4 per cent. :hile
be useful for assessing the socioeconomic improvements have been made on several fronts
disparities between P9TGs and other social religious minorities lag behind on certain indicators
groups and designing policy interventions pertaining to educational attainment gender
accordingly. eTuality and workforce participation.

1
Strategy for
New India @ 75

Table 34.3: Literacy rate among minority communities

&RPPXQLW\  Census 2011 Census 2001

Males Females Total Males Females Total

National 80.8 4. 2.98 . . 4.8

Hindus 81.9 4.4 .2 .2 .2 .1
Muslims 4. 2.0 8. . 0.1 9.1
Christians 8.9 81.40 84. 84.4 .2 80.
Sikhs 80.02 0.0 .9 .2 .1 9.4
Buddhist 88.1 4.04 81.28 8.1 1. 2.
-ains 9.8 92.91 94.88   

Source Census 2001 and Census 2011

Figure 34.1: Workforce participation rate

Muslims 33%
Workforce Participation Rate of
Various Religious Groups (%)

Jains 36%

Sikhs 36%

Buddhists 43%

Hindus 41%

National 40%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

Source Census 2011

14
 Figure 34.2: Out of school children by religious group
5
4.58
4.43 4.34
4.5
4
Out of school children (%)

3.5 3.13
2.97 2.97 Hindus
3 2.73
2.54 Muslims
2.5
Christians
1.95
2 1.77 Others
1.52 1.33
1.5 1.26 1.06 All
1.06
1
0.5
0
All Rural Urban

Source Sarva Siksha $bhiyan 

Disaggregated data from a survey4 highlighted Constraints

that the highest proportion of out of
‡ Data on development indicators for minorities is
schoolchildren in the country belong to Muslim
not generated at regular intervals.
communities 4.4 per cent  followed by Hindus
2. per cent  Christians 1.2 per cent and ‡ Some minority communities are also included
others 1.2 per cent . under SCs STs and 2BCs which could result in
the duplication of schemes for the same set of
Data from the 8th 5ound of the National Sample
beneÀciaries.
Survey revealed that the proportion of households
in urban ,ndia with casual labour and self ‡ $wareness levels and demand for programmes
employment as the dominant income source was being implemented for the beneÀt of minorities
the highest among Muslims at 1 per cent and 0 are limited.
per cent respectively. The Workforce Participation
5ate among Muslims Sikhs and -ains was lower Way Forward
than the national average according to Census 1. Institutional restructuring
2011.
‡ 9est the primary responsibility for a number
of schemes currently being implemented by

1
 Strategy for
New India @ 75

the Ministry of Minority $ffairs MoM$ with ‡ Provide access to public transport in the form of
the relevant line ministries. MoM$ should be buses and cycles or vouchers for meeting private
involved with the Ànali]ation of physical and transport costs to raise enrolment rates among
Ànancial targets by the line ministries. girls from vulnerable communities.
‡ ,ncrease the emphasis of the MoM$ on ‡ Train at least 100000 minority women under the
data collection and analysis identifying gap Nai 5oshni scheme every year.
areas online monitoring of the PM·s 1Point
3. Economic empowerment
Programme evaluating the impact of various
schemes and populari]ing schemes in local ‡ Identify the poorest among the minority
languages using social media. communities through the SocioEconomic Caste
Census data for proper targeting of various
2. Education
schemes.
‡ (nhance prematric scholarships postmatric
‡ By 20222 provide integrated education and
scholarships meritcummeans scholarships
livelihood programmes to 100000 beneÀciaries
Maulana $]ad National )ellowships and
under the Nai Man]il programme.
National 2verseas Scholarships with a 1 per
cent increase annually from 201920. ‡ Train at least 0000 beneÀciaries during the
year period under Seekho $ur .amao.
‡ Increase the number of scholarships for girls
from minority communities by 10 per cent every ‡ $chieve a 1 per cent increase per annum in
year. loans to vulnerable sections through the use of
alternative channels like regional rural banks.
‡ Ensure that girls who pass out from .asturba
Gandhi Balika 9idyalayas can continue their ‡ Put out job advertisements in Urdu and local
education after completing Class 8. language newspapers as well as through other
locally appropriate channels.

________________________________________
1
httpwww.ncaer.orguploadsphotogalleryÀles140924IP)20201420BhattacharjeeHnatkoyskalahiri20Conference.pdf.
$ccessed $pril 29 2018.
2
2ther Backward Classes 2BCs made its way into the lexicon of India·s social justice movement in the year 1990. Hence comparable
Census data is not available for 2BCs for all the Census years.

httpssa.nic.inpabminutesdocumentsNS.pdf. $ccessed $pril 24 2018.
4
httpssa.nic.inpabminutesdocumentsNS.pdf. $ccessed $pril 24 2018.

1
. %alanced 5egional 'evelopment
Transforming $spirational 'istricts
Objective 9i]ianagaram $ndhra 3radesh  5aMnandgaon
&hhattisgarh  2smanabad 0aharashtra 
‡ $FKLHYHEDODQFHGGHYHORSPHQWLQ,QGLD
&uddaSah $ndhra 3radesh  and 5amanathaSuram
E\XSOLIWLQJGLVWULFWVFXUUHQWO\EHORZ
7amil 1adu Zith a score ranging from . Ser
the national average in the areas of health
cent to . Ser cent.
anG nXtrition eGXFation agriFXltXre anG
Zater resoXrFes ÀnanFial inFlXsion anG sNill
7he bottom Àve districts are 6hraZasti 8ttar
GeveloSPent anG EasiF infrastrXFtXre
3radesh  .iShire 1agaland  6ingrauli 0adhya
3radesh  $sifabad 7elangana and 0eZat
Current Situation +aryana Zith a score ranging from . Ser cent
7he $sSirational 'istriFts 3rograPPe $'3 Zas to . Ser cent.
laXnFheG on -anXar\   E\ the +onoXraEle
'esSite economic Srogress in the country if
3riPe 0inister 8nGer Shase of $'3  GistriFts
these Slaces have remained underdeveloSed it
Zere iGentiÀeG EaseG on the level of hXPan
is because they suffer from a host of contributing
GeveloSPent Sh\siFal infrastrXFtXre threat of
factors. 5elatively Soorer endoZment of Shysical
left Zing e[trePisP /:( anG the vieZs of state
resources lacN of infrastructure Soor social caSital
governPents 2ver  Ser Fent of ,nGia·s SoSXlation
loZ standards of health nutrition education and
lives in these districts.
sNill Soor governance and above all inhabitants
$ list of  target indicators has Eeen develoSed E\ demotivated due to years of poverty and deprivation
1,7, $a\og. 7hese Zill Ee regXlarl\ Ponitored for can be cited as major contributory factors.
SroPoting iPSrovePents in health and nXtrition
edXcation agricXltXre and Zater resoXrces Constraints
Ànancial inclXsion and sNill develoSPent and Easic The constraints impeding the development of these
infrastructure. districts are institutional aggregating assistance
,n $Sril  1,7, $a\og issued a ranNing of these from different sources and applying the principle
districts according to baseline data collated from of convergence indicates that paucity of funds is
secondary sources on these selected indicators. unlikely to be a major issue.
$ccording to this the toS Àve districts are


 Strategy for
New India @ 75

‡ *overnance challenges $s a strategy district ofÀcials will draw up a

vision and action plan for their districts spanning
o *overnance inadeTuacy hampers the
the period  to . 2fÀcials
effective implementation of government
will engage the public in formulating these
schemes.
plans. Each action plan should be based on a
o The institutional framework has been 6:2T analysis. To facilitate the preparation
fragmented because of the multiplicity of of such plans 1,T, $ayog has already shared
implementing agencies and schemes. a broad common framework with all district
o There is no accountability on the part administrations.
of either the government or district
Setting off a virtuous cycle of growth in
administrations.
aspirational districts reTuires that people from
‡ 1onavailability of periodical data makes all walks of life ² especially those who have
it difÀcult to track progress and implement a track record of effecting change despite
evidencebased policymaking. e[isting challenges ² come together. The
‡ There is lack of social awareness and scheme’s design encourages states and district
community participation in development administrations to give a lead role to such
programmes. champions of change to turn this initiative into a
mass movement.
‡ There is lack of competitiveness among districts
to improve developmental performance.  8VHGDWDWRLQIRUPGHFLVLRQPDNLQJDQGVSXU
competition among districts
Way Forward Composite Index and Data $cross the selected
The $'3 aims to address governance issues by dimensions 1ITI $ayog has identiÀed  key
using a combination of approaches lifting levels performance indicators .3Is with  data
of aspirations through a vision and district plan points. Extensive consultation with central
adeTuate institutional arrangements convergence ministries and knowledge partners informed the
in all stakeholders· efforts and above all ranking selection of these .3Is. $n online dashboard
based public competition among the districts by allows for the tracking and display of district
setting up a realtime monitoring mechanism. level data on a realtime basis.

1. Create a positive narrative of development $ key policy Tuestion is how to prioriti]e among
by making development a mass movement different indicators across sectors. The $D3
assigns different weights to the indicators
5eferring to these districts as ¶aspirational· rather
informed by a policy focus on social sectors.
than ¶backward· highlights the programme·s
+ealth and nutrition and education have been
recognition that people are the most valuable
given the highest weightage and cumulatively
resource to improve a district’s performance.
they account for 21 of the 49 indicators. Table
&hanges in people’s mindsets and attitudes are
.1 indicates the weights assigned to each of
critical to achieve progress.
the core dimensions.


 Table 35.1: Core dimensions of ADP and their weightage

Dimension Weightage Number of Indicators

Health and Nutrition  1
Education  8
$griculture and :ater 5esources 2 10
)inancial Inclusion and Skill Development 10 11
Basic Infrastructure 10 0

Source 1ITI $ayog

5ankings 5anking districts based on seeking complementarity between public

performance relative to their baseline highlights initiatives and private efforts of households for
the progress made by a district. Making these example choosing to attend a course on skill
rankings and the underlying data available in development . To achieve this the action plan
the public domain will help boost competition prepared by the district collectors of aspirational
between districts. districts will identify the thrust activity
map existing schemes and their respective
3. Converge initiatives across all levels of
implementation agencies and set targets for
government
rapid improvement.
The $D3 aims to ensure convergence between
)igure .1 highlights that for every thrust
different government schemes while also

Figure 35.1: Illustration of how the ADP converges stakeholders’ efforts in the
prevention of stunting

Thrust Activity (Preventing stunting)

Scheme-1 Scheme-II Scheme-

Household National III Scheme-IV Scheme-V
Income ICDS Scheme-VI
Health Subsidised State govt.
Mission Mid Day Programmes
Meal ration Initiatives for sanitation
through PDS & drinking
Anganwadi water
(Asha
Workers) Schools
Fair Price
shop

Source $dapted from $runa Sharma Mainstreaming of 5esource Convergence in 3olicymaking 3rogramme Design and Execution.
December 201

11
. The 1orth(ast 5egion
Objectives the e[port of products made in the 1(5 to the
$ssociation of 6outheast $sian 1ations $6($1
7KH1RUWK(DVW5HJLRQ 1(5 VKRXOG
region and other neighbouring countries
‡ +DYHDGHTXDWHURDGUDLODQGDLUFRQQHFWLYLW\ %angladesh %hutan and 1epal .
ZDWHUZD\VLQWHUQHWFRQQHFWLYLW\DQGÀQDQFLDO
inclusion. This will form the platform upon Current Situation
which suitable interventions for all sectors
The 1(5 consists of eight states namely $runachal
where the 1(5 has a comparative aGvantaJe
3radesh $ssam 0anipur 0eghalaya 0i]oram
for e.J. tourism h\Gropower Jeneration
1agaland 6iNNim and Tripura. The region accounts
hanGicrafts orJanic aJriculture etc. can be
for . per cent of ,ndia·s population and covers
effectively implemented.
. per cent of its total geographical area. ,ts
‡ %y  the reJion should also be contribution to national *'3 is . per cent.1 )igure
developed for enhanced trade particularly for .1 illustrates the per capita net state domestic

Figure 36.1: Per capita NSDP for north-east states, 2015-16

2,50,000
2,33,954

2,00,000

1,50,000
1,23,339
INR

1,14,524
All India Average: 94,732
1,00,000
71,318
60,526 83,621 80,027
55,603
50,000

0
Arunachal Assam Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Sikkim Tripura
Pradesh

6ource 0o63,


 Strategy for
New India @ 75

product 16'3 for the year 211 base year the national average increased to 2. times the
21112 for the 1orth(astern states. national average in 211. 6tates liNe 1agaland
and Tripura which were on par with the national
The Àgure clearly illustrates the disparity in
average in 2 have fallen behind. The
development within the region. :hile Àve out of
heterogeneity among the NE states is noteworthy
the eight states have a per capita income below the
and calls for a state speciÀc development approach.
national average 6iNNim enMoys a per capita income
level that is 2. times the national average. The NorthEast states have performed well in different
aspects of human development. )or e.g. according to
$ comparison of the per capita incomes in these
the 6iNNim +uman 'evelopment 5eport 21 Sikkim
states in 211 and 2 given in )igure
increased its social sector spending from 2 per cent of
.2 indicates that the ranNing within the 1(5 has
total e[penditure in 21 to  per cent in 2121.
also changed over the years.
The female labour force participation rate in Sikkim is
$runachal 3radesh and 6iNNim have shown the  per cent compared to the national average of 2
most signiÀcant improvement in per capita incomes. per cent. )urthermore according to the National )amily
3er capita income in $runachal 3radesh which +ealth Survey  4 all states in the NE5 e[cept $ssam
was below the national average in 2 rose have a lower mortality rate for underÀves than the
to 1. times the national average in 211. national average. /astly Sikkim was recently declared
6iNNim·s per capita income which was on par with ,ndia·s Àrst fully organic state.

Figure 36.2: Per capita NSDP for north-east states, 2004-05

35,000

30,357
30,000
26,129 26,215 25,984
All India Average: 25,944
25,000
21,919
20,775
20,000
INR

15,661 16,299
15,000

10,000

5,000

0
Arunachal Assam Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Sikkim Tripura
Pradesh

6ource 1(5 9ision 2

1
 Strategy for
New India @ 75

. /egal -udicial and Police

5eforms
Objective alternative dispute resolution mechanisms been
utili]ed adeTuately. The :orld %anN “'oing
‡ 7RHQVXUHWKHVDIHW\DQGVHFXULW\RIFLWL]HQVDQG
%usiness 5eportµ 21 ranNs India at 1 in
ensure access to effective legal systems and
¶Enforcing &ontracts· though an improvement
speedy delivery of justice.
of  positions it is clearly not an acceptable
situation.
Current Situation
. Police reform until recently had been stuck
/egal and judicial reforms are urgently needed to
due to various reasons. Policelaw and order
address the massive pendency and capacity issues
is a state subject falling under /ist II of the
in ,ndian courts Zhich impede access to justice.
Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India.
Several archaic and defunct laws have already
In a federal set up like ours this makes policy
been repealed and many others are in the process
reform a rather sticky issue. $fter accounting
of being weeded out. The recently announced
for vacant positions there are only 1 police
umbrella scheme on “Modernisation of Police
personnel per 1 citi]ens 1. lakh in
)orcesµ to strengthen law and order and moderni]e
all . The 8N recommends 222 police personnel
the police is a welcome stimulus. $ part of police
per 1 citi]ens.
reform is intrinsically linNed to legaljudicial reform
which would result in efÀcient criminal justice
dispensation.
Way Forward
A. Legal reforms
Constraints
1. Create a repository of all existing central and
1. The major challenge facing the judiciary is the state laws rules and regulations
huge bacNlog of over . crore pending cases.
‡ The centre and state s need to create
There are also signiÀcant capacity issues.
repositories of laws rules regulations and
2. Ease of doing business in India is severely government orders.
constrained by the inability to enforce contracts ‡ $lternatively a threetier repository system
or laws lengthy and costly litigation and can be considered in line with the system of
arbitration processes and archaic legislations. governance enshrined in the Constitution.
$lthough we have the $rbitration /aw of
1 which is in tune with global principles
it has not yielded desired results in terms of
lessening the pressure on courts. Nor have the


. &ivil Services 5eforms
Objective Constraints
‡ 7RSXWLQSODFHDUHIRUPHGV\VWHPRIUHFUXLWPHQW Several constraints impede the development of a
training and performance evaluation of the civil highly efÀcient transparent and accountable civil
Vervice to enVure more effective and efÀcient service.
delivery of public services to achieve the devel
opment goals envisaged in New India 2022. 1. There is a mismatch between positions and skill
sets. 5ecruitment is not competency speciÀc
Current Situation and often the right person is not placed in the
right job.
7he 6econd $dministrative 5eforms &ommission
$5& was constituted in 200 and in 200 the 2. $ related issue is the opposition to lateral
&ommission submitted around  reports on var entry which hinders the development process.
ious aspects of governance maNing  recom $s the comple[ity of the economy increases
mendations. 2f these  have been accepted by policymaking becomes a speciali]ed activity.
the central government. Decisions on the accepted This creates an inherent need for the lateral
recommendations have been sent to the relevant entry of professionals into government service.
central ministries and stateunion territories with
. There is a need to forecast stafÀng needs in
a reTuest to set up an institutional mechanism to
the civil services. This could ideally be done on
monitor their implementation. +owever a bulN
a Àveyear rolling basis. There are instances
of the recommendations have not yet been im
of lack of employment opportunities in some
plemented. In the meantime the demands on the
areas while there are many vacancies in others.
civil service continue to grow with the ambitious
programmes of the government. 4. $ttracting talent and nurturing e[cellence
ensuring transparency and accountability
5eforms in civil services are a continuous process along with participatory and representative
and several initiatives have been taken in recent decisionmaking are some issues that need to
years by the present government. 7hese include be addressed..
the introduction of a multistakeholder feedback
06) performance evaluation dispensing with WAY FORWARD
interviews for lower level positions introduction
The strategy for 20222 should be centred
of online mechanisms for appraisals and Àling of
on the implementation of the Second $5&
various returns by employees implementation of
recommendations that have been accepted by
eofÀce and strengthening training and meritbased
postings. $bout  states and  union territories
have also discontinued the practice of interview for
recruitments to lower level posts.


 Strategy for
New India @ 75

the government. %roadly the constraints can be ‡ 0entorship 8pon induction young ofÀcers
tackled through interventions in the following should be assigned mentors preferably with an
areas recruitment training and evaluation and ofÀcer having a similar functional speciali]ation
governance. or with highTuality N*2s for values and soft
skill mentorship.
Recruitment
‡ Information Technology IT  8se of IT needs
‡ Improve the teeth to tail ratio 3romote an to be signiÀcantly upscaled for planning
ofÀceroriented culture and focus on e[panding forecasting stafÀng reTuirements and
the numbers of ofÀcers. recruitments.
‡ 2bjectivity in the recruitment and placement ‡ +iring policies The upper age limit for the civil
process :idely disseminate job descriptions services should be brought down to 2 years
and selection criterion and eliminate elements for the general category in a phased manner by
of arbitrariness. 20222. Service conditions for employees of
‡ 5educe the number of civil services The autonomous bodies need to be regulated and
e[isting 0 plus separate civil services at the harmoni]ed.
central and state level needs to be reduced ‡ Strengthen municipal corporation cadres The
through rationali]ation and harmoni]ation number of staff at municipal corporations
of services. 5ecruits should be placed in a should be increased. Measures that monitor
central talent pool which would then allocate performance along the same lines as proposed
candidates by matching their competencies and for other services including through online
the job description of the post. &oncomitantly appraisals and biometric attendance need to
the number of exams for civil services should be introduced.
ideally be brought down to one with all India
‡ 2utsource service delivery (fforts need to be
ranking. States may also be encouraged to use
made to outsource service delivery to reduce
this pool for recruitments.
dependence on the administrative machinery.
‡ (ncourage lateral entry Inducting specialists at 5esearch is needed to identify possible services
higher levels of government will provide much to be outsourced various 333 models should
needed expertise. be explored to determine the best possible
‡ Nurture speciali]ation The key to reform in the mode of outsourcing.
civil services is encouraging ofÀcers to cultivate
Training
speciali]ations based on their education
and skills early on in their careers. Wherever ‡ 5eorient training $lter the current system of
possible longer tenure postings need to be training to meet joboutcome oriented goals.
made based on the ofÀcers· expertise. +owever With economic gravity shifting towards cities
it is also necessary to ensure crosssector training should be reoriented to focus relatively
mobility for civil servants from areas where more on managing urban areas.
they have become surplus to areas of emerging
‡ Introduce midcareer training modules for all
importance.
services.

184
‡ Strengthen and leverage online avenues for ‡ Compulsory retirement for underperforming
training ofÀcers Develop benchmarks to assess the
performance of ofÀcers and compulsorily retire
o Introduce pre and posttraining matching of
those deemed unable to meet the benchmarks.
skills to determine postings.
o Digiti]e human resource records across states. Governance

o Develop a competency matrix to monitor ‡ Citi]encentric framework $n inclusive policy

ongoing skill acTuisition and help match framework with citi]ens at the centre needs
reTuirements with resources in real time. to be developed. $part from improving public
access to information through the use of
o Institute an elearning platform to conduct
Information and Communication Technology
training modules.
ICT and the 5ight to Information $ct 5TI  the
‡ Midcareer examsskill assessment might be 5TI·s management information system portal
undertaken to evaluate and decide on future needs to be expanded to cover more public
postings. authorities especially subordinate ofÀces of
‡ Prepare handbooks for skill orientation to ministries and public sector units.
improve competency. ‡ Institutionali]e system for effective monitoring
‡ Introduce the ¶living university· concept of value of suo moto disclosures To bring further
creation based on outcomes and good ideals. transparency to public affairs and adopt
safeguards to promote accountability effective
‡ Develop ongoing training and immersion
monitoring of suo moto disclosures is essential.
modules on a districtbydistrict basis.
‡ (nhance capability of public authorities The
Evaluation capabilities and knowledge base of central
‡ &onsider replacing annual conÀdential reports public information ofÀcers CPI2s  appellate
$&5s with multi stake holder feedback authorities $$s and information commissions
MS)  $&5s could be replaced with MS). It need to be upgraded on a continuous basis to
is important for MS) to be online to retain enable them to perform their assigned roles
transparency and accountability. without external inÁuence.

‡ Institute goal setting and tracking There is an ‡ Protection of civil servants Introduce an
inherent need to set key responsibilityfocus appropriate system of checks and balances
areas and progressively reduce discretionary including for the process of suspension to
aspects to evaluate civil servants. Institute the ensure that ofÀcers are given their due process
online Smart Performance $ppraisal 5eport and are not vulnerable to vested interests and
5ecording 2nline Window SP$552W template political pressures.
in all central and state cadres. ‡ 5evisit $llocation of %usiness 5ules $o%5 
‡ Incentivi]ation 5eview existing schemes Transaction of %usiness 5ules To%5  (very
and introduce new schemes of incentives for ministrydepartment should review their $o%5
extraordinary performance. To%5 keeping in view present day reTuirements.

18
. Moderni]ing City Governance
)or 8rban Transformation
Objective $ll Smart Cities 0ission $058T  $tal 0ission
for 5ejuvenation and 8rban Transformation and
‡ To transform our cities into economically vibrant
sanitation Swachh Bharat Mission  among others.
and environmentally sustainable habitats that
The current status of urban governance can be
Srovide eTuitable access to basic infrastructure
assessed through an analysis of its constraints.
Sublic services and oSSortunities to all citi]ens
and platforms for democratic participation. Constraints
The key challenges plaguing urban governance in
Current Situation
India include the following.
Global experience indicates that cities are central
‡ The absence of a modern spatial planning
to raisinJ economic productivity enhancinJ Mob
framework public utility design standards
creation and improvinJ public Ànance at all levels.
and land titling in cities takes a huge toll
6uccessful and lonJlastinJ urban transformation
on economic growth and productivity
critically depends on reforming the way our cities
environmental sustainability and living
are governed. +ence city governance is a Ney
conditions in cities.
enabler for urban transformation and sustained
economic growth and job creation. ‡ There is lack of human resource capacities in the
urban sphere at all levels especially in urban
,ndia is urbani]ing at a fast pace and it is
local bodies 8/Bs . The municipalities are heavily
expected that by  close to  per cent of
understaffed and there are signiÀcant gaps in
India’s population would be residing in urban
the skills reTuired for urban management.
areas reTuiring the availability of sustainable
infrastructure and services for a better Tuality of ‡ Indian 8/Bs have huge scope to improve
life.1 Such infrastructure and services can only their Ànancial autonomy and capacity to raise
be ensured through modern urban governance. resources.2 Some of the key reasons behind the
Indian cities are in the process of moderni]ing poor state of municipal Ànances are the narrow
their governance structures. The government inÁexible and nonbuoyant tax base broken
has undertaken various initiatives focusing on Ànancial accounting and audit systems and the
tourism +5I'$<  Heritage City Development and inability of municipalities to levy and recover
$ugmentation <ojana  infrastructure Housing for taxes and user charges.


 Strategy for
New India @ 75

Figure 39.1: Key strategies to improve urban governance by 2022-23

City Economy Spatial Planning Capacity

Building

Decentralization Citizen
ULB Finance Participation

‡ Multiple institutions like parastatals between business and governments to hasten

development authorities public works the progress of speciÀc projects improve
departments and 8/Bs themselves report the ease of doing business and catalyse
to different departments of the state investments into the city.
government and have been entrusted with
‡ Concomitantly a Tuarterly city dashboard
overlapping responsibilities. The distribution
capturing citylevel investments GD3 and
of power between elected ofÀcials at the city
employment growth financial position
level mayors and councillors and central
and financial performance and status
administrative service cadres at the city
of infrastructure projects can provide a
district levels are highly tilted towards the
framework for datadriven decisions. This
latter. The th Constitutional $mendment
will measure transformation and encourage
C$$ to decentralise urban governance has
competition among cities. )or this the
not translated into reality affecting citi]en
Ministry of Housing and 8rban $ffairs
participation in cities.
MoH8$  the Ministry of )inance and
the Ministry of Statistics and Programme
Way Forward Implementation may create frameworks for
The following strategies are proposed to improve a dashboard subsuming schemespecific
urban governance in India by 2222. performance MIS.

1. Leveraging city economy 2. Decentralization and metropolitan

governance
‡ (ach city needs to be recogni]ed as a distinct
unit of the economy. In larger cities City ‡ The multiplicity of agencies with overlapping
Economic Councils can serve as a clearinghouse jurisdictions and fragmented roles and

188
. 2Stimi]ing the 8se oI /and
5esources
Objectives ‡ /egalise and ease land leasing.

(QVXULQJWKDWODQGPDUNHWVIXQFWLRQVPRRWKO\ ‡ &onsolidate Iragmented Slots oI Iarmers to

WKURXJKHIÀFLHQWDOORFDWLRQRIODQGDFURVVXVHV enhance eIÀcienc\ and eTuit\.
SURYLVLRQRIVHFXUHSURSHUW\ULJKWVDQGWLWOHV ‡ &reate a digiti]ed and integrated land records
and clear and consistent regulations around the system that is easily accessible in all states.
oSerations leasing and sale oI land are critical Ior ‡ Increase eIÀciency in the management oI Iorest
India to achieve and sustain high economic growth. land.
7o this end the Iollowing goals have to Ee achieved
‡ &onvert waste and Iallow land to Sroductive
E\ 
uses.

Figure 40.1: Land use across different uses in India, 1990-91 to 2013-14

350
Agricultural, Cultivable,
Culturable & Arable
300 Land

Permanent pastures &

250
other grazing lands
Thousands of Hectares

185.1 183.4 181.8

200
Barren & Unculturable
Land
150

11.4 10.6 10.2 Non-Agricultural Uses

100 19.5 17.4 16.9
21.2 23.7 26.9

50 Forests
67.7 69.8 71.8

0
1990-91 2000-01 2013-14

6ource 'irectorate oI (conomics and 6tatistics 'eSartment oI $griculture &ooSeration and )armers· :elIare

191
1. Data /ed Governance and
Policy Making
Objectives the population census comes out once in ten years
the latest National )amily +ealth 6urvey ²  was
Evidence based policy making should be made
released in 11 after a period of 1 years.
integral to the overall governance structure in New
,ndia  7o achieve this timely generation 5apid advancements in technology have led to an
and dissemination of robust data at all levels of explosive growth in the volume of data produced.
governance would be a prereTuisite 7his would Data is now being touted as one of the most
reTuire valuable resources. Given the proprietary access
to high value data sources public services and
‡ &ollecting data for new measurable parameters
governance systems in India can better harness the
using latest technologies.
value of this data.
‡ ,mproving efÀciencies in processes related
Statistical system in India
to existing data collection by government
departments and agencies. $t the government level various ministries
departments of the Government of India state
‡ Expanding warehousing facilities for storing and
governments and the 2fÀce of the 5egistrar General
integrating data from different sources.
&ensus &ommissioner under the 0inistry of
‡ 0aking data available for industry practitioners +ome $ffairs collect data. 2ne important step taken
academicians researchers etc. wherever towards creating the availability of nonsensitive
feasible. data for public consumption on a common platform
‡ ,ntegrating data analysis and interactive data was the launch of National Data Sharing and
visuali]ation into all policy formulation. $ccessibility 3olicy NDS$3 in 1. 7he obMective2
of the policy was to “increase the accessibility and
Current Situation easier sharing of nonsensitive data amongst the
registered users and their availability for scientiÀc
%DFNJURXQG
economic and social developmental purposes”.
&ountries where largescale developmental 7his led to the creation of the 2pen Government
efforts are needed reTuire their policy delivery Data initiative where the domain data.gov.in was
mechanisms to be robust and efÀcient. +owever registered in 2012. It is now one of the important
paradoxically these countries have very little data pillars of the Digital India programme.
needed for the selection implementation and
evaluation of effective policies.1 ,n ,ndia decision
making is often based on surveys and consultations
that are released with a considerable lag. )or e.g.


 Strategy for
New India @ 75

$s stated by the Ministry of Statistics and ‡ There is overreliance on data collection through
Programme Implementation MoS PI  central surveys. These are released at a considerable
ministriesdepartments or state government lag which diminishes their usefulness in
departments that are responsible for an area policymaking. There is a dearth of availability of
subject are usually the key agencies for collecting real time operationaladministrative data.
the statistics for that domain. 7he usual Áow of
o 2ne challenge in this regard is that
statistical information is from states to the centre
considerable numbers of stakeholders are
except in cases where the operations are part of
involved in enabling data collection systems
centrally sponsored schemes or when the data is
that are premised on a “bottomtotop”
collected through national sample surveys. 9iewed
approach. It will be a huge challenge to
from the national level the Indian statistical
get all these stakeholders on board for a
system at the centre is laterally decentrali]ed
streamlined data collection and reporting
between the ministries and departments while the
mechanism as envisaged for 20222.
vertical represented by each ministry is vertically
decentrali]ed between the centre and the states. ‡ There is a problem with the usability of data
$ similar decentrali]ed structure exists at the state that is currently generated.
levels which have lateral decentrali]ation at the o /arge volumes of data collected by
state department level and vertical decentrali]ation different government agencies and
at the district level. In addition statistical ofÀces departments are not shared even among
at the central and state levels i.e. the &entral the departments.
Statistics 2fÀce &S2 and the Directorate of
o The data shared is often not available in
Economics and Statistics DESs respectively bring
machine readable format or cannot be
together all statistics related to India and examine
integrated with data from other sources to
various aspects including Tuality accuracy and
help develop multidimensional insights.
timeliness.
o Enabling adoption of the latest technology
7he need for evidencebased policymaking has at the grassroots level would involve
been recognised for years now. )iveyear plans substantial investment along with skill
in the past have stressed the need for freTuent development of local functionaries.
and robust data collection processes in various
o )urthermore planning will be reTuired to
contexts ranging from health to natural calamities
integrate different technologies so that
to agriculture. 7he 5eport of the Dr. 5angarajan
ground level data can be aggregated.
Commission in 2001 also acknowledges the
increased need for data in the decisionmaking ‡ /astly there is considerable lack of awareness
process.4 regarding currently available data sources.

Constraints Way Forward

The following constraints need to be overcome to The following framework which focuses on the key
enable India·s transition to a dataled governance aspects reTuiring intervention needs to be enabled
structure. by 20222 to achieve transparent governance

1
 Figure 41.1: Framework for achieving transparent governance

Data collection methods should be streamlined between data stored across different databases
through the following measures and across ministries in a central location for
easy access by the public.
‡ %oth administrative and survey data need to
be collected in digital formats across various The following speciÀc steps will ensure that the
sectors in real time to move from paper based above objectives are achieved.
to digitally driven operations. This would
1. Data integration and quality assurance
reTuire the adoption of latest technologies that
reTuire recording in digital format geotagging Most of the administrative and survey data are
etc. This will address the issues related to time generated at the state level. It is recommended
lags data cleansing etc. associated with that after going through the process of Tuality
surveys to a large extent. assurance where discrepancies are removed
and formats are standardi]ed the data should
‡ Ensure availability of data at a more granular
be integrated in a state data repository. This
level ² villageblockdistrict. NITI $ayog is
process should be followed by all states
already engaged in developing a National Data
based on guidelines drawn up by the central
$nalytics Portal which is envisioned as a central
government.
repository for realtime data across different
sectors for all states8Ts. 5eliable and timely data is essential for
evidencebased policy making which should be
‡ Enable data sharing in real time through
the norm. Necessary reform of our statistics and
$pplication Programming Interfaces $PI
1
 Strategy for
New India @ 75

data collection system must be undertaken as 3. Role of tertiary big data

soon as possible to achieve this objective.
)or better governance and evidencebased
Some state governments like $ndhra Pradesh policymaking it is recommended that tertiary
Gujarat and 5ajasthan have taken important big data collected by private third parties
steps to leverage technology for evidencebased should be used. 2ver time the National Data
policymaking. +owever these steps need to be $nalytics Portal aims at collecting analysing
further streamlined and adopted by all states. and disseminating various types of tertiary data
This will empower the ofÀcer on the ground to of different levels of granularity.
take data led decisions. This aspect forms an
4. Skill development and restructuring
integral part of the Digital Transformation Index
being instituted by NITI $ayog. Measures to Government statistical organi]ations
leverage technology for informed policymaking responsible for data collection and reporting
will be implemented in a time bound manner need to be updated on new technologies.
and closely monitored for desired results. Data scientists with multiple skills in the
areas of statistics analytics computer science
2. Data protection
and programming are rare in the Indian
The issue of conÀdentiality will need to be government. MoS PI needs to have an
ensured while dealing with citi]en level data. adeTuate number of data scientists to take
The -ustice Sri .rishna Committee 5eport advantage of new technologies. 5eskilling
submitted its recommendation in -uly 2018. Its needs to be promoted across government
recommendations are under active consideration agencies both at the state level and at the
to formulate a data protection law in India. centre. $ roadmap for strengthening various
government agencies including MoS PI needs
to be formulated and implemented in a time
bound manner.

________________________________________
1
httplive.worldbank.orgsitesdefaultÀles%ig20Data20for20Development205eport_Ànal20version.pdf. $ccessed $pril 20
2018.
2
httpwww.dst.gov.innationaldatasharingandaccessibilitypolicy0. $ccessed $pril 22 2018.

httpwww.mospi.gov.in142presentindianstatisticalsystemorganisation. $ccessed $pril 2 2018.
4
httpmospi.nic.in11background. $ccessed $pril 0 2018.

198
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1aLN0araWhZada.rLshL9Ld\aSeeWh ‡ 'r P. -RshL 'LreFWRr 6RXWh $sLa ,)P5,
‡ 6hrL%aOELr6LQJh5aMeZaOPresLdeQW%haraWL\a ‡ 6hrL PraNash /RhLa M' MerLQR ,QdXsWrLes /Wd
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‡ 6hrL PraYesh 6harPa )RXQder &(2
‡ 0s&hha\a%haYsar6eQLRr&RRrdLQaWRr$6+$ 6aE]LZaOaFRP
‡ 6hrL'%hX\aQ'LreFWRr6)$& ‡ PrRI $QLO .XPar 6LQJh 9LFe&haQFeOORr
‡ 'r*RSaO1aLNPrRIessRr 'eaQ)aFXOW\ 5aMPaWa 9LMayaraMe 6FLQdLa .rLshL
,,0 %aQJaORre 9LshZaYLdyaOaya

‡ 'r *9 6rLQLYasaQ 6FLeQWLsW 6SLFes %Rard ‡ 6hrL PXQeeW -haMharLa 'LreFWRr &R)RXQder
&rRS &RQQeFW (QWerSrLses PYW /Wd
‡ 0s ,shLra 0ehWa 'LreFWRr &R)RXQder &rRS
&RQQeFW (QWerSrLses PYW /Wd ‡ 6hrL 5aJhXQaWh PaWLO 6heWNarL 6aQJaWhaQ
Maharashtra State
‡ 6hrL ,shZar /aO PaWLdar &haLrPaQ 5aM\a .rLshL
$a\RJ 0adh\a Pradesh ‡ 'r 5aMaraP 7rLSathL 1atLRQaO &RQYeQer
$OO ,QdLa )arPers $OOLaQFe
‡ 6hrL -aOees 5esearFher 1aYdaQ\a

199
 Strategy for
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‡ ShrL 5aMNXPar SLQJh +aMarL )arPer ‡ 'r 9inod .umar %hatt ([eFutiYe 'ireFtor
5eSreseQtatLYe .arQataNa Navdanya

‡ ShrL 5aPesh .XPar <adaY &haLrPaQ ‡ 'r 9/ Patil President

+aryaQa )arPers &RPPLssLRQ %haratiya .rishaN SamaM ² 9idharEha

‡ ShrL 5aPSaO -at 1atLRQaO PresLdeQt

Services Sector
.LsaQ MahaSaQFhayat
‡ Shri $May SinJh CM' SSiFeMet
‡ ShrL 5* $JarZaO &haLrPaQ
'haQXNa $JrLteFh /td ‡ Shri $Mit *ulaEFhand CM' HCC /td

‡ ShrL 5S SRdhL M' $PXO ‡ Shri $roon Purie Chairman ,ndia Today *rouS

‡ 'r SaQdeeS .XPar +aryaQa State )arPers ‡ Shri $run Maira Iormer Chairman %oston
Commission Consulting Group India

‡ 'r Shanti SZarXS .hanna )ormer $dYiser ‡ Shri $seem Chauhan ChanFellor $mity
$JriFXOtXre  POanninJ Commission Education Society

‡ Shri Sharad Marathe 87S ‡ Shri $shish Chauhan CE2 %SE

‡ Ms Smita %hatnaJar Senior Coordinator $S+$ ‡ Shri %harat $nand Senior Partner .haitan Co

‡ Shri 7sherinJ *yatso /eSFha ‡ Shri %harat -oshi 'irector Trac1 /ogistics -oshi
SSiFe )armer SiNNim .onoiNe Transport InIrastructure

‡ Shri 7Xshar -aJtaS Senior ManaJer Sahaydri ‡ Shri %ipin P Singh )ounder MoEiNZiN
)armers ProdXFer 2rJanisation ‡ Shri 'eep .alra )ounder CE2
‡ Shri 9 5aYiFhandra )armer 5eSresentatiYe makemytrip.com
Tamil Nadu ‡ Shri .amal Hingorani S9P SpiceMet
‡ Shri 9eerSal SinJh )armer 5eSresentatiYe ‡ Shri .andula Grant Thornton
Uttar Pradesh
‡ Ms. .anika TekriZal CE2 -etSetGo
‡ Shri 9iMay PrataS SinJh $ditya C(2 (N*aon
‡ Shri Nikhil Sahni Head  Government %ranch
‡ Shri 9iNas Chaudhary )armer 5eSresentatiYe %anking <es %ank
Haryana
‡ Shri PraEodh Thakker Chairman
‡ Shri 9ilas Shinde M' Sahaydri )arms ProduFer Global Insurance
ComSany /td
‡ Shri 5aghav %ahl )ounder The 4uint
‡ Ms 9imla SihaJ )armer 5eSresentatiYe
‡ Shri 5aghav 9erma Co)ounder Chaayos
5aMasthan
‡ Shri 5ahul %hasin Managing Partner %aring
Private ETuity Partners

200
‡ Shri 5ahul 9atts Senior 9P Idea Cellular ‡ Shri Manish Chaturvedi M' CE2 Indus
Strategy
‡ Shri 5aMat MukarMi CC$2 Idea Cellular
‡ Shri Manish Mishra ChieI 5egulatory $IIairs
‡ Shri 5aMeev TalZar CE2 '/)
Tata Steel
‡ Shri 5aMnish :ahi Senior 9ice President
‡ Shri Manish Sharma CE2 Panasonic India
Snapdeal
‡ Ms. Meghana Narayan )ounder Slurrp )arm
‡ Shri 5anMi 'ua Chairman 'ua $ssociates
‡ Shri Narasimha Hegde 9ice President $shok
‡ Shri Soumya Palchoudhuri <es %ank
/eyland /imited
‡ Shri Sunil . Goyal M' )und Manager
‡ Ms. Nidhi Sa[ena CE2 =octr
<our Nest 9enture Capital
‡ Shri 2m Prakash /ohia CM' Indorama
‡ Shri Suresh Senapaty :ipro
Synthetics
‡ Shri Utsav Somani Partner $ngelist India
‡ Shri Probir 'as M' Terumo India Private
‡ Shri 9ikesh Mehta Grant Thornton
/imited

Manufacturing Sector ‡ Shri 5aMesh Shah CM' Mukund Iron and Steel

‡ Shri $desh Gupta CE2 /iberty Group ‡ Shri 5amakrishna N. CE2 5ang 'e
Chairman Council )or )ootZear /eather and ‡ Shri 5amesh 5amachandran Senior 9ice
$ccessories C)/$ President Strategy Precision )arming
‡ Shri 'ilip G Shah Secretary General Indian Mahindra Mahindra /td.
Pharmaceutical $lliance ‡ Shri 5oshan /al Tamak E[ecutive 'irector
‡ Shri 'inesh $ggarZal -oint M' Sugar DCM Shriram
$nchor Electricals ‡ Shri Sahil Malik MD Da Milano
‡ Shri EshZar . 9ikas CE2 Mukunda )oods ‡ Shri SanMay Modi MD $P$C Middle East
‡ Shri Gautam Nair M' Matri[ Clothing P /td. Monster.com

‡ Shri G... 5aman Group President Corporate ‡ Shri Shailesh Pathak CE2 / T InIrastructure
$IIairs $rvind Te[tiles /td. Development Project

‡ Shri Harsh MariZala Chairman Marico /td. ‡ Shri Subrata %isZas Director Engineering
5esearch Development  %HE/
‡ Ms. Ishita 'ey ChieI ProMect Manager
Economic Times ‡ Shri 9edant -haver CE2 -haver Group

‡ Shri -agdish .hattar )ounder Carnation $uto ‡ Shri 9ijay Iyer MD 5io Tinto India

‡ Shri Mahendra Singhi CE2 Cement  'almia ‡ Ms. 9inita Sethi Senior 9ice President $pollo
Cement %harat /td. Hospitals

201
 Strategy for
New India @ 75

Civil Society Organisations ‡ Shri 5atna Mathur. Dy. Programme Director

C$5E India
‡ Shri $loysius P. )ernandes Secretary M<5$D$
‡ Shri 5avi Pokharna E[ecutive Head Projects 
‡ Shri $ditya Patnaik $ntodya Chetana Mandal
5ambhau Mhalgi Prabhodhini Delhi
‡ Shri $khil Dobhal Sr. Manager Prayas
‡ Shri 5avindra Gajbhiye $ctivist Sampoorna
‡ Shri $mod .anth General Secretary Prayas %amboo .endra Melghat Maharahtra
‡ Dr. $shok .hosla Chairman Development ‡ Shri 5avindra Sathe E[ecutive Director
$lternatives 5ambhau Mhalgi Prabhodhini Mumbai
‡ Shri $shZath %hatt -t. Secretary ‡ Dr. 5. C. -ha Scientist Sulabh International
H. N. Wanchoo Trust
‡ Shri 5ohit Choudhary 5egional Director
‡ Dr. %indeshZar Pathak )ounder
‡ Shri Santhosh Gupta CE2 Indian Social
Sulabh International
5esponsibility NetZork IS5N
‡ Shri Harish Hande CE2 Selco
‡ Shri Shashi %hushan Chairman S$THIUP
‡ Dr. Indumathi 5ao 5egional $dviser C%5
‡ Shri Shubham 2sZal Programme Head. Water
NetZork %engaluru
Environment Green Energy )oundation
‡ Dr. -. Paul %haskar Chairman Peace Trust
‡ Shri Srikanth 9isZanathan CE2 -anaagraha
‡ Dr. /alit .umar Sr. 9ice President
‡ Shri Surendra .ulkarni Member Director 
Sulabh International
Seva Bharati Purbanchal
‡ Dr. Madhav Chavan Director Pratham
‡ Ms. Bhavana /uthra E[ecutive Director
Education )oundation
/E$D India
‡ Shri Manas Satpathy Pradan
‡ Ms. Puja MarZaha C5<
‡ Shri Nachiket Mor %ill Melinda Gate
‡ Ms. Sandhya 9enkatesZaran
)oundation %MG)
Dy. Director BMG)
‡ Shri Neichute Duolo CE2 Enterprises
‡ Ms. Sharmila 2sZal President Green Energy
$ssociates
)oundation
‡ Shri Prabhat Pani T$T$ Trust
‡ Ms. Shatabdi Pande E[ecutive Member
‡ Shri Pradip .umar Sarmah E[ecutive Director Chhattisgarh Mahila Manch
Centre Ior 5ural Development
‡ Dr. S. Chatterjee E[ecutive President Sulabh
‡ Shri 5ajan %ahadur MD CE2 C$5E India International
‡ Dr. 5ajesh Tandon President P5I$ ‡ Dr. 9ijay Mahajan CE2 B$SI;

202
Scientists and Innovators ‡ ProI. 9ijay Chandru Co)ounder
Strand /iIe Sciences
‡ Shri $mit Mishra GM Piramal Water Pvt. /td.

‡ ProI. $nil Gupta National Innovation Labour Representatives and Trade

)oundation 8QLRQV
‡ Shri $rjun P. Gupta )ounder CE2 ‡ Shri $jit . Ghose Institute oI Human
Energy Management  Smart -oules Development

‡ Shri Chander Shekhar SCI G  ICM5 NeZ Delhi ‡ Shri $. Sahu ESIC

‡ Dr. H. Purushottam CMD National 5esearch ‡ Shri $lakh Sharma Institute Ior Human
Development Corporation Development

‡ Dr. ..D. Nayak )ormer ChieI Controller 5 D ‡ Shri $rup Mitra DG NI/E5D
MED MIST  D5D2 ‡ ProI. Chinmay Tumbe IIM$
‡ Shri .arunakara M. 5eddy Smart India Pvt. /td ‡ Shri GB GaZde Indian National Trade Union
‡ Ms. Poyni Bhatt CE2 Sine IIT  B Congress

‡ Shri Pradeep Mehta Head )inance /egal ‡ ProI. -eemol Unni $hmedabad University
)inance /egal )$ Technology ‡ Ms. .amal Gaur Save the Children
‡ Shri Premkumar Seshadri HC/ InIo systems ‡ Ms. Manali Shah SEW$
‡ Dr. 5aghunath Mashelkar )ormer DG CSI5 ‡ Ms. Nayana Mallapurkar Tata Institute oI Social
‡ Shri 5ajeev .her Saraplast Sciences

‡ Dr. S... Sarin Director I/BS ‡ Ms. Neelam Chibber Industree )oundation

‡ Shri Sandeep Goenka =ebpay ‡ Dr. Nomaan Majid I/2

‡ Shri Sanjeev Malhotra CE2 I2T Centre oI ‡ Shri Saji Narayanan C... BMS
E[cellence N$SSC2M ‡ Shri Sanjay Singh Tata Sons
‡ Shri Shishir .. -ha. $sstt. ProIessor IIT Bombay ‡ Shri Sanjeev Bikhchandani Naukri.com
‡ Shri Sudesh Menon Water/iIe ‡ Shri Santosh Mehrotra -NU
‡ ProI. Supriyo Mitra Dean IISE5 .olkata ‡ ProI. Shalini Bharat Tata Institute oI Social
‡ Dr. T. Mohapatra DG IC$5 Sciences

‡ Shri 9ignesh Subrahmanian /ead Scientist GE ‡ Dr. Sher 9erick I/2

Global 5esearch ‡ Dr. S . Sasikumar 99 Giri National /abour
‡ Dr. 9ijay Bhatkar Chancellor Nalanda University Institute

20
 Strategy for
New India @ 75

‡ Ms. Sudipta Bhadra I/2 ‡ Dr. .5 Shanmugam Director Madras School of

Economics
‡ Shri Sunil 5ana Mercer  Global Consulting
Practice Public Sector ‡ Dr. Navro] Dubash Senior )elloZ CP5

‡ Shri <oginder $lagh Economist ‡ Dr.Pradeep $pte Professor Gokhale Institute of

Politics Economics
Think Tanks
‡ Shri Prashant Girbane Director Pune
‡ Dr. $ Ganeshkumar ProIessor IGID5 International Centre
‡ Shri $jay /ele Senior )elloZ IDS$ ‡ Dr. Pravarkar Sahoo Professor IEG
‡ Dr. $mit Chandra $ssociate Director ‡ Dr. 5adhicka .apoor )elloZ IC5IE5
Centre for Civil Society
‡ Shri 5ajesh Chakraborty Co)ounder
‡ Dr. $nant Sudarshan India Director Sunay Policy $dvisory
Energy Policy Institute at
‡ Dr. 5upa Chanda Professor IIMBangalore
‡ Dr. $nirban Ganguly Director Shyama Prasad
‡ Ms. 5ZitZika Bhattacharya CE2
Mukherjee 5esearch
Swaniti Initiative
‡ Dr. $nshu BharadZaj Director CSTEP
‡ Dr. Sachin Chaturvedi DG 5IS
‡ Shri $rghya Sengupta 5esearch Director 9idhi
‡ Shri Saket Mishra India )oundation
Centre for /egal Policy
‡ Shri Saurabh Chandra )ellow Takshashila
‡ Ms. Bindu $nanth Chair I)M5
Institution
‡ Dr. Errol D·Sou]a DirectorinCharge
‡ Dr. Seeta Prabhu Tata Chair Professor TISS
IIM$hmedabad
‡ Dr. Shakti Sinha Director Nehru Memorial
‡ Dr. Harsha 9ardhana Singh E[ecutive Director
Museum /ibrary
Brookings India
‡ Dr. Shekhar Shah DG NC$E5
‡ Shri Harshit Sehgal Senior Director
$nanta Centre ‡ Dr. Sumeet Bhasin Director PP5C

‡ Dr. -aydeep Mukherjee )aculty II)T ‡ Shri Sunjoy -oshi Chair 25)

204
$nne[ 2
This $nne[ provides a comprehensive list of outside e[perts and organi]ations consulted by the
different verticals in NITI $ayog. $ny omissions are inadvertent.

Employment and Labour Reforms ‡ Dr .. D. Nayak )ormer Chief Controller 5 D

MED MIST  D5D2
‡ Dr. $jit Ghose 9isiting Professor Institute of
Human Development ‡ Dr T. Mohapatra DG IC$5

‡ Secretary General Social Security $ssociation of ‡ Ms. Poyni Bhatt CE2 Sine IIT  B
India ‡ Shri 5ajeev .her Saraplast
‡ SelfEmployment Women·s $ssociation ‡ Shri Sandeep Goenka =ebpay
‡ Dr. $lakh N. Sharma Professor Director ‡ Shri .arunakara M 5eddy Smart India Pvt /td
Institute for Human Development
‡ Shri Sanjeev Malhotra CE2 I2T Centre of
‡ Dr. -eemol Unni E[pert on Employment I5M$ E[cellence N$SSC2M
‡ President Bhartiya Ma]door Sangh ‡ Shri Premkumar Seshadri HC/ Info systems
‡ President Indian National Trade Union ‡ Prof. 9ijay Chandru Co)ounder
Congress Strand /ife Sciences
‡ Dr. S. .. Sasikumar Senior )ellow ‡ Prof. $nil Gupta National Innovation
9. 9. Giri National /abour Institute )oundation
‡ Employment Specialist International /abour ‡ Dr. H. Purushottam CMD National 5esearch
2rganisation I/2 Development Corporation
‡ Shri $mod .. .anth Prayas -uvenile $id Centre ‡ Dr. S. Sarin Director I/BS
‡ Dr. Prabhu P. Mohapatra Delhi University ‡ Prof. Supriyo Mitra Dean IISE5 .olkata
‡ Prof. $ditya Bhattacharjea Delhi School of ‡ Dr. 9ijay Bhatkar Chancellor Nalanda
Economics University

‡ Shri Sudesh Menon Water/ife

Technology and Innovation
‡ Shri Pradeep Mehta Head )inance /egal
‡ Dr. 5aghunath Mashelkar )ormer DG CSI5
)inance /egal )$ Technology
‡ Shri 9ignesh Subrahmanian /ead Scientist GE
‡ Shri $mit Mishra GM Piramal Water Pvt. /td.
Global 5esearch
‡ Shri Shishir .. -ha. $sstt. Professor IIT Bombay

20
 Strategy for
New India @ 75

‡ Shri Chander Shekhar SCI G  ICM5 New Delhi Doubling Farmers’ Income
‡ Shri $rjun P. Gupta )ounder CE2 Energy ‡ Dr. Punjab Singh President National $cademy
Management  Smart -oules of $gricultural Sciences Pusa New Delhi

Industry ‡ Dr. P. .. -oshi I)P5ISouth $sia 2fÀce Pusa

New Delhi
‡ Shri $jay Shankar )ormer Secretary
Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion ‡ Dr. P. G. Chengappa )orcer 9iceChancellor
University of $gricultural Sciences
‡ Dr. Pankaj Chandra 9ice Chancellor
$hmedabad University ‡ Dr. Sukhpal Singh Professor IIM $hmedabad

‡ Shri Nakul $nand E[ecutive Director ITC ‡ Shri $shish Bahuguna Chairperson )SS$I )D$
Bhawan New Delhi
‡ Shri Nirupam Srivastava 9ice President
Hero Enterprise ‡ Dr Gopal .rishna Director 9C Central
Institute for )isheries Education Mumbai
‡ Shri Mukhtarul $min Chairman Council for
/eather E[ports ‡ Dr. S. Shivkumar Chief E[ecutive of the $gri
Business Division ITC .olkata
‡ Shri M.S. Unnikrishnan Managing Director
CE2 Therma[ India Pvt /td ‡ Shri H . Bhanwala Chairman Managing
Director N$B$5D Mumbai
‡ Shri $jay .hanna Chief Strategic and Public
$ffairs -ubiliant Bhartia Group ‡ Shri Satish Chander Director General )ertili]er
$ssociation of India New Delhi
‡ Shri $nkur .anaglekar Director Boeing India
‡ Dr. 5. S. Sodhi Managing Director
‡ Shri $nup 5ai SMCC Construction India /td.
Gujarat Cooperative Milk )ederation /td.
‡ Shri Samir $dvani 5afael India
‡ Shri 5aghunath Dada Patil President
‡ Shri . . Gupta 9ice President / T Construction Maharashtra State Shetkari Sangathan Sangli
Maharashtra
‡ Shri Salhotra Bharat Managing Director of
$lstom India /imited ‡ Shri $nil .umar Sahni Tigra )arm

‡ Shri Madhu S Nair CMD Cochin Shipyard /td ‡ Shri Mayank -alan .eventer $gro /imited

‡ Shri Parameshwaran Nath Director PayPal ‡ Shri Sudesh Menon Water /ife
Payments
‡ Shri Sudhir Mehta Pinnacle Industries /imited.
‡ Shri Praveen Shankar Pandya Chairman The
‡ Shri 5ahul Mirchandani $ries $gro /imited.
Gem and -ewellery E[port Promotion Council
‡ Shri Nikhil Nanda Escorts /td.

‡ Ms. Priya Nair Hindustan Unilever

20
‡ Shri Pritam Shah Parag Milk )oods ‡ Shri $jeet Bajaj MD Snow leopard $dventure

‡ Shri Pravesh Sharma )ormer Managing ‡ Shri $man Nath MD CE2 Neemrana Heritage
Director Small )armers· $gribusiness
‡ Shri -oseph Dominic CGH Earth E[perience
Consortium
Hotels
‡ Dr. S . Goel )ormer $dditional Chief Secretary
‡ Shri $shish Phookan MD $ssam Bengal
$griculture Cooperation and Marketing
Navigation
Government of Maharashtra
‡ Shri 5ahul Bhatia MD Indigo
‡ Shri Gokul Patnaik Global $gri System
‡ Ms. $parajita -ain Nature Morte
New Delhi

Travel, Tourism and Hospitality Minerals

‡ Prof. Durga Charan Panigrahi Indian School of
‡ Dr. Mrs C.T. Misra Secretary General INT$CH
Mines Dhanbad
‡ Shri Deep .alra CE2 Make My Trip
‡ Shri S.9ijay .umar )ormer Secretary Mines 
‡ Shri 5itesh $garwal CE2 2yo 5ooms
TE5I
‡ Shri 9ishesh Chandiok CE2 Grant Thornton
‡ Prof. S...Sharma Head Department of Mining
India //P
Engineering IITBHU
‡ Shri Dipak Deva Travel Corporation of India
‡ Shri 9ijay Iyer Managing Director 5io Tinto
‡ Shri .apil Chopra 2beroi Hotels
‡ Dr. 9.N.9asudev Senior Geologist Consultant
‡ Shri $rjun Sharma MD World Travel Tourism
‡ Shri Sunil Duggal CE2 Managing Director
Council WTTC
Hindustan =inc /imited 9edanta 5esources
‡ Shri Manan Thadan MD H9S
‡ Shri 5ahul Baldota -t. Managing Director Ms.
‡ Ms. Priya Paul Chairperson $peejay Surrendra 5amgad Minerals Mining /imited
Park Hotel
‡ Shri $njani $garwal Ernst <oung
‡ Shri 9ivian Peres Director 9entours Int.
‡ Shri Saradchandra 5ao Peshwa Director
Pvt. /td.
Deccan E[ploration Services Private /imited
‡ Shri Sujay Chouhan 2cean Blue
‡ Shri 5ajeev Singhal 9ice President Tata Steel
‡ Shri Dhruv Shrangi CE2 <atra 2nline Inc
‡ Shri Tuhin Mukherjee Managing Director )ICCI
‡ Ms. -yotsana Suri CMD Bharat Hotels
‡ Prof. 5aman Srikanth NI$S
‡ Shri Sunil Munjal Chairman Hero Enterprises
‡ Shri 5...Sharma Secretary )IMI
‡ Shri 5atish Nanda $ga .han Trust
‡ Shri $run .umar .othari President Mining
‡ Shri 5anjan Mathur MD Top Travels Engineers $ssociation of India

20
 Strategy for
New India @ 75

‡ Shri Upendra .umar Member CII ‡ Head 5esearch Division C5ISI/

‡ Shri $kshaydeep Mathur Secretary General ‡ Shri H.N. Sharan )ounder Desi Power
)ederation of Mining $ssociation of 5ajasthan
‡ Shri Tejpreet Bharat /ight and Power

Energy ‡ Director The Energy and 5esources Institute

‡ Shri .irit S. Parikh I5$DE ‡ Prof. $shok -hunjhunwala IIT Madras

‡ Director E[ploration and Production  2il and ‡ Shri 5. . Srivastava EDNET5$

Natural Gas Corporation ‡ Dr. Markus Braunsperger CT2 Hero Moto Corp
‡ Shri 5.9. Shahi E[Secretary M2P ‡ Shri 5ajan Wadhera Mahindra and Mahindra
‡ Shri $jay Mathur The Energy 5esources ‡ Dr. 5ajan 5awal CEPT University
Institute
‡ Chairman $lliance for an Energy EfÀcient
‡ Shri Tulsi Tanti Chairman and Managing Economy $EEE
Director Su]lon
‡ Dr. $nurabha Ghosh CE2 Council on Energy
‡ Shri Chetan S. Solanki IIT Bombay Environment and Water
‡ Shri 9ipul Tuli CE2 Cemcorp Industries /imited ‡ Ms. Priyavrat Bhati Director Centre for Science
‡ Shri 5ahul Tongia Ph.D.)ellow Brookings India and Environment

‡ Shri Sumant Sinha 5eNew Power ‡ Shri Shantanu Di[it Group Coordinator P5$<$S
Energy Group
‡ Shri $jay .handelwal President E[ploration
and Production 5eliance Petroleum ‡ Group Head Energy Management  National
Productivity Council
‡ Shri Shantanu Di[it P5$<$S Energy Group
‡ Chief Engineer Smart Grid Project Gurgoan
‡ Shri $nshu Bhardwaj CSTEP
‡ Shri $.. $sthana Sr.Technical E[pert GI= India
‡ Shri Deepak Gupta Shakti Sustainable Energy
)oundation ‡ Shri Puneet Dalmia MD Dalmiya Bharat Group

‡ Shri Tarun Sawhney Triveni Group ‡ Shri $rjun Gupta Smart -oules Pvt /td.

‡ Shri $nil Sardana CE2 MD Tata Power ‡ Shri $rindam Paul $tom berg Technologies Pvt
/td.
‡ Shri U.C. Muktibodh Director Technical NPCI/
‡ Shri 5angan Banerjee H2D Department of
‡ Shri $nil .umar Chalamalasetty MD Greenko
Energy Science and Engineering IIT Bombay
‡ Shri Pramod Chaudhari Chairman Praj
‡ Shri Manit 5astogi )ounder Partner
Industries /imited Praj Group
Morphogenesis
‡ Shri $lla $yodhya 5ami 5eddy Chairman
‡ Shri Shubhreet Barmer Sr. lighting $pplication
5amky Group
Specialist Philips lighting India /td.

208
‡ Shri .aushik Sanyal H2DBusiness Service ‡ Shri -aspal Singh Consultant International
Group Tata Power Distribution /td $ssociation of Public Transport

‡ Dr. 5avindra .umar Principal Scientist Central

Surface Transport, Railways, Civil 5oad 5esearch Institute
Aviation, Ports, Shipping and ‡ Shri 9inod 9asudevan $ssistant Professor IIT
Inland Waterways, Logistics .anpur
‡ Shri .apil .aul Centre for aviation ‡ Shri Gopal Patil $ssociate Professor IIT Bombay
‡ Shri 5anjit S. Walia Managing Counsel Walia ‡ Shri Seema Sharma IIT Delhi
Co
‡ Dr. Sewa 5am SP$ Delhi
‡ Shri G. 5aghuram Director IIM Bangalore
‡ Shri Sunil Sherlekar Chairman and CE2
‡ Shri $faT Hussain Director Bureau of 5esearch Sankhyasutra Bangalore
on Industry Economic )undamentals
‡ Shri Partha Mukhopadaya Senior )ellow Centre
‡ Dr. G. 9. 5. Shastri Coastal India Development for Policy 5esearch
Council
‡ Ms. 5upali Ghanekar Economic $dviser Indian
‡ Shri $noop .umar Sharma Indian National Ship National Ship 2wners $ssociation
2wners $ssociation
‡ Dr. .ulwant Singh UN Habitat
‡ Capt. I. 9. Solanki
‡ Shri $mitabh 9erma E[ I$S
‡ Shri Umesh Grover Secretary General
‡ Shri Dhiraj Mathur PWC
Container )reight Station $ssociation of India
‡ Shri Manish Sharma PWC
‡ Capt. $shwani Nayar Hind Terminals Pvt. /td.
‡ Shri Clay Stranger 5MI
‡ Dr. Mahesh 5eddy Infrastructure Industry
/ogistics )ederation of India ‡ Shri .artike .arwal $ssociate Director SI$M

‡ Shri .. -anardan 5ao MD Indian Port

6PDUW&LWLHVIRU8UEDQ
$ssociation
Transformation and Modernizing
‡ Shri $kshima T Ghate )ellow TE5I
&LW\*RYHUQDQFHIRU8UEDQ
‡ Shri 5. N. Malik Professor Manav 5achna
University
Transformation
‡ Dr. Chetan 9aidya )ormer Director School of
‡ Prof. Sudhir Mishra Professor IIT .anpur
Planning and $rchitecture New Delhi
‡ Shri D.P. Gupta $sian Institude of Transport
‡ Shri Srikanth 9idwanathan CE2 -anaagraha
Development
Bangalore
‡ Shri Sachin Bhanushali Director CE2
‡ Dr. -agan Shah Director National Institute of
Gateway5ail
Urban $ffairs New Delhi
209
 Strategy for
New India @ 75

‡ Dr. 2. P. $garwal E[2SD Urban Transport W5I ‡ Shri Mahesh Babu MD I/ )S Environment
New Delhi
‡ Ms. Shreya Gadepalli South $sia Director
Institute for Transport and Development Policy ‡ Shri 5avi Shroff E[ecutive Director E[cel
Industries /td. Mumbai
‡ Dr. 5enu .hosla Director Centre for Urban and
5egional E[cellence New Delhi ‡ Shri .artikeya Nitin Desai E[ecutive Director
$SH$ Impact New Delhi
‡ Dr. Suresh .umar 5ohilla Centre for Science
and Environment New Delhi ‡ Shri $shok . $garwal CE2 ESSE/ Infra Projects
/td. Mumbai
‡ Dr. 5ajesh Tandon )ounder and President
Participatory 5esearch in India ‡ Shri Subhash Chandra 9ashisth Director 
S9$<$M -indal Saw /td. New Delhi
‡ Shri Parth Mukhopadhyay Senior )ellow Centre
for Policy 5esearch ‡ Shri Sandip Dutt GM -indal Ecopolis
New Delhi
‡ Prof. Shreekant Gupta Delhi School of
Economics ‡ Shri Shreekanth Sreenivasan Head Business
Development .E) Holdings Bengaluru
‡ Dr. Debolina .undu National Institute of Urban
$ffairs
Water Resources
+RXVLQJIRU$OODQG6ZDFKK%KDUDW ‡ Dr. $... Gosain Professor IIT Delhi

Mission ‡ Dr. Deepak .hare IIT 5oorkee

‡ Shri 5avindra Singh I$S 5etired  )ormer ‡ $.B.Pandya Secretary General International
Secretary to Government of India Commission on Irrigation Drainage

‡ Shri H.P. Prakash Secretary Commissioner ‡ Dr. $rvind .umar India Water )oundation
5WS SD Government of .arnataka
Sustainable Environment
‡ Ms. $sha .apur Mehta Professor IIP$
New Delhi ‡ Dr. P. .. .hosala9C Shoolini University

‡ Shri P Sivaram Professor Head C5I C)/ ‡ Shri 9ipin Chaudhary DDG IC)5E Dehradun

NI5DP5 5ajendra Nagar Hyderabad ‡ Shri $jay Shankar )ormer Secretary to

‡ Shri Munish Gupta Member )ICCI National Government TE5I New Delhi

Committee on S T and Innovation New Delhi ‡ Shri -aison 9arghese Programme 2fÀcer CEE

‡ Shri Chandrakant 5aipat CMD 5ameshwaram New Delhi

Projects Pvt. /td. 5anchi ‡ Shri Shikhar -ain Pr. Counselor Confederation

‡ Shri Samirendra Chatterjee E[ec. President of Indian Industry New Delhi

SU/$BH INTE5N$TI2N$/ New Delhi ‡ Shri 5am Muivah Secretary NorthEastern

Council Shilong

210
‡ Shri George C. 9arughese President Higher Education
Development $lternatives
‡ Prof. )urTan 4amar $IU
‡ Prof. Manmohan yadav Professor II)M Bhopal
‡ Prof. Sudhanshu Bhushan NUEP$
‡ Shri 5avi Singh Secretary General CE2
‡ Shri Pramath 5aj Sinha $shoka University
WW)India

Teacher Education and Training

School Education
‡ Dr. Santhosh Mathew NCTE
‡ Dr. Dhir -hingran /anguage and /earning
)oundation ‡ Prof. Hrushikesh Senapaty NCE5T

‡ Ms. Seema Bansal Boston Consulting Group ‡ Prof. Pranati Panda NUEP$

‡ Prof. 9enita .aul CECED ‡ Ms. Indu Prasad 2n behalf of $]im Premji
University
‡ Prof. Neelam Sood 2n behalf of NUEP$
‡ Shri Hriday .ant Diwan
‡ Shri $mit .aushik $ustralian Council for
Educational 5esearch India ‡ Prof. Disha Nawani TISS Mumbai

‡ Shri Shailendra Sharma 2n behalf of Pratham

Skill Development
‡ Prof. Padma Sarangapani TISS
‡ Director General CII
‡ Ms. -ayshree 2]a
‡ Secretary General )ICCI
‡ Prof. Poonam $grawal 2n behalf of NCE5T
‡ 9ocational Training Skill Development
‡ Dr. 9ineeta Sirohi NUEP$ Specialist I/2

‡ Ms. Deepa Sankar

Public Health Management and
‡ Shri Bikkrama Daulet Singh 2n behalf of
Central STuare )oundation
Action, Comprehensive Primary
Health Care, Human Resources for
‡ Shri 5aj Gilda /endaHand India
+HDOWK8QLYHUVDO+HDOWK&RYHUDJH
‡ Ms. 5enu Seth 2n behalf of Pratham Second
Chance ‡ Dr. M.. Bhan IIT Delhi

‡ Ms. $parna Bijapurkar 2n behalf of BCG ‡ Ms. Sandhya 9enkateswaran BMG)

‡ Ms. -yotsana -ha Centre for Budget and Policy ‡ Dr. T -acob -ohn 5etired Christian Medical
Studies College 9ellore TN Child Health )DN

‡ Shri N. $rora The INC/EN Trust International

‡ Ms. Shamika 5avi Brookings India

‡ Shri $njan Bose N$THE$/TH

211
 Strategy for
New India @ 75

‡ Shri 5ajesh .umar PGIME5 School of Public ‡ Shri C.S. Pandav ICC
Health Chandigarh
‡ Dr. -.H. Panwal MWCD
‡ Ms. Sarojini Sarna
‡ Dr. .apil <adav $IIMS
‡ Shri <ogesh -ain -an Swasthya Sahyog 9illage
‡ Dr. $nju Sinha
P2 Gramyan Bilaspur CG
‡ Dr. $run Gupta BPNI
‡ Dr. Henk Bekedam WH2
‡ Shri $mod .anth Prayas
‡ Dr. Subhash Salunke PH)I
‡ Ms. Gayatri Singh UNICE)
‡ Shri Sanjay =odpay PH)I
‡ Dr. 5asmi $vula CGI$5
‡ Shri -orge Coarasa World Bank
‡ Dr. Deepika Chaudhury World Bank
‡ Shri Priyanka Saksona WH2 India
‡ Dr. Satish B. $gnihotri IIT
‡ Shri Chandrakant /ahariya WH2 India
‡ Shri Sameer Maheshwari Healthkart
NP2UH/
‡ Ms. Esha Saraswat I)P5I
‡ Dr. $rvind .asaragod Director Medical
Services India Cloudnine Hospitals ‡ Ms. $rkalina Dwibedi )SS$I

‡ Ms. $njula Solanky Director CII ‡ Dr. $.C. Mishra )SS$I

‡ Shri Sumit $ggarwal ICM5

Nutrition
‡ Dr. M . Bhan $IIMS
‡ Shri D.S. Swaminathan ICM5

‡ Shri Manoj .umar Singh MWCD Gender

‡ Shri Gulshan MWCD ‡ Ms. Sanchita Mitra SEW$

‡ Shri 5aj .umar Bhandari Poshan ‡ Dr. .iran Sharma WH2

‡ Dr. $jay .hera MoH)W ‡ Dr. Seema $rora CII

‡ Ms. Manjula Singh CI)) ‡ Dr. Neeta Pradhan CII

‡ Ms. 5ekha Sinha Intemadonal Institute of /ife ‡ Ms. 5ehana 5iyawala SEW$
Sciences
‡ Ms. .apilaben SEW$
‡ Dr. Basanta .umar .ar Coalition for )ood and
‡ Prof. Pam 5ajput Women·s 5esource
Nutrition Security
$dvocacy Centre
‡ Ms. Naiyya Saggi Babychakra
‡ Dr. 5atna Sudarshan Institute of Social Studies
‡ Dr. B. Sesikaran NIN Trust

‡ Ms. Deepika Srivastava E[pert ‡ Prof. Mary E -ohn Centre for Women·s
Development Studies

212
‡ Ms. Suneeta Dhar -agori ‡ Dr. $loka Guha

‡ Prof. 5avinder .aur IIT Delhi ‡ Shri G.B. Panda )ormer Senior $dviser
Backward Castes Division Planning
‡ Ms. Ena Singh UN)P$
Commission
‡ Ms. Shobhana Boyle UN)P$
‡ President  Secretary Bharatiya $dim -ati Sevak
‡ Prof. Bina $garwal Economist
Sangh
‡ Ms. Diya Nanda UN Women
‡ Shri $shif Shaikh Director -an Sahas Social
Development Society
Social Inclusion
‡ Shri 5.C. Durga
‡ -ustice Shri Eshwaraiah )ormer Chairman
National Commission for Backward Classes ‡ Ms. 5uth Manorama

‡ Dr. Sham Singh Shashi )ormer DG ‡ The Secretary National Commission for
Information Broadcasting 9isiting Professor Scheduled Castes
$nthropology Sociology Media and ‡ The Secretary National Commission for
-ournalism Hindi IGN2U Scheduled Tribes
‡ Dr. Tanweer )a]al $ssociate Professor ‡ The Secretary National Commission for Safai
$ssociate Professor Center for the Study on .armacharies
Social Systems -awahara /al Nehru University
‡ The Secretary National Commission for
‡ Dr. 5.5. Prasad 5td. Professor Centre for Minorities
e[clusion Inclusive studies NI5D Hyderabad
‡ The Member Secretary National Commission
‡ Prof. G.G. Wankhede )ormer Professor TISS for DenotiÀed Nomadic SemiNomadic Tribes
‡ Prof. $nita -ulka Department of Education of ‡ The Secretary National Commission for
Groups with Special Needs National Council of Backward Classes
Educational 5esearch and Training
‡ The CE2 and -oint Secretary National Trust
‡ Dr. Siddhartha Sarkar Principal E[ecutive
Head $nanda Chandra College of Commerce The North-East Region
-alpaiguri
‡ Shri Chandan Mahanta Dean IIT Guwahati
‡ Shri -aved $bidi Director National Centre for
‡ Prof. Sachin Chaturvedi DG 5IS
Promotion of Employment for Disabled People
‡ Shri $mitabha De IIM Shillong
NCPEDP founder of the Disability 5ights
Group ‡ Prof. Milindo Chakrabarti 9isiting )ellow 5IS

‡ Shri Nipun Malhotra Cofounder and CE2 ‡ Shri 5.S.C. -ayraj Director 5ain )orest 5enewal
Nipman )oundation Institute

21
 Strategy for
New India @ 75

Legal, Judicial and Police Reforms ‡ Shri P. .. Tripathi E2 $dditional Secretary

DoPT
‡ Shri Suresh Chandra Secretary /aw Ministry of
/aw -ustice ‡ Ms. 9asudha Mishra $dditional Secretary
D$5PG
‡ Prof. S. Sivakumar Member /aw Commission
of India ‡ Shri B. S. Baswan )ormer Chairman UPSC
Committee on Civil Services Examinations
‡ Ms. $nupama Nilekar Chandra Inspector
General BP5 D ‡ Prof. Dolly $rora IIP$ New Delhi

‡ Shri $mod .anth )ounder Prayas Institute of

2SWLPL]LQJWKH8VHRI/DQG
-uvenile -ustice Chairman DWSSC
Resources
‡ Shri Shekhar Gupta )ounder The Print
‡ Shri Prabhat .umar Sharma
Civil Services Reforms
‡ Shri Shyam Bang Chairman N$BCB

‡ Dr. Sanjeevan Bajaj CE2 )ICCI 4uality )orum

214