Informacin clave en la especificacin de Filtros

Hkan Rrvall Harmonic filters and applications

ABB Power Products AB - 1 March 2007

Jornadas Tcnicas 25& 26 April. Chile.

Power Quality

Contains

Cost running parameters Filter types Filter design

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Synchronized switching

Cost running parameter

What generates the cost Engineering costs for specification of filters Specify the work to be done or the solution? Several solutions might do the job Parameters that have effect on the filter hardware cost Aim with filter Special demands and environment conditions
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Generated ( design ) harmonics and distortion demands The feeding network Type of filter BP; HP; C-filter Protection scheme

Cost running parameter

Engineering costs for design of filters At User / User Consultant or Hardware Supplier Specify the work to be done or the solution? How to define the most competitive solution The system responsibility depends on influence Several solutions might do the job What is most important at evaluation scope or function?
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Aim with compensation, what is the need ?

Reactive power needed, neglecteble harmonics on the bus Capacitor bank(s with damping reactors ) Reactive power needed, with harmonics on the bus but no extra distortion demands. Capacitor bank with anti resonance Compensation (strong detuned filters)
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Reactive power need, problems with harmonics on the bus and distortion demands. Filter(s) Selection of filter type BP; HP; C

Special demands and environment conditions

Pollution level ( IEC 60815 ) Light ( 16 mm/kV ), Medium ( 20 mm/kV ), Heavy ( 25 mm/kV ), Very heavy ( 31 mm/kV ); [ actual is * sqrt(3) higher ] Seismic considerations Altitude when > 1 000 ma.s.l. impact on external insulation level Specify true insulation level and external insulation at sea level

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Special demands and environment conditions

Altitude correction factor
2,00 1,90 1,80 1,70

IEC 60071-2 [exp (h/8150 )] IEC 60694 [exp((h-1000)/8150 )] ; IEC 60044-1 IEC 60726 [6,25 % / 500 m ] IEEE C57.12.00-1987 ; NBR10671/1989 IEEE Std 281

Correction factor * BIL

1,60 1,50 1,40 1,30 1,20 1,10 1,00 0,90

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400 3600 3800 4000 4200

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Altitude above sea level

4400

Cost running parameter feeding network

System voltage and insulation level Network ( system ) impedance ( short-circuit power ) Low short-circuit power problem for voltage distortion High short-circuit power problem for current distortion Other capacitive loads Voltage level Voltage fluctuations Frequency fluctuations
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Cost running parameter

The filter itself
Number of branches Distortion demands Voltage raise at connection Type of filter (s)

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Indoor filter with iron core

Cost running parameter / Capacitor bank

Important difference installed power vs generated power Generated power is based on the line voltage to which the useful power refers. This is not effected by harmonic content and/or safety margins

Q gen
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n2 * 1 * C * U2 = 2 syst n 1

Installed power is based on design voltage voltage including extra safety margins

Qinst

n2 * Usyst + = 1 * C * ( 2 n 1

In 2 ) n * C

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Cost running parameter / Capacitor bank

Order 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25 29 31 35 37 f [ Hz ] 150 250 350 550 650 850 950 1150 1250 1450 1550 1750 1850 I[A] 11,3 165,7 107,6 54,8 46,3 22,1 19,8 13,1 13,1 7,8 7,3 6,5 6,1

Example: Assume a network : 13,8 kV, 50 Hz 1 % Ssc =800 MVA Load / Harmonic source 6- pulse 18 MVA rectifier with harmonic generation according to table
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Cost running parameter / Capacitor bank

Filter system BP-filter n=4,85 with Qgen = 9 Mvar L=2,99 mH 2% C=144 F 5 % dT- dE f = 50 Hz 1,0 % dT temperature tolerance
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dE element failure tolerance

Order Fundamental 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25 29 31 35 37 Sum harmonics Total sum Installed power

Capacitor voltage Component tolerance Minimum Nominal Maximum 8278 8321 8359 14 15 17 1071 593 429 134 111 97 30 26 24 20 18 16 7 6 6 6 5 4 3 3 2 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1292 783 601 V 9571 9104 8960 V 12,434 11,252 10,899 Mvar

Cost running parameter / Capacitor bank The capacitor bank power is ~ U

According to standard the capacitor units shall be able to operate at 110 % of rated voltage According to standard the capacitor voltage shall be calculated as the arithmetic sum of fundamental and harmonic voltages Design voltage and current shall consider tolerances of components and fluctuations in network conditions
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Bank power and voltage Optimization

Cost running parameter / Capacitor bank margins

Component tolerance Order Minimum Nominal Maximum Fundamental 8278 8321 8359 3 14 15 17 5 1071 593 429 7 134 111 97 11 30 26 24 13 20 18 16 17 7 6 6 19 6 5 4 23 3 3 2 25 3 2 2 29 1 1 1 31 1 1 1 35 1 1 1 37 1 1 1 Sum harmonics 1292 783 601 V Total sum 9571 9104 8960 V Installed power 12,434 11,252 10,899 Mvar Order Fundamental 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25 29 31 35 37 Sum harmonics Total sum Installed power Component tolerance Minimum Nominal Maximum 8278 8321 8359 14 15 17 1071 593 429 134 111 97 30 26 24 20 18 16 7 6 6 6 5 4 3 3 2 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1292 783 601 V 9571 9104 8960 V 12,434 11,252 10,899 Mvar

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Power change
Fundamental safety margin Harmonic safety margin

0,0%

0,0%

0,0%
0% 0%

Cost running parameter / Reactor

Reactor power Design spectra Loss demands ( loss evaluation ) Short-circuit current / Thermal load current ( if > 25 rule of thumb ) Insulation demands across terminals and to earth ~2*pi*f*L*I

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Cost running parameter / Resistor

Resistor power Insulation demands across terminals and to earth Type of cubicle Demands regarding resistance changes cold to hot Cooling
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Cost running parameter summary

Main parameters when external conditions is given Capacitor bank Installed power, design power ( I.e. based on design voltage ) Reactor Reactor power, Inductance and design current spectra
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Resistor Resistor power, Insulation level

Power Quality

Types of filters

Filter An equipment generally constituted of reactors, capacitors and resistors if required, tuned to present a known impedance over a given frequency range. [IEC 61642 ] Tuned filters A filter with a tuning frequency, which differs by no more than 10 % from the frequency which is to be filtered. [ IEC 61642 ] Detuned filters A filter with a tuning frequency more than 10% below the lowest harmonic frequency with considerable current/voltage amplitude. [ IEC 61642 ] Damped filter A filter with low, predominantly resistive, impedance over a wide band of frequencies. [ IEC 61642 ]

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Power Quality

Filter types

Bandpass filter L+C Highpass filter L // R + C C-type filter ( filter with extra low fundamental losses ) (L+C2) // R + C1
C1 C2 R L R C1 C2 L R C1 C2 L

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Power Quality

Bandpass filter L + C

Cost efficient, few components Low impedance at tuning frequency Capacitive below tuning frequency Inductive above tuning frequency Low damping Quality factor q= n*L/R(fn) at tuning frequency
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Common as detuned not damped filters in distribution networks

Power Quality

Bandpass filter L + C

The tuning harmonic n will be:

n=

1 2 * * f1 * L * C

Impedance
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1 Z() = j * * L + j**C

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Highpass filter L // R + C

Band pass plus resistor Capacitive below tuning frequency Inductive/Resistive above tuning frequency Damped filter Preferred for medium/higher tuning Filter quality factor q= R(fn) / n*L at tuning frequency is controlled by the parallel resistor

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Highpass filter L // R + C
1 2 * * f1 * L * C

The tuning harmonic n will be:

n=

Impedance

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j* *L *R 1 Z() = + j* *L +R j* *C
Resistor current will be:

j* *L * * I() IR() = j* *L +R

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C-type filter (L+C2) // R + C1

High pass plus extra capacitor Frequency response similar to HP-filter Resistor short-circuit for fundamental implies very low fundamental losses Capacitive below tuning frequency Inductive/Resistive above tuning frequency Damped filter suitable for low/medium tuning
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Filter quality factor q= R(fn) / n*L at tuning frequency is controlled by the parallel resistor Starts to be more common in distribution networks in Europe

Power Quality

C-type filter (L+C2) // R + C1

C1 C1 C2 R L R C1

The tuning harmonic n will be:

1 n= L * C1 * C2 2 * * f1 * C1 + C2
C2 R L

C2 L

Impedance
Z() =
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R * ( j * * L + 1/( j * * C2)) 1 + ( j * * L + 1/( j * * C2) + R ) j * * C1

Resistor current will be:

IR() = ( j * * L + 1/( j * * C2)) * I() ( j * * L + 1/( j * * C2)) + R

Power Quality

C-type filter (L+C2) // R + C1

Useful at low tuning ( n < 5 ) when damped filter are needed Example Qgen = 6 Mvar 11 kV 5 %, 50 Hz 1,0%
Filter q-factor Tuning Losses fundamental Highpass filter C-filter ( kW / phase ) ( kW / phase ) 32,5 6,9 0,5 16,3 3,5 0,4 0,1 0,01 0,2 0,05

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4 4 4 8 8

2,9 4,7 11 2,9 4,7

Power Quality

Filter types summary

Bandpass filter L+C Highpass filter L // R + C C-type filter ( filter with extra low fundamental losses ) (L+C2) // R + C1
C1 C2 R L R C1 C2 L R C1 C2 L

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Static compensation / Where to compensate?

Highest point in the system is given by the bottleneck Compensation location is many time a compromise Close to the load gives best result in terms of load reduction Close to the load implies more sensitive to load changes that might increase the need for a more expensive solutions Close to the load might imply several compensations on same bus which might be tricky if filters are used and also more switchgear equipment

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Control of generation demand

Minimum generated power is given by system calculations Present and target power factor together with active power The banks can be tailor made Capacitance is given by generation demand and tuning Maximum bank size is controlled by allowed voltage rise at connection voltage raise at connection dU=dQ/Ssc
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Distortion demands might require more reactive power generation than power factor demand

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Considerations for filter capacitor bank design

For good unbalance protection minimum 2 units in parallel Risk for case rapture if parallel energy is too high Insulation demands internal and external Internal fused capacitors will have less capacitance change in case of element failures

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Fusing

Preferred Type of Capacitor Fusing

Bank power and voltage

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Input data for calculation Environment Location Available space Altitude m.a.s.l. Ambient temperature maximum Ambient temperature minimum Maximum daily average temperature Wind load if outdoor Seismic demands Pollution level IEC 60815 Standards Default in/outdoor no limitation < 1 000 + 40 C - 25 C + 30 C 40 m / s Specify Medium IEC

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Input data for calculation Supply network Supply voltage Fundamental frequency Voltage level for guarantees Short-circuit power 1) min. / max. Connection voltage for filter Short-circuit power at filter bus Single line diagram Guarantee demands Other capacitances on filter bus kV + Hz kV kV kV MVA none none - % % MVA

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Input data for calculation Harmonic and reactive power generation Harmonic generation Spectra. ( or type of load and apparent power ) Reactive power generation Mvar (load power with power factor, present and target ) Harmonic generation by other sources None
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Miscellaneous Power line carrier system on feeding bus None

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Capacitor switching transients

SwitchSync principle
t + 6.66 ms t + 3.33 ms t

Grounded system (HV)

S T

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t t t + 5 ms

Ungrounded system (MV)

Capacitor switching transients SwitchSync connection scheme

1 SwitchSync Relay
2 3 5
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2 Voltage Transformer 3 Current Transformer (for adaptive control)

1 4

4 Synchronous closing command 5 HV Breaker

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Capacitor switching transients

SwitchSync result
Phase Voltage Phase Voltage

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Moment of connection

Time

Moment of connection

Time

Without SwitchSync controlled HV-Breaker Closure in an unfavourable position.

With SwitchSync controlled HV-Breaker Closure at zero voltage

Capacitor switching transients

C is = 2 Uf e L ( is = I c
U
LR
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R t 2L

sin t
LN R

SK 2 ) Qc

SwitchSync tolerance
What if the timing error is 1 ms? 20 ms = 360 1 ms = 18 sin18 = 0,309 (31%) Voltage Transient U
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Current Transient Error 1 ms peak 0.3 Is factor 0.3

Max. 2 p.u. Error 1 ms factor 0.3 max. 0.6 p.u. OK!

Sound generation
The main sound source is the reactor followed by the capacitor bank. The impression of sound also depends in very high degree of the spectra.
10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40 -45 -50 -55 -60 -65 -70 10 16 25 40 63 100 Damping dB(A) IEC 60651 table 4

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160

250

400

630

1000

1600

2500

4000

6300

10000

Damping according to the A filter.

16000

Sound generation
Another important parameter is the propagation of sound waves Frequencies 2 * the frequencies that be found in the spectras 2*fb 2*fc 2*fd 2*fa the sum and difference of the different frequencies fafc fafd fbfc fbfd and fcfd fafb

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Environment and quality

ABB Capacitors ISO certificate according to ISO 9001 and 14000 What is not recyclable can be burnt with limited impact on environment Using non toxic biodegradable oil ( conventional)

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Non PCB ( All main capacitor supplier use non PCB impregnate, common demand in specifications )

Thanks for you attention

Hkan Rrvall Harmonic filters and applications

ABB Power Products AB - 43 March 2007