0% found this document useful (0 votes)
98 views6 pagesDC1 C2 Modals
Uploaded by
Вероніка ЯблонськаCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
98 views6 pagesDC1 C2 Modals
Uploaded by
Вероніка ЯблонськаCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 6
+The nine main modal (wil, would, can, could, may, might, shall, should, must} have only one form (ie they do not change
tense or person) and are followed by a simple or continuous bare infinitive (eg could + do, be doing, have done, have been
doing). They can also be followed by a bare infitive in the passive (eg could + be dane, have been done),
‘+ Semimodals have similar meanings to modals. They include: need (to), ought to, had better and have (got to.
* Some semimodals, such as had better, do not change tense or person. Others, such as have (got) to, do
* Some semimodals can be used in combination with madals, producing phrases such as might have to.
Real ability | Current or general atiity | can, cant You can't really speak seven languages fluently, ean you?
Past ability | could, couldnt | There's no way you could read when you were two!
Decisions made now about | can, can't, could, | lean get you a paper when | go to the shop, if you lke
future ability | couldnt
Future abiity | wil/von't be able to | One day, maybe, all adults will be able to read and write
Hypothetical) Current or general Could, couldnt | eouldn’t go on a quiz show. Id be too scared!
ablity | hypothetical ability
Future hypothetical ability could, couldn't || could go with them tothe cinema tomorrow but | wont
because Ive already seen the fit.
Past hypothetical ability could have, They could have asked the Prime Minister much more
| couldn't have searching questions. | wonder why they didat.
* The full negative form of modals is written as two words, eg could not: The exception is cannot, which is one word,
= Can and could cannot be used as infnitives. We can use to be able to instead.
I love to be able to come with you to the cinema tomorrow but !just can't
* We don't usually use could for past ability on one occasion. We use was/were able to, managed or succeeded, etc.
¥ Luckily, she was able to finish the article in me.
However, with verbs such as see, hear, feel, ec we can use could for past abilty on one occasion.
¥ leould see that she was tired.
Asking for permission may, could, couldn’, can, can't Can | finish watching this before | go to bed?
Giving/refusing permission |_may, may not, could, couldn't, can, can't_| No, you ea
© = Mayis more polte and formal than could, and could is more poite and formal than can.
* We dort usually use modals to talk about past permission, We can use was/were allowed to.
Y We were allowed to buy one comic each
= However, we do use could to tak about past permission in reported speech. (see Unit 25 for more information)
Mum said we could buy one comic each.
‘Asking for and giving advice | should, shouldn't, ought to, oughtn't to, had better | You should try to
that poem published.
© - Wecan only use hadn't better in questions
We can also use might/may as well to give advice and make suggestions. This suggests that, although the suggestion
10
i Hadn't you better check that these facts are actually true?
isnt perfect, there sno beter option.
FRR / We may as well watch this as there's noting els on Modals and sermi-modals. Unit 9
Criticising past behaviour should have, shouldn't have, You shouldn't have spoken to Nrs Todd
ought to have, ought't to have ike that.
Expressing annoyance at past could have, might have You could/might have told me you were
behaviour | going to be late!
Criticising general behaviour wal He will slam the door every time he goes out.
Criticising a specific example of |_| would | You would take the car just when | wanted to
someone's general behaviour | 80 out.
] we can aso use might as welt suggest cites.
fe
Current or general obligation ‘must, mustnt, have (got t, You have to be 2 good communicator to be a
need tto) press spokesperson,
Alack of current or general don't have to, haven't got to, You don't always need to have a degree to
obligation needn't, don't need {to} become a journalist
Future obligation will have to, must, must, You'll have to do quite a lot of research before
have (got fo, (will need (to) you write this report
Alack of future obligation don'/won' have to, haven't got to,| Im glad we won't have to write any more
needn't, don'/won't need (to) | essays on ths course.
Past obligation | had to, needed (to) We had to come up with three questions each
lack of past obligation | dint have to, didn't need (to), | In the past, polticians didn’t have to deal with
| needn't have being in a 24-hour media spotight.
We are more likely to use must for personal obigation (making our own decision about what we must do) and have to
{or external obligation (someone else making a decision about what we must do).
Using must for questions is extremely formal. We usually use have to,
¥ Do you have to have a degree to be a journalist?
‘Mustn't is used for prohibition. Don't have to is used for a lack of obligation.
We can use dldr't have to and didnt need to for things that we did or dt actually do. However, we only use needn't
hhave done for things that we actualy did but weren't obiged to do.
earls
Certainty (or near certainty) about | will, would, must, can, cant, “There’s someone at the door.’
now, the future or generally could, could't | ‘That be the postman.”
‘tt can't be. He's already been.”
Certainty (or near certainty) will have, won't have, would have, ‘They won't have heard the news, will they?”
about the past woutdh't have, must have, can't | ‘They must have heard by now, surely.”
have, couldn't have
Probabilly about now, the future | should, shouldnt, ought to, “The weather should be good tomorrow,
or generally ‘oughtn't to, may/might well (not), shouldn't it?”
could well, might easily “Actually, the forecast said it may well rain.’
Probability about the past ‘should have, shouldn't have, ‘Jan should have finished writing her article
easily (not) have ityet”
Possibility about now, the future or | could, may (not), might, mightn', might (just) have time to get tothe ibrary
generally | may/might/could just before it closes.
Possibility about the real past could have, may (pot have, might im might not have checked his e-mail yet
ought to have, oughtn't to have, by now, shouldn't she?”
‘may/might well not) have, might | ‘She may well have done, but | haven't seen
| have, mightn't have
should and should have can be used in that clauses after words expressing importance and reactions.
¥ It’s strange that you should say that. Was it necessary that Alan should have been invited to the meeting?
n 12
A Circle the correct word or phrase. If both are correct, circle both.
1 You can't / couldn't really talk when you were one year old, can / could you?
2 We can / could give you a lft home tonight, if you want.
3 I wish | can / could speak Russian, then I'd be able to /1 could read Tolstoy in the original
4 Excuse me, could / may you tell me how to get to the leisure centre from here?
5 I'm afraid we can't / won't be able to come to the wedding after all
6 Thankfully, we could / managed to get to the airport just in time so we didn't miss the plane,
7 Dawn couldn't go / have gone to the barbecue as she had to work.
8 Would you like to could / be able to buy the flat you're renting?
9 Ina thousand years, can humans / will humans be able to travel faster than the speed of light?
10 ‘Mum, can | watch TV and do my homework later?”
‘No, you may / might not”
11 We could catch / have caught the last train after all, but of course we didn't know that at the time,
12 Mayn't / Can't | at least stay up till the end of the film?
13 Everyone could / was able to tell that Julie was upset about something
14 May / Can | open the window, please? Its a litle stuffy in here.
15 Because we had guests last Saturday, the kids could / were allowed to stay up till midnight.
B_ Write a verb from the box in the correct form in each gap.
do * eat © feel * go * have * invite * provide * recover * sit * speak * stand * work
1 It seems there's nothing anybody can to stop the conflict escalating further.
2 She couldn't anything in her left arm for about two hours. She said it was
completely numb.
3 I don't think the Prime Minister will ever manage from this scandal.
4 Cant ‘Tracy round after tea? We want to play my new computer game.
5 Liz has had another ice cream so why CAAt..0 ‘one? It’s not fair!
6 When | was a child, my brothers and sisters and | weren't allowed with the grownups
‘except on special occasions.
7 Darren's allergic to wheat, so he can't voonnn bread under any circumstances.
8 Dominic had said he spoke German, but when we got there it turned out he couldn't
word!
9 Id love to be able from home, but in my job it's ust not possible.
10 James could for Pariament atthe last election — he had enough support - but he wasn't
willing to sacrifice his privacy.
11 A small cot for babies can if you ask at reception.
12 We couldn't to the concert anyway as Jamie wasn't very well.
C If the word in bold is correct, put a tick. If
is incorrect, rewrite it correctly.
Shouldn't you getting planning permission before you start building?
Gavin really ought not to be worn casual clothes to the interview last week
She might have gave us a callto let us know she was allright.
You should better get a second opinion before you do anything drastic like knock down a supporting wall.
Peay
{ dor't think you must go to school today if you're not feeling well.
We definitely should not judge Karen until we know exactly what happened. OOOO CCC EE EEE
Modals and semi-modals Unit 9
7 I probably won't get the job but | should as well apply for it,| suppose.
8 You could have told us you'd changed your mind about the holiday. How are we going to find a fourth
person at this late stage?
9. We had rather book the tickets now, hadn't we? They might have sold out on the day.
10 Terry would leave his bedroom in such a mess all the time. It's just not good enough.
11. Michael was late, but then again he will be.
12. You may have asked me if| wanted to come with you! You know | need to go to the bank!
D Write a word or short phrase in each gap so that the second sentence has a similar meaning to
the first sentence.
1 I would suggest seeing a doctor if it doesn't clear up.
You had a doctor if it doesn’t clear up.
2. twas typical of Jerry to forget to feed the cat, wasn't it?
Jerry to feed the cat, he?
3 I'm annoyed Diana didn’t invite us to her engagement party.
Diana us to her engagement party.
4. Buying a yellow car was a mistake — everyone thinks | drive a taxil
I a yellow car ~ everyone thinks | drive a taxi!
5. Teenagers are noisy, aren't they?
Teenagers .... Make SO MUCH NOISE, sn. they?
6 It won't harm us to see what special offers are on at the moment.
We ‘what special offers are on at the moment.
7 Don't you think you should type that essay, rather than write it in pen?
better type that essay, rather than write it in pen?
8 It would probably have been a good idea if you'd asked Dad what he thought.
You to Dad what he thought.
E. Write a word from the box in each gap. You will need two of the words twice.
doesn't * got * had © has
ave * must * needn't » will
lt have bothered preparing so much food; nobody ate anything anyway.
2 Doyou to have that music on so loud? | can't concentrate!
3 You call before you come round, as welll definitely be in.
4 It was difficult, but | knew | to apologise.
5 Trista need to get a surnmer job as her parents are quite welloff
Ce you have to be there in court yourself, or can a lawyer represent you?
7 We didn't to wear a uniform to school today, so | went in jeans and a T-shirt.
8 | think Damien to stay in hospital for the next four or five weeks,
9 Children... not be left unattended under any circumstances.
10 We haven't to move out for another six months, but we've started looking
for a new place anyway.
73 Unit 9
m4
Grammar
F Complete using must, have to, need or need to in the correct form and the correct form of the
words in brackets.
1 You (pay) me back now, but of course you can if you like!
2 Dogs (keep) on a leash at all times.
3 If Linda (pick up) from school tomorrow, maybe we could spend the afternoon in town,
4 We (rely) on phone lines in the future as we'll all have mobile phones which connect to
the Internet.
5. The invitations (send off) soon otherwise they won't get there in time.
6 Sorry 'm late. (get) 2 few things from the supermarket on my way here.
7 (you / make) a fuss to get your money back, or was the manager quite reasonable?
8 You (believe) everything Graham tells you. He's lied to me before.
9. Thankfully we (put) Flossie in a cattery as our neighbours offered to feed her.
10 What time (farmers / get up) every morning?
11 Td hate (commute) to work every morning and evening, wouldn't you?
12 Although we took CDs with us we actually (do) as there was no CD player to play them on.
G Write one word in each gap.
A tabloid editor speaks «tbls sur ans bre we atv
m hi \bsolute proof first.
ay make sure we give our readers what . y 2
they want. And what do they want? Scandal. It is my job Stores £0 Us. The uh shat we eel en ena
to tell the readers when a celebrity has done something ‘© Tn @ story about them anyway, so they realise they
eric 2 eee igh as (10) put their side of the scory
politician (3) to have done something 270S5-They know they (11) defintely
but didn't. One accusation that is often levelled at hive £© speak out at some point so why wait! And lees
tabloid is tha we think we (4) noteed fe it, celebrities need to (12) talked
to worry about the truth, but that is just not true. | have about constantly or they stop being famous, so they
6 wx be shown proof from atleast two (13) not complain, in my view
| sourees before I run a story. As a newspaper, you have What | would say to celebrities and politicians that do
6 to get your facts ight and you _