Harmonic reduction by using passive filter

A Report submitted to

DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR

TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, LONERE

In partial fulfillment for degree of

Bachelor of Technology
in

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
By

SR Prn
Name of Students
No. No.
1 TANAYA SHIVAJI PATIL 1962691293012
2 DEEPALI PRASHANT PATUKALE 2062691293039

3 ANUSHKA RAGHUNATH MORE 2062691293038

4 ROHAN DATTATRAY JADHAV 2062691293008

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

PROF. M. S. S. KHATANGALE

PADMABHOOSHAN VASANTRAODADA PATIL INSTITUTE

OF TECHNOLOGY, BUDHGAON
2022-23

i
 PADMABHOOSHAN VASANTRAODADA PATIL INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY, BUDHGAON
Department of Electrical Engineering

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the report of
Harmonic reduction by using passive filter
Submitted by

SR Prn
No. Name of Students
No.
1 TANAYA SHIVAJI PATIL 1962691293012
2 DEEPALI PRASHANT PATUKALE 2062691293039

3 ANUSHKA RAGHUNATH MORE 2062691293038

4 ROHAN DATTATRAY JADHAV 2062691293008

to DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, LONERE in

partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of B tech in Electrical Engineering is a bona fide
record of project work carried out by him/her under my/our supervision. The contents of this
report, in full or in parts, have not been submitted to any other Institution or University for the
award of any degree.

Prof.S.S.Khatangale Prof.Dr. L. S Patil Prof.Dr.D.V.Ghewade

Guide Head of Principal
Department

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 DECLARATION

I declare that this project report titled “Harmonic Reduction By Using Passive Filter”
submitted in partial fulfillment of the degree of B. Tech in Electrical Engineering is a record
of original work carried out by me under the supervision of PROF. S. S. KHATANGALE and
has not formed the basis for the award of any other degree or diploma, in this or any other
Institution or University. In keeping with the ethical practice in reporting scientific information,
due acknowledgements have been made wherever the findings of others have beencited.

SR Prn
No. Name of Students
No.
1 TANAYA SHIVAJI PATIL 1962691293012
2 DEEPALI PRASHANT PATUKALE 2062691293039

3 ANUSHKA RAGHUNATH MORE 2062691293038

4 ROHAN DATTATRAY JADHAV 2062691293008

Budhgaon, 416304

15/06/2023

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 AKNOWLEDGEMENT

During the selection of topic entitled as “Harmonic Reduction By Using Passive Filter” The
help we received from our professors, family, and friends is invaluable and we are forever
indebted to them.
We would first like to express our gratitude to our Principal Dr. D. V. Ghewade, Our HOD
Prof. L.S. Patil and our Guide Prof. S. S. Khatangale for their immense support, suggestion,
encouragement and interest in our seminar work. Without their invaluable suggestions our
seminar topic selection would be incomplete.
Last but not least, we would like to thank our friends, parents and group members for their
belief and patience in our endeavor.

SR Prn
No. Name of Students
No.
1 TANAYA SHIVAJI PATIL 1962691293012
2 DEEPALI PRASHANT PATUKALE 2062691293039

3 ANUSHKA RAGHUNATH MORE 2062691293038

4 ROHAN DATTATRAY JADHAV 2062691293008

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 ABSTRACT

Now a-days the usage of modern drives are extended, the imbuement of harmonics has been produced
rapidly. To reduce the harmonics imbued in the transmission line the filters are used as a piece of the
system. The filters are used to diminish the distortion caused by the source and drives. A couple of
sorts of filters are accessible; however the passive filter is one of the convincing among them. The
passive filter is more feasible in restricting the voltage distortion caused by the nonlinear loads used
in the endeavors. The layout and execution of the passive filter will be steady of diminishing the current
and voltage harmonics. Most of the power quality issues are caused because of the nonlinear loads,
induction heater and power equipment devices. These sorts of weights will make the harmonics which
will destroy the sinusoidal nature of the AC supply. The most natural approach to diminish harmonics
is by introducing passive filter in our system. In this paper we discussed the power philosophies of
passive filter which alleviate harmonics and keep up waveform sinusoidal. With the growing use of
industrial drives, the problem of injected harmonics becomes critical. These harmonics require the
connection of harmonic filter in the network. The filter is design to minimize harmonic distortion
caused by source such as drives. several types of passive filters are effective in minimizing voltage
distortion caused by non linear loads in industrial power systems. Different alternatives for filter design
should be considered before making the final decision on filter configuration. Among the criteria used
for performance evaluation are current, and voltage ratings of each of the filter component, and the
effect of filter and system contingency conditions. The design and performance of passive filter will
be discussed. It will reduce the current and harmonic distortion. The most of power quality problems
are caused due to non-linear loads such as induction furnace and use of power electronic device. The
non-linear load produces harmonics which destroy the sinusoidal nature of supply. So that it is
important to mitigate this harmonics. The best method of mitigating harmonics is by using by filter.
The Passive filter is suitable for the mitigation of Current harmonics. In this paper we discussed the
control strategies of Passive filter which mitigate harmonics and maintain waveform sinusoidal.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

CERTIFICATE i

DECLARATION ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii

ABSTRACT iv

LIST OF FIGURES v

LIST OF TABLES vi

1. INTRODUCTION 9

2. LITERATURE SURVEY 19

3. OBJECTIVES 23

4. METHODOLOGY 24

A. Feasibility Study 24

B. Component of Project 25

32
5. WORKING OF PASSIVE FILTER WITH ITS DESIGN
34
A. Selection of Filters
35
B. Selection of Capacitors & Inductors
29
C. Calculations
30
D. Installation
38
6. INSTALLATION AND RESULT
40
A. Selection of Filters 41
B. Selection of Capacitors & Inductors 42
C. Calculations 43

D. Installation

7. PROJECT MODEL IMAGES 39

8. TIMELINE 44
v
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

DISCRIPTION PAGE NO:

9. ESTIMATED COST 45

10. CONCLUSION 46
11. REFERENCES 47

vi
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE NUMBER

1.1. Periodic distorted waveform 10

1.2 Fourier series representation of a distorted waveform 11

1.3 High neutral current in circuit serving single phase 15

nonlinear load
1.4 Voltage THD variation 16

4.1 System architecture 24

4.2 Power analyzer 25

4.3 MCB(Miniature Circuit Breaker) 26

4.4 Capacitor 27

4.5 Ferrite core Inductor 28

4.6 Iron core Inductor 28

4.7 CFL(compact fluorescent Lamp) 29

4.8 Incandescent Lamp 29

4.9 Rectifier Diode 30

4.10 Switch 30

5.1 Types of passive shunt filter 33

5.2 Single tuned filter 34

6.1 Circuit diagram 39

6.2 First stage generation kit 39

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 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE TITLE PAGE NUMBER

1 Effects of poor PQ on power system components 12

2 component specification 31

3 component calculation for harmonic filter for 500 36

VAR
component calculation for harmonic filter for 100
4 VAR 38

Timeline
5 44

Estimated cost
6 45

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Here is a great emphasis about power quality and particularly the issue of harmonics distortion because
of the joining of more non-linear loads in a typical present day plant. Further, power electronic based
devices are for the most part being used for inverter, rectification and distinctive applications. Not
withstanding the fact that these devices are more suitable they create and imbue harmonics into the
power system. For the most part, adequacy examinations in power systems think about without
distortion waveforms, that is the voltage and current waveforms are believed to be sinusoidal.

A harmonics is a sinusoidal part of an intermittent wave having a frequency that is a vital different
of the fundamental frequency. The standard of harmonics in power systems has been the static power
converter used as rectifiers, variable speed drives, switched mode supplies, frequency changers for
induction heating. Since nonlinear loads speak to a reliably extending level of the total store of a
mechanical or modern power system, harmonics examinations have transformed into a basic bit of
general system diagram and operation. Fortunately, the accessible programming for harmonics
examination has furthermore created. Non-linear loads on the system are the major responsibility for
voltages and current harmonics in the power system. The harmonics level gets extended by the
utilization of power electronic gadgets. This prompts the purpose behind minimization in relentless
reliability and stability. To beat these issues, it is a need to keep up power quality. These issues rise
in view of the electrical unsettling influence. Most of the aggravation depends upon the amplitude or
frequency. Harmonics causes overheating of motors, cables, transformers. Moreover reduce the future
of various components. So the passive filter is used to mitigate harmonics.

Harmonic Distortion:
Harmonic Distortion Harmonic distortion is caused by nonlinear devices in the power system. A
nonlinear device is one in which the current is not proportional to the applied voltage. Figure 1.1
illustrates this concept by the case of a sinusoidal voltage applied to a simple nonlinear resistor
in which the voltage and current vary according to the curve shown. While the applied voltage is
perfectly sinusoidal, the resulting current is distorted. Increasing the voltage by a few percent may
cause the current to double and take on a different waveshape. This is the source of most harmonic
distortion in a power system.
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Fig.1.1. Periodic, distorted waveform

Figure 1.1 illustrates that any periodic, distorted waveform can be expressed as a sum of sinusoids.
When a waveform is identical from one cycle to the next, it can be represented as a sum of pure sine
waves in which the frequency of each sinusoid is an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency of
the distorted wave. This multiple is called a harmonic of the fundamental, hence the name of this
subject matter. The sum of sinusoids is referred to as a Fourier series, named after the great
mathematician who discovered the concept. Because of the above property, the Fourier series concept
is universally applied in analyzing harmonic problems. The system can now be analyzed separately at
each harmonic. In addition, finding the system response of a sinusoid of each harmonic individually
is much more straightforward compared to that with the entire distorted waveforms. The outputs at
each frequency are then combined to form a new Fourier series, from which the output waveform may
be computed, if desired. Often, only the magnitudes of the harmonics are of interest. When both the
positive and negative half cycles of a waveform have identical shapes, the Fourier series contains only
odd harmonics. This offers a further simplification for most power system studies because most
common harmonic-producing devices look the same to both polarities. In fact, the presence of even
harmonics is often a clue that there is something wrong—either with the load equipment or with the
transducer used to make the measurement. There are notable exceptions to this such as half-wave
rectifiers and arc furnaces when the arc is random.

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Fig. 1.2Fourier series representation of a distorted waveform.

Usually, the higher-order harmonics (above the range of the 25th to 50th, depending on the system)
are negligible for power system analysis. While they may cause interference with low-power
electronic devices, they are usually not damaging to the power system. It is also difficult to collect
sufficiently accurate data to model power systems at these frequencies. A common exception to this
occurs when there are system resonances in the range of frequencies. These resonances can be excited
by notching or switching transients in electronic power converters. This causes voltage waveforms
with multiple zero crossings which disrupt timing circuits. These resonances generally occur on
systems with underground cable but no power factor correction capacitors. If the power system is
depicted as series and shunt elements, as is the conventional practice, the vast majority of the
nonlinearities in the system are found in shunt elements (i.e., loads). The series impedance of the
power delivery system (i.e., the short-circuit impedance between the source and the load) is
remarkably linear. In transformers, also, the source of harmonics is the shunt branch (magnetizing
impedance) of the common “T” model; the leakage impedance is linear. Thus, the main sources of
harmonic distortion will ultimately be end-user loads.

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Harmonic Distortion Effects on Power Quality

When a nonlinear load is fed from a sinusoidal supply, non-sinusoid, distorted current containing
harmonics will be drawn from the supply. A voltage drop for each harmonic will be produced when
this harmonic current will pass through the source impedance resulting in harmonic voltage at the
PCC. The amount of voltage distortion depends on the source impedance and current.
Harmonics has numerous undesirable effects on electric PQ. Unexplained computer network failures,
premature motor burnouts, humming in telecommunication lines, and transformer overheating are
only a few of the damages that quality problems may bring into home and industrial installations.
Table(1) below illustrates various effects of poor PQ on power system components

SR.NO. Item Impact

1. Rotating machines Overheating loss of efficiency, pulsating
torque, shaft fatigue ,reduced Life
,acoustic noise emission.
2. Transformer Overheating, reduce Life, acoustic noise
emission.
3. Neutral wire Overloading
4. Power factor capacitor Overloading, Fuse disconnection.
5. Fuses and circuit breaker Tripping reduce life
6. Cables and conductors Increased temperature inability to provide
Current ratings without over heating
7. Telephone network Increase level of noise safety problem
8. Data cable Interference and noise
9. Electronic equipment Defective operation, Radio interference
10. Meters Erroneous reading

Table no:1 Effects of poor PQ on power system components.

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TYPES OF HARMONICS :
Integer harmonics are divided into two categories: odd harmonics and even harmonics. Other than
integer harmonics there are sub and inter harmonics where n is fractional.
• Odd Harmonics:
Integer harmonics having frequencies which are odd integer multiple of fundamental frequency are
known as odd harmonics.
Odd harmonics may be expressed as in = In sin 2πnft
Where, n = 3, 5, 7, . . . etc.
and In is the amplitude of harmonic component of order n.
• Even Harmonics:
Integer harmonics having frequencies which are even integer multiple of fundamental frequency are
knows as even harmonics.
Even harmonics may be expressed as in = In sin 2πnft
Where, n = 2, 4, 6, . . . etc.
and In is the amplitude of harmonic component of order n.
• Inter Harmonics:
Often in non-sinusoidal waveform there are harmonics having frequencies which are greater than
fundamental but not integer multiple of fundamental frequency. These are known as inter-harmonics.
Mathematically, in = In sin 2πnft Where, n > 1 but not integer; e.g.: 1.2, 1.5, 2.7 . . . etc
• Sub Harmonics:
Often in non-sinusoidal waveform there are harmonics having frequencies which are smaller than
fundamental frequency. These are known as subharmonics.
Mathematically, in = In sin 2πnft
Where, n < 1; e.g.: 0.2, 0.5, 0.7 . . . etc

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Triplen harmonics:

Triplen harmonics are the odd multiples of the third harmonic (h 3, 9, 15, 21,…). They deserve special
consideration because the system response is often considerably different for triplens than for the rest
of the harmonics. Triplens become an important issue for grounded-wye systems with current flowing
on the neutral. Two typical problems are overloading the neutral and telephone interference. One also
hears occasionally of devices that mis operate because the line-to-neutral voltage is badly distorted by
the triplen harmonic voltage drop in the neutral conductor.
For the system with perfectly balanced single-phase loads illustrated in Fig. 5.6, an
assumption is made that fundamental and third-harmonic components are present. Summing the
currents at node N, the fundamental current components in the neutral are found to be zero, but the
third-harmonic components are 3 times those of the phase currents because they naturally coincide in
phase and time.
Transformer winding connections have a significant impact on the flow of triplen harmonic
currents from single-phase nonlinear loads. Two cases are shown in Fig. 5.7. In the wye-delta
transformer (top), the triplen harmonic currents are shown entering the wye side. Since they are in
phase, they add in the neutral. The delta winding provides ampere-turn balance so that they can flow,
but they remain trapped in the delta and do not show up in the line currents on the delta side. When
the currents are balanced, the triplen harmonic currents behave exactly as zero-sequence currents,
which is precisely what they are. This type of transformer connection is the most common employed
in utility distribution substations with the delta winding connected to the transmission feed.
Using grounded-wye windings on both sides of the transformer (bottom) allows balanced
triplens to flow from the low-voltage system to the high-voltage system unimpeded. They will be
present in equal proportion on both sides. Many loads in the United States are served in this fashion.
Some important implications of this related to power quality analysis are:

1. Transformers, particularly the neutral connections, are susceptible to overheating when serving
single-phase loads on the wye side that have high third-harmonic content.
2. Measuring the current on the delta side of a transformer will not show the triplens and, therefore,
not give a true idea of the heating the transformer is being subjected to. 3. The flow of triplen
harmonic currents can be interrupted by the appropriate isolation transformer connection.
harmonic currents can be interrupted by the appropriate isolation transformer connection.

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Fig.1.3. High neutral currents in circuit serving single phase nonlinear loads

Total harmonic distortion:

The THD is a measure of the effective value of the harmonic components of a distorted waveform.
That is, it is the potential heating value of the harmonics relative to the fundamental. This index can
be calculated for either voltage or current:

where Mh is the rms value of harmonic component h of the quantity M. The rms value of a distorted
waveform is the square root of the sum of the squares as shown in Equations .The THD is related to
the rms value of the waveform as follows:

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The THD is a very useful quantity for many applications, but its limitations must be realized. It can
provide a good idea of how much extra heat will be realized when a distorted voltage is applied across
a resistive load. Likewise, it can give an indication of the additional losses caused by the current
flowing through a conductor. However, it is not a good indicator of the voltage stress within a capacitor
because that is related to the peak value of the voltage waveform, not its heating value.
The THD index is most often used to describe voltage harmonic distortion. Harmonic
voltages are almost always referenced to the fundamental value of the waveform at the time of the
sample. Because fundamental voltage varies by only a few percent, the voltage THD is nearly always
a meaningful number. Variations in the THD over a period of time often follow a distinct pattern
representing nonlinear load activities in the system. Figure shows the voltage THD variation over a
1-week period where a daily cyclical pattern is obvious. The voltage THD shown in Fig. was taken at
a 13.2-kV distribution substation supplying a residential load. High-voltage THD occurs at night and
during the early morning hours since the nonlinear loads are relatively high compared to the amount
of linear load during these hours. A 1-week observation period is often required to come up with a
meaningful THD pattern since it is usually the shortest period to obtain representative and reproducible
measurement results.

Fig.1.4. voltage THD variation

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Principles for Controlling Harmonics:

Harmonic distortion is present to some degree on all power systems. Fundamentally, one needs to
control harmonics only when they become a problem. There are three common causes of harmonic
problems:
1. The source of harmonic currents is too great.
2. The path in which the currents flow is too long (electrically), resulting in either high
voltage distortion or telephone interference.
3. The response of the system magnifies one or more harmonics to a greater degree than can
be tolerated.
When a problem occurs, the basic options for controlling harmonics are:
1. Reduce the harmonic currents produced by the load.
2. Add filters to either siphon the harmonic currents off the system, block the currents from
entering the system, or supply the harmonic currents locally.
3. Modify the frequency response of the system by filters, inductors, or capacitors.

Standards on Harmonics :

There are various organizations on the national and international levels working in concert with
engineers, equipment manufacturers, and research organizations to come up with standards governing
guidelines, recommended practices, and harmonic limits. The primary objective of the standards is to
provide a common ground for all involved parties to work together to ensure compatibility between
end-use equipment and the system equipment is applied. An example of compatibility (or lack of
compatibility) between end-use equipment and the system equipment is the fast-clock problem in the
case study The end-use equipment is the clock with voltage zero-crossing detection technology, while
the system yields a voltage distorted with harmonics between 30th and 35th. This illustrates a
mismatch of compatibility that causes misoperation of the end-use equipment. This section focuses on
standards governing harmonic limits, including IEEE 519-1992, IEC 61000-2-2, IEC 61000-3-2, IEC
61000-3-4, IEC 61000-3-6, NRS 048-2,13 and EN50160.1

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IEEE Standard 519-1992:

The limits on harmonic voltage and current based on IEEE Standard 519-1992. It should be
emphasized that the philosophy behind this standard seeks to limit the harmonic injection from
individual customers so that they do not create unacceptable voltage distortion under normal system
characteristics and to limit the overall harmonic distortion in the voltage supplied by the utility. The
voltage and current distortion limits should be used as system design values for the worst case of
normal operating conditions lasting more than 1 h. For shorter periods, such as during start-ups, the
limits may be exceeded by 50 percent. This standard divides the responsibility for limiting harmonics
between both end users and the utility. End users will be responsible for limiting the harmonic current
injections, while the utility will be primarily responsible for limiting voltage distortion in the supply
system. The harmonic current and voltage limits are applied at the PCC. This is the point where other
customers share the same bus or where new customers may be connected in the future. The standard
seeks a fair approach to allocating a harmonic limit quota for each customer. The standard allocates
current injection limits based on the size of the load with respect to the size of the power system, which
is defined by its short-circuit capacity. The short-circuit ratio is defined as the ratio of the maximum
short-circuit current at the PCC to the maximum demand load current (fundamental frequency
component) at the PCC as well. The basis for limiting harmonic injections from individual customers
is to avoid unacceptable levels of voltage distortions. Thus the current limits are developed so that the
total harmonic injections from an individual customer do not exceed the maximum voltage harmonic
current limits
for various system voltages. Smaller loads (typically larger short-circuit ratio values) are allowed a
higher percentage of harmonic currents than larger loads with smaller short-circuit ratio values. Larger
loads have to meet more stringent limits since they occupy a larger portion of system load capacity.
The current limits take into account the diversity of harmonic currents in which some harmonics tend
to cancel out while others are additive. The harmonic current limits at the PCC are developed to limit
individual voltage distortion and voltage THD Since voltage distortion is dependent on the system
impedance, the key to controlling voltage distortion is to control the impedance. The two main
conditions that result in high impedance are when the system is too weak to supply the load adequately
or the system is in resonance. The latter is more common. Therefore, keeping the voltage distortion
low usually means keeping the system out of resonance. Occasionally, new transformers and lines will
have to be added to increase the system strength. IEEE Standard 519-1992 represents a consensus of
guidelines and recommended practices by the utilities and their customers in minimizing and
controlling the impact of harmonics generated by nonlinear loads .

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

[1] T.Adrikowski basically they analyze the reactive power compensation in industry and give
suggestion how application of passive filter design is useful for the induction furnace. In this
paper they firstly analyze effect of power quality related problem due to the disturbance in the
sine wave. After analyzing they developing solution are provided by controlling this sinusoidal
wave disturbance that is harmonic include the induction furnace and series inductance. The
design of the passive shunt filter is carried out as per the reactive power requirements. This filter
is designed to compensate the requirements of reactive power of the system. Therefore, this
passive filter helps in maintaining the dc link voltage regulation within limits along with the
power factor improvement. It also sinks the harmonic currents of frequencies at which the
passive filters have been tuned.

[2] S.L.Gbadamosi, A.O.Melod in this paper a new block for induction furnace was developed
using matlab Simulink. In previous research attempt which analyze the disturbance of sine
waveform of these study focuses on the modeling of new block for the induction furnace load on
steel plant. The supply network was analyzed in term of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of
voltage (V) & current (I) using developed block. After simulation they developing solution are
provided by new block proved to be effective in harmonic distortion analysis in steel plant is
carried out.

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[3] M. Almutairi, S. Hadjiloucas this paper focus on the extraction of disturbance in sinusoidal
wave that is harmonics and identified the size of single tuned passive filer work in distribution
network is best in order to economically limit variation caused by given point of common
coupling (PCC). The main contribution of this paper is the innovative adoption of the NLCI in
an STPF to distinguish between the current due to the mains supply distortion and the nonlinear
current due to the industrial user’s loads. The user’s load sourced nonlinear currents produce
harmonic voltages as they pass through upstream power system impedance components, such as
cables etc. The IEEE Recommended Practice and Requirements for Harmonic Control in
Electrical Power Systems (IEEE 519-2014 standard) [36] states that harmonic currents should
be reduced in order to minimize voltage harmonics. The passive filter which we propose, as
designed by the proposed NLCI minimization approach, has proven its effectiveness by reducing
harmonic currents and minimizing harmonic voltage distortion in standard power system models.
Our methodology takes into account the IEEE 519-2014 guidelines, the capacitor loading
expectations as defined in IEEE 18-2012, and the resonance conditions in the power system. This
improves the correctness of the obtained solution and enhances the capability of the search
algorithm to ensure convergence to the optimal solution. STPFs have been suggested for
nonlinear loads due to their characteristic features, making them suitable to act as compensators
to improve the PF for such nonlinear industrial loads. Furthermore, they prevent the spread of
harmonic load currents into networks.

[4] Alexandre C. Moreira and Luiz C.P. da Silva have presented electrical modeling and
computational simulation of induction furnace in order to contribute in power quality studies and
connection disturbing load in electrical power system. The RMS voltage at point of common
coupling (PCC) are not balanced. It is due to the process of zero sequence component and
negative sequence component in the voltage. Zero sequence components are due to type of
connected to analyze the behavior of induction furnace in the distribution system for disturbance
level of short circuit. The importance of knowing the level of short circuit location in which its
connected the distribution load (induction furnace) in order to maintain the level of harmonic
distortion inside the limit and does not damage the power quality.
The induction furnaces are loads having high power and nonlinear characteristic. The power
consumption depends on the stage of melting metal in its interior and can cause serious problems
on the electric power distribution systems, such as voltage fluctuations, voltage sags, current
harmonics and voltage distortion.

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Thus, this paper presents the modeling and computational simulation of a six-pulse induction
furnace, in order to contribute in power quality studies and connection disturbing loads in
electrical power systems. The model of the induction furnace was implemented in PSIM software
and used for analysis and evaluation of the potential impacts due to the connection of the
induction furnace on the electrical power system, as well as the power quality. Furthermore, an
analysis of the power quantities of IEEE 1459 standard are presented.

[5] Viralkumar Solanki, Sanjay R Joshi, Jiten Chavda, Kashyap Mokariya have presented
harmonics and power factor are closely related. Observe the practical harmonic harmonic
analysis data and compare with outer matlab simulation data of current and voltage harmonic
analysis THD is less as compare to the harmonic data of actual practical data.
The induction furnaces are loads having high power and nonlinear characteristic. The power
consumption depends on the stage of melting metal in its interior and can cause serious problems
on the electric power distribution systems, such as voltage fluctuations, voltage sags, current
harmonics and voltage distortion. Thus, this paper presents the modeling and computational
simulation of a six-pulse induction furnace, in order to contribute in power quality studies and
connection disturbing loads in electrical power systems. The model of the induction furnace was
implemented in PSIM software and used for analysis and evaluation of the potential impacts due
to the connection of the induction furnace on the electrical power system, as well as the power
quality. Furthermore, an analysis of the power quantities of IEEE 1459 standard are presented

[6] Muhammad Rehan Arif this paper present model of system including furnace is developed
and harmonic analysis of the problem is performed to determine the harmonic problem in the
furnace operation. From the analysis result design and implementation of passive harmonic filter
is carried out. After experiment by installing “c” type filter consumer will rid of the object able
harmonics due to that improvement in power factor significantly reduce KVAR demand, also
reduce feeder losses, revenue loss of utility. The total harmonic distortion voltage (THD) and
total harmonic distortion current are within the limit.

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[7] Anil Baitha these paper present the comparative effectiveness of Single Tuned Passive Filter
(STPF) and Double Tuned Passive Filter (DTPF) in harmonic elimination. The simulation result
shows that in reducing harmonic distortion the DTPF is more effective as compared with Single
Tuned Passive Filter (STPF).
The design procedure of shunt passive filters for improving power quality by eliminating
harmonic distortion caused by non-linear loads. The passive filters include single tuned passive
filter (STPF) and double tuned passive filter (DTPF) are considered for analysis purpose. In the
design of filters, the parameters of passive elements are obtained for 5 th , 7 th , 11 th and
13 th harmonic order component. The DTPF is more effective in removal of harmonic distortion
while compared with STPF. The simulation of proposed system is done in the
MATLAB/Simulink environment. The various results are satisfied under IEEE- 519 harmonic
standard limits.

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CHAPTER 3

OBJECTIVES

1. To design kit for generate and measurement of harmonics.

2. To analyze harmonics in Resistive loads .
3. To design single tunned passive filter to mitigate harmonic losses for consider case.

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CHAPTER 4

METHODOLOGY

4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

filter

Figure 4.1: System Architecture

System Architecture describes the architecture of the proposed system. There are
three main components of the system such as Power Analyzer, MCB(Miniature
circuit breaker), Capacitor, Inductor, and THD meter. Power analyzer is used to
measure the Flow of Energy in either alternating current or direct current system
or also measures THD.

A. Feasibility Study:

Power system are designed to operate at a frequencies of 50 or 60 Hz. However, certain

types of non-linear loads produce current and voltages with frequencies that are integer
multiple of the fundamental frequency. These frequency components known as harmonic
pollution and is having adverse effect on the power system network. This is generally a
consumer driven issue, so PQ problem is defined as, “any occurrence manifested in
voltage, current, or frequency deviations that results in damage, upset, failure, or mis-
operation of end use equipment.

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Harmonic Distortion Due to increased use of nonlinear loads, one of the PQ issues that has
been gaining continuous attention is the harmonic distortion. The nonlinear loads control
the flow of power by drawing currents only during certain intervals of the fundamental
period. Hence the current supplied by the source becomes non-sinusoidal and contains
higher percentage of harmonic components.

B. COMPONENT OF PROJECT

Power analyzer:

Power analyzers can be used to measure the flow of energy in either alternating current
(AC) or direct current (DC) systems – with distinct considerations for measuring AC
circuits.The determination of an electrical signal’s True RMS time period underlines each
of the subsequent calculations performed by the measuring instrument. This is complicated
by AC measurements, where root mean square is typically expressed as an equivalent DC
value.

A power analyzer must also detect the voltage and current of the system. Typical systems
directly acquire individual voltages using voltage dividers, while a transformer is usually
required to measure the current. This may comprise a coil that measures the electrical field
of a wire carrying a current, or a flux gate current transducer. Once the power analyzer has
determined each of these values, calculating power is a matter of simple mathematics.

4.2.Power analyser

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MCB(Miniature Circuit Breaker):

MCB is the key component for the safety and efficient functioning of electric machines
and is used in most electrical appliances that are used for industrial or domestic
purposes. In domestic usage, appliances like lights, heaters, and fans require MCB to
constantly check and protect the connection. Here We have used 6A MCB.

4.3. MCB(Miniature Circuit Breaker)

Capacitor:

MFD capacitors work similarly to a battery. Their job is to store energy and later release it when
needed. However, capacitors do this much faster, which is why they are generally the better
option. When connected to a 60Hz source, a capacitor releases its energy 60 times each
second. The total energy they can release is, however, dependent on their capacitance. Likewise,
the larger the capacitor is, the more power it will consume.Here we have use30mfd capacitor,
as we have calculated the capacitor value.

Types of Capacitors

• Ceramic Capacitors.

• Film Capacitors.

• Power Film Capacitors.

• Electrolytic Capacitors.

• Paper Capacitors.
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Fig.4.4.CAPACITORS

Inductors:

We have used 2 types of inductor

1 ferrite core inductor

Using Ferrite cores in inductors helps to improve the performance of the inductors by
providing high permeability to the coil. It leads to an increase in their magnetic field and
inductance. Usually, the permeability level in the ferrite core inductors ranges between 1400
to 15,000, depending on the type of ferrite material used. Thus, ferrite core inductors boast
of high inductance as compared to other inductors with air cores.

2 Iron core inductors

An iron core inductor is a type of inductor that uses iron or ferromagnetic material as the core
at the center of its coil. The use of an iron core in an inductor allows for a higher inductance
value, as the iron core provides a greater magnetic field than other materials like air or a
ferrite core. Iron core inductors are commonly used in power supply circuits, filters,
and transformers. They may also be used in applications where an inductor having a high
inductance value is required, for example in radio frequency (RF) circuits.

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Fig.4.5.FERRITE CORE INDUCTOR

Fig.4.6.IRON CORE INDUCTOR

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Harmonic Reduction By Using Passive Filter
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CFL(compact fluorescent Lamp):

In a CFL, an electric current is driven through a tube containing argon and a small amount of
mercury vapor. This generates invisible ultraviolet light that excites a fluorescent coating (called
phosphor) on the inside of the tube, which then emits visible light.

Fig.4.7. CFL(compact fluorescent Lamp)

Incandescent lamp:

An incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is an electric

light with a wire filament heated until it glows. The filament is enclosed in a glass bulb with a
vacuum or inert gas to protect the filament from oxidation. Current is supplied to the filament
by terminals or wires embedded in the glass. A bulb socket provides mechanical support and
electrical connections.

Fig.4.8. Incandescent lamp

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Rectifier Diode:
The 6A10 diode is a high-current and low forward voltage drop Power Rectifier. The 6A10 has
a reverse voltage rating of 1000V and is suitable for forward currents of up to 6A. The Diode
has a high surge overload rating of up to 400A peak current.

Fig.4.9.Rectifier Diode

Switch:
A switch is a component which controls the open-ness or closed-ness of an electric circuit. They
allow control over current flow in a circuit (without having to actually get in there and manually
cut or splice the wires). Switches are critical components in any circuit which requires user
interaction or control

Fig.4.10.Switch

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4.2 COMPONENTS :

COMPONENTS RATING QUANTITY COST

COMPACT FLUROSCENT LAMP 15W 5 RS 150/PIECE
INCONDESCENT LAMP 60W,230V 4 RS 15/PIECE
RECTIFIER DIODE 6A 4 RS 15/PIECE
TAG BOARD 20*2ROW,118MM RS 34
SWITCH 10 RS 8/SWITCH
POWER SUPPLY KNOB 3PAIR RS22/PIECE
3 PIN SOCKET 2 RS 25/PIECE
CONNECTING WIRES RS 24.45/METER
WOODEN BOARD 42*20MM 3
MCB 10A 4 RS 256/PIECE
Veritek VIPS-69 Multifunction 1 RS 2000/PIECE
Meter

CAPACITOR 30 µf 4 RS 350/PIECE
INDUCTOR
1)FERRITE CORE INDUCTOR 6.87MF,4.15MF 2 RS 120/PIECE
2)IRON CORE INDUCTOR 37.4MF,13.4MF 2 RS 150/PIECE

Table no 2: list of component and its ratings

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CHAPTER 5

5.1 HARMONIC FILTERS:

Any combination of passive (R, L, C) and/or active (transistors, op-amps) elements designed to
select or reject a band of frequencies is called a filter. Filters are used to filter out any unwanted
frequencies due to nonlinear characteristics of some electronic devices or signals picked up by
the surrounding medium. Filters are one of those corrective (remedial) solutions aimed at
overcoming harmonic problems and to keep them within safe limits. They provide a low
impedance path or ‘trap’ to a harmonic to which a filter is tuned, hence are called tuned (resonant)
circuits. The process of tuning aims at setting the circuit to fr (resonant frequency) where the
response is or at maximum. The circuit is then said to be in state of resonance. There are three
types of filters.
1. Passive filters
2. Active filters
3. Hybrid filters
We will be dealing with only Passive Filters as these are the main concern of this thesis work.

1)PASSIVE FILTERS:
Passive filters are basically topologies or arrangements of R, L and C elements connected in
different combinations to gain desired suppression of harmonics. They are employed either to
shunt the harmonic currents off the line or to block their flow between parts of the system by
tuning the elements to create a resonance at a selected frequency. The also provide the reactive
power compensation to the system and hence improve the power quality. However, they have the
disadvantage of potentially interacting adversely with the power system and the performance of
passive filter depends mainly on the system source impedance. On the other hand they can be
used 20 for elimination of a particular harmonic frequency, so number of passive filters increase
with increase in number of harmonics on the system.
They can be classified into:
1. Passive shunt filter
2. Passive series filter

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Passive shunt filters are the main focus of study in this thesis and are discussed here in detail
while a little thought is presented on series filters. Passive Shunt Filters They are classified as
shown in the figure 5.1 below:

Fig5.1 types of passive shunt filter

Single Tuned Filter:

The most common type of passive filter is the single-tuned “notch” filter. This is the most
economical type and is frequently sufficient for the application. The notch filter is series-tuned
to present low impedance to a particular harmonic current and is connected in shunt with the
power system. Thus, harmonic currents are diverted from their normal flow path on the line
through the filter Notch filters can provide power factor correction in addition to harmonic
suppression. In fact, power factor correction capacitors may be used to make single-tuned filters.
They are tuned at low harmonic frequencies. At the tuned harmonic, capacitor and reactor have
equal reactance and the filter has purely resistive impedance.

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WORKING OF PASSIVE FILTER WITH ITS DESIGN

5.2 Selection of Filters:

Non-linear loads generated by industrial machinery may result the current harmonics that do not
reach to IEEE 519 - 1992 standards. The use of a control device composed of electronic
components may cause the electrical load to be non-linear. This is due to the switching process
of the components. The problem can be solved by doing a harmonic reduction by using a filter.
Harmonics is a phenomenon caused by the operation of a non-linear electric load, where a basic
frequency wave of 50 Hz or 60 Hz will occur and also cause the ideal current sinusoidal waveform
and voltage wave to be not sinusoidal. Previously there were several studies on harmonic
reduction. We have conducted a literature study of research on single-tune passive filters. Several
studies on the reduction of harmonics in the past researchers have been done . Based on previous
research, the harmonics reduction will be done by using a single-tuned passive filter.

Fig.5.2.single tuned filter

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5.3 SELECTION OF CAPACITOR AND INDUCTOR

𝑉2
𝑋𝐶 = where, 𝑋𝐶 = Capacitive reactance
𝑄𝐶
V = Voltage
𝑄𝐶 = Reactive Power
1
XC = 2𝜋𝑓𝑐
So,
1
𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑋
𝐶

XC
2. 𝑋𝐿 = where, 𝑋𝐿 = Inductive reactance
ℎ2
h = Order of harmonics

𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿

So,
1
L= 2𝜋𝑓ℎ2

3. 𝑋𝑛= √𝑋𝐿 𝑋𝑐
Where, X n = characteristic reactance
𝑋𝑛
𝑅𝑛 = 𝑄
𝑅𝑛 = characteristic resistance
Q = Quality factor(30- 100)

5.1 CALCULATIONS:
𝑉2
1. 𝑋𝐶 = 𝑄𝐶
2302
= 500
1
= 105.8Ω XC = 2𝜋𝑓𝑐

So,
1
𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑋
𝐶

1
= 2∗3.14∗50∗105.8

= 30µf

XC
2. 𝑋𝐿 = where, 𝑋𝐿 = Inductive reactance
ℎ2
h = Order of harmonic
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿
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Harmonic Reduction By Using Passive Filter
”

So,
1
L= 2𝜋𝑓ℎ2

1
𝐿3 = 2∗3.14∗50∗32 = 0.0374=37.4 mH

1
𝐿5 = 2∗3.14∗50∗52 =13.4 mH

1
𝐿7 = 2∗3.14∗50∗72 = 6.87Mh

1
𝐿9 = 2∗3.14∗50∗92 = 4.15mH

Harmonic L C
order
Third 37.4mH 30µf
Fifth 13.4mH 30µf
Seventh 6.87mH 30µf
Nineth 4.15mH 30µf

Table 3 : component calculation for harmonic filter for 500var

Calculation for 100VAR:

𝑉2
1. 𝑋𝐶 = whare, V= system voltage=230v
𝑄𝐶
2302
= 𝑄𝐶 = reactive power=100VAR
100
= 529Ω 𝑋𝐶 = capacitive reactance
1
XC = 2𝜋𝑓𝑐
So,
1
𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑋
𝐶

1
= 2∗3.14∗50∗529

= 6µf

XC
2. 𝑋𝐿 = where, 𝑋𝐿 = Inductive reactance
ℎ2
h = Order of harmonic
𝑓 = frequency in Hz = 50Hz
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿
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”

So,
C X
L= 2𝜋𝑓ℎ 2

529
𝐿3 = 2∗3.14∗50∗32 = 0.0374=18.17 mH

529
𝐿5 = 2∗3.14∗50∗52 =6 mH

529
𝐿7 = 2∗3.14∗50∗72 = 3.4mH

529
𝐿9 = 2∗3.14∗50∗92 = 2Mh

3. 𝑋𝑛= √𝑋𝐿 𝑋𝑐

𝑋𝑛
𝑅𝑛 = 𝑄
whare, 𝑅𝑛 = characteristic resistance
𝑋𝑛 = charactristics reactance
Q = Quality factor(in between 30=100)

For 3rd harmonics:

𝑋 529
𝑋𝐿3 = ℎ𝐶2 = 32 =58.
𝑋𝑛= √𝑋𝐿 𝑋𝑐
= √529 × 58.77
= 176.32
77
𝑋 176.32
𝑅𝑛 = 𝑄𝑛 = 50 = 3.52

𝑅3=3.52Ω
For 5th harmonics:
𝑋 529
𝑋𝐿3 = ℎ𝐶2 = 52 =21.16
𝑋𝑛= √𝑋𝐿 𝑋𝑐
= √21.16 × 529
= 105.8
𝑋𝑛 105.8
𝑅𝑛 = = = 2.116
𝑄 50

𝑅5=2.116Ω

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For 7th harmonics:

𝑋 529
𝑋𝐿3 = 𝐶2 = 2 =10.79
ℎ 7
𝑋𝑛= √𝑋𝐿 𝑋𝑐
= √10.79 × 529
= 75.55

𝑋𝑛 105.8
𝑅𝑛 = 𝑄
= 50
= 1.511

𝑅7=1.511Ω

For 9th harmonics:

𝑋 529
𝑋𝐿3 = 𝐶2 = 2 =6.53
ℎ 9
𝑋𝑛= √𝑋𝐿 𝑋𝑐
= √6.53 × 529
= 58.77
𝑋𝑛 58.77
𝑅𝑛 = = = 1.1754
𝑄 50

Harmonic R L C
order
Third 3.52 18.70mH 6µf
Fifth 2.116 6mH 6µf
Seventh 1.511 3.4mH 6µf
Nineth 1.1754 2mH 6µf

TABLE 4 : COMPONENT CALCULATION FOR

HARMONIC FILTER FOR 100VAR

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CHAPTER 6
INSTALLATION AND RESULT

6.1.CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

6.2 FIRST STAGE: kit for generation of harmonics

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6.3 SECOND STAGE : FILTER DESIGN:

6.4.RESULT PHOTO
Observations: 1.1.without filter using resistive load

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• with filter using resistive load:

• 1.2. without filter using capacitive load:

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 WEIGHT AND LEAKAGE DETECTION MONITORING OF GAS USING IOT

• with filter using capacitive load:

• 1.3. without filter using SMPS load:

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 WEIGHT AND LEAKAGE DETECTION MONITORING OF GAS USING IOT

• with filter using SMPS load:

• OBSERVATION TABLE:

LOAD WITHOUT FILTER WITH FILTER

Resistive load (Lamps) 9.1 4.1

Capacitive(choke) 24.4 15.8

SMPS(computer) 80.7 16.4

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CHAPTER 7
TIMELINE
Table 7.1

Sr.No Type of work Duration

1.
Searching of research papers 06/09/22 to 30/09/22

2. We got couple of Project Ideas and discussed

01/10/22 to 15/10/22
it with Project Guide

3. Topic finalization 15/10/22 to 31/10/22

4.
Collected the information about the final topic
with the help of various sources like research 01/11/22 to 30/11/22
papers.

5. Build the block diagram and collect the

01/12/22 to 10/12/22
information about required components.
6. Prepared Synopsis & Project Phase
11 /12/22 to 25/12/22
IReport
7.
As per block diagram prepared list
26/12/22 to 10/01/23
Of project components
8.
Collect components & start circuit design 11/01/23 to 25/01/23

Testing various possible configurations

9. 26/01/23 to 15/02/23
Of circuit
10.
Mounting of Proposed circuitry 16/02/23 to 28/02/23

11. Testing of Proposed System. 01/03/23 to 15/03/23

12. 16/03/23 to 23/03/23

Prepared Phase II Report and Presentation

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CHAPTER 8
ESTIMATED COST
Table 8.1
COMPONENTS RATING QUANTITY COST
COMPACT FLUROSCENT LAMP 15W 5 RS 150/PIECE
INCONDESCENT LAMP 60W,230V 4 RS 15/PIECE
RECTIFIER DIODE 6A 4 RS 15/PIECE
TAG BOARD 20*2ROW,118MM RS 34
SWITCH 10 RS 8/SWITCH
POWER SUPPLY KNOB 3PAIR RS22/PIECE
3 PIN SOCKET 2 RS 25/PIECE
CONNECTING WIRES RS 24.45/METER
WOODEN BOARD 42*20MM 3 RS 200/PIECE
MCB 10A 4 RS 256/PIECE
Veritek VIPS-69 Multifunction 1 RS 2000/PIECE
Meter

CAPACITOR 30 µf 4 RS 350/PIECE
INDUCTOR
1)FERRITE CORE INDUCTOR 6.87MF,4.15MF 2 RS 120/PIECE
2)IRON CORE INDUCTOR 37.4MF,13.4MF 2 RS 150/PIECE

TOTAL COST 6688/-

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 WEIGHT AND LEAKAGE DETECTION MONITORING OF GAS USING IOT

CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSION

Based on this research, We conclude that Harmonic causes damage to the electrical networks and
can some times be dangerous. Passive filter are effective in minimizing voltage and current
distortion caused by non linear loads. The capacitors in passive filters provide reactive power
compensation to improve the power factor. Passive filter provides low impedance path to the
harmonic current. Thus passive filter are an effective, easy and economical option to counter issue
of harmonics arising in small and large scale power systems or network involving non linear loads.
So, by using Single-tuned Passive Filter shows that THD (Total Harmonic Distortion) Current is
reduced less than 20. A current THD greater than 32 percent is considered excessive according to
ANSI C82.11-1993. Most electronic ballasts are equipped with passive filtering to reduce the input
current harmonic distortion to less than 20 percent. hence we have mitigate the harmonic by using
single tunned passive filter for consider load.

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